专题19 阅读理解——说明文类(原卷版)

友好区小升初考试语文复习专题19：说明文阅读A卷一、现代文阅读 (共13题；共230分)1. （25分）阅读下文，回答问题。

海洋——21世纪的药库据有关医学专家（预报预测），人类将在21世纪制服癌症。

那么，人类靠的是何种灵丹妙药？近年来，科学家们研究后发现，海洋将成为21世纪的药库。

牡蛎——这种小小的贝类，十分（鲜美鲜明）可口，不过，它更大的价值却是由于含有一种抗生素。

这种抗生素具有抗肿瘤的作用。

在（考虑思虑）从海洋中采药的时候，医学专家们十分重视对珊瑚礁的（开发开掘）和利用。

实验表明，从珊瑚礁中（提取提出）的有毒物质，也具有抑制癌细胞发展的作用。

美国生物学家对鲨鱼进行了几十年的调查和研究后，发现鲨鱼几乎不患任何病变，极少得癌症，似乎对癌症有天然的免疫力。

有些科学家将一些病原菌和癌细胞接种到鲨鱼体内，也不能使它们得病。

看来，在鲨鱼体内有某种特殊的防护性化学物质。

中国的有关专家对鲨鱼的研究，几乎与国际上同步。

1985年，上海水产学院和上海肿瘤研究所的专家们，首次发现鲨鱼血清在体外对人类红细胞性白血病肿瘤细胞具有杀伤作用。

这一科研成果为人类从海洋生物资源中寻找抗肿瘤药物开辟了广阔的天地。

（1）选择括号内用得恰当的词语。

专家________（预报预测）（鲜美鲜明）________可口在________（考虑思虑）（开发开掘）________和利用（提取提出）________的有毒物质（2）短文在说明海洋是21世纪的药库时举了哪些例子？请用横线画出来。

（3）这是一篇________文，具体说说作者是按________顺序来写海洋是21世纪的药库的。

________ （4）读了这篇短文，你最深刻的感受是什么？2. （20分）读课文《做灯笼》填空。

王京在李良做的灯罩上，画了花草，画了树木可爱的小金鱼……还写下一句话：“合作真快乐！”同学们看了，使劲鼓起掌来。

（1）同学们为什么使劲鼓起掌来？（2）如果你是王京或是李良，面对同学们的掌声，你会对大家说些什么？3. （13分） (2019六下·龙华期中) 阅读短文，回答问题。

2019年中考语文现代文阅读专项解读【2018年中考江西卷】阅读下面文章，完成下列小题。

廊·亭·桥陈从周廊“别梦依依到谢家，小廊回合曲阑斜。

”一千多年前的唐诗，就点出了廊在庭院中的妙用。

我国古代建筑的单体与单体之间，必依靠廊来作联系，才能成为一个整体。

在园林等风景区，则更是因地制宜，巧于安排，构筑了曲直、高低、爬山、临水等多种式样的廊。

廊在园林中是游览线，又起着分隔空间、组合景物的作用。

廊引人随，水石其间，移步换影，幅幅成图。

像驰名中外的北京颐和园的长廊，漫步其间，得以饱览昆明湖的湖光景色。

而苏州拙政园的水廊，则轻盈婉约，人行其上，宛如凌波漫步。

扬州西园前的香影廊，未至其境，名已醉人。

至于苏州沧浪亭的复廊，用花墙分隔，使园有界非界，似隔非隔，令人遐思无限。

扬州园林主体建筑用楼，其廊亦作楼式，即复道廊，形成了多层的游览线，寄啸山庄是为佳例。

廊之运用得当与否，有关全局，高下得宜，曲折有度，尤其在可有可无之间，益见功力。

即竹廊三折，雅素无华，亦必婉转宜人。

至于千步长廊，闿爽平直，则又为别调了。

亭人们在旅途间，或在游览中，每见一亭，总想小憩片刻，借以恢复暂时的疲劳与观赏四周的景色，即“亭者，停也”。

同时，因为它本身形式的丰富多彩，成为点缀风景的主要建筑小品之一。

亭之美，除造型外，还在于所处之景与所对之景，水边亭、山际亭、林间亭、花畔亭、桥上亭、廊中亭，地位不同，景因而异。

伫云亭、快雪亭、待霜亭、牡丹亭之类，又因时而殊。

可见亭之构筑非孤立的一座建筑物。

亭在园林等风景区中，起着“点景”与“引景”的作月。

北京的景山五亭，为城内的最高点，每到北京的人，常为它所吸引，必登高一快，以饱览首都景色。

苏州拙政园的扇面亭，亭名“与谁同坐轩”，小亭临流，静观自得。

笠亭如盖，半枕山腰。

而网师园之月到风来亭又正点出此亭观景之妙。

至于亭的形式，真是变化多端，可分方、圆、多边、海棠、梅花等等多种。

按材料的不同，又有饶多野趣的茅亭、雅洁玲珑的竹亭、庄严凝重的石亭与翚飞多姿的木构亭，它在园林建筑中展示了最美丽的一页。

各地中考试题精选78套——说明文阅读安徽省【一】（19分）冰雪精灵——雾凇①如果说冰雪是冬天的信使，那么.雾凇一定是信使的精灵。

②“寒江晓雾，正冰天、树树松花云叠。

昨夜飞琼千万缕，谁剪条条晴雪?冰羽晶莹，霓装窃窕，欲舞高寒阙。

烟波照影，翩翩恩与谁约?”③从古至今、赞美雾松的诗词太多了，但好像千言万语都无法描述那种通透灵动的美。

它不仅仅是一种自然现象，更是天地间的造化,是可遇不可求的上天的赠予。

④雾凇非冰非雪，是冬季低温环境中，空气中水汽直接凝华或者是无数0℃以下的过冷雾滴随风在树枝等物体上不断积聚冻黏的结果，表现为白色不透明的冰品沉积物。

⑤形成雾凇的气象条件非常苛刻，要求冬季寒冷漫长，而且空气中水汽充足。

【甲】其次，雾凇的形成要求天晴少云，静风或是风速很小。

【乙】冬季，空中的云像是大地的一床被子，夜间有云时，削弱了向外的长波辐射，使地面气温降低较慢，昼夜温差相对较小，近地面空气中的水汽就不会凝结。

【丙】若是掀掉了这床被子，热量就更多地散发出去，使得地面温度降低，为水汽的凝结提供了必要条件。

【丁】大风是雾凇形成过程中的天敌，它总能把形成过程中结构松收的冰品吹散，即使簇拥在一起的雾凇也会被吹得无影无踪，微风或静风条件为水汽凝结凝华成雾凇提供保障。

⑥雾凇形状主要有两种:一种是过冷雾滴碰到冷的地而物体后迅迷冻结成粒状的小冰块，叫粒状雾凇（或硬凇），它的结构较紧密;另一种是由雾滴蒸发时产生的水汽凝华而形成的晶秋雾淞（或款凇），结构较松散稍有震动就会脱落。

⑦由于雾松中雾滴与雾滴间空隙很多，不仅看起来轻盈洁白附着在树米上，宛如琼树银花、清秀雅致，也具有很多内在的优秀品质。

人们在观赏玉树琼花极的吉林雾松时，都会感到空气格外清新舒爽、滋润肺腑，这是因为雾松蓬松的结构能够吸附大量空气中的污染颗粒，是空气的天然“净化器⑧雾凇是天然的“负氧离子发生器”，在有雾松时，负氧离子增多。

据测，吉林松花江畔在有雾凇时负氧离子每立方米可达上子至数千个，比没有雾凇时的负氧离数量多5倍以上。

专题20 阅读理解说明文（原卷版）【母题来源】（2021·湖南郴州市·中考真题）【母题题文1】Computers, smartphones, and other machines are the perfect servants. They always do what they are “told”. We usually “tell” them to do things by using a mouse or keyboard. But what if we could just talk to them normally and tell them what to do?This type of technology, known as voice control or voice recognition (识别), has been shown in films and TV shows since the 1960s. The TV show Star Trek showed some spaceships which could reply to human voice commands (命令). The film 2001: A Space Odyssey showed a computer that human astronauts could talk to. It was mainly used to play chess and repair the astronauts’ spaceship.On the other hand, real-world voice recognition is used for more everyday tasks. For example, Apple and Amazon made two pieces of voice recognition software (软件). They can be asked to do many things, such as setting alarms and playing music and so on.One of the nice things about voice recognition is that it can be used when we’re on the go. W hen you’re driving a car or walking down the street, it’s not convenient or even dangerous to pick up your smartphone and type away on the keyboard. V oice recognition allows you to focus on whatever you’re doing at the moment while still doing other tasks.Speech recognition software is also helpful to deaf people. It can be used to “listen” to spoken words and turn them into text that deaf people can read. Some speech recognition software can even hear words spoken in one language and then translate them into another language.4．According to Paragraph 1, how do we usually control machines in daily life?______A．By using body language.B．By talking to them.C．By using a mouse or keyboard.5．When was voice recognition first shown in films and TV shows?______A．In the 1980s. B．In the 1970s. C．In the 1960s.6．How does voice recognition help to keep you safe while driving a car?______A．It helps you to focus on what you are doing.B．It allows you to type on the keyboard more conveniently.C．It can control your car for a short while.7．In the last paragraph, what can we infer about the speech recognition software?______A．It can hear words spoken in English and then translate them into Chinese.B．It can turn text into spoken words for the blind.C．It can help you do anything that you want to do.8．Where do you probably read the passage?______A．In a movie ad.B．In a science magazine.C．In a sports magazine.【母题来源】（2021·辽宁中考真题）【母题题文2】Have you ever heard of “Who knows that each bowl of rice is the fruit of hard toil (苦工)?’’ It tells us not to waste food.As we all know, every bit of food we eat comes from hard work. It’s not easy to turn a seed (种子) into the food you can eat. Recently, to help students better understand this, the No. 4 Middle School in Huzhou, Zhejiang held an activity. Under the hot sun, hundreds of students went to a field to experience farming. With the help of others, they learned how to grow rice and pick vegetables. After the activity, they better understood how hard farming was.Many countries are facing the food-shortage problem now. According to the UN, there are 820 million people living in hunger today. Our country used to face this problem, too. In the 1960s, because there wasn’t much food, many people even died from hunger. In 1973, Yuan L ongping and his team succeeded in the development of hybrid (杂交) rice. They made great progress in solving our food-shortage problem. Many scientists like Yuan are always going out of their way to solve this problem now.When we waste food, we waste not only food but also resources (资源) for growing, transporting and cooking the food. These all take energy, time and water. Wasting food also creates greenhouse gas. So food waste is bad for the environment, too.Please value what you’re eating.9．The poem tells us not to ______.A．throw food B．waste food C．pollute food D．hate food10．Students from Huzhou ______ on the farm.A．sold seeds B．grew vegetablesC．understood each other D．experienced farming11．Chinese people ______ in the 1960s.A．had a hard life B．died from illnessesC．had much food D．ate a new kind of rice12．Saving food is ______ for the environment.A．good B．bad C．safe D．meaningless13．The main idea of this passage is ______.A．how we should save foodB．why we should value foodC．where we can experience farmingD．how we should protect the environment【母题来源】（2021·辽宁中考真题）【母题题文3】What are the cultural differences between China and the West? You might be able to find the answer in Cao Siyu’s comics（漫画）. Cao, 32, was born in Beijing, but left home at 20 and has studied and lived in the US, the UK, and France for 12 years. Having seen so many cultures, Cao wanted to use her drawing sills to show the differences she has experienced. So she created the cartoon series Tiny Eyes Comics.“My experience shows that although travel is much easier and faster today, the distance（距离）between cultures hasn’t shortened,” Cao said. She hopes to build bridges and break down misunderstandings between different cultures. One of her cartoons shows water forms in different countries. Three glasses of water are shown. The glass of water from the US has ice; the one from France is full of sparkling water（气泡水）; the one from China is steaming（冒热气的）.Cao also uses her cartoons to show different ways of thinking and social customs. During the COVID﹣19 pandemic, she used her comics to explain why Chinese people prefer to wear masks while western people don’t. “Her simple pictures have played a big part in reflecting Chineseculture,” Italian magazine Grazia reported.Many foreign readers say that Cao’s comics help them understand China, while Chinese living abroad have felt that they are seen and understood.She said that this voice has been the biggest motivation （动力）for her to keep creating. 24．Cao Siyu shows people the cultural differences by ______.A．living abroad B．creating comicsC．writing for an Italian magazine D．talking about her experience25．Cao’s comic ideas come from her studies and life in ______ countries.A．3 B．12 C．20 D．3226．The underlined word “misunderstandings” means ______.A．融合B．交流C．差异D．误解27．We can infer from the passage that ______ is more popular in China.A．cold water B．ice water C．sparkling water D．hot water28．The best title of the passage is “ ______”.A．Travel is much easier and faster todayB．Comics show us how we are differentC．School life abroad is busy and lonelyD．Different ways of thinking and behaving【母题来源】（2021·广西玉林市·中考真题）【母题题文4】Traditional food such as Guilin Rice Noodles, Snail Rice Noodles, Rolled Rice Noodles（卷筒粉）can be found around most streets of Guangxi, which is in South Central China.The famous snack Snail Rice Noodles is also called luosifen in Chinese. Luosifen is usually sold at roadside stands（路边摊）in night market in Guangxi. It is cooked easily and tastes good! The dish is made up of rice noodles boiled and served in soup made from river snails and pork bones which are cooked for hours.The food was listed as part of Liuzhou’s intangible cultural heritage（非物质文化遗产）in 2008 and became popular after being introduced in the program A bite of China（舌尖上的中国）in 2012.Since then, luosifen restaurants have developed quickly across the country. Many restaurants have been set up in Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong. It is becoming a popular snack at home and abroad. It’s said that 28.4 mi llion bags of luosifen were sold on Taobao last year, becoming the most popular snack in the online market. It was also one of the best-selling foods during COVID-19 outbreak（爆发）in China.Besides the traditional export （出口）markets, including the US, Australia, France, the food has also been sent to new markets such as Singapore and New Zealand.44．What kind of food was NOT mentioned in the article?______A．Lemon Duck. B．Guilin Rice Noodles.C．Snail Rice Noodles. D．Rolled Rice Noodles.45．Luosifen restaurants have developed quickly across the country since the year ______. A．2008 B．2012 C．2019 D．202146．Why was luosifen one of the best-selling foods during COVID-19 outbreak in China? A．Because it could help to fight the COVID-19.B．Because we wouldn’t make luosifen any more.C．Because it could bring good luck to us Chinese.D．Because it was very convenient and delicious.47．Which of the following countries is the new market for selling luosifen according to the article?______A．US. B．Australia. C．France D．New Zealand.【母题来源】（2021·江苏常州市·中考真题）【母题题文5】In modern times, our clothes seem good enough to meet our needs both in color and style. However, are you impatient with washing your clothes so often? Are you tired of the same color? If your answer is “Yes”, let’s meet the fashion in the future.Sun-No-SpotTo clean this shirt, just stand in the sun! A special material on the surface receives UV light from the sun. This heats it up enough to make stains(污渍) missing. You stay cool, but stains disappear! Some stains disappear in minutes — others might take a day.New Fabric SuitAre you sick of holes in your clothes? This new material repairs itself! If this cloth gets a hole, just rub(搓揉) the broken place quickly. Heat from the rubbing will cause the materials to connect with each other again, repairing the hole. Hole? What hole?New Wiggle VigorThis cloth gets a charge(充电) from running around. As you move, the thin wires in the material turn your movement into power. This can charge a computer, an ipad, a hair-dryer, and many other small things that need power.Chameleon ClothTired of the same old look? How about clothes that change colors? This material is made with dyes(染料) that change colors when they get warm. A small battery heats up thin metal threads(金属线) in the cloth, to change colors or forms.57．If your Sun-No-Spot shirt is dirty with stains, what can you do to clean it?______A．Warm it in the sun. B．Rub it quickly.C．Connect it to a computer. D．Change its color.58．If your mobile phone has no power, which one can help you?______A．Sun-No-Spot. B．New Fabric Suit. C．New Wiggle Vigor. D．Chameleon Cloth. 59．Which of the next pictures goes well with Chameleon Cloth?______A．B．C．D．【母题来源】（2021·辽宁鞍山市·中考真题）【母题题文6】In recent years, red tourism（旅游业）has developed quickly and is expected to become more and more popular as the nation celebrates the 100th anniversary（周年纪念日）of the Communist Party ofChina（CPC）（中国共产党）. And people’s hopes of learning and experiencing revolutionary（革命的）history and culture have become stronger.From 2004 to 2019, national red tourism resources（资源）continued to increase and tourists visited an increasing number of revolutionary cultural relics（文物）. The number of such trips made by people increased from 140 million to 1.4 billion（十亿）over the same period and more and more people go to these red tourism areas, such as Yan’an in Shanxi Province.In Pingshan, Hebei Province, where Xibaipo is located（位于）, people have depended on red tourism to develop farmhouses, gardens and tourist shops. This has helped to provide jobs for more than 80,000 local people.Red tourism has not only met people’s travel needs but also their strong wishes for knowledge on revolutionary traditions. This has led to the economic（经济上的）development of old revolutionary areas. As the 100th anniversary of the CPC is coming, the Ministry（部）of Culture and Tourism will further develop red tourism and provide people with better products and services based on Party history education. Protection of revolutionary relics will also become stronger.74．The Communist Party of China was founded（建立）______.A．in 1911 B．in 1921 C．in 1931 D．in 194975．Xibaipo is located in ______.A．Hebei Province B．Hubei Province C．Henan Province D．Shanxi Province 76．Traveling to old revolutionary areas has led to the ______ of these areas.A．development of science B．development of artC．environmental protection D．economic development77．As the 100th anniversary of the CPC is coming, better products and services based on ______ will be provided.A．ancient history B．modern art C．cultural relics D．Party history education 78．The best title of the passage can be “______.”A．Tourist Shops B．Farmhouses C．Red Tourism D．Beautiful Gardens【考试方向】＂英语说明文＂，顾名思义，就是一种以＂说明、解释＂为主要表达方式的英语文体。

中考语文知识梳理与分类训练（全国通用）原卷版专题19文言文阅读之断句★[考点概述]断句是考查文言文的传统方式，是学习文言文的基本功。

明辨句读，要综合运用古汉语字词句及古代历史文化等方面的常识，因而断句能力高低，成了阅读文言文能力高低的一个重要标志。

中考主要考察的是语句节奏的划分。

停顿是理解、翻译文言语句的基础，对句子内容能正确理解，就能准确的标出朗读节奏（即停顿）。

设题方式：①请用“/”为下面句子划分朗读停顿。

（一般划一处或两处）②下列句子朗读停顿划分错误的一项是（）★[知识梳理]停顿有两种:一是句间停顿，就是根据标点符号来确定句与句之间停顿的长短、语调的抑扬；二是句中短暂停顿，它是以词或词组为单位，根据句子成分之间的内在关系来划分的语气停顿。

确定节中停顿有以下几种方法一、“意义单位划分法”:文言句朗读的停顿划分可先揣摩意义，再把意思结合紧密的文字，看成一个“意义”单位，则“单位”与“单位”之间往往有一定停顿。

例1、望晚/日照/城郭(《登泰山记》)“望晚”是“向晚”、“傍晚”之意，全句有“望晚”、“日照”、“城郭”三个意义单位。

不可读成“望/晚日/照城郭”。

例2、而/不知/太守之/乐其乐也(《醉翁亭记》)“乐其乐”前一“乐”字用做动词，“以……为乐”;后一“乐”字，作名词，“所乐的事”。

“乐其乐”即“以其乐为乐”。

不可误读成:而/不知/太守之乐/其乐也。

二、“语法结构划分法”:根据语言顺序处理停顿，即按照“主语--谓语--宾语”、“定语--中心语”、“状语--中心语”、“动补”来停顿，也就是说在主谓之间、谓宾之间、状语与中心语之间、动补之间要作停顿，以使语意明显。

1、主谓之间、状谓之间、动补之间可作停顿。

例3、寡人/欲以五百里之地/易/安陵(《唐雎不辱使命》)例4、此/庸夫之怒也(《唐雎不辱使命》)例5、先帝/不以/臣卑鄙(《出师表》)例6、受任/于败军之际，奉命/于危难之间(《出师表》)例7、永之人/争/奔走焉(《捕蛇者说》)2、动宾之间，结合紧密时不停顿，但宾语有定语限制或修饰，就须停顿。

专题十九科普文章阅读[学法——理清顺序，品味语言] [视情选学，有备无患] [把握文体特征]明结构，快读文；知特点，准做题科普文章近乎以前提到的科技说明文，指研究自然科学及技术方面的文章，包括物理学、化学、植物学、矿物学、生理学和数学等以及它们大大小小、远远近近的分支。

近几十年来，众多的边缘学科的形成，更使这一领域日新月异，令人目不暇接。

科普文章的阅读成为高考中现代文阅读的重要组成部分。

因此，本专题从把握科普文章的定义与文体特点入手，让考生学会阅读科普文章，并运用基本的阅读方法掌握科普文章的内容概要。

一、科普文章的内涵科普就是科学技术普及的简称。

人类的科学和技术活动，包括两个方面：一是科学技术的研究与开发，二是科学技术的传播与人才培养。

因此，科普是科技工作的重要组成部分。

科普文章就是把人类研究开发的科学知识、科学方法，以及融化于其中的科学思想和科学精神，通过多种方法、多种途径传播到社会的方方面面，使之为公众所理解，用以开发智力、提高素质、培养人才、发展生产力，并使公众有能力参与科技政策的决策活动，促进社会的物质文明和精神文明建设。

二、科普文章的类别科普文章大致可分为两种：一种是科学说明文，一种是科学小品。

高考试卷中的选文大多采用科学小品，科学小品是带有文学色彩的科技说明文，形式简短，内容通俗，语言既准确简明又形象生动，融知识性与趣味性于一体。

这里主要介绍科学小品的相关知识：1．科学小品的概念科学小品是一种以科学为题材的小品文。

它用文学笔法来写，寓科学性、知识性、趣味性、娱乐性为一体，使读者在文学欣赏中获得科学知识。

科学小品一般短小精悍、通俗易懂、语言丰富多彩、形式生动活泼，读这类文章能活跃思维、丰富知识、开阔视野，很受广大读者的喜爱。

2．科学小品的主要特点(1)内容的科学性科学小品的科学性非常重要，内容必须合乎科学，引用的资料必须可靠，数据必须准确。

写科学小品的目的就是向人们普及科学知识，如果介绍的知识不合乎科学，不仅达不到写作目的，还会造成很坏的影响。

人教版备考2020年小升初考试语文复习专题19 :说明文阅读B卷姓名：班级：成绩：小朋友，带上你一段时间的学习成果，一起来做个自我检测吧，相信你一定是最棒的!一、现代文阅读（共13题；共230分）1. （25分）阅读短文，回答为题。

可爱的小精灵——蜜蜂蜜蜂是一种可爱的小精灵，它以勤劳赢得人们的真爱。

蜜蜂除了蜂王，还有工蜂、兵蜂和雄蜂。

工蜂负责采蜜，每天忙碌地寻找蜜源，采到蜜后送回来，再出去。

采集花蜜是一项十分辛苦的工作，蜜蜂采1000~1500朵花才能获得一蜜囊花蜜，耗时106~150分钟。

工蜂能根据太阳判断方向，所以不论它们飞多远，都能找到家。

有趣的是，工蜂还会按照各种图形在空中“跳舞”，以此来与同伴交流信息。

当负责“侦探”的蜜蜂发现了蜜源，或者在外面采到蜜返回时，都要在蜂房上空优雅地飞舞一番，用飞舞出的图形告诉同伴什么方向有花。

距离的远近是用飞舞的圈数多少来表示，几十米、几百米或几千米，都有固定的圈数。

蜜蜂在飞舞采蜜时，眼睛起了关键作用。

为了能看清周围的环境，蜜蜂生长着许多复眼，大约有500 万只，虽然蜜蜂有许多复眼，但是由于它的身体较小，眼睛就显得更微小了。

也许有的小朋友会想到蜜蜂会蜇人。

其实，蜜蜂一般不轻易蜇人。

当蜜蜂遇到侵害时，它就会把尾部的毒针刺入对方的身上，并放出毒液。

蜜蜂尾端的毒针是自卫的武器，它连着身体里的毒腺，蜜蜂在使用它的毒针之后身体会被撕毁而死去。

即使没有蜇人，工蜂的寿命也不过是三十至六十天。

它们的生命是多么脆弱啊!蜜蜂体型微小，但它们对人类的影响和贡献却一点也不小。

它们酿的蜜，只有很少一部分自己吃，大部分都贡献给了人类，所以我们要保护它们。

（1）查字典填表。

(2)文中哪句话体现了蜜蜂的辛劳？用横线画出来。

(3)用波浪线画出第4自然段的中心句。

(4)短文是从哪些方面介绍蜜蜂的特点的？2. ( 20分)课外阅读萤火虫尹衍国①“萤火虫，萤火虫，飞到西，飞到东。

好像星星眨眼睛，好像盏盏小灯茏……”②关于萤火虫，有很多有趣的故事。

19 说明文阅读（一）（2022春·湖北襄阳·八年级期末）阅读说明文，完成各题。

为什么全世界都迷恋冰墩墩①北京冬奥会吉祥物冰墩墩“一墩难求”，连摩纳哥亲王都想多要一个，因为带一个回去不好给龙风胎交代。

没有人能抵挡冰墩墩的魅力，亲王的孩子也是一样。

日本记者连体育资讯都不播报了，改为播报冰墩墩的资讯，“花滑的情报没有，但是我有冰墩墩。

”火爆程度让冰墩墩上线即售罄，不少人甚至彻夜排队只为一墩。

冰墩墩彻底火了，成为名副其实的顶流。

②为了实现“墩自由”，网友们还打起了设计者的“主意”。

设计者：“很抱歉，我们什么也没有。

”冰墩墩为什么能让全世界都如此上头？其实，冰墩墩最初的灵感只是冰糖葫芦。

但由于食物无法承载国家形象，所以选择了熊猫作为容纳物。

③于是带壳的大熊猫出现了，由于头部边缘还有一圈象征国家速滑馆的“冰丝带”，所以某种角度看上去，还有点像一只漏了馅的芝麻汤圆。

不得不说，这形象物选得真是太对了。

毕竟，看到圆滚滚的熊猫谁不想摸两把。

对大熊猫，全世界有一大批爱慕者。

这种圆滚滚似乎天生就让人喜爱，谁会拒绝一个胖胖萌萌、特别黏人的吃货呢？④为什么熊猫可以戳中我们的萌点？外形上，黑黑的眼圈为它增加了乖巧感，没有黑眼圈的熊猫会让人感到它的脸隐藏了一丝兽性与杀意，失却了萌感。

黑白配色使它有一种不一样的气质，白中有黑，黑中有白。

这似乎与中国的太极文化有着密不可分的关系，低调匀称的黑白色与中国人无论在审美还是性情上，都有着很高的契合感。

⑤另一种说法是，人类的审美以“趋近己类为贵”为一大特征。

“审美活动一旦打开，审查与被审查便不会对等。

”熊猫的外表与人类的五官区分有着类似的地方。

因而更容易受到人类的喜爱。

笨拙的动作，夸张的躯体，整体以圆润构成的轮廓……⑥外在形象使得熊猫从一开始就能够让人对其降低戒备，甚至让人觉得有种别样的亲和力与吸引力。

憨态可掬，撒娇卖萌，像极了小时候的人类。

⑦作为当代一种代表“萌”的特殊符号，可爱天真、单纯无邪拥有萌感的熊猫可以轻易地冲破人们的心理防线，打破文化壁垒，走向世界。

专题19 名著阅读（知识储备篇）（原卷版）【考点扫描】1.掌握初中七——九年级课本中涉及到的中外重要作家及时代、国别和代表作。

2.能表达自己对人物、故事的评价、理解、感悟等。

【考查形式】内容：1.作家作品知识；2.主要情节、典型事件、主要人物及性格；3.识记与作品有关的诗句、名言、成语与歇后语等；4.能说出自己的阅读感受与体验；5.能对一些内容或人物作出自己的评价。

题型：1.选择类题。

2.填空类题。

3.概述类题。

4.感悟类题。

5.仿写类题。

【应考指南】1、熟悉名著中的开篇词以及相关的重要句子。

2、熟悉名著中的主要情节、回目或梗概。

3、熟悉名著中的人物性格、字、绰号和典型语言。

4、注重平时的积累（涉及面要广，记忆要准确）。

5、分类法，按古代现代外国三类整理。

6、网络法，如作家——篇名——名句，形成网络。

7、表格法，即对某一大类列表对照。

【典型题例】选择类题1.下列文学常识表述有误的一项是（）A、郭沫若《石榴》一文托物言志，借石榴寄托情怀，通过对石榴的描绘，歌颂了真善美，赞扬了不怕威压、奋发向上的品格和精神。

B、宋朝词人范仲淹在《渔家傲》（天接云涛连晓雾）中，融梦幻与真实、历史与现实为一体，构成了气度恢弘、格调雄奇的意境。

C、《朝花夕拾》是鲁迅留给我们的优美的散文珍品，出自这部散文集中的篇目有《阿长与<山海经>》、《从百草园到三味书屋》等。

D、《水浒传》写的是以宋江为首的一百零八位英雄，聚义梁山水泊、杀富济贫、抗拒官府、造反起义的故事。

2.下列关于文学作品的表述有误的一项是（）A．《西游记》中“三打白骨精”、“真假美猴王”、“三借芭蕉扇”等故事家喻户晓。

B．《童年》《在人间》《我的大学》都是高尔基以自身经历为原型创作的自传体小说。

C．“其实地上本没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路”是鲁迅《社戏》中的一句名言。

D．《变色龙》刻画了奥楚蔑洛夫这个见风使舵、趋炎附势、媚上欺下的忠实走狗形象。

3.结合你的读书经历，选出下面说法正确的一项在《三国演义》中有一位英雄，他曾温酒斩华雄、千里走单骑、刮骨疗毒，被后人敬仰并尊为中国的“武圣”，这位英雄是（）A. 赵云B. 关羽C. 张飞D. 马超4.（四川省遂宁市）下面中国四大古典名著中的人物与情节搭配不当的一项是（）2012年语A、林黛玉——葬花、焚诗B、诸葛亮——草船借箭、借东风C、鲁智深——醉打蒋门神D、孙悟空——三借芭蕉扇小结：这类题型的难度最低，主要考查的是对名著知识的再认，知识点主要有名著的作者及其国别或朝代，主要人物及其典型情节。

专题19阅读七选五——精讲深剖（2019全国I卷）Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.” ____36____ According to recent studies，the answer is a big YES，if the air quality in your camping area is good.___37___ If the air you’re breathing is clean-which it would be if you’re away from the smog of cities-then the air is filled with life-giving，energizing oxygen. If you exercise out of doors，your body will learn to breathe more deeply，allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉)and your brain.Recently，people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈)._____38_____ In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. It turns out that just looking at green，growing things can reduce stress，lower blood pressure，and put people into a better mood(情绪).Greenery is good for us. Hospital patients Who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. ______39______ It gives us a great feeling of peace.___40___While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they also give is beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin— put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D.A. Fresh air cleans our lungs.B. So what are you waiting for?C. Being in nature refreshes us.D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.这是一篇说明文。