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中国食物与营养 2024，30（2）：21-25Food and Nutrition in China国内外橄榄油标准比较分析谭亚男1，2，陆阳1，2，胡月恒1，2，刘云龙1，2，刘忠莹1，2，王鑫1，2（1四川省食品检验研究院，成都610040；2国家市场监管重点实验室（白酒监管技术），成都610040）摘要：目的：比较中国及国际食品法典委员会（CAC）等不同国际组织及国家或地区的橄榄油产品标准，食品重金属限量及农药残留等通用安全标准的异同。
方法：收集并整理国际食品法典委员会以及欧盟、日本等不同国际组织及国家或地区的橄榄油相关法规和标准等规定，比较不同的橄榄油法规和标准的重点内容。
结果：中国橄榄油食品重金属限量方面监管的项目和限量水平达到国际先进水平；不同国际组织及国家或地区根据本国现状，制定了相应的农药残留限量标准，存在一定差异。
结论：倍硫磷、吡丙醚、噻嗪酮等部分农药残留可以作为中国橄榄油农残的风险点进行关注，为完善我国橄榄油重金属及农药残留法规标准、规范橄榄油进出口行业提供参考依据。
关键词：橄榄油；重金属残留；农药残留；标准比较作为“地中海饮食”的重要组成部分的橄榄油，在世界范围内受到越来越多的消费者喜爱。
橄榄油中多酚类抗氧化物、不饱和脂肪酸、油酸等成分含量丰富，具有降低胆固醇，抗氧化和预防心脏病和癌症等作用［1-3］。
产品质量标准和安全标准是橄榄油质量安全的重要保障［4-7］。
本研究比较中国及国际食品法典委员会（CAC）、美国、加拿大、日本等主要国际组织及不同国家橄榄油产品标准、重金属及农药残留限量标准［8-14］，梳理橄榄油食品安全监管中可能出现的风险项目，为完善我国橄榄油重金属及农药残留标准提供数据依据，对提高国产橄榄油质量具有一定的参考意义。
1 中国橄榄油相关标准1.1 中国橄榄油产品标准2022年5月1日发布的产品标准《GB/T 23347—2021中华人民共和国国家标准橄榄油、油橄榄果渣油》规定了橄榄油、油橄榄果渣油的术语和定义、分类、基本组成、质量要求、检验方法等［15-16］。
COMMISSION REGULATION(EC)No1881/2006of19December2006setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs(Text with EEA relevance)THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,Having regard to Council Regulation(EEC)No315/93of8 February1993laying down Community procedures for contaminants in food(1),and in particular Article2(3)thereof,Whereas:(1)Commission Regulation(EC)No466/2001of8March2001setting maximum levels for certain contaminants infoodstuffs(2)has been amended substantially manytimes.It is necessary to amend again maximum levelsfor certain contaminants to take into account new infor-mation and developments in Codex Alimentarius.At thesame time,the text should,where appropriate,beclarified.Regulation(EC)No466/2001should thereforebe replaced.(2)It is essential,in order to protect public health,to keepcontaminants at levels which are toxicologicallyacceptable.(3)In view of disparities between the laws of Member Statesand the consequent risk of distortion of competition,forsome contaminants Community measures are necessaryin order to ensure market unity while abiding by theprinciple of proportionality.(4)Maximum levels should be set at a strict level which isreasonably achievable by following good agricultural,fishery and manufacturing practices and taking intoaccount the risk related to the consumption of thefood.In the case of contaminants which are consideredto be genotoxic carcinogens or in cases where currentexposure of the population or of vulnerable groups inthe population is close to or exceeds the tolerable intake,maximum levels should be set at a level which is as lowas reasonably achievable(ALARA).Such approachesensure that food business operators apply measures toprevent and reduce the contamination as far as possiblein order to protect public health.It is furthermore appro-priate for the health protection of infants and youngchildren,a vulnerable group,to establish the lowestmaximum levels,which are achievable through a strictselection of the raw materials used for the manufacturingof foods for infants and young children.This strictselection of the raw materials is also appropriate forthe production of some specific foodstuffs such as branfor direct human consumption.(5)To allow maximum levels to be applied to dried,diluted,processed and compound foodstuffs,where no specificCommunity maximum levels have been established,foodbusiness operators should provide the specific concen-tration and dilution factors accompanied by the appro-priate experimental data justifying the factor proposed.(6)To ensure an efficient protection of public health,products containing contaminants exceeding themaximum levels should not be placed on the marketeither as such,after mixture with other foodstuffs orused as an ingredient in other foods.(7)It is recognised that sorting or other physical treatmentsmake it possible to reduce the aflatoxin content ofconsignments of groundnuts,nuts,dried fruit andmaize.In order to minimise the effects on trade,it isappropriate to allow higher aflatoxin contents for thoseproducts which are not intended for direct humanconsumption or as an ingredient in foodstuffs.In thesecases,the maximum levels for aflatoxins should be fixedtaking into consideration the effectiveness of the above-mentioned treatments to reduce the aflatoxin content ingroundnuts,nuts,dried fruit and maize to levels belowthe maximum limits fixed for those products intendedfor direct human consumption or use as an ingredient infoodstuffs.(8)To enable effective enforcement of the maximum levelsfor certain contaminants in certain foodstuffs,it is appro-priate to provide for suitable labelling provisions forthese cases.(1)OJ L37,13.2.1993,p.1.Regulation as amended by Regulation(EC)No1882/2003of the European Parliament and of the Council(OJ L284,31.10.2003,p.1).(2)OJ L77,16.3.2001,p.1.Regulation as last amended by Regulation(EC)No199/2006(OJ L32,4.2.2006,p.32).(9)Because of the climatic conditions in some MemberStates,it is difficult to ensure that the maximum levelsare not exceeded for fresh lettuce and fresh spinach.These Member States should be allowed for atemporary period to continue to authorise themarketing of fresh lettuce and fresh spinach grown andintended for consumption in their territory with nitratecontents exceeding the maximum levels.Lettuce andspinach producers established in the Member Stateswhich have given the aforementioned authorisationsshould progressively modify their farming methods byapplying the good agricultural practices recommendedat national level.(10)Certain fish species originating from the Baltic regionmay contain high levels of dioxins and dioxin-likePCBs.A significant proportion of these fish speciesfrom the Baltic region will not comply with themaximum levels and would therefore be excluded fromthe diet.There are indications that the exclusion of fishfrom the diet may have a negative health impact in theBaltic region.(11)Sweden and Finland have a system in place which hasthe capacity to ensure that consumers are fully informedof the dietary recommendations concerning restrictionson consumption of fish from the Baltic region by ident-ified vulnerable groups of the population in order toavoid potential health risks.Therefore,it is appropriateto grant a derogation to Finland and Sweden to place onthe market for a temporary period certain fish speciesoriginating in the Baltic region and intended forconsumption in their territory with levels of dioxinsand dioxin-like PCBs higher than those set in this Regu-lation.The necessary measures must be implemented toensure that fish and fish products not complying withthe maximum levels are not marketed in other MemberStates.Finland and Sweden report every year to theCommission the results of their monitoring of thelevels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish from theBaltic region and the measures to reduce humanexposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs from theBaltic region.(12)To ensure that the maximum levels are enforced in auniform way,the same sampling criteria and the sameanalysis performance criteria should be applied by thecompetent authorities throughout the Community.It isfurthermore important that analytical results are reportedand interpreted in a uniform way.The measures asregards sampling and analysis specified in this Regulationprovide for uniform rules on reporting and interpret-ation.(13)For certain contaminants,Member States and interestedparties should monitor and report levels,as well reporton the progress with regard to application of pre-ventative measures,to allow the Commission to assessthe need to modify existing measures or to adopt addi-tional measures.(14)Any maximum level adopted at Community level can besubject to a review to take account of the advance ofscientific and technical knowledge and improvements ingood agricultural,fishery and manufacturing practices.(15)Bran and germ can be marketed for direct humanconsumption and it is therefore appropriate to establisha maximum level for deoxynivalenol and zearalenone inthese commodities.(16)Codex Alimentarius has recently set a maximum level forlead in fish which the Community accepted.It istherefore appropriate to modify the current provisionfor lead in fish accordingly.(17)Regulation(EC)No853/2004of the EuropeanParliament and Council of29April2004laying downspecific hygiene rules for food of animal origin(3)definesfoodstuffs of animal origin,and consequently the entriesas regards foodstuffs of animal origin should be amendedin some cases according to the terminology used in thatRegulation.(18)It is necessary to provide that the maximum levels forcontaminants do not apply to the foodstuffs which havebeen lawfully placed on the Community market beforethe date of application of these maximum levels.(19)As regards nitrate,vegetables are the major source for thehuman intake of nitrate.The Scientific Committee onFood(SCF)stated in its opinion of22September1995(4)that the total intake of nitrate is normally wellbelow the acceptable daily intake(ADI)of3,65mg/kgbody weight(bw).It recommended,however,con-tinuation of efforts to reduce exposure to nitrate viafood and water.(20)Since climatic conditions have a major influence on thelevels of nitrate in certain vegetables such as lettuce andspinach,different maximum nitrate levels shouldtherefore be fixed depending on the season.(3)OJ L139,30.4.2004,p.55,as corrected by OJ L226,25.6.2004,p.22.Regulation as last amended by Regulation(EC)No 1662/2006(OJ L320,18.11.2006,p.1).(4)Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food,38th series,Opinionof the Scientific Committee for Food on nitrates and nitrite,p.1, http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_38.pdf(21)As regards aflatoxins,the SCF expressed in its opinion of23September1994that aflatoxins are genotoxic car-cinogens(5).Based on that opinion,it is appropriate tolimit the total aflatoxin content of food(sum of afla-toxins B1,B2,G1and G2)as well as the aflatoxin B1content alone,aflatoxin B1being by far the most toxiccompound.For aflatoxin M1in foods for infants andyoung children,a possible reduction of the currentmaximum level should be considered in the light ofdevelopments in analytical procedures.(22)As regards ochratoxin A(OTA),the SCF adopted ascientific opinion on17September1998(6).Anassessment of the dietary intake of OTA by the popu-lation of the Community has been performed(7)in theframework of Council Directive93/5/EEC of25February1993on assistance to the Commission and cooperationby the Member States in the scientific examination ofquestions relating to food(8)(SCOOP).The EuropeanFood Safety Authority(EFSA)has,on a request fromthe Commission,adopted an updated scientific opinionrelating to ochratoxin A in food on4April2006(9),taking into account new scientific information andderived a tolerable weekly intake(TWI)of120ng/kg bw.(23)Based on these opinions,it is appropriate to setmaximum levels for cereals,cereal products,dried vinefruit,roasted coffee,wine,grape juice and foods forinfants and young children,all of which contributesignificantly to general human exposure to OTA or tothe exposure of vulnerable groups of consumers such aschildren.(24)The appropriateness of setting a maximum level for OTAin foodstuffs such as dried fruit other than dried vinefruit,cocoa and cocoa products,spices,meat products,green coffee,beer and liquorice,as well as a review of theexisting maximum levels,in particular for OTA in driedvine fruit and grape juice,will be considered in the lightof the recent EFSA scientific opinion.(25)As regards patulin,the SCF endorsed in its meeting on8March2000the provisional maximum tolerable dailyintake(PMTDI)of0,4μg/kg bw for patulin(10).(26)In2001,a SCOOP-task‘Assessment of the dietary intakeof patulin by the population of EU Member States’in theframework of Directive93/5/EEC was performed(11).(27)Based on that assessment and taking into account thePMTDI,maximum levels should be set for patulin incertain foodstuffs to protect consumers from un-acceptable contamination.These maximum levelsshould be reviewed and,if necessary,reduced takinginto account the progress in scientific and technologicalknowledge and the implementation of CommissionRecommendation2003/598/EC of11August2003onthe prevention and reduction of patulin contamination inapple juice and apple juice ingredients in otherbeverages(12).(28)As regards Fusarium toxins,the SCF has adopted severalopinions evaluating deoxynivalenol in December1999(13)establishing a tolerable daily intake(TDI)of1μg/kg bw,zearalenone in June2000(14)establishing atemporary TDI of0,2μg/kg bw,fumonisins in October2000(15)(updated in April2003)(16)establishing a TDIof2μg/kg bw,nivalenol in October2000(17)estab-lishing a temporary TDI of0,7μg/kg bw,T-2andHT-2toxin in May2001(18)establishing a combinedtemporary TDI of0,06μg/kg bw and the trichothecenesas group in February2002(19).(5)Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food,35th series,Opinionof the Scientific Committee for Food on aflatoxins,ochratoxin A and patulin,p.45,http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_35.pdf(6)Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Ochratoxin A(expressed on17September1998)http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out14_en.html(7)Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation,Task3.2.7‘Assessmentof dietary intake of Ochratoxin A by the population of EU Member States’.http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/contaminants/task_3-2-7_en.pdf(8)OJ L52,4.3.1993,p.18.(9)Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the Food Chainof the EFSA on a request from the Commission related to ochratoxin A in food.http://www.efsa.europa.eu/etc/medialib/efsa/ science/contam/contam_opinions/1521.Par.0001.File.dat/contam_op _ej365_ochratoxin_a_food_en1.pdf (10)Minutes of the120th Meeting of the Scientific Committee on Foodheld on8and9March2000in Brussels,Minute statement on patulin.http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out55_en.pdf(11)Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation,Task3.2.8,‘Assessmentof dietary intake of Patulin by the population of EU Member States’.http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/contaminants/3.2.8_en.pdf(12)OJ L203,12.8.2003,p.34.(13)Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Fusarium-toxinsPart1:Deoxynivalenol(DON),(expressed on2December1999) http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out44_en.pdf(14)Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Fusarium-toxinsPart2:Zearalenone(ZEA),(expressed on22June2000)http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out65_en.pdf(15)Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Fusarium-toxinsPart3:Fumonisin B1(FB1)(expressed on17October2000) http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out73_en.pdf(16)Updated opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food onFumonisin B1,B2and B3(expressed on4April2003)http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out185_en.pdf(17)Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Fusarium-toxinsPart4:Nivalenol(expressed on19October2000)http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out74_en.pdf(18)Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Fusarium-toxinsPart5:T-2toxin and HT-2toxin(adopted on30May2001) http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out88_en.pdf(19)Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Fusarium-toxinsPart6:Group evaluation of T-2toxin,HT-2toxin,nivalenol and deoxynivalenol.(adopted on26February2002)http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out123_en.pdf(29)In the framework of Directive93/5/EEC the SCOOP-task‘Collection of occurrence data on Fusarium toxins in foodand assessment of dietary intake by the population of EUMember States’was performed and finalised inSeptember2003(20).(30)Based on the scientific opinions and the assessment ofthe dietary intake,it is appropriate to set maximum levelsfor deoxynivalenol,zearalenone and fumonisins.Asregards fumonisins,monitoring control results of therecent harvests indicate that maize and maize productscan be very highly contaminated by fumonisins and it isappropriate that measures are taken to avoid such unac-ceptably highly contaminated maize and maize productscan enter the food chain.(31)Intake estimates indicate that the presence of T-2andHT-2toxin can be of concern for public health.Therefore,the development of a reliable and sensitivemethod,collection of more occurrence data and moreinvestigations/research in the factors involved in thepresence of T-2and HT-2toxin in cereals and cerealproducts,in particular in oats and oat products,isnecessary and of high priority.(32)It is not necessary due to co-occurrence to considerspecific measures for3-acetyl deoxynivalenol,15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and fumonisin B3,as measures withregard to in particular deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1and B2would also protect the human population froman unacceptable exposure from3-acetyl deoxynivalenol,15-acetyl deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B3.The sameapplies to nivalenol for which to a certain degree co-occurrence with deoxynivalenol can be observed.Furthermore,human exposure to nivalenol is estimatedto be significantly below the t-TDI.As regards othertrichothecenes considered in the abovementionedSCOOP-task,such as3-acetyldeoxynivalenol,15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol,fusarenon-X,T2-triol,diacetoxyscirpenol,neosolaniol,monoacetoxyscirpenol and verrucol,thelimited information available indicates that they do notoccur widely and the levels found are generally low.(33)Climatic conditions during the growth,in particular atflowering,have a major influence on the Fusarium toxincontent.However,good agricultural practices,wherebythe risk factors are reduced to a minimum,can preventto a certain degree the contamination by Fusarium fungi.Commission Recommendation2006/583/EC of17August2006on the prevention and reduction ofFusarium toxins in cereals and cereal products(21)contains general principles for the prevention andreduction of Fusarium toxin contamination(zearalenone,fumonisins and trichothecenes)in cereals to be im-plemented by the development of national codes ofpractice based on these principles.(34)Maximum levels of Fusarium toxins should be set forunprocessed cereals placed on the market for first-stageprocessing.Cleaning,sorting and drying procedures arenot considered as first-stage processing insofar as nophysical action is exerted on the grain kernel itself.Scouring is to be considered as first-stage processing.(35)Since the degree to which Fusarium toxins in unpro-cessed cereals are removed by cleaning and processingmay vary,it is appropriate to set maximum levels forfinal consumer cereal products as well as for major foodingredients derived from cereals to have enforceable legis-lation in the interest of ensuring public health protection.(36)For maize,not all factors involved in the formation ofFusarium toxins,in particular zearalenone and fumo-nisins B1and B2,are yet precisely known.Therefore,atime period is granted to enable food business operatorsin the cereal chain to perform investigations on thesources of the formation of these mycotoxins and onthe identification of the management measures to betaken to prevent their presence as far as reasonablypossible.Maximum levels based on currently availableoccurrence data are proposed to apply from2007incase no specific maximum levels based on new infor-mation on occurrence and formation are set beforethat time.(37)Given the low contamination levels of Fusarium toxinsfound in rice,no maximum levels are proposed for riceor rice products.(38)A review of the maximum levels for deoxynivalenol,zearalenone,fumonisin B1and B2as well as the appro-priateness of setting a maximum level for T-2and HT-2toxin in cereals and cereal products should be consideredby1July2008,taking into account the progress inscientific and technological knowledge on these toxinsin food.(39)As regards lead,the SCF adopted an opinion on19June1992(22)endorsing the provisional tolerable weeklyintake(PTWI)of25μg/kg bw proposed by the WHOin1986.The SCF concluded in its opinion that the meanlevel in foodstuffs does not seem to be a cause ofimmediate concern.(20)Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation,Task3.2.10‘Collectionof occurrence data of Fusarium toxins in food and assessment of dietary intake by the population of EU Member States’.http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/scoop/task3210.pdf(21)OJ L234,29.8.2006,p.35.(22)Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food,32nd series,Opinionof the Scientific Committee for Food on‘The potential risk to health presented by lead in food and drink’,p.7,http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_32.pdf(40)In the framework of Directive93/5/EEC2004theSCOOP-task3.2.11‘Assessment of the dietary exposureto arsenic,cadmium,lead and mercury of the populationof the EU Member States’was performed in2004(23).Inview of this assessment and the opinion delivered by theSCF,it is appropriate to take measures to reduce thepresence of lead in food as much as possible(41)As regards cadmium,the SCF endorsed in its opinion of2June1995(24)the PTWI of7μg/kg bw and rec-ommended greater efforts to reduce dietary exposure tocadmium since foodstuffs are the main source of humanintake of cadmium.A dietary exposure assessment wasperformed in the SCOOP-task3.2.11.In view of thisassessment and the opinion delivered by the SCF,it isappropriate to take measures to reduce the presence ofcadmium in food as much as possible.(42)As regards mercury EFSA adopted on24February2004an opinion related to mercury and methylmercury infood(25)and endorsed the provisional tolerable weeklyintake of1,6μg/kg bw.Methylmercury is the chemicalform of most concern and can make up more than90%of the total mercury in fish and seafood.Taking intoaccount the outcome of the SCOOP-task3.2.11,EFSAconcluded that the levels of mercury found in foods,other than fish and seafood,were of lower concern.The forms of mercury present in these other foods aremainly not methylmercury and they are thereforeconsidered to be of lower risk.(43)In addition to the setting of maximum levels,targetedconsumer advice is an appropriate approach in the caseof methylmercury for protecting vulnerable groups of thepopulation.An information note on methylmercury infish and fishery products responding to this need hastherefore been made available on the website of theHealth and Consumer Protection Directorate-General ofthe European Commission(26).Several Member Stateshave also issued advice on this issue that is relevant totheir population.(44)As regards inorganic tin,the SCF concluded in itsopinion of12December2001(27)that levels ofinorganic tin of150mg/kg in canned beverages and250mg/kg in other canned foods may cause gastricirritation in some individuals.(45)To protect public health from this health risk it isnecessary to set maximum levels for inorganic tin incanned foods and canned beverages.Until databecomes available on the sensitivity of infants andyoung children to inorganic tin in foods,it is necessaryon a precautionary basis to protect the health of thisvulnerable population group and to establish lowermaximum levels.(46)As regards3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol(3-MCPD)theSCF adopted on30May2001a scientific opinion asregards3-MCPD in food(28),updating its opinion of16December1994(29)on the basis of new scientificinformation and established a tolerable daily intake(TDI)of2μg/kg bw for3-MCPD.(47)In the framework of Directive93/5/EEC the SCOOP-task‘Collection and collation of data on levels of3-MCPDand related substances in foodstuffs’was performed andfinalised in June2004(30).The main contributors of3-MCPD to dietary intake were soy sauce and soy-saucebased products.Some other foods eaten in large quan-tities,such as bread and noodles,also contributed sig-nificantly to intake in some countries because of highconsumption rather than high levels of3-MCPDpresent in these foods.(48)Accordingly maximum levels should be set for3-MCPDin hydrolysed vegetable protein(HVP)and soy saucetaking into account the risk related to the consumptionof these foods.Member States are requested to examineother foodstuffs for the occurrence of3-MCPD in orderto consider the need to set maximum levels for ad-ditional foodstuffs.(23)Reports on tasks for scientific co-operation,Task 3.2.11‘Assessment of dietary exposure to arsenic,cadmium,lead and mercury of the population of the EU Member States’.http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/contaminants/scoop_ 3-2-11_heavy_metals_report_en.pdf(24)Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food,36th series,Opinionof the Scientific Committee for Food on cadmium,p.67,http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_36.pdf (25)Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the Food Chainof the European Food Safety Authority(EFSA)on a request from the Commission related to mercury and methylmercury in food (adopted on24February2004)http://www.efsa.eu.int/science/contam/contam_opinions/259/opinion_contam_01_en1.pdf(26)http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/contaminants/information_note_mercury-fish_12-05-04.pdf (27)Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on acute risks posedby tin in canned foods(adopted on12December2001)http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out110_en.pdf(28)Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on3-monochloro-propane-1,2-diol(3-MCPD)updating the SCF opinion of1994 (adopted on30May2001)http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out91_en.pdf(29)Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food,36th series,Opinionof the Scientific Committee for Food on3-monochloro-propane-1,2-diol3-MCPD),p.31,http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_36.pdf (30)Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation,Task3.2.9‘Collectionand collation of data on levels of3-monochloropropanediol(3-MCPD)and related substances in foodstuffs’.http://ec.europa.eu/ food/food/chemicalsafety/contaminants/scoop_3-2-9_final_report_ chloropropanols_en.pdf(49)As regards dioxins and PCBs,the SCF adopted on30May2001an opinion on dioxins and dioxin-like PCBsin food(31),updating its opinion of22November2000(32)fixing a tolerable weekly intake(TWI)of14pg World Health Organisation toxic equivalent(WHO-TEQ)/kg bw for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs.(50)Dioxins as referred to in this Regulation cover a group of75polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin(PCDD)congenersand135polychlorinated dibenzofuran(PCDF)congeners,of which17are of toxicological concern.Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)are a group of209different congeners which can be divided into twogroups according to their toxicological properties:12congeners exhibit toxicological properties similar todioxins and are therefore often termed dioxin-likePCBs.The other PCBs do not exhibit dioxin-liketoxicity but have a different toxicological profile.(51)Each congener of dioxins or dioxin-like PCBs exhibits adifferent level of toxicity.In order to be able to sum upthe toxicity of these different congeners,the concept oftoxic equivalency factors(TEFs)has been introduced tofacilitate risk assessment and regulatory control.Thismeans that the analytical results relating to all the indi-vidual dioxin and dioxin-like PCB congeners of toxico-logical concern are expressed in terms of a quantifiableunit,namely the TCDD toxic equivalent(TEQ).(52)Exposure estimates taking into account the SCOOP-task‘Assessment of dietary intake of dioxins and related PCBsby the population of EU Member States’finalised in June2000(33)indicate that a considerable proportion of theCommunity population has a dietary intake in excess ofthe TWI.(53)From a toxicological point of view,any level set shouldapply to both dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs,but in2001maximum levels were set on Community level only fordioxins and not for dioxin-like PCBs,given the verylimited data available at that time on the prevalence ofdioxin-like PCBs.Since2001,however,more data on thepresence of dioxin-like PCBs have become available,therefore,maximum levels for the sum of dioxins anddioxin-like PCBs have been set in2006as this is themost appropriate approach from a toxicological pointof view.In order to ensure a smooth transition,thelevels for dioxins should continue to apply for a transi-tional period in addition to the levels for the sum ofdioxins and dioxin-like PCBs.Foodstuffs must complyduring that transitional period with the maximumlevels for dioxins and with the maximum levels for thesum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs.Consideration willbe given by31December2008to dispensing with theseparate maximum levels for dioxins.(54)In order to encourage a proactive approach to reducingthe dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs present in food andfeed,action levels were set by Commission Recommen-dation2006/88/EC of6February2006on the reductionof the presence of dioxins,furans and PCBs in feeding-stuffs and foodstuffs(34).These action levels are a tool forcompetent authorities and operators to highlight thosecases where it is appropriate to identify a source ofcontamination and to take measures to reduce oreliminate it.Since the sources of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs are different,separate action levels aredetermined for dioxins on the one hand and fordioxin-like PCBs on the other hand.This proactiveapproach to actively reduce the dioxins and dioxin-likePCBs in feed and food and consequently,the maximumlevels applicable should be reviewed within a definedperiod of time with the objective to set lower levels.Therefore,consideration will be given by31December2008to significantly reducing the maximum levels forthe sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs.(55)Operators need to make efforts to step up their capacityto remove dioxins,furans and dioxin-like PCBs frommarine oil.The significant lower level,to which con-sideration shall be given by31December2008,shallbe based on the technical possibilities of the mosteffective decontamination procedure.(56)As regards the establishment of maximum levels forother foodstuffs by31December2008,particularattention shall be paid to the need to set specific lowermaximum levels for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs infoods for infants and young children in the light of themonitoring data obtained through the2005,2006and2007programmes for monitoring dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in foods for infants and young children.(31)Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the riskassessment of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food.Update basedon new scientific information available since the adoption of theSCF opinion of22nd November2000(adopted on30May2001)http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out90_en.pdf(32)Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the riskassessment of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food.(adopted on22November2000)http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out78_en.pdf(33)Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation,Task3.2.5‘Assessmentof dietary intake of dioxins and related PCBs by the population ofEU Member States’.http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/library/pub/pub08_en.pdf(34)OJ L42,14.2.2006,p.26.。
各国黄曲霉毒素标准比对黄曲霉毒素（Aflatoxins）超标是我国食品出口频繁遇到的问题，我国每年食品出口因黄曲霉毒素超标而遭受通报扣留屡屡发生，尤其体现在出口的花生、谷物、果仁中。
黄曲霉毒素是生长在食物及饲料上的黄曲霉和寄生曲霉的代谢产物，特曲霉也能产生黄曲霉毒素，但产量较少。
主要是黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2 以及由B1和B2在体内经过羟化而衍生成的代谢产物M1、M2等。
黄曲霉毒素主要存在于霉变的花生、谷物、果仁和大米中。
因其对人、畜肝脏的剧烈损害而名列毒性之首。
各国对黄曲霉毒素在食品中的残留限量均有规定。
我国在食品中真菌毒素限量GB 2761-2005中，对黄曲霉毒素B1、M1分别在花生、玉米、大米、植物油、豆类、发酵食品、以及乳制品中的限量作出明确规定。
欧盟在委员会条例(EC) No 629/2008、委员会条例(EC) No 1881/2006中，对黄曲霉素在花生、谷类、坚果等食品中的限量作出明确规定.美国在FDA“遵守政策指南（Compliance Policy Guide）”中对黄曲霉毒素在动物饲料、食品、牛奶、花生及其制品、坚果（包括巴西坚果、阿月浑子果仁）中的限量作出规定。
日本在肯定列表制度中规定，食品中黄曲霉毒素的限量是10ppb。
具体各国黄曲霉毒素在食品中的限量标准比对分析如下表所示：（以下数据均更新于2009年）表1 各国食品中黄曲霉素的限量标准比对分析表附：欧盟食品中黄曲霉毒素系列法规汇总：委员会条例(EC) No 1881/2006，规定食品中某些污染物的最高限量委员会条例(EC) No 629/2008，部分修订条例(EC) No 1881/2006 委员会条例(EC) No 401/2006，规定食品中毒枝菌素（包括黄曲霉毒素）的采样方法和分析方法委员会决定2006/504/EC，决定用特殊条件来管理从特定第三方国进口特定食品，因这些产品的黄曲霉毒素污染的风险委员会决定2007/459/EC，部分修订决定2006/504/EC委员会决定2007/563/EC，就原产于美国的杏仁及其衍生产品方面，修订决定2006/504/EC委员会决定2007/759/EC，就原产于巴西的花生及其衍生产品方面，修订决定2006/504/EC欧盟依据黄曲霉毒素法规对黄曲霉毒素进行控制的指导文件（该指导文件对上述欧盟黄曲霉毒素的相关规定做出了具体解释）。
46粮食加工2021年第46卷第2期国内外稻米重金属残留限量标准比较分析刘媾I,安晓宁2*(1.吉林国际旅行卫生保健中心，吉林吉林132013；2,中粮米业(吉林)有限公司，吉林吉林132101)摘要：介绍了韩国、澳大利亚和新西兰等国家，中国香港■地区和中国澳门施.区以及国际食品法典委员会(CAC)、欧盟等国际组织发布的关于稻米重金属残留限量标准，并与中国稻采重金属残留限量标准进行比较分析，找出标准中存在昭差距。
在如基础上，提出我国出口稻米应对国内外重金属限量标准的对策建议。
关键词：稻米；重金属；限量标准；比较分析中国分类号-TS210.7文献标志码：A 稻米是人类赖以生存的重要粮食作物之一，也是世界上食用人数最多、种植范围最广的作物，全世界有110多个国家种植水稻。
近年来，随着工业的发展，大量工业重金属废弃物排入环境中，导致大气、土壤和灌溉用水等污染越来越严重，稻米重金属污染已经成为影响稻米安全的主要因素之一叫由于多数重金属在人体内有蓄积性，半衰期较长，会产生急性和慢性毒性反应，还有可能产生致畸、致癌和致突变作用，因此，世界各国根据各自的发展水平、环境、饮食结构等因素，对稻米制定了不同的重金属限量标准和法规，严格规范市场准入現因而，了解各国际组织、不同国家和地区重金属残留限量标准,并与我国稻米重金属残留限量标准进行比较分析，对于顺畅稻米出口贸易，指导我国稻米采收加工，有效应对技术性贸易壁垒，具有十分重要的意义。
1国内外稻米重金属残留限量标准重金属残留问题是农产品质量安全监管工作的重要部分，也是影响国际贸易的主要技术性壁垒。
世界各国及地区由于经济、环境和技术等因素不同，没有统一的重金属残留限量标准，各国及地区均由各自的食品安全管理部门对农产品重金属残留限量制定相应的法律和标准叫为了解国内外稻米重金属限量指标，避免稻米在国际贸易中因重金属超标而带来退运风险，本文通过各国家(地区、组织)官方网址，收集整理了国际食品法典委员会(CAC)、欧盟等国际组织，中国、韩国、澳大利亚及新西兰等国家，中国香港地区和中国澳门地区等7个地区、组织现行的稻米重金属残蚩限量标准，如表1所示。
我国与欧盟食品重金属限量标准比对分析
关于食品中重金属限量的标准规定，我国在2005年制定的国家标准GB 2762-2005 食品中污染物限量，对铅、镉、汞、砷、铬、铝、硒在各类食品中的最高限量值进行了规定。
欧盟2006年颁布的委员会条例(EC) No 1881/2006，制定食品中某些污染物的最高限量（废止了委员会条例（EC）No 466/2001）详细规定了欧盟水产品、谷物、蔬菜、水果、牛奶等食品中铅、镉、汞、锡重金属的限量。
2008年欧盟委员会条例(EC) No 629/2008对委员会条例(EC) No 1881/2006进行了修订，调整了铅、镉、汞、锡重金属在各类食品中的含量，尤其在水产品中的含量做了较大调整。
我国与欧盟各类食品中的重金属限量标准比对，具体如下：（以下数据均为2009年最新）
铅
我国大部分食品中铅的限量与欧盟相同。
部分食品中铅的限量高于欧盟，尤其以奶制品、禽畜肉类、鱼肉类较突出。
表1.我国与欧盟各类食品中铅限量标准比对表
镉
我国与欧盟的水果、蔬菜、禽畜的肝脏与肾脏中镉限量的标准一致。
关于禽畜肉类以及水产品中镉限量，各国标准有所不同。
表2 我国与欧盟各类食品中镉限量标准比对表
汞
我国与欧盟的水产品中汞限量的标准相一致。
表3 我国与欧盟各类食品中汞限量标准比对表。
|四川农业与农机/2023年4期|>>>近年，我国柑橘产品逐渐走向国际市场，为更好帮助企业应对国际柑橘贸易市场的技术壁垒，提升行业和企业的国际话语权、降低柑橘产品出口贸易风险，本文收集整理了进出口贸易中关于柑橘的相关标准及技术要求，从农药残留限量、污染物限量等方面开展标准及相关指标比对。
通过比对，分析国际组织、贸易国家或地区的柑橘农药最大残留限量、重金属等标准，从中找出标准中存在的差异。
1柑橘产业概述1.1我国柑橘产业概况柑橘栽培历史悠久，是世界第一大水果、第三大贸易水果。
我国作为全球柑橘的主要原产地之一。
包括台湾省在内，全国共有20个省（自治区、直辖市）、1075个县（市、区）生产柑橘。
2007年，我国柑橘产量和栽培面积全面超越巴西，跃居世界之首。
据国家统计局数据显示，我国柑橘栽培面积从1978年的17.8万hm 2发展到2020年的270.0万hm 2，增长了约15倍，总产量从1978年的38.3万t 发展到2020年的5121.9万t ，增长了133.7倍。
其中，宽皮柑橘的产量占71%，橙占16%，柚占12%，其他1%。
同时，我国柑橘市场需求量在不断增加，2020年为5060.88万t ，较上年同比增长11.4%，2021年达5595.61万t ，较同比增长9.25%。
1.2四川省柑橘产业概况四川省作为柑橘优势区和主产区之一，柑橘产量及种植面积位居全国前列。
2015年起四川柑橘产业更是发展迅速，种植面积持续增长，平均每年扩种面积超2.0万hm 2，至2018年种植面积已达2.4万hm 2，产量达432.98万t 。
2018年以后发展放缓，但柑橘仍然是四川重要水果，占全省水果总产量的50%以上。
四川130余个县市区均有种植，主要种植区域和栽培品种见表1。
其中，甜橙类产量占比44.6%，柚类占比13.9%，宽皮橘占比32.5%，柠檬占比8.1%。
2我国柑橘进出口现状柑橘出口规模仅次于苹果、葡萄，市场分布在越南、马来西亚以及俄罗斯等国家。
欧盟新版食品中污染物限量法规将于5月25日正式实施法规更新欧盟官方公报2023年5月5日消息，4月25日，欧盟委员会发布条例（EU）2023/915《关于食品中某些污染物最高含量的条例》，该条例废除了欧盟法规（EC）No 1881/2006，将于2023年5月25日生效。
污染物限量法规(EC) No 1881/2006自从2006年以来经过了多次修改，为了提高法规文本的可读性，避免使用大量脚注，同时考虑到某些食品的特殊情况，欧盟此次制定了新版的污染物限量法规。
除了总体结构调整外，新法规的主要变化涉及术语和食品类别的定义，修订的污染物涉及多环芳烃、二噁英、DL-多氯联苯等，大多数污染物最大限量水平保持不变。
(EU) 2023/915主要内容及主要变化如下：（1）制定了食品、食品经营者、最终消费者、投放市场等定义。
（2）附件1所列的食品不得投放市场，也不得用作食品中的原材料；符合附件1规定的最高水平的食品不得与超过这些最高水平的食物混合。
（3）食品类别的定义更接近于（EC）396/2005关于农药最大残留限量的法规。
除了水果、蔬菜和谷物，坚果、油籽和香料的相应产品清单现在也适用。
（4）禁止脱毒处理。
含有附件1所列污染物的食品不得故意通过化学处理进行解毒。
（5）(EC) No 1881/2006号条例的过渡措施继续适用，并在第10条中明确列出。
新版关于污染物最大残留限量的重要变更：▶黄曲霉毒素：如果加工食品占相应产品的80%，黄曲霉毒素的最大限量规定也适用于加工食品。
▶多环芳烃 (PAHs)：鉴于现有的分析数据和生产方法，速溶/可溶咖啡中多环芳烃的含量可以忽略不计，因此，取消速溶/可溶性咖啡产品中多环芳烃的最大限量；另外，明确了婴幼儿配方奶粉、较大婴儿配方奶粉以及婴幼儿特殊医学用途配方食品的多环芳烃最高限量水平适用的产品状态，即仅适用于即食状态下的产品。
▶三聚氰胺：在婴儿配方奶粉中三聚氰胺的现有最大限量基础上，增加了液态速溶配方奶粉中的最高含量。
法官爱岗敬业演讲稿：光荣的使命本文是关于演讲稿的法官爱岗敬业演讲稿：光荣的使命，感谢您的阅读！法官爱岗敬业演讲稿：光荣的使命一提到法官，人们会很自然地想到法庭，在庄严的国徽下，坐在高高的法椅上，身披法袍、手执法槌，代表国家裁判着社会的是是非非，那就是法官！他往往令人产生无限的崇敬感，仅这种美好的感觉，世界上还有什么可比？这是何等的荣耀！在中国，人们把高考的那个月称之为黑色七月，因为每年的七月都决定着学子们一生的命运。
历经十年寒窗苦，而又在七月胜出的佼佼者，当他们填报志愿时，又总是对法律专业情有独钟、趋之若骛，该有多少莘莘学子梦想成为一名法官啊！今年的统一司法考试，全国有36万之众竟相参加，为之拼搏，使人们又一次深切地感受到人们对法官职业是多么地向往。
而我们就是一名令人羡慕的法官，我们应该感到庆幸，应该感谢命运对我们的垂青和厚爱，应该感到作为一名法官的无尚光荣！在世界上几乎所有的国家，法官都是备受尊崇的，他们都以自己是一名法官引以为荣，美国一位著名的大法官说道：当我回头看看世界上的各种职业时，只有法官的职业让我心动和感激，她有智者的渊博，有上帝的仁爱，有父亲的慈祥。
我选择了法官职业是我一生中做得最好的事。
这段话应该算得上法官职业光荣感最淋漓尽致、最发自肺腑的一段表述吧。
作为一名共和国的法官，一名新世纪的法官，在光荣之余，我们更应该想到些什么呢？做到些什么呢？就这个问题，每位法官都应该深思。
我认为一个法官最重要的是要深刻感受法官肩上的重任和神圣的使命，树立现代司法理念，开拓奋进，做精英化法官，努力实现公正和效率，以不负党和人民的重托。
法官对于一个国家，其作用是巨大的，近代法律大家沈家本说道：中国政治，欲有所进步，须先从司法一门入手。
司法者，全国治体命脉所系……一代之法，不徒在立法之善，而在用法之得其平。
孟子亦云：徒善不足以为政，徒法不足以自行，制而用之存乎法，推而行之存乎人。
这些话都说明，法律的实现是万万离不开司法者的，司法者的因素是第一位的，所以，司法公正和效率能否实现？能在多大程度上实现？最直接、最关键的因素取决于我们法官，法官的责任重大、使命神圣而艰巨啊！国家建立司法制度的最大目的，就在于通过法庭这一窗口，给予每一个公民公正的关怀，对每一个人的权益给予同等的关注。
欧盟颁布新法规调整食用菌等食品中重金属限量标准doc-欧欧盟颁布新法规调整食用菌等食品中重金属限量标准7月3日，欧盟在其官方网站公布了（EC）NO. 629/2008号法规，对（EC）NO. 1881/2006法规第三部分食品中铅、镉和汞三种重金属的最大限量标准作了调整。
其中涉及食用菌的主要有以下两方面修改：1、关于铅含量。
原标准对人工栽培食用菌的最大限量标准一律为0.30PPM，新标准修改为仅对蘑菇、平菇和香菇规定最大限量标准为0.30PPM，其他人工栽培食用菌未做规定。
2、关于镉含量。
原标准对人工栽培食用菌的最大限量标准一律为0.20 PPM，在新标准中，蘑菇、平菇和香菇的最大限量标准保持不变，仍为0.20 PPM，其他人工栽培食用菌则放宽到1.0 PPM。
新法规将于公布之日起20天后，即2008年7月23日开始生效。
欧盟委员会法规(EC) No 629/20082008.7.2对法规（EC）No 1881/2006关于食品中特定污染物最大限量标准的修订欧盟委员会考虑到建立欧共体的条约考虑到1993年2月8日制订的理事会条例(EEC)315/93中关于食品污染物的委员会程序（1），尤其是其中的条款2（3）。
鉴于：（1）法规（EC）No 1881/2006 (2)制定了关于食物中特定污染物的最大限量标准，包括铅、镉和汞等重金属含量的限定。
（2）为保护公众健康，保证污染物的含量水平不会成为健康隐患成为当务之急。
铅、镉和汞的最大含量必须在安全水平，在良好生产和规范农业/ 渔业操作的基础上，尽可能保持低含量。
（3）根据新资讯，即使是良好农业和规范渔业操作也不能使某些水生物种和食用菌中铅、镉和汞的含量继续维持在法规（EC）No 1881/2006附件中所规定的水平。
因此需要修改那些污染物的最大限量标准，以此保证高水平的消费者健康保护。
（4）欧洲议会2002/46/EC号决定第2条款和2002年6月10日讨论各成员国关于食品添加剂类似法规的理事会会议（3）都定义了食品添加剂。
欧盟法规（EC）No.1881/2006（2006年12月19日）-本法规自发布之日起20日生效，实行日期是2007年3月1日。
-对等此法规，我国的同等法规包括：《农产品安全质量无公害水产品安全要求》（GB 18406.4-2001）《鲜、冻动物性水产品卫生标准》（GB2733-2005）《腌制水产品卫生标准》（GB10136-2005）《动物性水产干制品卫生标准》（GB10144-2005）《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2005）《食品中农药最大残留限量》（GB2763-2005）《出口水产品质量安全控制规范》（GB/Z 21702-2008）《水产品加工质量管理规范》（SC/T 3009-1999）《水产品中孔雀石绿和结晶紫残留量的测定GB/T 19857—2005》《水产品卫生标准的分析方法》GB5009.45《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》（NY5073－2001）《中华人民共和国动物及动物源性食品残留物质监控计划》《动物性食品中兽药最高残留量》（农业部公告第2002[235号]）《禁止在饲料和动物饮用水中使用的药物品种目录》《食品动物禁用的兽药及其它化合物清单》《水产养殖质量安全管理规定》此法规主要描述：- 制定新的食品污染物限量，取代原有法规（No 466/2001）的相关要求。
- 保护人类身体健康，保证食品污染物在可接受水平。
- 根据对等性原则检测食品污染物以规避欧盟成员间法律的不等效性和竞争压力。
- 本法规检验方法与食品链和动物健康常务委员会一致。
- 干燥、稀释、加工和多组分食品没有具体限量要求，应提供具体浓度和稀释倍数，并附相关证明性的实验数据。
- 超出限量的产品不能销售。
- 食品标签中标注污染物含量。
- 部分产自波罗的海鱼种（二恶英和二恶英类似多氯联苯超出限量）不再范围内。
- 要求使用同样的采样和分析方法。
- 本法规主要介绍了水产品中汞和甲基汞、无机锡、二恶英和多氯联苯、多环芳烃的限量要求。
我国与欧盟主要农产品的重金属限量标准比较赵凤霞;王正平;宋学立;朱景伟;孙卉卉;高相彬;王海涛【摘要】The heavy metal maximum residue limit standard of agricultural products between China and EU was compared to protect health of consumers and meet the demand of export trade development of agricultural products in China and main hazard of Pb,Cd,Hg,Sn,As,Cr and Ni to human body was discussed in the paper.The Pb MRLs of most agricultural products such as cereal,fruits and vegetables in China is no difference with in EU but the Pb MRLs of most agricultural products such as poultry & meat, aquatic animals and dairy products in China is higher than EU.The Cd MRLs of cereal,beans,fruits, vegetables,livestock liver and kidney is no difference with EU but the Cd MRLs of poultry & meat and aquatic products in China is higher than EU.The Hg MRLs of aquatic products is in accord with EU basically and the Hg content incereal,vegetables,meats,dairy products,eggs and edible mushrooms is regulated in detail.The Sn MRLs of beverages in China is a little more than EU.Total As and inorganic As content in most agricultural products was regulated in GB2762 - 2012.The Ni MRLs of grease and grease products such as hydrogenated vegetable oil and products containing hydrogenated vegetable oil is 1.0 mg/kg.The suggestions to reduce heavy metal content in agricultural products is proposed according to the current status of high heavy metal content in some agricultural products in China compared with developed countries.%为了保护我国消费者的健康，满足农产品出口贸易发展的要求，通过收集整理，简述了 Pb、Cd、Hg、锡（Sn）、As、Cr 和镍（Ni）等几种重金属对人体的主要危害，并对这几种重金属在我国和欧盟主要农产品中的限量标准进行了详细的对比分析。
关于欧盟修订食品中黄曲霉毒素的最大限量值的情况通报2010年2月27日，欧盟发布(EU)No 165/2010条例，修订 (EC)No 1881/2006条例中关于食品中黄曲霉毒素的最大限量值。
该条例于2010年3月6日起正式生效。
该条例对食品中黄曲霉毒素的最大限量值，具体规定如下：食品种类最大限量值（ug/kg）M12.1黄曲霉毒素B1B1+B2+G1+G22.1.1在食用或用于食品成8.0（5）15.0（5）—分前需经分类或其他物理处理的花生和其它油籽不包括：压碎用于生产精炼植物油的花生和其它油籽2.1.2在食用或用于食品成12.0（5）15.0（5）—分前需经分类或其他物理处理的杏仁、阿月浑子果实、杏桃核仁2.1.3在食用或用于食品成8.0（5）15.0（5）分前需经分类或其他物理处理的榛果、巴西果5.0（5）10.0（5）—2.1.4 2.1.2和2.1.3除外的，在食用或用于食品成分前需经分类或其他物理处理的其他坚果2.0（5） 4.0（5）—2.1.5直接供人类食用或作为食品成分的花生和其它油籽及其加工品不包括：——用于精炼的未加工植物油；——精炼植物油。
8.0（5）10.0（5）—2.1.6直接供人类食用或作为食品成分的杏仁、阿月浑子果实、杏桃核仁5.0（5）10.0（5）2.1.7直接供人类食用或作为食品成分的榛果、巴西果2.0（5） 4.0（5）—2.1.8 2.1.6和2.1.7除外的，直接供人类食用或作为食品成分的其他坚果）5.010.0—2.1.9在食用或用于食品成分前需经分类或其他物理处理的干制水果2.0 4.0—2.1.10直接供人类食用或作为食品成分的干制水果及其加工品2.1.11以下2.1.12、2.1.15和2.0 4.0—2.1.17除外的所有谷物和所有谷物制品5.010.0—2.1.12在食用或用于食品成分前需经分类或其他物理处理的玉米和大米——0.0502.1.13生牛奶、热加工处理牛奶和用于生产奶制品的牛奶5.010.0—2.1.14如下种类的调味料：辣椒（整的或磨碎的干辣椒，包括辣椒和辣椒粉）、胡椒（包括白胡椒和黑胡椒）、豆蔻、姜、姜黄、包含以上这些调味料中一种或多种的混合调味料0.10——2.1.15加工的谷物制品和婴幼儿食品——0.0252.1.16婴幼儿配方食品，包括婴幼儿配方奶粉0.10—0.0252.1.17用于婴儿的以特殊医用为目的的饮食食品注：（5）表示最大限量值只适用于花生和其它坚果的可食部分。
欧盟法规（EC）No.1881/2006（2006年12月19日）-本法规自发布之日起20日生效，实行日期是2007年3月1日。
-对等此法规，我国的同等法规包括：《农产品安全质量无公害水产品安全要求》（GB 18406.4-2001）《鲜、冻动物性水产品卫生标准》（GB2733-2005）《腌制水产品卫生标准》（GB10136-2005）《动物性水产干制品卫生标准》（GB10144-2005）《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2005）《食品中农药最大残留限量》（GB2763-2005）《出口水产品质量安全控制规范》（GB/Z 21702-2008）《水产品加工质量管理规范》（SC/T 3009-1999）《水产品中孔雀石绿和结晶紫残留量的测定GB/T 19857—2005》《水产品卫生标准的分析方法》GB5009.45《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》（NY5073－2001）《中华人民共和国动物及动物源性食品残留物质监控计划》《动物性食品中兽药最高残留量》（农业部公告第2002[235号]）《禁止在饲料和动物饮用水中使用的药物品种目录》《食品动物禁用的兽药及其它化合物清单》《水产养殖质量安全管理规定》此法规主要描述：- 制定新的食品污染物限量，取代原有法规（No 466/2001）的相关要求。
- 保护人类身体健康，保证食品污染物在可接受水平。
- 根据对等性原则检测食品污染物以规避欧盟成员间法律的不等效性和竞争压力。
- 本法规检验方法与食品链和动物健康常务委员会一致。
- 干燥、稀释、加工和多组分食品没有具体限量要求，应提供具体浓度和稀释倍数，并附相关证明性的实验数据。
- 超出限量的产品不能销售。
- 食品标签中标注污染物含量。
- 部分产自波罗的海鱼种（二恶英和二恶英类似多氯联苯超出限量）不再范围内。
- 要求使用同样的采样和分析方法。
- 本法规主要介绍了水产品中汞和甲基汞、无机锡、二恶英和多氯联苯、多环芳烃的限量要求。
欧盟包装指令(94/62/EC)简介现在的塑料软包装企业使用的油墨和胶水，提供的SGS检测报告，不符合包装材料的检测标准，不是选用的玩具、就是电子电器的检测标准。
适合我们包装的检测标准是：94/62/EC现将收集相关内容转发给一直关心支持本论坛的网友欧盟包装指令(94/62/EC)简介1. 欧盟法规的形式欧盟法规的形式为：规章（Regulations）、指令（Directives）、决定（Decisions）、建议和意见（Recommendations and advice），其中建议和意见没有约束力。
本章介绍的法规主要是指令。
指令对所有成员国有约束力。
指令仅要求成员国达到指令所要求的目标，而实施指令的方式和措施由成员国机构各自作出选择。
指令是对成员国发布的。
指令通常是由欧洲议会（THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT）和欧盟理事会（THE COUNCILOF THE EUROPEAN UNION）根据欧共体条约赋予的职责颁布的。
欧盟正在筹划制订宪法，目前欧共体条约相当于欧盟宪法。
2 欧盟指令的内容和特点欧盟指令规定基本要求，是技术性法规。
基本要求（essential requirement）基本要求规定了保护公众利益的基本要素；基本要求是强制性的，只有满足基本要求的产品方可投放市场和交付使用；基本要求主要是指产品在生命、环境和国家安全、消费者利益和能源消耗方面的要求。
仅就主要技术内容而言，欧盟指令相当于我国的强制性国家标准。
所不同的是，欧盟指令涉及税收，规定制造商、供应商、进口商和***作者等的责任，提及消费者的义务等，而我国的强制性国家标准通常不涉及这些内容。
出口欧盟商品的包装，应首先了解欧盟针对包装的指令中的基本要求：WTO 成员国之间有关基本要求的技术文件是互相公开的，我国标准中可对应基本要求的术语为：必达要求（exclusive requirement）；基本要求是市场准入的第一道技术门槛，跨越这道门槛才有资格参与市场竞争。
乳清蛋白粉国内外标准对比分析迟 涛1，王 芸1，徐 欣2，刘 鹏1,*（1.东北农业大学国家乳业工程技术研究中心，黑龙江省绿色食品科学研究院，黑龙江 哈尔滨 150028；2.黑龙江立高仪器设备有限公司，黑龙江 哈尔滨 150028）摘 要：分析和比较美国、欧盟、加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰、日本、韩国和中国等国家或地区的乳清蛋白粉相关法规和标准等管理规定，从质量指标、污染物和毒素指标、微生物限量进行对比分析。
在标准指标限量要求方面，我国标准中的质量指标与美国等标准中的规定基本一致，部分指标规定存在差异，真菌毒素没有差异，污染物限量的对象和数值差异较大，微生物限量要求的项目有所不同但限量没有差别。
关键词：乳清蛋白粉；国内外食品安全标准；质量指标；污染物及毒素限量；微生物限量；对比分析Comparative Analysis of Chinese and other Countries and Regions ’ Whey Protein Powder StandardsCHI Tao 1, WANG Yun 1, XU Xin 2, LIU Peng 1,*(1.Food Science Research Institute of Heilongjiang Province, National Research Center of Dairy Engineering and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150028, China; 2.Heilongjiang Ligao Instrument and Equipment Co. Ltd., Harbin 150028, China)Abstract: This paper presents a comparative analysis of regulations and standards relating to whey protein powder in China and other countries and regions including the United States, the European Union, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea with respect to product quality indicators, contaminants and mycotoxins, and microbial limits. The quality indexes in China ’s standards for whey protein powder are similar to those in other countries despite differences in some requirements. There are no differences in the requirements on mycotoxin residues, while the types and limits of contaminants are quite different. There are also some differences in the items but no difference on the limits of microbiological requirements.Keywords: whey protein powder; food safety standards in China and overseas; quality indicators; limits of pollutants and toxins; microbiological limits; comparative analysis DOI:10.15922/ki.jdst.2021.02.010中图分类号：TS252.7 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1671-5187（2021）02-0048-04引文格式：迟涛, 王芸, 徐欣, 等. 乳清蛋白粉国内外标准对比分析[J]. 乳业科学与技术, 2021, 44(2): 48-51. DOI:10.15922/ki.jdst.2021.02.010. CHI Tao, WANG Yun, XU Xin, et al. Comparative analysis of Chinese and other countries and regions ’ whey protein powder standards[J]. Journal of Dairy Science and Technology, 2021, 44(2): 48-51. DOI:10.15922/ki.jdst.2021.02.010. 收稿日期：2020-10-12基金项目：“十三五”国家重点研发计划重点专项（2019YFF0217601-02）第一作者简介：迟涛（1979—）（ORCID: 0000-0002-8769-4214），女，高级工程师，硕士，研究方向为乳品科学。
各国食品重金属限量标准比对一览表Document number【980KGB-6898YT-769T8CB-246UT-18GG08】各国食品重金属限量标准比对一览表国际食品法典委员会(CAC)关于食品中重金属限量的规定主要集中在《食品和饲料中污染物和毒素通用标准》(CODEX STAN 193-1995)。
该标准自发布以后经过多次修订，最新的一次修订为2013年。
国际食品法典委员会(CAC)关于食品中重金属限量的规定主要集中在《食品和饲料中污染物和毒素通用标准》(CODEX STAN 193-1995)。
该标准自发布以后经过多次修订，最新的一次修订为2013年。
中国关于食品中重金属限量的规定主要集中在食品安全国家标准《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2012)中，该标准已于2013年6月1日正式实施。
该标准规定了铅、镉、汞、砷、铬等重金属在谷物、蔬菜、水果、肉类、水产品、调味品、饮料、酒类等20余大类食品的限量规定。
欧盟2006年颁布的委员会条例(EC) No 1881/2006，制定食品中某些污染物的最高限量，详细规定了欧盟水产品、谷物、蔬菜、水果、牛奶等食品中铅、镉、汞、锡重金属的限量。
该条例于2007年3月1日实施。
随后欧盟多次发布相关条例对委员会条例(EC) No 1881/2006进行了修订，调整了重金属在各类食品中的含量。
其中最新的一次修订为委员会条例(EU) No 488/2014，就镉在食品中的最高限量，修订条例(EC)No1881/2006。
韩国对食品中污染物限量的要求主要集中在韩国食品法典第二章第5条《食品通用标准和规范》中。
2014年10月21日韩国食品药品管理局发布了《食品通用标准和规范》修订提案，实行日期为2014年11月4日。
各国食品重金属限量标准如下：1. 国际食品法典委员会(CAC)国际食品法典委员会(CAC)关于食品中重金属限量的规定主要集中在《食品和饲料中污染物和毒素通用标准》( CODEX STAN 193-1995)。
