European Competition law

REGULATION (EC) No 258/97 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 27 January 1997 concerning novel foods and novel food ingredientsTHE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 100a thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission (1),Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee (2),Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 189b of the Treaty (3) in the light of the joint text approved by the Conciliation Committee on 9 December 1996,(1) Whereas differences between national laws relating to novel foods or food ingredients may hinder the free movement of foodstuffs; whereas they may create conditions of unfair competition, thereby directly affecting the functioning of the internal market;(2) Whereas, in order to protect public health, it is necessary to ensure that novel foods and novel food ingredients are subject to a single safety assessment through a Community procedure before they are placed on the market within the Community; whereas in the case of novel foods and novel food ingredients which are substantially equivalent to existing foods or food ingredients a simplified procedure should be provided for;(3) Whereas food additives, flavourings for use in foodstuffs and extraction solvents are covered by other Community legislation and should therefore be excluded from the scope of this Regulation;(4) Whereas appropriate arrangements should be made for the placing on the market of novel foods and novel food ingredients derived from plant varieties subject to Council Directive 70/457/EEC of 29 September 1970 on the common catalogue of varieties of agricultural plant species (4) and Council Directive70/458/EEC of 29 September 1970 on the marketing of vegetable seed (5);(5) Whereas risks to the environment may be associated with novel foods or novel food ingredients which contain or consist of genetically modified organisms; whereas Council Directive 90/220/EEC of 23 April 1990 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms (6) stipulates that, for such products, an environmental risk assessment must always be undertaken to ensure environmental safety; whereas, in order to establish a unified Community system for assessment of such products, provision must be made under this Regulation fora specific environmental risk assessment, which in accordance with the procedure provided for in Article 10 of Directive 90/220/EEC must be similar to that laid down in that Directive, but must also include the assessment of the suitability of the product to be used as a food or food ingredient;(6) Whereas the Scientific Committee for Food set up by Decision 74/234/EEC (7) should be consulted on any question relating to this Regulation which may have an effect on public health;(7) Whereas Council Directive 89/397/EEC of 14 June 1989 on the official control of foodstuffs (8) and Council Directive 93/99/EEC of 29 October 1993 on the subject of additional measures concerning the official control of foodstuffs (9) apply to novel foods or food ingredients;(8) Whereas, without prejudice to the other requirements in Community legislation relating to the labelling of foodstuffs, additional specific requirements on labelling should be laid down; whereas these requirements must be subject to precise provisions in order to ensure that the necessary information is available to the consumer; whereas defined population groups associated with well established practices regarding food should be informed when the presence in a novel food of material which is not present in the existing equivalent foodstuff gives rise to ethical concerns as regards those groups; whereas foods and food ingredients which contain genetically modified organisms and which are placed on the market must be safe for human health; whereas this assurance is provided for through compliance with the authorization procedure contained in Directive 90/220/EEC and/or by the single assessment procedure laid down in this Regulation; whereas insofar as an organism is defined by Community law, with respect to labelling, information to the consumer on the presence of an organism which has been genetically modified constitutes an additional requirement applicable to the foods and food ingredients referred to in this Regulation;(9) Whereas, in respect of foods and food ingredients which are intended to be placed on the market to be supplied to the final consumer, and which may contain both genetically modified and conventional produce, and without prejudice to the other labelling requirements of this Regulation, information for the consumer on the possibility that genetically modified organisms may be present in the foods and food ingredients concerned is deemed - by way of exception, in particular as regards bulk consignments - to fulfil the requirements of Article 8;(10) Whereas nothing shall prevent a supplier from informing the consumer on the labelling of a food or food ingredient that the product in question is not a novel food within the meaning of this Regulation or that the techniques used to obtain novel foods indicated in Article 1 (2) were not used in the production of that food or food ingredient;(11) Whereas, under this Regulation, provision should be made for a procedure instituting close cooperation between Member States and the Commission within the Standing Committee on Foodstuffs set up by Decision 69/414/EEC (10);(12) Whereas a modus vivendi between the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission concerning the implementing measures for acts adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 189b of the Treaty was concluded on 20 December 1994 (11),HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:Article 11. This Regulation concerns the placing on the market within the Community of novel foods or novel food ingredients.2. This Regulation shall apply to the placing on the market within the Community of foods and food ingredients which have not hitherto been used for human consumption to a significant degree within the Community and which fall under the following categories:(a) foods and food ingredients containing or consisting of genetically modified organisms within the meaning of Directive 90/220/EEC;(b) foods and food ingredients produced from, but not containing, genetically modified organisms;(c) foods and food ingredients with a new or intentionally modified primary molecular structure;(d) foods and food ingredients consisting of or isolated from micro-organisms, fungi or algae;(e) foods and food ingredients consisting of or isolated from plants and food ingredients isolated from animals, except for foods and food ingredients obtained by traditional propagating or breeding practices and having a history of safe food use;(f) foods and food ingredients to which has been applied a production process not currently used, where that process gives rise to significant changes in the composition or structure of the foods or food ingredients which affect their nutritional value, metabolism or level of undesirable substances.3. Where necessary, it may be determined in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 13 whether a type of food or food ingredient falls within the scope of paragraph 2 of this Article.Article 21. This Regulation shall not apply to:(a) food additives falling within the scope of Council Directive 89/107/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning food additives authorized for use in foodstuffs intended for human consumption(12);(b) flavourings for use in foodstuffs, falling within the scope of Council Directive88/388/EEC of 22 June 1988 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to flavourings for use in foodstuffs and to source materials for their production (13);(c) extraction solvents used in the production of foodstuffs, falling within the scope of Council Directive 88/344/EEC of 13 June 1988 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States on extraction solvents used in the production of foodstuffs and food ingredients (14).2. The exclusions from the scope of this Regulation referred to in paragraph 1, indents (a) to (c) shall only apply for so long as the safety levels laid down in Directives 89/107/EEC, 88/388/EEC and 88/344/EEC correspond to the safety level of this Regulation.3. With due regard for Article 11 the Commission shall ensure that the safety levels laid down in the above Directives, as well as in the implementing measures for these Directives and this Regulation, correspond to the safety level of this Regulation.Article 31. Foods and food ingredients falling within the scope of this Regulation must not:- present a danger for the consumer,- mislead the consumer,- differ from foods or food ingredients which they are intended to replace to such an extent that their normal consumption would be nutritionally disadvantageous for the consumer.2. For the purpose of placing the foods and food ingredients falling within the scope of this Regulation on the market within the Community, the procedures laid down in Articles 4, 6, 7 and 8 shall apply on the basis of the criteria defined in paragraph 1 of this Article and the other relevant factors referred to in those Articles.However, in the case of foods or food ingredients referred to in this Regulation derived from plant varieties subject to Directives 70/457/EEC and 70/458/EEC, the authorization decision referred to in Article 7 of this Regulation shall be taken in accordance with the procedures provided for in those Directives, provided they take account of the assessment principles laid down in this Regulation and the criteria set out in paragraph 1 of this Article, with the exception of the provisions relating to the labelling of such foods or food ingredients, which shall be established, pursuant to Article 8, in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 13.3. Paragraph 2 shall not apply to the foods and food ingredients referred to in Article 1 (2) (b) where the genetically modified organism used in the production of the food or food ingredient has been placed on the market in accordance with this Regulation.4. By way of derogation(减损) from paragraph 2, the procedure laid down in Article5 shall apply to foods or food ingredients referred to in Article 1 (2) (b), (d) and (e) which, on the basis of the scientific evidence available and generally recognized or on the basis of an opinion delivered by one of the competent bodies referred to in Article 4 (3), are substantially equivalent to existing foods or food ingredients as regards their composition, nutritional value, metabolism, intended use and the level of undesirable substances contained therein.Where necessary, it may be determined in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 13 whether a type of food or food ingredient falls under this paragraph. Article 41. The person responsible for placing on the Community market (hereinafter 'the applicant`) shall submit a request to the Member State in which the product is to be placed on the market for the first time. At the same time, he shall forward a copy of the request to the Commission.2. An initial assessment as provided for in Article 6 shall be carried out. Following the procedure referred to in Article 6 (4), the Member State referred to in paragraph 1 shall inform the applicant without delay:- that he may place the food or food ingredient on the market, where the additional assessment referred to in Article 6 (3) is not required, and that no reasoned objection has been presented in accordance with Article 6 (4), or- that, in accordance with Article 7, an authorization decision is required.3. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the name and address of the food assessment bodies responsible in its territory for preparing the initial assessment reports referred to in Article 6 (2).4. Before the date of entry into force of this Regulation, the Commission shall publish recommendations concerning the scientific aspects of:- the information necessary to support an application and the presentation of such information,- the preparation of the initial assessment reports provided for in Article 6.5. Any detailed rules for implementing this Article shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 13.Article 5In the case of the foods or food ingredients referred to in Article 3 (4), the applicant shall notify the Commission of the placing on the market when he does so. Such notification shall be accompanied by the relevant details provided for in Article 3 (4). The Commission shall forward to Member States a copy of that notification within 60 days and, at the request of a Member State, a copy of the said relevant details. The Commission shall publish each year a summary of those notifications in the 'C` series of the Official Journal of the European Communities.With respect to labelling, the provisions of Article 8 shall apply.Article 61. The request referred to in Article 4 (1) shall contain the necessary information, including a copy of the studies which have been carried out and any other material which is available to demonstrate that the food or food ingredient complies with the criteria laid down in Article 3 (1), as well as an appropriate proposal for the presentation and labelling, in accordance with the requirements of Article 8, of the food or food ingredient. In addition, the request shall be accompanied by a summary of the dossier.2. Upon receipt of the request, the Member State referred to in Article 4 (1) shall ensure that an initial assessment is carried out. To that end, it shall notify the Commission of the name of the competent food assessment body responsible for preparing the initial assessment report, or ask the Commission to arrange with another Member State for one of the competent food assessment bodies referred to in Article 4 (3) to prepare such a report.The Commission shall forward to the Member States without delay a copy of the summary provided by the applicant and the name of the competent body responsible for carrying out the initial assessment.3. The initial assessment report shall be drawn up within a period of three months from receipt of a request meeting the conditions laid down in paragraph 1, in accordance with the recommendations referred to in Article 4 (4), and shall decide whether or not the food or food ingredient requires additional assessment in accordance with Article 7.4. The Member State concerned shall without delay forward the report of the competent food assessment body to the Commission, which shall forward it to the other Member States. Within a period of 60 days from the date of circulation of the report by the Commission, a Member State or the Commission may make comments or present a reasoned objection to the marketing of the food or food ingredient concerned. The comments or objections may also concern the presentation or labelling of the food or food ingredient.Comments or objections shall be forwarded to the Commission, which shall circulate them to Member States within the period of 60 days referred to in the first subparagraph.The applicant shall, where a Member State so requests, provide a copy of any pertinent information appearing in the request.Article 71. Where an additional assessment is required in accordance with Article 6 (3) or an objection is raised in accordance with Article 6 (4), an authorization decision shall be taken in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 13.2. The decision shall define the scope of the authorization and shall establish, where appropriate:- the conditions of use of the food or food ingredient,- the designation of the food or food ingredient, and its specification,- specific labelling requirements as referred to in Article 8.3. The Commission shall without delay inform the applicant of the decision taken. Decisions shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities. Article 81. Without prejudice to the other requirements of Community law concerning the labelling of foodstuffs, the following additional specific labelling requirements shall apply to foodstuffs in order to ensure that the final consumer is informed of:(a) any characteristic or food property such as:- composition,- nutritional value or nutritional effects,- intended use of the food,which renders a novel food or food ingredient no longer equivalent to an existing food or food ingredient.A novel food or food ingredient shall be deemed to be no longer equivalent for the purpose of this Article if scientific assessment, based upon an appropriate analysis of existing data, can demonstrate that the characteristics assessed are different in comparison with a conventional food or food ingredient, having regard to the accepted limits of natural variations for such characteristics.In this case, the labelling must indicate the characteristics or properties modified, together with the method by which that characteristic or property was obtained;(b) the presence in the novel food or food ingredient of material which is not present in an existing equivalent foodstuff and which may have implications for the health of certain sections of the population;(c) the presence in the novel food or food ingredient of material which is not present in an existing equivalent foodstuff and which gives rise to ethical concerns;(d) the presence of an organism genetically modified by techniques of genetic modification, the non-exhaustive list of which is laid down in Annex I A, Part 1 of Directive 90/220/EEC.2. In the absence of an existing equivalent food or food ingredient, appropriate provisions shall be adopted where necessary in order to ensure that consumers are adequately informed of the nature of the food or food ingredient.3. Any detailed rules for implementing this Article shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 13.Article 91. Where a food or food ingredient falling within the scope of this Regulation contains or consists of a genetically modified organism within the meaning of Article2 (1) and (2) of Directive 90/220/EEC, the information required in the request for placing on the market referred to in Article 6 (1) shall be accompanied by:- a copy of the written consent, if any, from the competent authority, to the deliberate release of the genetically modified organisms for research and development purposes provided for in Article 6 (4) of Directive 90/220/EEC, together with the results of the release(s) with respect to any risk to human health and the environment;- the complete technical dossier supplying the relevant information requested in Article 11 of Directive 90/220/EEC and the environmental risk assessment based on this information, the results of any studies carried out for the purposes of research and development or, where appropriate, the decision authorizing the placing on the market provided for in part C of Directive 90/220/EEC.Articles 11 to 18 of Directive 90/220/EEC shall not apply to foods or food ingredients which contain or consist of genetically modified organisms.2. In the case of foods or food ingredients falling within the scope of this Regulation containing or consisting of genetically modified organisms, the decision referred to in Article 7 shall respect the environmental safety requirements laid down by Directive 90/220/EEC to ensure that all appropriate measures are taken to prevent the adverse effects on human health and the environment which might arise from the deliberate release of genetically modified organisms. During evaluation of requests for the placing on the market of products containing or consisting of genetically modified organisms, the necessary consultations shall be held by the Commission or the Member States with the bodies set up by the Community or the Member States in accordance with Directive 90/220/EEC.Article 10Detailed rules for the protection of the information provided by the applicant shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 13.Article 11The Scientific Committee for Food shall be consulted on any matter falling within the scope of this Regulation likely to have an effect on public health.Article 121. Where a Member State, as a result of new information or a reassessment of existing information, has detailed grounds for considering that the use of a food or a food ingredient complying with this Regulation endangers human health or the environment, that Member State may either temporarily restrict or suspend thetrade in and use of the food or food ingredient in question in its territory. It shall immediately inform the other Member States and the Commission thereof, giving the grounds for its decision.2. The Commission shall examine the grounds referred to in paragraph 1 as soon as possible within the Standing Committee for Foodstuffs; it shall take the appropriate measures in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 13. The Member State which took the decision referred to in paragraph 1 may maintain it until the measures have entered into force.Article 131. Where the procedure defined in this Article is to be implemented, the Commission shall be assisted by the Standing Committee for Foodstuffs, hereinafter referred to as the 'Committee`.2. Matters shall be referred to the Committee by the Chairman either on his own initiative or at the request of the representative of a Member State.3. The representative of the Commission shall submit to the Committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The Committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft within a time limit which the Chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter. The opinion shall be delivered by the majority laid down in Article 148 (2) of the Treaty in the case of decisions which the Council is required to adopt on a proposal from the Commission. The votes of the representatives of the Member States within the Committee shall be weighted in the manner set out in that Article. The Chairman shall not vote.4. (a) The Commission shall adopt the measures envisaged if they are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee.(b) If the measures envisaged are not in accordance with the opinion of the Committee, or if no opinion is delivered, the Commission shall, without delay, submit to the Council a proposal relating to the measures to be taken. The Council shall act by a qualified majority.If, on the expiry of a period of three months from the date of referral to the Council, the Council has not acted, the proposed measures shall be adopted by the Commission.Article 141. No later than five years from the date of entry into force of this Regulation and in the light of experience gained, the Commission shall forward to the EuropeanParliament and to the Council a report on the implementation of this Regulation accompanied, where appropriate, by any suitable proposal.2. Notwithstanding the review provided for in paragraph 1, the Commission shall monitor the application of this Regulation and its impact on health, consumer protection, consumer information and the functioning of the internal market and, if necessary, will bring forward proposals at the earliest possible date.Article 15This Regulation shall enter into force 90 days following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities.This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.Done at Brussels, 27 January 1997.For the European ParliamentThe PresidentJ. M. GIL-ROBLESFor the CouncilThe PresidentG. ZALM(1) OJ No C 190, 29. 7. 1992, p. 3and OJ No C 16, 19. 1. 1994, p. 10.(2) OJ No C 108, 19. 4. 1993, p. 8.(3) Opinion of the European Parliament of 27 October 1993 (OJ No C 315, 22. 11. 1993, p. 139). Council Common Position of 23 October 1995 (OJ No C 320, 30. 11. 1995, p. 1) and Decision of the European Parliament of 12 March 1996 (OJ No C 96, 1.4. 1996, p. 26). Decision of the Council of 19 December 1996 and Decision of the European Parliament of 16 January 1997.(4) OJ No L 225, 12. 10. 1970, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Directive90/654/EEC (OJ No L 353, 17. 12. 1990, p. 48).(5) OJ No L 225, 12. 10. 1970, p. 7. Directive as last amended by Directive90/654/EEC (OJ No L 353, 17. 12. 1990, p. 48).(6) OJ No L 117, 8. 5. 1990, p. 15. Directive as last amended by Directive 94/15/EC (OJ No L 103, 22. 4. 1994, p. 20).(7) OJ No L 136, 20. 5. 1974, p. 1.(8) OJ No L 186, 30. 6. 1989, p. 23. Directive as last amended by Directive 93/99/EEC (OJ No L 290, 24. 11. 1993, p. 14).(9) OJ No L 290, 24. 11. 1993, p. 14.(10) OJ No L 291, 19. 11. 1969, p. 9.(11) OJ No C 102, 4. 4. 1996, p. 1.(12) OJ No L 40, 11. 2. 1989, p. 27. Directive as last amended by Directive 94/34/EC (OJ No L 237, 10. 9. 1994, p. 1).(13) OJ No L 184, 15. 7. 1988, p. 61. Directive as last amended by Directive91/71/EEC (OJ No L 42, 15. 2. 1991, p. 25).(14) OJ No L 157, 24. 6. 1988, p. 28. Directive as last amended by Directive92/115/EEC (OJ No L 409, 31. 12. 1992, p. 31).COMMISSION STATEMENT - AD ARTICLE 2The Commission confirms that should it appear, in the light of experience, that there are gaps in the system of protection of public health provided for by the existing legal framework, in particular in respect of processing aids, it will formulate appropriate proposals in order to fill those gaps.。

国际经济贸易词汇贸易价格术语trade term / price term 价格术语[praɪs tɚm]world / international market price 国际市场价格FOB (free on board) 离岸价C&F (cost and freight) 成本加运费价CIF (cost, insurance and freight) 到岸价freight [fret] 运费wharfage ['wɔ:fɪdʒ]码头费landing charges 卸货费customs duty [ˈkʌstəmz ˈduti]关税port dues [du:s]港口税import surcharge [ˈɪmpɔrt ˈsə:ˌtʃɑrdʒ]进口附加税import variable duties 进口差价税commission [kəˈmɪʃən]佣金return commission 回佣，回扣price including commission 含佣价net price [nɛt praɪs] 净价wholesale price [ˈholˌsel praɪs] 批发价discount / allowance [əˈlaʊəns] 折扣retail price [ˈri:teɪl]零售价spot price 现货价格current price 现行价格 / 时价indicative price [ɪnˈdɪkətɪv]参考价格customs valuation [ˈkʌstəmz ˌvæljuˈeʃən]海关估价price list 价目表total value 总值贸易保险术语All Risks [rɪsk] 一切险F.P.A. (Free from Particular Average) [fri frʌm pɚˈtɪkjəlɚˈævərɪdʒ] 平安险W.A. / W.P.A (With Average or With Particular Average) 水渍险War Risk 战争险F.W.R.D. (Fresh Water Rain Damage) [ˈdæmɪdʒ]淡水雨淋险Risk of Intermixture [ˌɪntə'mɪkstʃə] and Contamination [kənˌtæməˈneʃən]混杂、玷污险Risk of Leakage[ˈlikɪdʒ]渗漏险Risk of Odor ['oʊdə]串味险Risk of Rust [rʌst]锈蚀险Shortage Risk 短缺险T.P.N.D. ( Theft, Pilferage & Non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险Strikes Risk 罢工险贸易机构词汇WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织IMF (International Monetary[ˈmʌnɪteri] Fund) 国际货币基金组织CTG (Council [ˈkaʊnsəl] for Trade in Goods) 货币贸易理事会EFTA (European Free Trade Association) 欧洲自由贸易联盟AFTA (ASEAN [ˈæsiæn] Free Trade Area[ˈeriə]) 东盟自由贸易区JCCT (China-US Joint Commission on Commerce[ˈkɑ:mɜ:rs] and Trade) 中美商贸联委会NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) 北美自由贸易区UNCTAD (United Nations Conference [ˈkɑ:nfərəns] on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易与发展会议GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs[ˈtærɪf] and Trade) 关贸总协定贸易方式词汇stocks 存货，库存量cash sale 现货purchase[ˈpɜ:rtʃəs]购买，进货bulk[bʌlk] sale 整批销售，趸售distribution [ˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃən] channels 销售渠道retail trade 零售业hire-purchase ['haɪərp'ɜ:tʃəs] 分期付款购买fluctuate [ˈflʌktʃuˌet] in line with market conditions 随行就市unfair competition 不合理竞争dumping 商品倾销dumping profit margin 倾销差价，倾销幅度antidumping [ˌæntɪ'dʌmpɪŋ]反倾销customs bond 海关担保chain [tʃen] debts 三角债freight forwarder 货运代理trade consultation [ˌkɑ:nslˈteɪʃn]贸易磋商mediation of dispute [ˌmi:dɪ'eɪʃn] [dɪˈspjut] 商业纠纷调解partial shipment 分批装运restraint of trade 贸易管制RTA (Regional [ˈridʒənəl] Trade Arrangements) 区域贸易安排favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差special preferences [ˈspɛʃəl][ˈprɛfərəns] 优惠关税bonded warehouse 保税仓库transit trade 转口贸易tariff [ˈtærɪf] barrier[ˈbæriɚ]关税壁垒tax rebate [ˈriˌbet]出口退税TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) 技术性贸易壁垒进出口贸易词汇commerce [ˈkɑ:mɜ:rs], trade, trading 贸易inland trade, home trade, domestic[dəˈmɛstɪk] trade 国内贸易international trade 国际贸易foreign trade, external [ɪkˈstɜ:rnl] trade 对外贸易，外贸import, importation 进口importer 进口商export, exportation 出口exporter 出口商import licence 进口许口证export licence 出口许口证commercial transaction [kəˈmɚʃəl trænˈsækʃən]买卖，交易inquiry [ɪnˈkwaɪri]询盘delivery 交货order 订货make a complete entry 正式/完整申报bad account 坏帐Bill of Lading['leɪdɪŋ]提单marine bills of lading 海运提单shipping order 托运单blank endorsed[ɪnˈdɔ:rsmənt]空白背书endorsed 背书cargo receipt 承运货物收据condemned [kən'demd] goods 有问题的货物catalogue 商品目录customs liquidation海关清算customs clearance 结关 ,海关放行贸易伙伴术语trade partner 贸易伙伴manufacturer 制造商，制造厂middleman [ˈmɪdlˌmæn]中间商，经纪人dealer[ˈdilɚ]经销商wholesaler 批发商retailer, tradesman 零售商merchant 商人，批发商，零售商concessionaire[kənˌseʃəˈner], licensed dealer 受让人，特许权获得者consumer 消费者，用户client, customer 顾客，客户buyer 买主，买方carrier 承运人consignee [ˌkɒnsaɪ'ni:]收货人不记名承兑 Acceptance[ækˈsɛptəns] in blank不记名汇票 Bearer draft [ˈbɛrɚ dræft]不记名票据Bearer paper；bearer check；bearer instrument；blank bill；note to bearer不洁票据Foul [faʊl] bill不经济行为（指分散的家庭生产）Uneconomical [ˌʌnˌi:kəˈnɑ:mɪkl] way of scattered [ˈskætərd] family industry不景气Depression；poor economy；sluggishness ['slʌɡɪʃnəs]；stagnancy 'stægnənsɪ]不景气的行业Slump ridden industry不景气基金Rainy day funds不可比因素Incomparable factors；factors not subject to comparison不可撤消的信托Irrevocable trust ɪˈrɛvəkəbəl]不可撤消信用证 Irrevocable letter of credit；irrevocable credit不可兑换货币Non-convertible currency不可转让信用证Non-transferable letter of credit不可转让证券Non-negotiable [nɪˈgoʊʃiəbl] securities不良贷款Bad loan；problem loan；non-performing loan不良债权Bad claim [klem]不履行合同Breach of contract [britʃ]不平等交易Discriminative [dɪ'skrɪməˌneɪtɪv] trade；unfair trade不正当竞争Unfair competition；unfair practice in competition不正当竞争法Unfair competition law；law against unfair competition不正当竞争防治法Law on prevention of unfair competition不正当贸易Illicit trade；oblique dealing[oˈblik]；unfair trade布政司（港）Chief Secretary部优产品Ministry-recognized quality products；ministry-level quality products财产法律制度Legal system concerning property财产收益Income from property；property income；estate income财产税Property tax；estate[ɪˈstet] duty；wealth [wɛlθtax财产折旧Property depreciation[dɪˌpriʃiˈeʃən]财产租赁合同Contract for the lease of property；property leasing contract财经纪律Discipline in financial and economic affairs；financial norms [nɔ:ms]；financial discipline[ˈdɪsəplɪn]财经体制Financial and economic system财力Financial resources财神God of Wealth；God of Fortune财税体制Financial and taxation [tækˈseʃən] system财团贷款Syndicated loan；loan syndication财务包干Responsible for one’s own finances；assume exclusive responsibility for the balance of one’s budget财务报表Financial statement财务报表格式Fiscal [ˈfɪskəl] reporting format财务大检查General check-up on financial work财务公司Finance company财务顾问Financial consultant [kənˈsʌltənt]财务会计Financial accounting；财务会计制度Financial and accounting system财务纪律Financial discipline财务监督Financial supervision财务检查Financial check-up财务可行性Financial feasibility [ˌfizəˈbɪlətɪ]财务指标Financial targets财政包干制Financial contract system by which each unit is responsible for its own surplus or deficit财政拨款Financial appropriations [əproʊpr'ɪeɪʃnz]；funds allocated[ˈæləˌket] from the state treasury[ˈtrɛʒəri]；financial allocations；budgetary[ˈbʌdʒɪteri] allocations；fiscal allocation财政补偿Financial indemnity[ɪnˈdɛmnɪti]财政补贴Financial subsides；grant-in aid；financial allowance财政赤字Financial deficit [ˈdɛfɪsɪt]；fiscal deficit财政分成Finance sharing财政公开Make public the administration [ædˌmɪnɪˈstreʃən] of finance财政关税Revenue tarrif；revenue [ˈrevənu:] duty财政结余Balance of finance财政金融体制Financial and banking system；system of finance财政紧缩Fiscal austerity美[ɔˈstɛrɪti]财政年度Fiscal year财政收入Revenue财政收支Revenue and expenditure [ɪkˈspɛndətʃɚ]财政收支差额 Imbalance between revenue and expenditure财政收支平衡Balance of revenue and expenditure；fiscal balance财政税收Revenue tax；fiscal levy[ˈlɛvi]；fiscal taxation；financial taxation财政税收制度Financial and taxation system财政相当困难In financial straits [stret]财政政策与货币政策的配合Coordination of fiscal and monetary policies财政专项补助Special financial subsidies采购团Purchasing[ˈpɜ:rtʃəsɪŋ] mission彩票Lottery[ˈlɑ:təri] tickets菜篮子工程“shoping basket ”program a program for increasing non-staple foodproduction 残废补助金 Disability pention惨淡经营Take pains with the work；take no end of pains to do something仓储保管合同Contract for storage and safekeeping；warehousing contract；warehouse bailment contract 仓储费用Warehousing[ˈwerhaʊzɪŋ] costs[kɔ:st]仓储设施Storage facilities [fə'sɪlɪtɪz]仓储销售Cash and carry操纵股票市场Manipulate [məˈnɪpjəˌlet] the stock [stɑ:k] market操纵汇率Manipulate the exchange rate差别关税Differential tarrif；differential duties；discriminating duty差别汇率Discriminatory exchange rate差别税制Variable levy system差额Margin买空卖空 bulls and bears;cross trade;fictitious bargain;fictitious transaction;speculate on the rise and fall of prices买入价 purchasing price卖出价 marketing prices卖空头 short卖空投机 sell short满负荷工作 operate at full capacity[kəˈpæsɪti]慢性通货膨胀 chronic inflation;creeping inflation;mild inflation [ɪnˈfleʃən]漫天要价,就地还钱 extort very high prices but receive extremely counteroffers ['kaʊntər'ɒf ər]盲目投资 blindness in investment冒名注册商标 register pirated[ˈpaɪrɪt] trademark冒用商标 infringement of trademark贸易差额 balance of trade; trade balance; trade gap贸易惯例 trade conventions; usual trade practices贸易及分销 trading and distribution贸易融资 trade financing每股发行价 issue price per share弥补赤字 cover the deficit; offset the deficit弥补企业亏损 cover enterprise losses免税 exempt[ɪɡˈzɛmpʃən] from taxation;tax exemption;tax-free免税红利 franked [fræŋk] dividends [ˈdɪvɪˌdɛnd]Tariff是关税，征税机关是海关tax毫无疑问是税务,tax是一个general的词，基本上可以用来表示各种税，或团体向个人征收的费用, 也可理解为强制性的责任之类的duty主要指关税，即国家对进口商品征收的税duty是任务，没有那么正式免税期 tax holiday免税商品 duty-free goods面向市场 market orientation[ˌɔriɛnˈteʃən; gear to the demand of the market民间贸易 people-to-people trade; private trade民营企业 non-state-run enterprise敏感性股票 cyclical[ˈsɪklɪkəl] stock名义价值 nominal value名义利率 nominal interest rate名义资本 nominal capital目标风险 target risk目标管理 management by objectives;quota management目标经济增长率 target economic growth rate幕后操纵 pull strings behind the scenes; wire-pulling;内部市场 internal market; domestic market内联企业 associations which coastal enterprises form with inland ones;internally-linked enterprises耐用消费品 durable consumer goods; consumer durable内企 domestic-funded enterprises年积增长率 cumulative[ˈkju:mjəleɪtɪv] annual rate of growth扭亏增盈 reduce losses and increase profits; get out of the red and begin to make profits 农业增加值 added value of agriculture挪用客户资金 misappropriation of a client’s deposit [dɪˈpɑ:zɪt]排斥竟争 spurn[spɜ:rn] competition派生市场 derivative markets盘点 stock count; take stock of make an inventory[ˈɪnvəntɔ:ri] of盘活 efficiently [ɪˈfɪʃəntlɪ] use配股 allotment[əˈlɑ:tmənt] of shares疲软货币 weak currency预付 advance payment贴息 subsidies on interest payment; discount贴现 discount; discount for cash贴现利息 discount interest贴现率 discount rate停薪留职 remain employed without wage; unpaid leave通货回笼 withdrawal[wɪðˈdrɔəl, wɪθ-] of currency[ˈkɜ:rənsi] in circulation[ˌsɜ:rkjəˈleɪʃn]通货升值 currency revaluation [ˌri:væljʊ'eɪʃn]同本位货币 convention money同业拆借 inter-bank borrowing同业融通票据 inter-bank financial bills统收统支 state-monopolized[məˈnɑ:pəlaɪz] revenue and expenditure [ɪkˈspɛndətʃɚ]投融资体制 investment and fund-raising system拖欠税款 delinquent tax; be in arrears with tax payment拖欠债券 defaulted bond外币兑换差额 balance of foreign exchange外币股 share of foreign exchange外汇调剂 foreign exchange swap外汇额度 foreign currency quota外汇交易市场 foreign exchange swap market外汇结存 foreign exchange balance外贸自营权 power to engage in foreign trade外商投资项目 foreign investment projects外商直接投资 foreign direct investment外逃资本 fight capital外引内联 introduce foreign capital and technology and establish domestic connection外债偿还率 external debt service ratio未兑现支票 outstanding checks无形财产 incorporeal property; intangible property无形动产 intangible[ɪnˈtændʒəbəl] chattels [tʃætlz]无形贸易 invisible trade夕阳产业 sunset industry; declining industry;industry with no future [ˈfjutʃɚ]吸收游资 absorb idle [ˈaɪdl] funds息票 coupon [ˈku:pɑ:n]洗钱 money laundering ['lɔ:ndərɪŋ]闲散资金 scattered [ˈskætərd] funds闲置资金 idle capital; idle funds现汇交易 spot transaction现金结算 cash settlement [ˈsɛtlmənt]现金流量 cash flow现金流通量 money in circulation [ˌsɜ:rkjəˈleɪʃn]现金投放 currency issue; cash input限价 price control乡镇企业 township enterprises消费物价补贴 consumer subsidies消费物价指数 consumer price index消费信贷 consumer credit货款回笼 reflow of corporate sals income信用社 (urban and rural) credit cooperation严格财务制度 exacting financial system一次性商品 one-off commodity一级市场 primary market; first market一级自营商 primary dealer美[ˈdilɚ]一条龙服务 provide a service of coordinated[ko'ɔrdəˈnet] process以美元等值计算 committed in USD equivalent以人民币记账 use the currency of RMB for current accounting以外汇结算 settled in foreign exchange以质取胜 strategy of success through quality ; win the market with high quality 意向书 letter of intent意向性协议 agreement of intent溢价 excess[ˈɛkˌsɛs]; premium[ˈprimiəm]溢价发行债券 issue of bonds at a premium有意向投资者 willing investor增收节支 increase revenue [ˈrevənu:] and reduce expenditure文案大全证券监督管理委员会 securities supervision commission证券交易管理委员会 securities exchange commission住房分配货币化 monetize housing distribution专款专用 earmark a fund for its specified purpose only专有交易 proprietary [prəˈpraɪəteri] business专属经济区 exclusive [ɪkˈsklusɪv] economic zone转包 subcontract转贷 on-lending转轨 transfer to a different track; retracking转换经营机制 shift operation mechanism [ˈmɛkəˌnɪzəm] 转移支付制度 transfer payment system转账支票 check only for account准货币 quasi-money资金到位 fully funded(project)文案大全。

SCHOOL OF LAWInternational Competition Law (LAW5445M)Seminar 1 – Week 3 (Oct 14)Overall Structure and Purpose of Competition Law & BasicEconomic Principles and ConceptsKey Reading (please read all of these):1.R Whish and D Bailey, Competition Law, (8th ed, OUP, 2015),Chapter 12.Id., Chapter 2.1, 2.2a, 2.2.b.i – 2.2.b.iv3.European Commission …Notice on the Definition of the Relevant Market for thePurposes of Community Competition Law‟ [1997] OJ C 372/5Page count: 66Further reading (read these for an advanced understanding):1.S Bishop and M Walker, The Economics of EC Competition Law: Concepts,Application and Measurement (3rd ed, Sweet & Maxwell, 2010) Chapters 2 and 42.L Kaplow …Market Definition: Impossible and Counterproductive‟ (2013) 79 AntitrustLaw Journal 3613.“What is Competition on the Merits?”, Policy Brief, OE CD June 2006 Questions1.How would you define …competition‟?2.What are the potential aims of competition law and policy?3.Do you see an inherent paradox in competition law in that on the one hand it tries toencourage competition and on the other hand once an undertaking wins thecompetition and gains market power, the law seeks to limit its behaviour? Why / why not?rger firms often have advantages over small ones. For example, efficiencies ofscale and scope, stronger bargaining power with suppliers enabling them to buy inputs at lower prices. As a consequence, large and small firms may not compete on an equal basis. Is it the role of competition law to protect small firms, and if so, why?5.What are the limitations of using the model of …perfect‟ competition as a standard orparadigm against which real markets should be judged?6.Define what is meant by an oligopolistic market? Can you give examples ofoligopolistic markets? Can you give examples of markets which are not oligopolistic?7.Explain the following terms: marginal cost; marginal revenue; consumer and totalwelfare.8.Why is market definition important?9.Explain how the SSNIP test operates.10.What is meant by the …Cellophane fallacy‟? How is it relevant for competition law?。

欧盟新电池法英文名European Union's New Battery LawThe European Union (EU) has recently introduced a groundbreaking legislation aimed at revolutionizing the battery industry. Known as the "EU Battery Law," this regulation seeks to address the environmental and economic challenges posed by batteries, while promoting sustainable practices and technological advancements. This article provides an overview of the EU Battery Law and its implications.1. BackgroundIn recent years, the proliferation of batteries in various consumer products, such as smartphones, electric vehicles (EVs), and renewable energy storage systems, has raised concerns about their environmental impact. Traditional batteries contain hazardous materials that can harm both human health and the ecosystem if not properly managed. Moreover, the disposal and recycling of batteries pose significant challenges, leading to increased e-waste and resource depletion.2. Objectives of the EU Battery LawThe EU Battery Law aims to achieve several goals:2.1. Environmental ProtectionThe legislation focuses on reducing the environmental footprint of batteries throughout their life cycle. It mandates the use of safer materials, encourages eco-design practices, and promotes the adoption of sustainablemanufacturing processes. This helps minimize the release of harmful substances into the environment and facilitates the recycling of batteries.2.2. Market RegulationTo ensure fair competition and consumer safety, the EU Battery Law establishes stringent requirements for battery manufacturing and labeling. It aims to prevent the circulation of low-quality or counterfeit batteries in the market and provides clear information to consumers about the battery's performance, durability, and environmental impact.2.3. Recycling and Resource ConservationThe legislation emphasizes the importance of recycling and resource recovery from used batteries. It obliges battery producers to take responsibility for collecting, treating, and recycling a significant percentage of the batteries they introduce into the market. This promotes a circular economy approach, reducing the reliance on virgin materials and minimizing waste generation.3. Key Provisions of the EU Battery LawThe EU Battery Law includes several key provisions that govern the battery industry:3.1. Minimum Sustainability StandardsBattery manufacturers must meet minimum sustainability standards, including reducing the use of hazardous substances and improving the overall energy efficiency of batteries. This encourages the development of greener and more efficient battery technologies.3.2. Mandatory End-of-Life TreatmentBattery producers are responsible for providing adequate facilities for the collection, treatment, and recycling of end-of-life batteries. They must establish effective systems to ensure the proper handling and disposal of batteries, thus minimizing the environmental impact.3.3. Enhanced Consumer InformationBattery labels must provide clear and accurate information to help consumers make informed choices. This includes details on the battery's composition, recycling instructions, and its environmental performance during its life cycle.3.4. Traceability SystemTo improve transparency and accountability, the EU Battery Law introduces a traceability system. This system allows authorities to track batteries throughout their life cycle, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and identifying responsible parties in case of non-compliance.4. Impacts and BenefitsThe implementation of the EU Battery Law is expected to bring various positive impacts:4.1. Environmental BenefitsBy promoting sustainable battery manufacturing and recycling practices, the legislation significantly reduces the environmental impact of batteries. It curbs the release of hazardous substances into ecosystems, lowers resourceconsumption, and mitigates climate change by supporting the transition to cleaner energy storage systems.4.2. Economic OpportunitiesThe EU Battery Law creates new business opportunities in the battery sector, including the establishment of recycling facilities, development of eco-design solutions, and advancement of battery technologies. It fosters innovation, job creation, and economic growth while ensuring the competitiveness of European battery manufacturers.4.3. Cross-National CooperationThis legislation encourages collaboration and knowledge-sharing among EU member states, facilitating the exchange of best practices and harmonization of battery regulations. It strengthens the EU's position as a global leader in sustainable battery production.5. ConclusionThe EU Battery Law sets a new standard for the battery industry, emphasizing environmental sustainability, consumer protection, and resource conservation. By embracing this legislation, the European Union takes a significant step towards a greener and more efficient battery ecosystem. The law's holistic approach, combining regulatory measures with market incentives and cooperation, promises a brighter future for battery technology in Europe and beyond.。

第1篇I. IntroductionThe Apple vs. Samsung patent dispute is a classic example of economic law in action. It involves two of the world's leading technology companies, Apple Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., and has attracted extensive attention from the public, the industry, and the legal community. This case study aims to analyze the economic law issues involved in the dispute, the legal procedures, and the outcomes of the case.II. Background1. Apple Inc.Apple Inc., founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in 1976, is an American multinational technology company known for its innovative products, such as the iPhone, iPad, and Mac. Apple's success has been driven by its strong brand, cutting-edge technology, and extensive product ecosystem.2. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Samsung Electronics, established in 1969, is a South Koreanmultinational conglomerate company. It is the world's largest manufacturer of smartphones and has a diverse portfolio of products, including consumer electronics, home appliances, and information technology.III. The DisputeThe Apple vs. Samsung patent dispute revolves around the allegationsthat Samsung infringed on Apple's patents for its iPhone and iPad products. Apple claimed that Samsung copied the design and functionality of its devices, violating its intellectual property rights. In response, Samsung denied the allegations and claimed that Apple was infringing on its own patents.The dispute led to numerous lawsuits in various countries, including the United States, South Korea, Japan, and Germany. The legal battles lasted for several years, with both companies investing significant resourcesin litigation and settlement efforts.IV. Economic Law Issues1. Intellectual Property RightsThe core of the Apple vs. Samsung dispute is the protection ofintellectual property rights. Intellectual property laws, such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights, are essential for fostering innovation and creativity. In this case, the court had to determine whether Samsung's products infringe on Apple's patented technology.2. Antitrust LawThe dispute also raised concerns about antitrust law, as both companies are dominant players in the smartphone market. The court had to ensure that the resolution of the dispute does not harm competition and leadsto fair market conditions.3. Jurisdiction and VenueThe issue of jurisdiction and venue played a crucial role in the dispute. Both companies sought favorable jurisdictions and venues for their lawsuits, which could affect the outcomes of the cases.V. Legal Procedures1. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of CaliforniaThe initial lawsuit between Apple and Samsung was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. The courtgranted Apple's request for a preliminary injunction, ordering Samsungto stop selling certain smartphones and tablets in the U.S.2. European Court of JusticeIn Europe, the dispute led to a landmark ruling by the European Court of Justice, which clarified the interpretation of the EU's anti-competitive law and the relationship between patents and antitrust law.3. South Korea Supreme CourtIn South Korea, the dispute was resolved through a series of appeals and judgments by the South Korea Supreme Court, which ultimately upheld the infringement findings against Samsung.VI. Outcomes1. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of CaliforniaThe U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California ruled in favor of Apple, awarding it $1.05 billion in damages. However, the damages were later reduced to $929 million on appeal.2. European Court of JusticeThe European Court of Justice ruled that Samsung did not infringe on Apple's patents for the Galaxy Tab 10.1, 8.0, and 7.0 tablets, as they did not have the same "overall impression" as the iPhone.3. South Korea Supreme CourtThe South Korea Supreme Court upheld the infringement findings against Samsung, ordering it to pay damages to Apple. However, the amount of damages was reduced on appeal.VII. ConclusionThe Apple vs. Samsung patent dispute is a complex economic law case that highlights the importance of intellectual property rights, antitrust law, and jurisdiction in the global technology industry. The outcomes of the case have had a significant impact on both companies and the industry as a whole, serving as a reminder of the importance of respectingintellectual property rights and maintaining fair competition.第2篇Introduction:The financial crisis of 2008 is one of the most severe economic crises in the history of the world. It originated in the United States and spread to other countries, causing a global financial turmoil. This case study aims to analyze the legal aspects of the financial crisis, focusing on the violations of economic laws and regulations, and the response of governments and regulatory authorities.Background:In the late 1990s, the United States experienced a housing boom, driven by low interest rates and easy credit. Many financial institutions, including banks, investment banks, and mortgage lenders, startedoffering subprime mortgages to borrowers with poor credit histories. These mortgages were often packaged into securities and sold to investors worldwide.The Crisis:In 2007, the housing market began to decline, and many borrowers defaulted on their mortgages. As a result, the value of mortgage-backed securities plummeted, leading to significant losses for financial institutions. The crisis quickly escalated, as banks and other financial institutions faced liquidity problems and credit market froze. This led to a global financial turmoil, with stock markets crashing, banks failing, and governments stepping in to stabilize the economy.Legal Issues:1. Manipulation of the Financial Markets:One of the key legal issues during the financial crisis was the manipulation of the financial markets. Many financial institutions engaged in fraudulent activities, such as misrepresenting the risks associated with mortgage-backed securities, and engaging in insider trading. These activities violated various securities laws, such as the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.2. Lack of Regulation:The financial crisis also highlighted the lack of effective regulationin the financial sector. Many financial institutions took excessive risks, relying on complex financial products and derivatives, which were not well understood by regulators. This lack of regulation allowed financial institutions to operate without adequate oversight, leading to the crisis.3. Accounting Fraud:Several financial institutions were involved in accounting fraud, which involved manipulating their financial statements to make their financial position appear stronger than it actually was. This practice violated accounting standards and regulations, such as the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).4. Violation of Consumer Protection Laws:The financial crisis also exposed violations of consumer protection laws. Many borrowers were given mortgages that they could not afford, and financial institutions failed to provide adequate disclosures regarding the risks associated with these mortgages. This violated laws such asthe Truth in Lending Act and the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.Response of Governments and Regulatory Authorities:In response to the financial crisis, governments and regulatory authorities around the world implemented various measures to stabilize the economy and prevent future crises.1. Financial Bailouts:Governments provided financial bailouts to many financial institutions, injecting billions of dollars into the banks to prevent their collapse. These bailouts were aimed at restoring confidence in the financial system and ensuring the stability of the economy.2. Strengthening Financial Regulation:Governments around the world worked to strengthen financial regulation, implementing new laws and regulations to prevent future crises. TheDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, passed in the United States in 2010, is an example of such legislation.3. Enhancing Consumer Protection:Governments also focused on enhancing consumer protection, implementing measures to ensure that financial institutions provide transparent and fair products and services to consumers.Conclusion:The financial crisis of 2008 serves as a stark reminder of the importance of economic laws and regulations in maintaining the stability of the financial system. The case study highlights the various legal issues that contributed to the crisis, including manipulation of the financial markets, lack of regulation, accounting fraud, and violations of consumer protection laws. The response of governments and regulatory authorities demonstrates the importance of taking swift and decisive action to address these issues and prevent future crises.第3篇Background:ABC Corporation, a multinational corporation specializing in the production of electronics, entered into a long-term supply contract with XYZ Company, a local supplier of raw materials, in 2019. The contract was designed to ensure a steady supply of essential components for ABC's manufacturing processes. However, a series of economic law disputes arose between the two parties, leading to significant financial implications and reputational damage.The Contract:The contract between ABC Corporation and XYZ Company was a comprehensive agreement that covered the supply of raw materials, pricing, delivery schedules, quality standards, and dispute resolution mechanisms. The contract was signed by both parties after thorough negotiations and was intended to be binding for a period of five years.Key terms of the contract included:1. Supply Quantity: XYZ Company agreed to supply a minimum of 500 tons of raw materials per month to ABC Corporation.2. Pricing: The contract specified a fixed price for the raw materials, with adjustments based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI).3. Delivery Schedule: XYZ Company was required to deliver the raw materials within 15 days of receiving the order confirmation from ABC Corporation.4. Quality Standards: The contract outlined specific quality standards that the raw materials must meet, as determined by international standards.5. Dispute Resolution: In the event of any disputes arising from the contract, both parties agreed to seek resolution through mediation before resorting to arbitration.Dispute 1: Price Adjustments and CPI FluctuationsOne of the primary disputes between ABC Corporation and XYZ Company revolved around the pricing mechanism of the raw materials. The contract stated that the price would be adjusted based on the CPI, but theparties disagreed on the methodology to be used for calculating the CPI.ABC Corporation argued that the CPI should be based on the national average, while XYZ Company contended that it should be based on thelocal market prices. This discrepancy led to a stalemate, as XYZ Company refused to accept the national average as the basis for price adjustments.Dispute 2: Quality Standards and Inspection ProceduresAnother significant dispute arose when ABC Corporation discovered that the quality of the raw materials supplied by XYZ Company did not meet the specified international standards. The contract clearly stated that the raw materials must adhere to these standards, but XYZ Company maintained that their product was within acceptable limits.ABC Corporation requested an independent inspection to verify thequality of the raw materials. However, XYZ Company refused to allow the inspection, claiming that the contract did not require it and that the responsibility for quality control rested with ABC Corporation.Dispute 3: Late Deliveries and CompensationXYZ Company frequently failed to meet the delivery schedules outlined in the contract. This led to significant disruptions in ABC Corporation's manufacturing processes, resulting in increased costs and delays in product delivery to customers.Despite repeated reminders and demands for timely delivery, XYZ Company continued to violate the contract. ABC Corporation sought compensation for the losses incurred due to these late deliveries, but XYZ Company denied any liability, arguing that the delays were due to unforeseen circumstances beyond their control.Resolution and Legal Implications:The disputes between ABC Corporation and XYZ Company escalated, and both parties eventually sought legal counsel. The legal team for ABC Corporation argued that XYZ Company had breached the contract by failing to comply with the agreed-upon pricing mechanism, quality standards, and delivery schedules.The court ruled in favor of ABC Corporation on the following grounds:1. Pricing Dispute: The court determined that the CPI should be based on the national average, as per the contract's terms. XYZ Company was ordered to adjust the prices accordingly.2. Quality Standards: The court ordered XYZ Company to allow an independent inspection of the raw materials and to comply with the specified international quality standards.3. Late Deliveries: The court held XYZ Company liable for the late deliveries and ordered them to compensate ABC Corporation for the losses incurred.Conclusion:The economic law dispute between ABC Corporation and XYZ Company serves as a cautionary tale for businesses entering into long-term contracts. It highlights the importance of clear and comprehensive contract terms, as well as the need for effective dispute resolution mechanisms.The case underscores the following key takeaways:1. Thorough Contract Review: Businesses should carefully review and understand the terms of any contract before signing it, to avoid potential disputes.2. Clear and Unambiguous Terms: Contracts should be drafted with clear and unambiguous language to minimize ambiguity and prevent misunderstandings.3. Effective Dispute Resolution: Businesses should establish effective dispute resolution mechanisms to address any issues that may arise during the contract period.4. Legal Compliance: Both parties must comply with the terms of the contract to avoid legal repercussions and financial losses.By learning from the experiences of ABC Corporation and XYZ Company, businesses can better navigate the complexities of economic law and protect their interests in contractual relationships.。

2010年2月重庆工商大学学报(社会科学版)第27卷第1期Feb .2010Journal of Chongqing Technol ogy and Business University (Social Sciences Editi on )Vol 127　NO.1doi:12.3969/j .issn .167220598.2010.01.011欧盟税制概况翁武耀(博洛尼亚大学欧洲税收高等研究院,意大利40141)[摘要]在处理欧盟税法具体细节问题之前,需要对欧盟制度、机构及相关程序有基本的了解。

从欧盟的发展入手,在介绍欧盟自有财源之后,对共同体条约确立的基本原则及相关制度进行论述,涉及欧盟机构设置及其权限、共同体的立法形式及司法体制,最后论述欧洲间接税和直接税的发展进程、最新发展状况及发展趋势。

[关键词]欧盟;自有财源;基本自由;税收协调;税收协作;税收趋同[中图分类号]F811.2　[文献标志码]A [文章编号]1672-0598(2010)01-0062-10 欧洲联盟(简称欧盟)(The Eur opean Uni on (EU )),是根据1992年签署的《欧洲联盟条约》(也称《马斯特里赫特条约》)①(The Treaty ofMaas 2tricht )所建立的国际组织。

欧盟的历史可追溯至1952年建立的欧洲煤钢共同体,当时只有六个成员国(分别是:法国、意大利、西德、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡)。

1957年,六国在罗马签署《罗马条约》(The Treaties of Rome ),并在1958年根据《罗马条约》成立了欧洲经济共同体和欧洲原子能共同体,1967年统合在根据《布鲁塞尔条约》(The Treaty of B russels )成立的欧洲共同体之下,1993年又统合在欧洲联盟之下,欧盟已经渐渐地从贸易实体转变成经济和政治联盟。

同时,欧共体和后来的欧盟在1971年至2007年期间进行了六次扩大,成员国由最初的6个增至27个。

early retirement 提前退休early sales 先机销售early settlement discount 提前付款折扣earnings 赢利，利润earnings per share 每股收益，简称EPSe-business 电子商务eco-friendly 生态友好的，对环境无害的e-commerce 电子商务，电子贸易e-commerce website company 电子商务网站公司econbox 经济型汽车，小型车economic price 有利可图的价格，经济的价格，合理的价格economia resources 经济资源economies of scale 规模效益，规模经济，亦作scale economieseconomy（某咱经济制度的）国家或地区economy class 经济舱，二等舱，亦作second classeconomy drive （公司内的）节约运动economy flight 经济航班economy pack 经济优惠装economy size 大包装eco-tourism 生态旅游effect shipment 交货800 number 受话人付费业务e-lancing 电子自由职业electric appliance 家用电器electronic banking 电子银行，电子金融Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval电子数据分析检索系统，简称EDGARelectronic immigrant 电子移民electronic magazine 电子杂志，网上杂志，简称e_zine:ezineelectronic sweatshop 电子血汗工厂embezzlement 挪用公款，盗用（委托人的）钱财e-money 电子货币emotional intelligence 情商emotional quotient情感商数，情商employee loyalty 员工忠诚，亦作staff loyaltyemployment agency 职业介绍所，等于employmentservices或employment bureau 或recruitment ageency 或staff recruitment ageencyEmployment Appeal Tribunal 劳工申诉法庭，简称EA Temployment cost 雇工费employment law 劳工法employment package 受聘后的种种好处，受聘后的一篮子福利employment exchange 职业介绍所（中心）empowerment 权力下放emulator 竞争者en suite bedroom 卧室套间encrypt 加密encryption technology 加密技术endorse 1 背书，在（票据等）背面签字endorse 2 （名人）为（商品等）作广告endorsement 1 签名，背书endorsement 2 （名人）为（商品等）作广告endowment policy 人寿定期保险单end-efficiency 制成品end-user 最终用户energizer 兴奋食品（剂），增能食品（剂）energy efficiency 节能energy-efficient 节能的enquiry 询价enterprise （办企业的）进取业精神，事业心entertainment 1 娱乐活动entertianment 2 招待entertainment allowance 交际费，招待费entertainment exprense 交际费，招待费entrepot trade 转口贸易entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurial organization 企业家组织结构，企业体制entry manifest 报关单environmentally-friendly 对环境无害的，环保的epitiomize 象征equities 普通股，亦作epuity shareepuity 股本equity capital 股权资本，股金equity shareholder 普通股股东，普通股持有者equity stake 股权ergonomically designed 能发挥工作者最大效能的设计，符合功效学的设计escape clause 例外条款escort tour 陪同游览服务espionage 刺探行为established company 知名公司esbablished corporation 知名企业established practice 习惯做法，通行做法，惯例estate agent 房地产经纪，房地产代理estate 1 估算，概算，估计estate 2 （对工作或服务等所需要费用进行）估价ethical code of conduct 道德行为规范ethical standards 道德标准European Common Market 欧洲共同市场European Currency Unit 欧洲货币单位，简称ECU European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系，简称ECU European plan 欧式酒店服务European Union (EU) countries 欧盟国家Euro 欧元，亦作euroevent 活动exchange rate （外汇）兑换率，汇率，汇价exchange rate fluctuation 汇率波动exclusionary right 独家经营权exclusive dealership 独家特许经销商exclusive distrubutor 独家经销商exclusivity 独家经销权excursion 远足executive 1 决策机构executive 2 主管人员，行政人员executive 3 豪华的，商档的cable license 有限电视许可证cafeteria plan 自助餐式福利计划callback 电话回话（服务）call-backing 呼叫限制call center 电视销售中心，电话销售中心，呼叫中心caller ID 来电显示（服务）call forwarding 呼叫转送（服务）call-in Medical 电话求医市场campaign 摄像机canteen 宣传活动capacity 职工食堂capital allowance 生产能力capital asset 投资税额减免capital expenditure 资本资产capital growth 资本增值capital-intensive 资本密集capital investment 资本投资；基本建设投资capital sum 一次性总付，总括性付款capital market 垄断市场cardaholic 习惯用信用卡透支购物的人career development 职业发展career management 职业了展管理，人事管理前程career planing 职业规划，前程规划，职业生涯规划career propects 职业前程，职业前景care for people 以人为本caretaker 大楼管理人员，亦作janitor（美）cargo division 货运部门car hire 汽车出租caring profession 护理行业car pool 合伙用车car rental 汽车出租carriage（列车）出租car sharing 合伙用车cartride （打印机，复印机的）墨盒，（钢笔）笔芯，墨水囊case 理由陈述；诉讼案，案件case study 案例分析，个案研究cash advances 预付现金cash dispenser 自动提款机，自动柜员机cash card 现金卡，自动和款机卡，银行卡cash flow 备用零钱cashflow analysis 现金流量分析cash-flow forcast 现金流量预测cash flow gap 现金流量差额cash machine 自动提款机，自动柜员机cash on delivery 交货付款，简称CODcashpoint 自动提款机，自动柜员机cash sales 现金销售，现销cash settlement 现金结算cash voucher 折扣券，优惠券cash with order 现金订货，订货付现，简称CWOcassette recorder 卡式录音机casual restaurant 休闲餐馆catalogue 商品目录cater for 目录购物catering business 提供餐饮服务，承办酒席，接待catering 提供餐饮服务catering business 饮食业catering company 酒席承办公司catering division 餐饮部caution money保证金celebrity 名人，名流cell phone 移动电话，蜂窝电话，手机，亦作cellphone cellular 移动电话，蜂窝电话，手机cement ceiling 水泥天花板，妇女在职业晋升方面不可逾障碍central bank 中央银行childcare voucher 托儿所chip jewelry 过时的计算机chit 代金券chronic fatigue syndrome 慢性疲劳综合症chronic stress 长期不断的压力circular 通告circulation list 传阅单civil engineer 土木工程师civil engineering 土木工程专业civil liability 民事责任civil servant 公务员civil service 行政部门，行政机关，亦作Civil Serviceclaim 索赔（要求）claims manger 理赔部经理clamshell 蛤壳形食品盒，蛤壳式快餐盒，也作fast-food clamshell clean bill of heath 1 公司状况稳健证明书clean bill of heath 2 健康证明书clean bill of heath 3 清洁得单cleaning product 清洁洗涤用品cleance sale 清仓甩卖cleaning bank 结算银行，清算银行clerical assistant 文书clerical staff文秘人员clerk 职员，文书ckientele （统称）（老）客户clinical trial 临床实验clipboard computer 写字夹板式电脑clip-on 夹式的cloakroom 衣帽间closing date 截止日closing down sale 停业清仓甩卖club-class 俱乐部会员舱位（相当于公务舱或头等舱）cocktail bar 酒吧code of conduct 行为规范coder 电脑游戏软件编写人，编码员cold calling 冷不妨电话，无约电话collateral 抵押品collating machine 文件整理机collection 时装展览，展览的时候commerxial 商业广告commerial agency 商业中介公司commerial awareness 商业意识commerial bank 商业银行commerial break 插播广告的时间commerial district 商务地段，商务区commerial insurance 商业保险commerial invoice 商业发展commerial operations manager 商务运作经理commerial property agency 商业地产中介公司commerial vehicle 商用车辆，营运车辆，商用载货汽车commerially successful product 赢利商品，能赚钱的商品commission 佣金commit 致力于，承诺commitment 1 承诺commitment 2 敬业精神commitnent 3 致力于committed 1 坚定的，忠诚的committed 2 承但生产任务的commodity trade 商品批发商common share/stock 普通股communication facilities 通讯设施community progamme 社区（建设）项目commuter 乘车上下班者company auditor 公司审计员，查帐员company culture 公司文化company law 公司法company profile 公司概况company secretary 公司秘书company store 企业内部商店compare favourably/competitively with 比……优惠,比……有利compensation trade 补偿贸易competition 1 有奖竞赛活动competition 2 (用作总称)竞争者,比赛对手competition advantage 竞争优势competitive bididing 竞标，竞价competitive edge 竞争优势competitive intelligence竞争性情况，商业间谍活动jcompetitor 竞争对手competitor analysis 对手分析complaint 投诉complex 楼群，综合大楼complimentary 1 赞扬的complimentary 2 赠送的complimentary close 信尾客套语complimentary slip 赠礼便条，礼帖compressed work weeks 压缩工作周coomputerate 懂电脑computer games industry 电脑游戏软件业computer hardware 计算机（电脑）硬件computerization 电脑化，计算机化computerize 用电脑操作，电脑化，计算机化computer operater 电脑操作人员computer package 电脑集成软件包computer programmer 电脑程序（编写）人员computer reservation system 电脑订票系统computer software 计算机（电脑）软件computer whizz-kid 电脑杰出青年人才，电脑杰出小子conceptual skills 理性思维技能confectionery 1 糖果点心confectionary 2 糖果点心制造业conference facility 会议设备，会议场所conference package 1 会议总费用，会议总价conference package 2 会议专案conferencing 会议技术confidentiality agreement 保密协议congestion pricing 高峰期行车收费conglomeration 联合大企业，跨行业公司conglomeration 混合consensus and synergy 同心协力conservatory （玻璃）暖房consolidation 合并consortion 联营企业，财团constuction matertals 建筑材料consultancy 咨询公司，顾问公司consultancy fee 咨询费consultants 咨询公司consumer confideness 消费意识consumer confidence 消费信心Consumer Council 消费者利益保护委员会，亦称作Consumer'Council consumer durables 耐用消费品consumer electronics 家用电子产品consymer-friendly 便于消费者使用的，亦作consumer goods 日用消费品consumer trends 消费趋势container 集装箱，货柜containerization 集装箱运输contender争夺者，竞争者Continental plan 欧洲大陆式酒店服务contract of employment 雇用合同contract period 合同期限contract obligation 合同义务contribution 1 捐款，捐物contribution 2（提供的）建议conveniently situation 地理位置优越conversionak marketing 转变消费者行为的营销活动conveyor belt 传送带cook-chill 预煮速冻法，先烹后冻copycat packaging 冒充包装core activity 1 核心经营项目core activity 2 核心业务，主管业务core benefits 核心福利项目core product 核心产品core technology 核心技术corpocracy 公司官僚主义corporate business area 商务地段，商务区corporate charge card 公司赊帐卡corporate culture 公司文化，企业文化corporate entertaining 公司宴请，公司宴会corporate 企业社交corporate hospitality consultancy 企业社交界联谊corporate identity 企业标识corporate image 企业形象，简称corporate planing 公司规划，公司策划corporate sector 企业部门corporate travel expenses 公司差旅费corporate welfare 公司福利corporation charter 公司注册许可证，等于Certificate of Incorporation cosmopolis 国际化大都市cosmopo litan 世界性的，国际性的cost accountant 成本会计师cost and fteight 成本加运费，货价加运费cost-conscious 注重节省成本的cost-effective 成本效益cost,insurance,freight 到岸价，简称CIFcost of quality 质量成本cost of sales 销售成本cost plus 成本加成costing 成本核算cottage industry 家庭工业counter clerk （银行）柜台职员counterfeit 伪造的，伪造品counterfoil 存根counter-off 还盘country of domicile 户籍国家courier 专递员，专递公司coursebook 教科书courseware 课件，教学软件courtesy 礼仪，礼貌的举止言辞courtesy bus 免费接送汽车，亦作courtesy coachcouturier 设计女装的男设计师couturiere 设计女装的女设计师cover 1 承保cover 2承保范围coverage （电视等）覆盖范围，（广告等的）可达范围，新闻报道（量），（企业、服务业的）作用范围，有效区域craftsmanship 手工cram school 强化学校，补习学校，亦作cramoschoolcrash 1 股市崩溃crash 2 电脑系统故障creature comforts 物质享受，给肉体以舒适的东西creche （商场、工作场所等的）婴幼儿托寄中心credentials 1 资格证明credentials 2 资格证明文件credibility 信誉，可信度credit card holder 赊购账户credit limit 信用卡夹credit manager 信贷限额credit terms 信用期限，信用条件critical sucess factors 关键成功因素，简称CSFscrop （同时涌现的）一批，一群，一毓系列cross 相交，错过cross-cultural issue 跨文化问题cross-cultural team 跨文化小组cross-functional 跨职能员工cross-functional team 跨部门团队crowd mentaily 从众心理crowed market （竞争产品众多的）拥挤市场cube farm 办公农庄，用隔断间隔成很多小工作间的办公室cubicle 图书馆、办公室里供人阅读、工作使用的小单间、隔间cultural awareness 文化意识cultural diversity 文化差异cultural festival 文化节cultural stereotype 固定文化模式current account 活期账户current assets 流动资产，简称CAcurrent liabilities 流动负债，简称CLcurriculum vitae 履历表，简称CVcursor 光标custom （经常性的）光顾，惠顾；（总称）主顾，（经常性的）顾客customer behaviour 消费行为customer complaints (department) 顾客投诉科customer helpline 用户服务专线customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度customer relationship management 客户关系管理，简称CRM customer service 客户服务中心customers' value 顾客的价值（观）customize 根据顾客的具体要求制造、改造、定做customized apptoach 迎合顾客需要的方式（方法），等于customer-focused waycut-price 削价出售的cutting edge 尖端的，先进的cyberspace 网络空间cyberspeak 网络用语damage 损害赔偿金damaged claim 损害赔偿要求，毁损索赔danger money 危险工作津贴date and time stamp （可拨动时间、日期的）日戳dawn raid 黎明突袭day care 日间托儿站dead capital 死资本，呆滞资本，无利资本deadline 最后限期dealer 1 供应商dealer 2 （外汇、股票市场的）交易员dealership 1 经销特许权dealership 2 特许经销商dear money 高息贷款debenture 公司债券debit 借记，借款debit card 借记卡，扣账卡debt recovery 债务回收，债务回购，债务重组debt-to-GDP ratio 债务率decision-marking meeting 决策会议deduct 扣除deed 契约，契据，证书deep pockets 雄厚的账力default 1 不履行法律责任default 2 违约default 3 拖欠债务deficit 赤字，贸易逆差defraud 诈骗degree of local adaption required 本土化要求程度delivery charge 送货单deluxe 高级的，豪华的demand curve 需求曲线demarketing 反营销，营销反略demi-pension （法）半寄宿式酒店服务demotion 降级，降职demotivation 消极怠工（情绪）demiware 演示产品，免费试用产品deposit 定期存款depreciate 贬值depreciation 折旧deregulation 撤消管制design consultancy 设计咨询公司designer 标名的，由设计师专门设计的designer outlet 专卖店desk diary 办公日记desktop(computer) 台式电脑desktop publishing 桌面出版，简称DTPdeskpath fider 摩托速递员documentation 书面证件，文件dollar-amount encoding 金额加密domestic market国内市场domestic sales 国内销售额door-to-door salesman 上门推销员，亦作sales-person; saleswoman;commercial traveller; travelling salesman 等dot bomb 昙花一现的网络公司，曾经辉煌过和互联网企业dot-com issue 商业域名纷争，网络纷争dot-matrix printer点矩阵式打印机double bedroom （备有一张双人床的）双人间double en suite 双人套间double entry 复式记录，复式分录double-sided copying 双面复印doubtful accounts 坏账Dow 道琼斯平均指数downmarket （商品、服务等）面向大众化市场的，面向低收入人消费者的，价廉质次的down payment 定金downshift （使）工作降格downsize 削减down time 停工期，窝工draft 1 汇票draft 2 抽调，选派drawee 受票人，付款银行drawer 出票人，开票人draw 开具，写出dress code 着装要求drving licator 驾驶执照duplicator machine 复印机duplicator 复印机durable consumer goods 耐用消费品duty free shop 免费商店duty meal 职工免费餐detablishing 使（政府、经济等）不稳定的，破坏的development 开发成果，进展状况，新情况diagram 简图，图表，示意图diary 工作日程记录本dictaphone 口述录音机dictating 健怡可乐，亦作Cokediet cola 健怡饮料difference 特点，特征，特色dignity 高尚，尊贵，尊严dilution 品牌的弱化dip（短时间小幅度地）下降direct debit 直接借记direct mail(ing) 直接邮寄广告（推销法）direct marketing 直接营销direct provider 直接供应商direct selling/sale 直销director of development 开发部主管director enquiries 电话查询（业务）directory 人名地址录，工商行名录，电话号码簿，指南，使用手册dirty bill of lading 不洁提单discoumt store 折扣商店，也称rebate storediscounted promotional ticket 折扣（促销）票discrepancy 差额，差距discussion meeting 讨论会disnvest 减少或停止投资disk storage 磁盘盒dismiss 开除，解雇dismissal 解雇dispense bartender 吧台服务员display store 陈列商品店disposable 一次性物品distribution 销售，推销diverse workforce 多种族员工队伍diversification 经营多样化，多咱经营模式diversify 增加产品种类，多样化经营dividend 股息，红利dividend per share 每股股息，简称DPSdocu-commercial 经实性商业性广告early booking 提前预订early retirement 提前退休early sales 先机销售early settlement discount 提前付款折扣earnings 赢利，利润earnings per share 每股收益，简称EPSe-business 电子商务eco-friendly 生态友好的，对环境无害的e-commerce 电子商务，电子贸易e-commerce website company 电子商务网站公司econbox 经济型汽车，小型车economic price 有利可图的价格，经济的价格，合理的价格economia resources 经济资源economies of scale 规模效益，规模经济，亦作 scale economies economy（某咱经济制度的）国家或地区economy class 经济舱，二等舱，亦作 second classeconomy drive （公司内的）节约运动economy flight 经济航班economy pack 经济优惠装economy size 大包装eco-tourism 生态旅游effect shipment 交货800 number 受话人付费业务e-lancing 电子自由职业electric appliance 家用电器electronic banking 电子银行，电子金融Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval电子数据分析检索系统，简称EDGARelectronic immigrant 电子移民electronic magazine 电子杂志，网上杂志，简称e_zine:ezineelectronic sweatshop 电子血汗工厂embezzlement 挪用公款，盗用（委托人的）钱财e-money 电子货币emotional intelligence 情商emotional quotient情感商数，情商employee loyalty 员工忠诚，亦作 staff loyaltyemployment agency 职业介绍所，等于employmentservices或employment bureau 或recruitment ageency 或staff recruitment ageencyEmployment Appeal Tribunal 劳工申诉法庭，简称 EATemployment cost 雇工费employment law 劳工法employment package 受聘后的种种好处，受聘后的一篮子福利employment exchange 职业介绍所（中心）empowerment 权力下放emulator 竞争者en suite bedroom 卧室套间encrypt 加密encryption technology 加密技术endorse 1 背书，在（票据等）背面签字endorse 2 （名人）为（商品等）作广告endorsement 1 签名，背书endorsement 2 （名人）为（商品等）作广告endowment policy 人寿定期保险单end-efficiency 制成品end-user 最终用户energizer 兴奋食品（剂），增能食品（剂）energy efficiency 节能energy-efficient 节能的enquiry 询价enterprise （办企业的）进取业精神，事业心entertainment 1 娱乐活动entertianment 2 招待entertainment allowance 交际费，招待费entertainment exprense 交际费，招待费entrepot trade 转口贸易entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurial organization 企业家组织结构，企业体制entry manifest 报关单environmentally-friendly 对环境无害的，环保的epitiomize 象征equities 普通股，亦作 epuity shareepuity 股本equity capital 股权资本，股金equity shareholder 普通股股东，普通股持有者equity stake 股权ergonomically designed 能发挥工作者最大效能的设计，符合功效学的设计escape clause 例外条款escort tour 陪同游览服务espionage 刺探行为established company 知名公司esbablished corporation 知名企业established practice 习惯做法，通行做法，惯例estate agent 房地产经纪，房地产代理estate 1 估算，概算，估计estate 2 （对工作或服务等所需要费用进行）估价ethical code of conduct 道德行为规范ethical standards 道德标准European Common Market 欧洲共同市场European Currency Unit 欧洲货币单位，简称 ECU European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系，简称 ECU European plan 欧式酒店服务European Union (EU) countries 欧盟国家Euro 欧元，亦作 euroevent 活动exchange rate （外汇）兑换率，汇率，汇价exchange rate fluctuation 汇率波动exclusionary right 独家经营权exclusive dealership 独家特许经销商exclusive distrubutor 独家经销商exclusivity 独家经销权excursion 远足executive 1 决策机构executive 2 主管人员，行政人员executive 3 豪华的，商档的face time 网外会面时间face value 面值facilities and amenities 普通设施与便利设施facility trip 设备部经理facsimile公差，公费旅游facsimile 摹本fact-finding 实地考察，实情调查，实情调查的factor 独立经纪人，赊账式经纪商factory floor 厂区factory gate price 出厂价false claim 虚报费用family business 家族式企业（公司），亦作 family companyfamily credit 家庭救济金family-friendly 有利于家庭生活的，适合家庭的fare 票价fashion area 时尚精品区fashion business 时装业fast lane 快车道fast moving consumer goods 快销消费品，简称 FMCGfatally flawed （产品等）存在致命缺陷faulty 缺损的，有毛病的faulty goods 次货，次品，缺陷产品favorability rating 支持率favouritism 偏爱，偏袒fax machine 传真机feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Reserve Bank （美国）联邦储备银行，美国中央银行，简称 FED feedback 反馈feedback and review 反馈与检查file 备案filing cabinet 文件柜final accounts 决算表finace 融资，筹措资金finace firector 账务主管finances 计账部financial management 账务管理financial model 账务模型financial standing 账务地位，账务状况follow-up l 后续措施，后续行动，后续信件，后续广告follow-up 2 后续的，再度的food court 美食街，汇集快餐店的地方food-processing 食品加工Forbes 《福布莱》杂志force majeure 不可抗力，天灾foriegn currency reserces 外汇储备foreign sales forein sales 国外销售额，海外销售额，也称 overseas sales foreign trade 对外贸易forklift truck 铲车，叉车，叉式升降车formality 礼节，俗套，形式，例行手续Fortune 500 《财富》500强forum 论坛foeward integration 前向合并foul play 违规行为four C's 市场营销的“4C”组合four P's 市场营销的“4P”组合foyer （剧场、旅馆、公寓大楼等的）门厅，门廊，剧场休息室，相当于 lobby franchise 1 特许经销权，特许专卖店franchise 2 给……以特许权franchised store 特许商店franchisee 特许经营人franchising 特许制franchisor 出售特许权的公司，授予特许者franking machine 自动邮资盖印机free air miles 免费空中飞行里程freebie 免费赠品free bus service 免费公车服务free gift 随所购商品赠送的物品free home delivery 免费送货上门服务free interview 随时面洽freelance 1 自由职业的freelance 2 物约性质的free offer 赠品freephone helpline 免费电话服务专线free-range （鸡、鸡蛋等）自由放养场的free sample 免费样品freeware 免费软件frequent-flyer scheme 常客奖励计划fringe benefit 附加福利，额外福利，附带好处front-line staff 第一线的员工，精通业务的员工frozen produce 冷冻产品full board 全食宿full-service 提供全面服务的full-time 专职的，全日制的，全部规定时间的full-timer 全日工full equipped 设备齐全的fully serviced offices 提供全套服务的写字楼function 重大聚会，宴会function room 宴会厅function suite 宴会套间fund management 功能食品，保健食品，延年益寿的食物，缩略为FF further to 就……这事，关于……之事futures market 期货市场financial staterment 账务报表，结算表findings 调查结果finished goods 成品，制成品fire escape 消防演习fire drill 太平梯，安全出口，火灾逃生通道firm of accountants 会计师事务所first aid 急救first-class facility 急救设施first-line manager 第一线经理first name （相对于姓的）名，教名，也作 given mane, forenamefixed cost 固定成本fixed interest securities 固定利率债券fixed-term contract 固定合同，定期雇用合同flagship store 总店，旗舰商店flanker 系列新产品flat management structure 扁平化和管理结构flexible benefits system 弹性福利制度flexible employment 弹性聘用（制）flexible working 弹性工作方式flex place 弹性工作地点（制）flexitime 弹性工作时间（制），弹性上班时间（制），亦作flexible working hours, flextime flexplace 弹性工作地点（制）也作 flex-placeflier 小广告传单flip phone 翻转式移动电话float （证券）上市，挂牌，首次在证券交易所发行证券floatation （股票）首次上市，首次发行证券floor （股票交易所内的）营业大厅，交易场floor broker 红马甲floor offer 底盘floorplan 楼层平面图floppy disk 电脑软（磁）盘flow chart 流程图。

伦敦大学玛丽女王学院联合法律双学位（两年制）授课型研究生申请要求伦敦大学玛丽女王学院简介学校名称伦敦大学玛丽女王学院学校英文名称Queen Mary, University of London学校位置英国 | 英格兰 | 伦敦2020 QS 世界排名126伦敦大学玛丽女王学院概述伦敦玛丽女王大学 (Queen Mary University of London),建于1887年，是位于英国伦敦的著名公立研究型大学，又名伦敦大学玛丽女王学院，世界百强名校，英国顶尖学府，为伦敦大学四大核心学院之一（包括伦敦大学学院、伦敦国王学院、伦敦政治经济学院），英国罗素大学集团、科学与工程南联盟成员。

伦敦玛丽女王大学在《卫报》大学指南中被评为“学生就业能力和毕业生起薪最佳大学之一”，据《星期日泰晤士报》报道，其毕业生起薪位居全英第8位。

学校现有学生20000多人，包含7000多名来自欧盟及海外地区的留学生，增进了学校多元文化，其校友中诞生了众多行业领袖，包括世界光纤之父高锟和现任冰岛总统古德尼·约翰内松等等。

联合法律双学位（两年制）专业简介这个为期18个月的创新性双语课程为你提供了将QMUL的国际商法硕士课程与巴黎第一大学的法国和欧洲法硕士课程相结合的机会。

这是在两个著名院校用法语和英语学习国际和比较商业法的难得机会。

联合法律双学位（两年制）专业相关信息专业名称联合法律双学位（两年制）专业英文名称Sorbonne - Queen Mary Double LLM Sorbonne &QM隶属学院法律学院学制2年语言要求雅思7.0（写作7.0，阅读听力口语5.5）GMAT/GRE 要求不需要2020 Fall 申请时间10月联合法律双学位（两年制）课程内容序号课程中文名称课程英文名称1版权法-英国和美国Copyright Law - United Kingdom & United States2公司救援和跨国破产Corporate Rescue and Cross-border Insolvency3网络犯罪Cybercrime4英国合同法English Contract Law 5欧盟和美国外观设计法EU and US Design Law 6欧盟数据保护法EU Data Protection Law7法国和欧洲法律独立研究French & European Law Independent Research8信息技术交易：管理与纠纷Information Technology Transactions: Management and Disputes9保险法Insurance Law10知识产权与生命科学Intellectual Property and the Life Sciences11国际和不正当竞争比较法International and Comparative Law of Unfair Competition12国际仲裁：适用法律和程序International Arbitration: Applicable Laws and Procedures13国际仲裁：法规与基础设施International Arbitration: Regulation and Infrastructure14国际商事仲裁（技能和辩护）International CommercialArbitration (Skills and Advocacy)序号课程中文名称课程英文名称15国际建筑合同与争议解决International Construction Contracts and Dispute Resolution 16国际专利及邻接权法International Law of Patents and Related Rights17能源转型中的国际石油和天然气法和合同International Oil and Gas Law and Contracts in the Energy Transition18国际能源法规与治理International Regulation and Governance of Energy19竞争法概论Introduction to Competition Law 20能源领域的法律与道德Law and Ethics in the Energy Sector21法国的法律实习Law Internship in France22金融犯罪法：欧洲和国际视角Law of Financial Crime: European & International Perspectives 23IP许可Licensing IP24并购Mergers and Acquisitions 25采矿与自然资源法Mining & Natural Resources Law 26竞争执法的新界限New Boundaries in Competition Enforcement27证券与市场监管Securities and markets regulation* 伦敦大学玛丽女王学院联合法律双学位（两年制）研究生申请要求由 Mastermate 收集并整理，如果发现疏漏，请以学校官网为准。

THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAWcompleted and revised version 1998European Union Commission on Contract Law欧洲合同法原则CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS第一章一般规定Section 1 - Scope of the Principles第一节本原则的适用范围Article 1.101- Application of the Principles第1:101条：本原则的适用(1) These Principles are intended to be applied as general rules of contract law in the European Communities.（一）本原则拟作为合同法的一般规则在欧洲共同体适用。

(2) These Principles will apply when the parties have agreed to incorporate them into their contract or that their contract is to be governed by them.（二）如果当事人已约定将本原则订入其合同或者其合同受本原则的规制，本原则即予适用。

(3) These Principles may be applied when the parties: (a) have agreed that their contract is to be governed by ‘general principles of law’, the ‘lex mercatoria’ or the like; or (b) have not chosen any system or rules of law to govern their contract.（三）当事人于符合下列条件时，可适用本原则：1.约定其合同受“法的一般原则”、“商人法”或类似者之规制时；或者2.没有选择任何法律制度或者法律规则规制其合同。