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语用学练习

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1.2 a. What does cat mean? b. What does cream mean? c. What does to drink mean?

a. cat means a domestic feline;

b. cream means the liquid fat of milk;

c. drink means to consume liquid.

lexical semantics

dogmatic

A machine powered by dogs

automatic

1.3 What does Cats drink cream mean?

There are three ways that you can use to paraphrase this sentence. You can change a)

individual words; b) the sentence structure; or c) both the individual words and the

sentence structure.

Possible paraphrases for our sentence:

Domestic felines consume the liquid fat of milk.

Cream is drunk by cats.

The liquid fat of milk is drunk by domestic felines.

sentence semantics

Cats chase mice.

Mice chase cats.

1.4 Mike, Annie and Mike’s cat, Felix, are in Mike’s kitchen. What did Annie mean?

Mike: What happened to that bowl of cream?

Annie: Cats drink cream.

Annie is also accusing Felix of the crime.

semantic meaning=semantic paraphrase (SP)

pragmatic meaning=pragmatic paraphrase(PP)

Cats drink cream

SP: Domestic felines consume the liquid of milk.

PP: Felix probably drank the cream.

sentence/utterance

Jane: Coffee?

Steve: Sure!

Jane: White?

Steve: Black.

1.5 Provide a semantic meaning (SP) and a pragmatic meaning (PP) for It’s cold in here in

two different contexts, (a) and (b) below:

(a) Mike and Annie are in the living room. Mike asks Annie whether she’d like to eat

dinner in the living room or the kitchen. Annie relies: It’s cold in here.

(b) The Queen and her butler, James, are in the drawing room. The window is open.

The Queen says: It’s cold in here.

SP: The temperature in this place is frigid.

PP: (a) Let’s eat in the kitchen.

PP: (b) James, shut the window.

1.6 Now provide a third context for It’s cold in here which would yield a third and different

pragmatic meaning. Here’s one possibility:

Mike and Annie are in the greenhouse. Mike wonders why his orchids haven’t bloomed.

Annie replies: It’s cold in here.

SP: The temperature in this place is frigid.

PP: The orchids aren’t blooming because the greenhouse is too cold.

1.7 Below are several conversational extracts where the participants are discussing

meaning. For each extract decide if the meaning type under discussion would be primarily

the concern of semantics or pragmatics.

a) Mike: That’s an interesting hat.

Annie: What do you mean by that?

b) Steve: Listen to this. ‘No animal bird or reptile shall be kept in the Flat or any other

part of the building without the prior written consent of the Lessor which (if given)

shall be deemed to be by way of license revocable at will.’

Jane: That just means tenants can’t have pets without the landlord’s written

permission, he can take it back any time he wants to.

c) Parent: Where are your shoes, young man?

Child: Under my bed.

Parent: When I asked where your shoes were, I wanted you to put them on!

d) Ed: Lugubrious?

Faye: You know, sort of mournful, not very cheerful.

e) Dave: What did Macbeth mean when he said that life was a tale told by an idiot?

Sarah: I guess he thought that life didn’t make any sense.

1.8 Provide at least one possible paraphrase (SP) for the following sentences (a)-(d)

below.

Example: The party is going to begin after he leaves.

SP: The party will commence after he departs.

Analyze your paraphrases in terms of whether you changed individual words, the

sentence structure, or both

a. Her mother is unhappy.

b. My friend loathes string beans. (刀豆, 菜豆,青豆)

c. I’ll look for that book right now.

d. Steve hugged Jane.

a. Her mother is sad.

b. My pal hates string beans.

String beans are loathed by my friend.

String beans are hated by my friend.

c. I’ll search for that book immediately.

d. Jane was hugged by Steve.

Steve gave Jane a hug.

1.10 Context A: In summertime, A and B were in a room. The air conditioner was not on.

A complained, “I’m hot.” meaning (PP:) Turn on the air conditioner.

Context B:

Mother, seeing her son return home after play, asked whether her son

liked to have cold or hot drinks. Her son replied, “I am hot.” meaning

(PP:) I would like to have cold drinks.

Context C:

Mother, seeing it was going to rain, warned her son who was going

outside with only shorts on, and said, “Put on your raincoat.” Her son

replied, “I’m hot.” meaning (PP:) I did not like to put on my raincoat.

1．11 I’m on a diet.

 I am supposed to be slimming.

 I’m full, thank you.

 My cholesterol level in blood is quite high.

Don’t ask.

 That’s awful.

 Appalling.

 It’s boring.

Lend me a pen.

 May I borrow your pen?

 I forgot to bring a pen.

 I don’t have a pen to write with.

1．12 (1) Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social

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语用学第五章练习题

语用学第五章练习题

5. (1)：That five sentences contain an imperatives, but they can not be classified as

speech acts as ordering, because the speech act of directives also can have different

forces, such as request, advise, invite, order or wishes, etc. so we can not regarded

them al as ordering.

(2): Actually, in those five sentences, (d) is not an order, it is a expression of best wishes.

So if in ranking their illocutionary force, it should rank in other four sentences, that is:

a, e, b, c.

(3): (c) and (d) both have the SAV “please”, but they do not have the feeling of ordering.

For (c), it is just a sentence of polite formula, an offer, but not a request; for (d), as

to (c), shows a good wish to other.

(4): In this two situations, we do not dealing with the same speech act. When we say

“Here you are”, it is more or less a directives, and the illocutionary act of it is “take

语用学

语用学

The cooperative principle and the politeness principle

in Intercultural communication

Abstract: This essay will focus on the cooperative principle and the politeness

principle to discuss how to communication in different culture. In our daily

communication, there is a phenomenon of a wide use of the cooperative principle and

the politeness principle. In order to ensure the smooth progress of communication,

communication must abide by some basic principles.

Key words: cooperative principle, politeness principle, culture, communication

Introduction:

Language and culture are inextricably linked. The fundamental purpose of

learning a language is to communicate. In order to communicate better, people began

to study language. cooperative principle and politeness principle，two important

theories on conversation in pragmatics, are great contribution to the study of human

语言学知识_语用学

语言学知识_语用学

语用学

一．语用学（Pragmatics）的定义：

语用学是用以研究语言使用者如何使用句子成功进行交际的学问。语用学（Pragmatics）与语义学（Semantics）虽然都涉及对语言意义的研究，但是语义学（Semantics）只是将语言视作一个独立的系统来研究，而语用学（Pragmatics）则是将语言置于语境（context）之中。所以，语用学（Pragmatics）与语义学（Semantics）本质区别在于是否将语境（context）因素纳入考量范围之内。

二．句子意义与话语意义（Sentence Meaning Vs. Utterance Meaning）：

1) 句子意义（Sentence Meaning）：句子意义指的是独立于语境的句子本身所传达的字面意义。

2）话语意义（Utterance Meaning）：话语意义指的是将句子的意义置于特定语境中以表达言者某种意图的意义。

三．指示现象（Deixis）：

指示现象指的是说话人利用语言形式表达说话内容所涉及的人员、事物、时间、地点等方面。指示现象是连接语言形式及其发生语境的桥梁。指示语主要分为以下三类：

1）人称指示语（person deixis）：用于表达言语交际的参与者。

2）空间指示语（spatial deixis）：用于指代言语活动中所涉及的人、物或事的相对位置。

3）时间指示语（temporal deixis）：用于表达言语交际活动中的时间点和时间段。

四．言语行为理论（Speech Act Theory）：

1) 约翰·奥斯汀（John Austin）的言语行为模式：

英国哲学家约翰·奥斯汀（John Austin）于20世纪50年代提出的言语行为模式区分了言有所述（constative）和言有所为（performative）。

随后，他又对原先的理论进行了发展，放弃了言有所述（constative）和言有所为（performative）的区分，发展出了新的言语行为模式。该模式认为，言者在说话时可同时执行三个动作：即言内行动（locutionary act），言外行动（illocutionary act）和言后行动（perlocutionary act）。

语言学习题答案

语言学习题答案

1. Q: What is the scope of linguistics?

The scope of linguistics can be illustrated as:

1) General linguistics: the study of language as whole. It

deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions,

models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.

2) Phonetics: the study of sounds used in communication.

3) Phonology: the study about how sounds are put together

and used to convey meaning in communication.

4) Morphology: the study of the way in which

symbols/morphemes are arranged to form words.

5) Syntax: the study of the rules about the combination of

words to form permisible sentences.

6) Semantics: the study of meaning.

7) Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of use.

And the Interdisciplinary branches.

1) Sociolinguistics

2) Psycholinguistics ……………

2. Q: What makes modern linguistics different from