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CHAPTER 55-1. Suppose the labor supply curve is upward sloping and the labor demand curve is downward sloping. The study of economic trends over a particular time period reveals that the wage recently fell while employment levels rose. Which curve must have shifted and in which direction to produce this effect?If the supply curve does not shift, all wage and employment movements must occur along the supply curve, so that the wage rate and the employment level must move in the same direction. Because the wage went down while employment went up in the situation described in the question, it must have been the case that the supply curve shifted outwards (to the right). We do not have enough information to determine whether the demand curve shifted as well.5-2. It takes time to produce a new economist, and prospective economists base their career decision by looking only at current wages across various professions. Further, the labor supply curve of economists is much more elastic than the labor demand curve. Suppose the market is now in equilibrium, but that the demand for economists suddenly rises because a new activist government in Washington wants to initiate many new programs that require the input of economists. Illustrate the trend in the employment and wages of economists as the market adjusts to this increase in demand.Initially, the market is in equilibrium at a wage w0 and an employment level of E0. The increase the demand for economists results in a new equilibrium wage of w1 and a new equilibrium employment level of E1. However, the demand for economists in the short-run is inelastic at E0, so the demand increase simply leads to a rise in the wage of economists (as indicated by point 1). In the next period, students believe this wage will persist and oversupply the market so that the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 2. In the next period, students undersupply (because the wage is too low) and the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 3, and so on. Because of the relative elasticities of supply and demand (as drawn), the cobweb is exploding and will never converge to a stable equilibrium.5-3. Suppose the supply curve of physicists is given by w = 10 + 5E , while the demand curve is given by w = 50 – 3E . Calculate the equilibrium wage and employment level. Suppose now that the demand for physicists increases and the new demand curve is given by w = 70 – 3E . Assume this market is subject to cobwebs. Calculate the wage and employment level in each round as the wage and employment levels adjust to the demand shock. (Recall that each round occurs on the demand curve – when the firm posts a wage and hires workers). What is the new equilibrium wage and employment level?The initial equilibrium is given by 10 + 5E = 50 – 3E . Solving these two equations simultaneously implies that w = $35 and E S = E D = 5. When demand increases to w = 70 – 3E , the new equilibrium wage is $47.5 and the equilibrium level of employment is 7.5.Round Wage Employment1 $55.0 52 $43.0 93 $50.2 6.64 $45.9 8.05 $48.4 7.26 $46.9 7.77 $47.8 7.48 $47.2 7.6The table gives the values for the wage and employment levels in each round. The values in the table are calculated by noting that in any given period the number of physicists is inelastically supplied, so that the wage is determined by the demand curve. Given this wage, the number of economists available in the next period is calculated. By round 7, the market wage rate is within 30 cents of the new equilibrium.01 w 1w 0W age5-4. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) made it illegal for employers in the United States to knowingly hire illegal aliens. The legislation, however, has not reduced the flow of illegal aliens into the country. As a result, it has been proposed that the penalties against employers who break the law be increased substantially. Suppose that illegal aliens, who tend to be less skilled workers, are complements with native workers. What will happen to the wage of native workers if the penalties for hiring illegal aliens increase?A substantial increase in the penalties associated with hiring illegal aliens will likely reduce the number of illegal aliens entering the United States. The effect of this shift in the size of the illegal alien flow on the marginal product (and hence the demand curve) of native workers hinges on whether illegal aliens are substitutes or complements with natives. As it is assumed that natives and illegal aliens are complements, a cut in the number of illegal aliens reduces the value of the marginal product of natives, shifting down the demand for native labor, and decreasing native wages and employment.5-5. Suppose a firm is a perfectly discriminating monopsonist. The government imposes a minimum wage on this market. What happens to wages and employment?A perfectly discriminating monopsonist faces a marginal cost of labor curve that is identical to the supply curve. As a result, the employment level of a perfectly discriminating monopsonist equals theemployment level that would be observed in a competitive market (at E *) The imposition of a minimum wage at w MIN leads to the same result as in a competitive market: the firm will only want to hire E D workers as w MIN is now the marginal cost of labor, but E S workers will want to find work at the minimum wage. Thus, the wage increases, but employment falls.DollarsE w w *S D5-6. What happens to wages and employment if the government imposes a payroll tax on amonopsonist? Compare the response in the monopsonistic market to the response that would have been observed in a competitive labor market.Initially, the monopsonist hires E M workers at a wage of w M . The imposition of a payroll tax shifts the demand curve to VMP ′, and lowers employment to E ′ and the wage to w ′. Thus, the effect of imposing a payroll tax on a monopsonist is qualitatively the same as imposing a payroll tax in a competitive labor market: lower wages and employment. (It is interesting to note that the same result comes about if the payroll tax is placed on workers, so that the labor supply and marginal cost of labor curves shift as opposed to labor demand.)5-7. An economy consists of two regions, the North and the South. The short-run elasticity of labor demand in each region is –0.5. The within-region labor supply is perfectly inelastic. The labormarket is initially in an economy-wide equilibrium, with 600,000 people employed in the North and 400,000 in the South at the wage of $15 per hour. Suddenly, 20,000 people immigrate from abroad and initially settle in the South. They possess the same skills as the native residents and also supply their labor inelastically.(a) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages in each of the regions in the short run (before any migration between the North and the South occurs)?There will be no effect on the North’s labor supply in the short run, so the wage rate will not change there. In the South, labor supply will have increased by 5 percent, so the wage rate must fall by 5/(0.5) = 10 percent (recall that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, so a one percent decrease in wages would have been generated by a 0.5 percent expansion of the labor supply). The new hourly wage in the South, therefore, is $13.50 and total employment in the South is 420,000.DollarsEmploymentw M w ′(b) Suppose 1,000 native-born persons per year migrate from the South to the North in response to every dollar differential in the hourly wage between the two regions. What will be the ratio of wages in the two regions after the first year native labor responds to the entry of the immigrants?After the initial migration, we have seen that wages in the South are $13.50 while wages in the North are $15. This difference leads 1,500 natives migrating from the South to the North in the first year. Employment in the North after one year, therefore is 601,500. Moreover, as the elasticity of labor demand in the North is -0.5 and employment has increased by 0.25 percent, the Northern wage falls by 0.5 percent to roughly $14.93. Likewise, employment in the South after one year is 418,500. As the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5 and employment has decreased by 0.3571 percent, the Southern wage increases by0.71428 percent to roughly $13.60. Thus, the ratio of the Northern to Southern wage after one year is1.09779.(c) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages and employment in each of the regions in the long run (after native workers respond by moving across regions to take advantage of whatever wage differentials may exist)? Assume labor demand does not change in either region.In the long run, people must move from the South to the North to equalize the wage rates in the two regions. Since the wages were equal in the two regions before the influx of immigrants, and they also must be equal after things settle down, the proportional decrease in the wage rate should be the same in the North and in the South. Because the elasticity of labor demand is the same in the two regions, this last observation implies that the percentage increase in employment in the North must be the same as the percentage increase in employment in the South. Thus, as 60 percent of the original workers were employed in the North, 60 percent of the 20,000 increase in Southern employment will eventually migrate to the North. In the long run, therefore, total Northern employment will be 612,000 while total Southern employment will be 408,000. (Note: there is no presumption that only immigrants further migrate to the North.) In each region, therefore, employment increases by 2 percent in the long run, i.e., 12,000 is 2 percent of 600,000 and 8,000 is 2 percent of 400,000. (This can also be seen immediately as 20,000 is 2 percent of the 1 million workers.) Now, given that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, the 2 percent increase in employment will cause the wage rate to fall by 4 percent. Hence, the long-run equilibrium hourly wage will be $14.40.5-8. Chicken Hut faces perfectly elastic demand for chicken dinners at a price of $6 per dinner. The Hut also faces an upward sloped labor supply curve ofE = 20w – 120,where E is the number of workers hired each hour and w is the hourly wage rate. Thus, the Hut faces an upward sloped marginal cost of labor curve ofMC E = 6 + 0.1E.Each hour of labor produces 5 dinners. (The cost of each chicken is $0 as the Hut receives two-day old chickens from Hormel for free.) How many workers should Chicken Hut hire each hour to maximize profits? What wage will Chicken Hut pay? What are Chicken Hut’s hourly profits?First, solve for the labor demand curve: VMP E = P x MP E = $6 x 5 = $30. Thus, every worker is valued at $30 per hour by Chicken Hut. Now, setting VMP E = MC E yields 30 = 6 + .1E which implies E* = 240. Thus, Chicken Hut will hire 240 workers every hour. Further, according to the labor supply curve, 240 workers can be hired at an hourly wage of $18. Finally, Chicken Hut’s profits are Π = 240(5)($6) –240($18) = $2,880.5-9. Polly’s Pet Store has a local monopoly on the grooming of dogs. The daily inverse demand curve for pet grooming is:P = 20 – 0.1Qwhere P is the price of each grooming and Q is the number of groomings given each day. This implies that Polly’s marginal revenue is:MR = 20 – 0.2Q.Each worker Polly hires can groom 20 dogs each day. What is Polly’s labor demand curve as a function of w, the daily wage that Polly takes as given?As each worker can groom 20 dogs each day, and using Q = 20E, we have thatVMP E = MR x MP E = ( 20 – 0.2Q ) (20) = (20 – 4E)(20) = 400 – 80E.Thus, as Polly’s demand for labor satisfies VMP E = w, we have that her labor demand curve isE = 5 – 0.0125w.5-10. The Key West Parrot Shop has a monopoly on the sale of parrot souvenir caps in Key West. The inverse demand curve for caps is:P = 30 – 0.4 Qwhere P is the price of a cap and Q is the number of caps sold per hour. Thus, the marginal revenue for the Parrot Shop is:MR = 30 – 0.8Q.The Parrot Shop is the only employer in town, and faces an hourly supply of labor given by:w = 0.9E + 5where w is the hourly wage rate and E is the number of workers hired each hour. The marginal cost associated with hiring E workers, therefore, is:MC E = 1.8E + 5.Each worker produces two caps per hour. How many workers should the Parrot Shop hire each hour to maximize its profit? What wage will it pay? How much will it charge for each cap?First, as Q = 2E, the labor demand curve isVMP E = MR x MP E = (30 – 0.8Q)(2) = 60 – 1.6Q = 60 – 3.2E.Setting VMP E equal to MC E and solving for E yields E = 11. Eleven workers can be hired at a wage of.9(11) + 5 = $14.99 per hour. The 11 workers make 22 caps each hour, and the 22 caps can be sold at a price of 30 – 0.4(22) = $21.20 each.5-11. Ann owns a lawn mowing company. She has 400 lawns she needs to cut each week. Her weekly revenue from these 400 lawns is $20,000. If given an 18-inch deck push mower, a low-skill worker can cut each lawn in two hours. If given a 60-inch deck riding mower, a low-skill worker can cut the lawn in 30 minutes. Low-skilled labor is supplied inelastically at $5.00 per hour. Each laborer works 8 hours a day and 5 days each week.(a) If Ann decides to have her workers use push mowers, how many push mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 2 hours, it follows that each worker can cut 4 lawns in a day or 20 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 20 push mowers and hire 20 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(b) If she decides to have her workers use riding mowers, how many riding mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 30 minutes, it follows that each worker can cut 16 lawns in a day or 80 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 5 riding mowers and hire 5 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(c) Suppose the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) for each push mower is $250 and the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) of each riding mower is $1,800. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?If Ann uses push mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $250(20) = $5,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(20)(40) = $4,000. Under this scenario, her weekly profit is $11,000. If Ann uses riding mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $1,800(5) = $9,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(5)(40) = $1,000. Thus, under this scenario, her weekly profit is $10,000. Therefore, under these conditions, Ann will rent 20 push mowers and employ 20 low-skill workers.(d) Suppose the government imposes a 20 percent payroll tax (paid by employers) on all labor and offers a 20 percent subsidy on the rental cost of capital. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?Under these conditions, the cost of labor has increased to $6.00 per hour, while the rental costs for a push mower and a riding mower have decreased to $200 and $1,440 respectively. Ann’s profits under the two options, therefore, arePush-Profit = $20,000 – $200(20) – $6(20)(40) = $11,200.Rider-Profit = $20,000 – $1,440(5) – $6(5)(40) = $11,600.Thus, under these conditions, Ann rents riding mowers, hires 5 low-skill workers, and earns a weekly profit of $11,600.5-12. In the United States, some medical procedures can only be administered to a patient by a doctor while other procedures can be administered by a doctor, nurse, or lab technician. What might be the medical reasons for this? What might be the economic reasons for this?The American Medical Association might argue that doctors have more training and experience than nurses, and therefore, are the only professionals who can make certain decisions or perform certain procedures.Economically, the AMA has an incentive to restrict the number of people who can practice medicine (or perform certain procedures) in order to keep doctor wages high. If nurses were allowed to do everything they were capable of, fewer doctors would be demanded, and doctor wages would fall. From an economic viewpoint, therefore, the AMA restricts the supply of doctors, which keeps doctor wages artificially high.WageW restW unrestRestricted Supply ofDoctorsUnrestricted Supplyof DoctorsL rest L unrest Services Provided by DoctorsLabor Market For Medical Services Provided by Doctors。
第一章导言1、劳动、劳动力、劳动经济学、劳动关系、人口经济学、人力资源管理如何理解。
劳动：在有些情况下，劳动是指“劳动力”。
而在其他情况下，它可能指劳动过程或一种有目的的工作或活动。
劳动在劳动经济学中的含义更多的是涉及劳动力。
劳动力：传统或者早期的概念是指从事体力劳动为主的“劳工”，即“工人阶级”或产业工人。
马克思理论把劳动力划分为生产部门的劳动者和非生产部门的劳动者。
知识经济时代脑力与体力劳动者的差别已不表现在劳动的本质特征上。
“员工”这一范畴被企业以及各类组织广泛使用。
劳动经济学：劳动经济学是对劳动力资源配置市场经济活动过程中的劳动力需求和供给行为，及其影响因素的分析和研究。
劳动关系：，除吸收劳动经济学的基本理论分析之外，借鉴社会学、法学、组织行为学和政治科学等学科领域成果，成为了一个跨学科训练的领域。
人口经济学：人口经济学研究人口的生产与再生产的经济问题。
自然人口增长的经济规律，特别是人口对物质资源消费的影响是其集中要研究的对象和任务。
它更多地将人作为消费者来看待。
人力资源管理：2、谈谈你对劳动经济学的研究表述的理解。
劳动经济学的研究特点：劳动经济学与普通经济学有所不同，前者将问题的注意力投向了人们工作的范围，后者主要是将人从消费者的角度加以观察和认识的。
对劳动力的需求是一种派生需求，是对产品的需求所派生和导引出的一种需求。
商品市场和资本市场的波动变化将影响劳动力市场。
因此，在研究劳动经济问题时，不能摆脱商品市场和资本市场来孤立进行劳动经济的分析和研究，即所谓不能就劳动来谈劳动，不能就劳动力来谈劳动力。
劳动经济学研究应注意的问题：(1)应加强对劳动力市场的经济学分析。
(2)应结合产品市场和资本市场来研究和处理劳动力市场的问题。
(3)不能脱离一个国家一定时期的劳动力市场上的制度和全球化及网络经济发展的背景。
(4)注意与企业人力资源管理问题相结合。
如运用经济学的工具分析企业内部组织结构变化与企业兼并和收购带来的人力资源问题。
《劳动经济学》课程网上考试题库第一章劳动力需求一、单项选择题1、马克思的劳动力商品理论认为：货币转化为资本的关键在于（）。
A、劳动者具有人身自由B、劳动者丧失了一切生产资源和生活资料C、劳动力成为商品D、劳动生产率的变化答案：C2、在远古时期，在（）著作中，热情讴歌了人类的劳动，认为只有劳动才能得到财富、荣誉、家庭和朋友。
A、赫西奥德的《劳动与时日》B、色诺芬的《经济论》C、色诺芬的《雅典的收入》D、柏拉图的《理想国》答案：A3、产业革命后，提出“劳动则为财富之父和能动的要素”观点的经济学家是（）。
A、配第B、斯密C、李嘉图D、萨伊答案：A4、（）标志着劳动经济学作为一门学科，进行独立发展阶段。
A、索罗门·布拉姆的《劳动经济学》著作出版B、20世纪30年代的“凯恩斯革命”C、20世纪40年代，芝加哥学派进行的“劳动经济学革命”D、我国朱九通教授所著的《劳动经济学概论》出版答案：A5、劳动经济学是经济学的重要分支，是一门研究（）的学问。
A、劳动生产率B、劳动的人C、劳动资料D、劳动要素答案：B6、劳动力是指（）A、人的劳动能力B、具有劳动能力的人“人”C、简单的生理劳动D、劳动答案：A7、劳动需求曲线向左下方向移动，说明劳动力需求（）A、增加B、减少C、不变D、难以判定答案：B8、在1960年,提出了人力资本投资理论是（）A、贝克尔B、舒尔茨C、马歇尔D、马克思答案：B9、马克思的相对过剩人口理论认为，相对过剩人口的存在形式不包括（）A、流动的过剩人口B、潜在的过剩人口C、停滞的过剩人口D、固定的过剩人口答案：D10、在劳动力市场动态均衡模型中，动态均衡无法达到的条件是（）A、劳动力供给弹性大于劳动力需求弹性B、劳动力供给弹性小于劳动力需求弹性C、劳动力供给弹性等于劳动力需求弹性D、工资率的波动对劳动力供给量的影响越来越小答案：A9、动态均衡分析是指在考察市场均衡时，变量的调整（）A、没有抽象掉时间因素B、抽象掉了时间因素C、不需要花时间完成D、在同一时间内完成答案：A二、多项选择题1、造成工资国民差异的原因（）。
第五章 劳动需求一、选择题1.劳动边际产品告诉我们A)哪个工人生产能力最高B)每个工人的平均产出C)最后一个被雇工人的追加产出D)厂商能从每个雇员那里赚多少钱2.边际报酬递减的产生是因为A) 雇佣的工人越多意味着每个工人拥有的资本越少；B) 当工人和资本存量都增加时，厂商的管理难度增加；C）最优秀的工人总是第一个被雇佣；D）雇佣更多的工人意味着他们将细分工作，所以工作更有效率表格 5-1工人数量罐子总产量/天0 01 62 133 184 215 236 223.参考表格5-1，边际报酬递减始于第个工人A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 64.参考表格5-1，以下哪项是不正确的。
如果每个罐子售价＄20，则A）第二个工人劳动的边际收益产品是＄260；B）第三个工人的边际产品是5个罐子；C）出售第十八个罐子的边际收益是＄20；D）劳动的边际收益产品等于劳动的边际产品乘以每一单位产出的额外收益。
5. 参考表格5-1，如果每天的工资是＄50.00，每个罐子售价为＄20，厂商将雇佣多少制陶工人？A）2B）3C）4D）56.如果厂商雇佣工人使得劳动的边际费用大于劳动的边际收益产品，则A）增加雇用量可以增加利润。
B）减少雇用量可以增加利润。
C）利润可以最大化。
D）总成本一定大于总收益。
7.当决定一个体育明星的薪水时，A) 球队必须考虑体育明星应该挣多少钱。
B) 球队必须考虑体育明星可以使收益增加多少。
C) 球队估计体育明星的边际产品；因为这只是猜测，体育明星通常报酬没有给足。
D) 球队将雇佣体育明星，如果这样做可以增加球队的收益。
8.厂商短期的劳动需求曲线A）是向上倾斜的。
B) 是水平的。
C) 是边际收益图中向下倾斜的部分。
D) 是劳动边际产品图中向下倾斜的部分9.如果对雇主征税A) 工人不需要交税。
B) 工资和雇佣量通常都会减少。
C) 顾客不需要交税。
D) 工资将会下降，但是雇佣量会上升10.一个产品市场上的垄断厂商可能会A) 比完全竞争市场雇佣更多的工人。
