Academic+Writing

Unit 5: Academic WritingAcademic writing is an essential skill for graduate students. Whether it's writing research papers, essays, or dissertations, the ability to conveyplex ideas in a clear and organized manner is crucial for success in academia. In this unit, we will delve into the keyponents of academic writing, including structure, language, and style, and offer practical tips for developing your skills in this area.1. Understanding the Structure of Academic WritingAcademic writing typically follows a specific structure that includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction should provide background information on the topic and clearly state the purpose of the paper. The body should present evidence, arguments, and analysis to support the m本人n thesis, while the conclusion should summarize the key points and reiterate the significance of the research. Understanding and following this structure is essential for producing coherent and persuasive academic writing.2. Developing an Academic Writing StyleAcademic writing requires a formal and objective tone. This means avoiding colloquial language, personal opinions, and emotional language. Instead, focus on using clear, precise, and formal language to convey your arguments and ideas. Additionally, pay attention to the use of citations and referencing to acknowledge the sources of your information and evidence. Developing a strong academic writing style takes practice, but it is a crucial skill for graduate students to master.3. Using Language Effectively in Academic WritingIn academic writing, it is important to use language that is precise and unambiguous. Avoid vague or ambiguous language, as this can weaken the clarity and effectiveness of your writing. Additionally, pay attention to the use of transitions and cohesive devices to ensure smooth and logical connections between ideas. By using language effectively, you can enhance the coherence and flow of your academic writing.4. Incorporating Research and EvidenceAcademic writing is heavily reliant on research and evidence tosupport arguments and cl本人ms. As a graduate student, it is important to develop strong research skills and the ability to critically evaluate sources. This includes identifying reliable and credible sources, synthesizing information from multiple sources, and effectively integrating evidence into your writing. By incorporating research and evidence, you can strengthen the validity and persuasiveness of your academic writing.5. Editing and Revising Academic WritingEffective academic writing is the result of careful editing and revision. After drafting your paper, take the time to review and revise it for clarity, coherence, and organization. Pay attention to the overall structure and flow of the paper, as well as the language, style, and tone. Additionally, proofread your work for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. By editing and revising your academic writing, you can ensure that it meets the highest standards of clarity and accuracy.ConclusionAcademic writing is a fundamental skill for graduate students, and mastering this skill is key to success in academia. Byunderstanding the structure of academic writing, developing a formal and objective writing style, using language effectively, incorporating research and evidence, and editing and revising your work, you can produce high-quality academic writing that is clear, coherent, and persuasive. With practice and dedication, you can continue to refine your skills in academic writing and excel in your academic pursuits.。

Academic Writing（学术英语写作）中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.__________ is a very unique genre in academic context for it recalls what youhave learned.答案:Reflective writing2.__________ will contain raw data and other materials not central to the mainwork.答案:Appendix3.__________are a way of combing two sentences which have a close relationshipinto one.答案:Semicolons4.What is problem in the following statement?"Many people like large families."答案:Unspecific language5.What hedgin g language is used here to show the author’s degree ofconfidence?“One of the main functions of the pancreas is to produce hormones.”答案:Adjective6.The words “this”, “which” and “likewise” can be used as __________.答案:reference7.Read the following definition and identify the problem in it."By commercial advertisements, I mean these tricks and traps manufacturers use to advocate their products in all kinds of mass media."答案:Loaded definition with negative emotions8.Which of the following is NOT true about a paragraph developed byclassification?答案:Items from different classes can be discussed here.9.Read the following sentences and decide what kind of causal analysis thesesentences follow?"What has sparked the increasing interest in exercise? Firstly, people have gained a greater awareness of the need for physical fitness. Furthermore, the constantly improving standard of living enables Chinese people to patronize the increasing number of recreational venues. The main thing perhapscenters on the healthcare and psychological benefits exercise provides."答案:One single effect is caused by multiple causes.10.When we are planning to write an essay developed by comparison orcontrast, what should we consider as the first step?答案:Points of comparison11.Which of the following is NOT a function of the Conclusion?答案:It adds some new evidence or ideas to the essay.12.Read the following short paragraph and decide which arguing approach is used here."Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are imperfect, but they are likely to eventually become safer drivers than humans. According to data of automotive fatalities from the World Health Organization in 2018, 1.35 million humans died in car accidents, with tens of millions more injuries and disabilities (World Health Organization, 2018). Few of those deaths were the results of part failure or bad luck; the majority results from intoxication, texting while driving, and other distractions."答案:deductive13.Look at the copyright page of a book. What is the publishing house?答案: Routledge14.Look at the copyright page of a book, who is the author of the book?答案:Stephen Bailey15.In general, titles of science papers have around __________ words.答案:10-1516.When writing the Results section, we should consider the following steps__________:①summarize your findings with the relevant data②determine which results to present③present the data in an appropriate way④organize the data in order答案:②④③①17.From specific to general, a conclusion should contain: ____________,_______________, __________, _______________.①restatement of research purpose②limitation and recommendation③implications and significance④synthesis of main results答案:①④③②18.Which of the following is correct when the same author is cited for twopapers published within the same year?答案:Ellis, 2019a; Ellis, 2019b19._________ can include a general topic in the first part and a specific topic abouta distinctive feature of the study in the second part, which are oftenconnected by a colon.答案:Two-part titles20.__________ is a series of words that will often appear together.答案:Collocation21.“Replacing some of the author’s words in your text with synonyms, butmaintaining the overall structures and the vocabulary of the original” is not considered as plagiarism.答案:错误22.Academic writing is complicated.答案:错误23.In your academic writing, you should try to maximize the number of contentwords. One way to do this is to increase the number of nouns or nounphrases.答案:正确24.Many collocations in English contain function words, such as nouns, verbs,adjectives and adverbs.答案:错误25.Only transitional words, such as “because” and “thus”, can be regarded asgood transition to achieve coherence.答案:错误26.In an essay developed by comparison and contrast, the block pattern ispreferable in long writing in which there are numerous points underdiscussion.答案:错误27.When we write a conclusion for a process essay, we only need to repeat theinformation mentioned in the essay without providing any specific details.答案:正确28.An argumentative essay is an essay in which you agree with an issue andsupport it with evidence.答案:错误29. A thesis statement may state not only the author’s own point of view but a lsothe view from the other side.答案:正确30.An annotated bibliography include the list of all your sources and thesummary of the content of each source.答案:正确31.The following is an acceptable direct quotation:Gould and Brown (1991) explained that Darwin used the metaphor of thetree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness–genealogicalrather than ecological” (p. 14).Reference:Gould, J. & Brown, A. (1991). The mating mind. Behavior Ecology,22(3),10-19.答案:正确32.Titles need to keep short and concise, and attracts the reader’s attention.答案:正确33.The abstract is the first thing you write.答案:错误34.An abstract should be fully understandable on its own to someone whohasn’t read your full paper or related sources.答案:正确35. A formal review of literature should be in the Introduction section of aresearch paper.答案:错误。

学术英语写作是学术界中常用的书面语言，主要用于发表研究论文、学术论文、会议论文等。

学术英语写作需要遵循一定的规范和格式，包括文献引用、语言表达、逻辑结构等方面。

学术英语写作要求清晰、准确、严谨地表达学术观点和研究成果，同时要遵守学术道德和规范，避免抄袭、剽窃等行为。

学术英语写作需要具备一定的学术素养和英语语言能力。

作者需要具备相关领域的学术背景和专业知识，能够准确理解和阐述研究问题、实验结果和结论等。

同时，作者需要具备较高的英语语言水平，能够清晰、准确地表达学术观点和研究成果，并能够正确使用相关的学术术语和表达方式。

学术英语写作需要注重逻辑性和条理性。

在写作过程中，作者需要遵循一定的逻辑结构和表达方式，确保文章思路清晰、条理分明。

同时，作者需要注重推理和论证的严密性，确保结论和观点的正确性和可靠性。

总之，学术英语写作是学术界中非常重要的技能之一，对于学术研究和成果的传播都具有重要意义。

作者需要不断提高自己的学术素养和英语语言能力，掌握学术英语写作的规范和技巧，才能写出高质量的学术论文和研究成果。

Introduction to Academic Writing1.Purposes of Academic Writing1)To advance knowledge in a research field with evidence2)To explain new ideas and make them accessible to others3)To solve practical problems2.Genres of Academic WritingResearch papers Research reportsTheses/dissertations Short communicationsReview articles Oral presentations/posters3.Features of Academic Writing1)Formality:Academic writing is formal.2)Objectivity:Academic writing sets a high value on objectivity.3)Accuracy:Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately.4)Complexity:Academic writing involves a highly specialized vocabulary and rigorous sentence structures5)Hedging:An important feature of academic writing is the use of cautious language.References1.Winkler,Anthony and Jo Ray Metherell.Writing the Research Paper:A Handbook.Beijing:Peking University Press,2017.2.胡庚申.论文写作与国际发表.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2016.3.胡友珍.英语学术论文写作教程.北京：中国农业大学出版社，2013.4.刘振聪，修月祯.英语学术论文写作.北京：中国人民大学出版社，2009.5.张俊东，杨亲正，国防.SCI论文写作和发表：You Can Do It.北京：化学工业出版社，2016。

The difference between academic writing and general writingThat the academic writing and general writing are quite different. There are three main ways to distinguish between them.In the first place, Academic writing is more rigorous than general writing. For example, it uses formal vocabulary and grammar. On the contrary, General writing is more common, it can use all kinds of abbreviations as long as they can understand.Secondly, academic writing is based on an objective and fair attitude. When you express your opinion you can not just depend on personal preference. However general writing can be very subjective. You do not need the exact date or specific details to support your view.Finally, the user of academic writing and general writing is different. Academic writing is always used in university. General writing is used in general public. For instance, friends contact with each other by letters and emails. If you use the general writing style to complete the academic writing tasks .You tutor will not satisfied and you will get a vary low grades.In conclusion, we had better use the proper writing methods in different type of writing.。

研究生英语必备知识点总结1. Academic WritingIn graduate school, academic writing is a crucial skill that students must master. A good grasp of academic writing helps students convey their ideas clearly and effectively. Key points include:- Understanding the structure of academic papers, including how to write a strong introduction, a clear and focused thesis statement, well-organized body paragraphs, and a convincing conclusion.- Mastering proper citation and referencing methods, such as APA, MLA, and Chicago style. - Learning to use academic language and tone, which is more formal and precise than everyday language.2. Research MethodsResearch is a fundamental aspect of graduate education, and students need to be well-versed in a variety of research methods, including qualitative and quantitative approaches. Key points include:- Understanding the research process, including formulating research questions, conducting literature reviews, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on evidence.- Knowing how to design and carry out qualitative and quantitative research studies, including surveys, interviews, observation, and experiments.- Being able to critically evaluate and interpret existing research in the field, and understand the strengths and limitations of different research methods.3. Critical ThinkingCritical thinking skills are essential for graduate students, as they are required to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize complex ideas and information. Key points include:- Recognizing and challenging assumptions, biases, and logical fallacies in arguments and evidence.- Engaging with multiple perspectives and considering different approaches to a problem or question.- Developing the ability to think analytically and make reasoned judgments based on evidence and sound reasoning.4. Academic PresentationsBeing able to present research findings and academic ideas effectively is an important skill for graduate students. Key points include:- Developing strong presentation skills, including public speaking, using visual aids, and engaging with an audience.- Knowing how to structure an academic presentation, including crafting a compelling introduction, organizing content logically, and delivering a clear and impactful conclusion.- Understanding how to respond to questions and challenges from the audience, and how to defend your ideas with evidence and reasoning.5. Academic ReadingGraduate students are required to read and understand a large volume of academic literature. Key points include:- Developing effective reading strategies for skimming, scanning, and in-depth reading.- Learning to identify key arguments, evidence, and ideas in academic texts.- Being able to critically evaluate and synthesize information from multiple sources.6. Academic VocabularyGraduate students need to have a broad and varied academic vocabulary in order to understand and engage with complex academic texts. Key points include:- Learning and mastering academic vocabulary related to their field of study.- Understanding the meanings and nuances of academic terms and concepts.- Using academic vocabulary accurately and appropriately in writing and speaking.7. Time Management and OrganizationGraduate students juggle multiple responsibilities and deadlines, so effective time management and organizational skills are essential. Key points include:- Developing strategies for prioritizing tasks and managing competing demands on time.- Learning to set realistic goals and deadlines, and breaking larger tasks into manageable steps.- Using tools and techniques to stay organized, such as creating schedules, using to-do lists, and managing resources effectively.8. Collaboration and NetworkingGraduate school often involves working with peers, professors, and other professionals in the field. Key points include:- Understanding how to collaborate effectively in group projects and research teams.- Developing networking skills, including how to build professional relationships and connect with other scholars in the field.- Knowing how to engage in academic discussions and debates, and how to contribute to the scholarly community.9. Ethical ConductGraduate students need to adhere to high standards of ethical conduct in their academic work, including research, writing, and interactions with others. Key points include:- Understanding the principles of academic integrity, including plagiarism, falsification, and other forms of academic misconduct.- Knowing how to conduct research responsibly and ethically, including obtaining informed consent from participants, protecting confidentiality, and disclosing conflicts of interest.- Being aware of the ethical considerations related to working with human subjects, animal research, and other sensitive topics.10. Personal Well-beingFinally, it is important for graduate students to prioritize their personal well-being. Key points include:- Managing stress and maintaining a healthy work-life balance.- Seeking support and resources for mental and emotional well-being, including counseling services and support groups.- Understanding the physical, emotional, and social aspects of well-being, and taking steps to support overall health and wellness.In conclusion, graduate students need to develop a wide range of skills and knowledge in order to succeed in their academic and professional pursuits. By mastering these essential knowledge points, graduate students can lay a strong foundation for their future careers as scholars and professionals in their fields.。

Academic Writing Skills.au/tldinfo/writingskills/podcasts/nursingwritingskills09.pptgenre: a style of expressingyourself in writingWhether you’re a studentsor supervisors, academic writing skills are significant in today’sworld.EssaysReports PresentationsResearch papers Final thesisare just some examples ofdocuments written in the academic style.an analytic or interpretive literary compositionAcademic writing, when used appropriately, presents a polished and professional image.Academic writing skillsencompass:¾strong composition ¾excellent grammar¾a consistent stylistic approach[in'k ʌmp əs]include in scope [stai'listik]perfected or made shiny and smoothof or relating to style(especially in the use oflanguage) It is a learnt skill, rather thana natural ability or quality.2. What is academic writing?Academic writing refers to a particular styleof expression in academia.3. Features of Academic WritingAcademic writing in English is linear, which means it has onecentral point or theme with every part contributing to the main lineof argument, without digressions or repetitions . [dai'gre ʃən]a message that departs from the main subject[.repi'ti ʃən]ComplexityWritten language is relatively more complex than spoken language.FormalityAcademic writing is relativelyformal. In general this means that you should avoid colloquial words.PrecisionIn academic writing, facts andfigures are given precisely .ObjectivityWritten language is in generalobjective. Academic writing tends to use nouns (and adjectives), rather than verbs (and adverbs).Exp’licitnessAcademic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text.AccuracyAcademic writing uses vocabulary accurately.HedgingIn academic writing, it is necessary to make decisions about your stance on a particular subject.ResponsibilityIn academic writing you must be responsible for, and must be able to provide evidence and justification for, any claims you make.[k ə’l əʊkwi:əl] [pri’si ʒən] [pr ɪ’sa ɪsli] [,ɔbd ʒek’tiv əti] Attitude or feeling Characteristics includeEmploying the formal academic style, avoiding jargon , slang , andabbreviations a way of regarding situationsor topics etc.：position , view[p ə'spektiv]Synonyms [t əun]a characteristic language of a particular groupinformal language consisting of words and expressionsA formal toneUse of the third-person rather than first-person perspective Clear focus on the issue or topic rather than the author’s opinion Precise word choiceinvestigate conduct examine verify demonstrate eliminateCharacteristics of informal writingz the use ofcolloquialisms andjargonz writing in the first person viewz making “I”statements, making direct personal statements, andimprecise word choices.[k ə’l əukwi əliz(ə)m] slang, dialect[.impri'sais]characteristic of informal spokenlanguage or conversationJust as you probably would wear shorts and flip-flops to a wedding, there’s a time and a place for informalwriting . Informal writing is fine for diary entries, blogs, personal writing, letters or emails to close friends.The most informal writingimaginable is:z the text message, full of abbreviations such as “R U here ?”toconvey quick questions and responses. z In comparison, the most formal writing of all can be found in legal documents .[i'mæd ʒin əbl][‘pai ərit]someone who uses another person's work or ideas as if they were his own‘plagiarism Writers working on papersfor school, college application essays , scientific papers,research papers , international conference presentations , and business proposals generally employ a more formal style akin to donning a suit or dressto attend a wedding.[ə'kin]similar or related in quality or characterput clothing on one's body['d ɔni ŋ]4. Tips on academic writing ExamplesInformal writing :I think he ’s a loser .Formal writing :Macbeth’s horrific choices cause him to lose everything he holds dear :children, wife, friends, crown and king.frightening colon [ 'k əʊl ən]？The first statement is informal. The writer speaks in the first person , using the word “I”, and states an opinion . The slang term “loser ”, is used, which is inappropriate in a formal context. They also uses the contraction “he’s ”. If this were in the middle of a paragraph, it may be easier to understand towhom the author is referring.Taken as a simple statement, however, it’simpossible to know whether the writer thinks his best friend, hisdog, or a rock star is a loser !The second example uses an academic, formal style . Written in the third-person view , the sentence omits references to the writer and focuses on the issue. Strong, specific adjectives like “horrific ”convey the author’s view clearly without resorting to slang . The use of the colon creates a strong, formal feeling when properly usedhere to introduce a list .[ 'k əʊl ən]Where’s the resource ??•Library•On-line•Data bases (turn on remote access)•Lectures•Text books•Tutorials•News•Newspapers•Everywhere!!!5. Referencing and plagiarismMost plagiarism is acci’dental; either the result of not understanding what actually amounts to plagiarism, or of being poorly organized, so that we use the ideas of others without realizing that’s what we have done.Whenever the author has given somethingdistinctive to the information or its organization,cite the source.Anything that is common knowledge you need not cite: in other words, anything that is not distinctiveof a particular author.distinguishing /skills4study/studyskills/reading/referencing.aspunintendedWhat is plagiarism?Copying ofpassages/text/work/ideas/data without aproperacknowledgement ofthe author. Thisincludes otherstudents’work.['pleidʒiərizəm]Getting started•Find your time•Find your space•Discipline, self & others•Brain storming, clustering, mind mapping•Free writingtry to solve a problemby thinking intensely about it6. Practice makes perfectIntroduction•What is the question?•Global view from the broad to the narrow •Introduce the :•Who•What•When •Where •Why •How 5W+HThe topic•Why is it being asked?•Is it multi layered?•Does it invite a largely factual response?•Is it looking for a particular stance such asargue or cri’tique?[stæns] positionposturereview, assessment, commentLiterature•Is it current?•Is the author a credible source?•Is the subject relevant?•Clustering•References/endnoteBeginning•A quotation –is it relevant•A question•An opinion•An interesting fact•An irony or paradox•An a’nalogy•And anecdote['ænikdəut]story, narrative(especially a biographical one)[‘aiərəni[‘pærədɔks][ə’nælədʒi](logic) a statementthat contradicts itselfirony witty language富于机智的,诙谐的similarityBodyYour paragraphs should flow naturally into oneanother andconnections shouldbe made.Paragraphs•7-8 sentences•Each should be topic specific, preferably with an introductory sentence•Each sentence states the content/context and then some supporting example which is where the references come in.•The last sentence concludes the paragraph and forwards to the next.Transitional words•Joining words»Also, and, again, etc•Comparing words»Also, in comparison•Contracting words»Although, but, conversely, despite, even though, however•Positioning words»Above, adjacent to, below•Situation words»Before, briefly, consequently, finally, first[træn'zi ʃən əl]Conclusions•Don’t introduce anything new •Draw in the introduction •Demonstrate a conclusion•Give the essay a sense of completeness •Leave a final impression7. A comparison between non-academicand academic writingRevision1.Is writing skills vital for students ofscience and technology ?2. What is academic writing?3. Features of Academic Writing4. Tips on academic writing5. Referencing and plagiarism6. Practice makes perfect7. A comparison between non-academicand academic writing。