chapter 4 from word to text

Chapter Four From Word to TextI. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.of the following term does NOT mean the same as the relation of substitutabilityA. Associative relationB. Paradigmatic relationC. Vertical relationD. Horizontal relation2. Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents and the three basic types of subordinate clauses are complement clauses, adjuncts clauses and _______.A. relative clausesB. adverbial clausesC. coordinate clausesD. subordinate clauses3. Names of the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT ______.A. subjects and objectsB. objects and predicatorsC. modifiers and complementsD. endocentric and exocentric4. In English, case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of perception and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT _______.A. inflectionB. following a prepositionC. word orderD. vertical relation5. In English, theme and rheme are often expressed by _____ and ____.A. subject; objectB. subject; predicateC. predicate; objectD. object; predicate6. Phrase structure rules have _____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Which of the following is NOT among the three basic ways to classify languages in the worldA. Word orderB. Genetic classificationC. Areal classificationD. Social classification8. The head of the phrase the city Rome is ______.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase on the shelf belongs to ______ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves is a _____ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.1.The relation of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations,partly to paradigmatic relations.2.One property coordination reveals is that there is a limit on the numberof coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.3.According to Standard Theory of Chomsky, deep structure contain allthe information necessary for the semantic interpretation of sentences.4.In English, the object is recognized by tracing its relation to wordorder and by inflections of pronouns.5.Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to-onerelation.ually noun phrases, verb phrases and adverbial phrases belong toendocentric types of constriction.7.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct objectusually follows the verb.8.In the exocentric construction John kicked the ball, neitherconstituent stands for the verb-object sequence.9.A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.10.In a coordinate sentence, two (or more) S constituents occur asdaughters and co-heads of a higher S.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given.1.The subordinate constituents are words which modify the Heads andconsequently, they can be called m____________.2.John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman). The partin the bracket is a c_________ clause.3.In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice, wehave another two terms, p____________ and n__________.4.There is a tendency to make a distinction between phrase and w_______,which is an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged.5.Recursiveness, together with o_______, is generally regarded as thecore of creativity of language.6.Traditionally, p_________ is seen as part of a structural hierarchy,positioned between clause and word.7.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identitythe s______ relationship between words in a sentence.8.Clause can be classifies into FINITE and NON-FINITE clauses, the latterincluding the traditional infinitive phrase, p__________, and gerundial phrase.9.Gender displays such contrasts as masculine: feminine: n_______.10.English gender contrast can only be observed in g__________ and a smallnumber of l__________ and they are mainly of the natural gender type.IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.1.Syntax2.IC analysis3.Relation of co-occurrence4.Category5.RecursivenessVI. Answer the following question.1.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction2.What are the basic functional terms in syntaxVII. Essay question.1.Explain an comment on the following sentence a and b.a.John is easy to please.b.John is eager to please.ment on the statement, “Linguistic structure is hiearchical”I. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.1.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but they arecapable of yielding an infinite number of sentences.2.Although, a single word can also be uttered as a sentence, normallya sentence consists of at least a subject, its predicate and an object.\3.The sentences are linearly structured, so they are composed of sequenceof words arranged in a simple linear order.4. his upon an idea.idea hit upon John.In the above sentences, the subject and object constituent by the sentences switch their position. Although sentence b is absurd, it is still grammatical, because John and an idea are of the same phrasal category.5.Though they are of a small number, the combinational rules are powerfulenough to yield all the possible sentences and rule out the impossible ones.6.In a sentence like Mary likes flowers, both Mary and flowers are notonly Nouns, but also Noun Phrases.7.The recursive property can basically be discussed in a category-basedgrammar, but not in a word-based grammar.8.An XP must contain an X which is called the phrasal head.9.In the phrase this very tall girl, tall girl is an obligatory elementand the head of the phrase.10.a. The man beat the child. b. The child was beaten by the man.In the above sentences, the movement of the child from its original place to a new place is a WH- movement.11.Tense and aspect, the two important categories of the verb, nowadaysare viewed as separate notions in grammar.12.The structuralists regard linguistic units as isolated bits in astructure (or system).13.IC analysis can help us to see the internal structure of a sentenceclearly and it can also distinguish the ambiguity of a sentence. 14.Structural linguists hold that a sentence does only have a linearstructure, but it has a hierarchical structure, made up of layers of word groups.15.In Saussure’s view, the linguist cannot attempt to explain individualsigns in a piecemeal fashion. Instead he must try to find the value of a sign from its relation to others, or rather, its position in the system.16.The theme-rheme order is the usual one in unemotional narration, whichis a subjective order.17.What is new in Halliday is that he has tried to relate the functionsof language to its structure.18.Sentence is a basic unit of structure in functional grammar.19.The interpersonal function of language refers to the idea held byHalliday that language serves ot establish and maintain social relations.20.Finite is a function in the clause as a representation, both therepresentation of outer experience and inner experience.21.The relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations,partly to paradigmatic relations.22.According to Chomsky, grammar is a mechanism that should be able togenerate all and only the grammatical sentences of a language.23.In English, the subject of a sentence is said to be the doer of anaction, while the object is the person or thing acted upon by the doer.Therefore, the subject is always an agent and the patient is always the object.24.In English, the object is recognized by tracing its relation to wordorder and by inflections of pronouns.25.Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to-onerelation.26.The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, and there area limited number of sentences which can be produced.27.Structuralism views language as both linearly and hierarchicallystructured.28.Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntacticcategories are formed and sentences generated.29.UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specificgift which exists in the mind of a normal human being.30.Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and theywere separated in traditional grammar.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s). 1.As is required by the ______, a noun phrase must have case and caseis assigned by verb, or preposition to the _________ position or by auxiliary to the ________ position.2.Adjacency condition states that a case _________ and a case _______should stay adjacent to each other.3.The general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of anyconstituent movement is called __________.4.The phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generatesentences at the level of _________.5.The application of syntactic movement rules transforms a sentence fromthe level of ________ to that of ______.6.In English there are two major types of movement, one involving themovement of an NP is called __________ movement and the other a WH-word is called _________movement.7.a. The boy ate the apple.c.The apple was eaten by the boy.In Sentence b, the boy and the apple are moved from their original positions in Sentence a to new positions, with the boy _________ to the right and the man ________ to the left.8.In the sentence the man was bitten by a dog, the man is both the _______subject and the ___________ object.9.The decision on where to make the cuts in IC analysis relies on ________:whether a sequence of words can be substituted for a single word and the structure remains the same.10.IC Analysis is different from the traditional parsing in that ICemphasizes the function of the _________ level-word group, seeing a hierarchical structure of the sentence as well.11.The subordinate constituents are words which modify the head andconsequently, they can be called __________.12.John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman).The part in the bracket is a __________ clause.13.In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice, wehave another two terms, ________ and _________.14.English gender contrast can only be observed in ________ and a smallnumber of _______ and they are mainly of the natural gender type. 15.There is tendency to make a distinction between phrase and ________,which is an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged.16.Recursiveness, together with _________, is generally regarded as thecore of creativity of language.17.Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicatewhich contains a ________ verb or a verb phrase.18.The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structureof a sentence is ________.19.The starting point of an utterance which is known in the givensituation and from which the speaker proceeds is named ________. 20.___________ structure can become the sole responsible structure forsemantic interpretation by the introduction of the trace theory.III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.sentence John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history is a _______ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. complexD. relational2. In the sentence Mary told Jane that John liked linguistics the introductory word that is called _______.A. coordinating conjunctionB. conjunctionC. subordinatorD. embedded word3. The student The above segmentation truthfully reveals the _______ nature of sentence structure.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. horizontalD. parallel4. The sentence The tall man and women left can be illustrated by tree diagram _____.A.(1)B.(2)C. both (1) and (2)D. neitherto the following three diagram, V can only be replaced by ____.A. satB. broughtC. pushedD. nonewas linguistics that John liked the mostWhich of the following statements about the two sentences (a and b) given above is NOT trueA. In both sentence a and sentence b, John is the logical subject.B. In structural concept, John is the structural subject of asentence.C. It in sentence b is the structural subject of the matrix clause.D. John is the structural subject in both a and b.conclusion that a set of principles or rules govern language use is based on the observation that _________.make acceptability judgment about sentences they have never heard before.is a habit-structure.accounts for language acquisition.information must form part of syntactic movement.symbol N indicates a/an ________.category categorycategory D. lexical insertion rulethe following combination possibilities, ______ can NOT be generated from the following rule: NP →(Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S).A. NP →N →Det Adj S →Det N →Det Adj N PPS.advantage of X-bar syntax over phrase structure syntax is that X-bar. a ploliferation of redundant intermediate categories.us to identify indefinitely long embedded sentences.C. allows as to postulate categories other than lexical and phrasal.D. forces us to conclude that the ambiguity of phrases like the EnglishKing is lexical rather than structural.11. Which set of rules generates the following tree structuresA. S →NP VPB. NP → VPNP→ N PP NP→ NP NP PPVP→ V NP VP→ V NP PPPP →P NP PP →P NPNP→ N NP →NVP VP D, S NP VPNP→ (NP/PP) NP →NP (NP /PP)VP →V NP VP →V NPPP →P NP PP →P NPNP→ N NP →Nseems they are quite fit for the job.b. They seem quite fit for the job.Sentence b is a result of ______ movement.. D. None13. The head of the phrase underneath the open window is _______.following statements are in accordance with Hallliday’s opinion on language EXCEPT _______.use of language involves a network of systems of choices.B. Language is never used as a mere mirror of reflected thought.is a system of abstract forms and signs.functions as a piece of human behavior.is more concerned with ____ relations in his approach to syntax.is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in Certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.C. BindingD. Co-command17. Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents and the three basic types of subordinate clauses are complement clauses, adjunct clauses and _____.clauses clausesclauses clausesof the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT_____.and objects and predicatorsand complements D. endocentric and exocentricEnglish, case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of preposition and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT ______.a preposition order relation20. Clauses can be classified into finite and non-finite clauses, _____ including the traditional infinitive phrases, participial phrase and gerundial phrase.A. the formerB. the latter D. neitheris the _______ on case assignment that states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.A. Case Condition ConditionCondition Parameter.analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phrase…d. sentenceof the following italic parts is NOT an idiomA. How to you doB. How did you doC. He went to it hammer and tongs.D. They kept tabs on the Russian spy.we say that we can change the second word in the sentence she is singing in the room with another word or phrase, we are talking about ______.A. governmentB. linear relationsC. syntactic relationsD. paradigmatic relationsthe phrase structure rule S→NP VP, the arrow can be read as ______.A. hasB. generatesC. consists ofD. is equal toIV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1.The following two sentences are ambiguous. Show the two readings ofeach by drawing its respective tree diagrams.(1)The ball man and woman left(2) Visiting professor can be interestinge an example to show what a tree diagram is (as it is used inTransformational-Generative Grammar).e an example to show what IC analysis is.4.What are the three general functions of language according to Halliday5.What distinguishes the structural approach to syntax from thetraditional one6.Some grammar books say there are three basic tenses in English-thepresent, the past and the future; others say there are only two basic tenses –the present and the past. Explain what tense is and whether it is justifiable to say there is a future tense in English.。

河北师范大学《语言学概论》课程教学大纲课程代码：0510010390课程英文名称：A Brief Introduction to Linguistics学分：3学时：54适用对象/专业：英语专业学生先修课程：英语语法，英美文化概况授课语言：英语、汉语开课单位：外国语学院课程负责人：张玲玲一、课程性质及教学目标1. 课程性质和类别“语言学概论”课程是英语专业本科高年级阶段的专业必修课程，为报考本专业硕士研究生必考课程之一。

课程通过讲授语言学的基础知识、基本理论、研究成果和研究方法，使学生了解语言学领域中的一些基本概念的内涵；了解语言学传统分支领域的基础理论知识；基本了解各个语言学流派的观点和主张；旨在运用语言学的知识提高他们的语言修养，言语交际效果和具备初步的科研能力。

2. 教学目标本课程的教学目的是向学生讲授英语语言的属性、功能、起源和内部层次，掌握英语语言学基本特征和主要分支的基本概念，了解语言在时空中的变异及其与社会、文化、语境、思维等外部因素的关系，同时了解部分主要语言学流派，使学生通过对该课程的学习，既能借助语言学理论整理和吸收语言知识，又能运用正确的观点评价语言，并为进一步的深造打下基础。

二、理论教学内容及要求Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics主要内容：1.1 Why Study Language?1.2 What Is Language?1.3 Design Features of Language;1.4 Origin of Language;1.5 Functions of Language;1.6 What Is Linguistics?1.7 Main Branches of Linguistics;1.8 Macrolinguistics;1.9 Important Distinctions in Linguistics基本要求：掌握语言的区别性特征和语言学里一些重要区别性概念。

Origin of language
Divine- origin theory 神授说 Bow-wow theory 汪汪理论 摹声说 Pooh-pooh theory 噗噗理论 感叹说 Yo-he-ho theory 呦嘿吼理论 劳动叫喊说

Functions of language
The nose: the nasal cavity(鼻腔)
Table
2.1 A chart of English consonants
English vowels(RP)
Four basic requirements for the description of vowels 1) the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low) 2) the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back) 3) the length or tenseness of the vowel (tense vs. lax or long vs. short) 4) lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded)
The classification of word 词的分类
1 variable and invariable words可变词与不 变词 2 grammatical (functional) and lexical (content) words词汇词和语法词 3 closed-class and open-class words 封闭 类词和开放类词 4 word class词类
Important distinctions in linguistics

Chapter FourGrammar—From Word to TextContents1.Grammatical Introduction2.Syntagmatic rules3.Paradigmatic rules4.Transformation5.Linguistic Type in Structurerules•The use of language,like games,has its own rules.To play the games well,you should know the rules.•Words,word groups and phrases,and clauses cannot occur at random,they have to follow certain rules of ordering.1.Grammatical Introduction1.1Syntax•Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.•On the level of syntax,we distinguish for any construction in a language its external and its internal properties.-The external syntax of a construction refers to anything speakers know about the construction that is relevant to the larger syntactic contexts.-The internal syntax of a construction is really a description of the construction's"make-up",with the terms such as"subject,predicate,object,determiner,noun".语法概说根据研究的需要，从不同角度对语法现象进行切分1.词法和句法(morphology&syntax)这是传统语法学提出的一种切分方法。