曼昆微观经济学第五版第八章课文英文版精品PPT课件

Without Tax With Tax Change
Consumer Surplus
Producer Surplus Tax Revenue Total Surplus
A+B+C
D+E+F none
A
F B+D A+B+D+F
- (B + C)
- (D + E) + (B + D) - (C + E )
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Price
When supply is relatively elastic, the deadweight loss of a tax is large.
Size of tax
Supply
Demand
0
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The Costs of Taxation
It does not matter whether a tax on a good is levied on buyers or sellers of the good…the price paid by buyers rises, and the price received by sellers falls.
How a Tax Affects Welfare...
Price Price buyers pay = PB Price without = P1 tax

可交易的污染许可证制度限制了供给污染的权 利，与税收也同样的效果
当政策制定者不知道需求曲线的位置时， 这种许可证制度能更好的达到减少污染的 目标
15
对关于污染的经济分析的批评
一些政客以及许多环保主义者宣称:没有人拥 有“购买”污染的权利，也不能对环境标价
然而，人们面临权衡取舍。清新的空气与清 洁的水的价值必须与它们的 Nhomakorabea本进行比较
6
外部性的影响：总结
如果存在负外部性 市场生产的数量大于社会合意的数量 如果存在正外部性 市场生产的数量小于社会合意的数量 为了解决这个问题，可以使“外部性内在化” 对有负外部性的物品征税 对有正外部性的物品补贴
7
两种方法针：对外部性的公共政策
命令与控制政策：直接管制
例如：
限制排放的污染数量 强制企业采取某种技术来减少排放量
当市场参与者必须支付社会成本时， 市场均衡= 社会均衡
(对买者征税也能达到相同的结果；市场均衡 量等于社会最优量）
4
接种预防传正染外病的部疫性苗的不例子
仅保护你自己，而且也保 护在你之后到沙拉吧或者 生产部门的人.
研究与发展创造出了别人 也可以使用的知识
人们上大学提高了教育水 平，并减少了犯罪和改善 了政府
以市场为基础的政策：向私人决策者提供 由他们自己来解决问题的激励。
例如：
矫正性税收与补贴
可交易的污染许可证
8
矫正税：矫旨在正引性导税私人收决与策补者考贴虑负外部性
引起的社会成本的税收 这种税也被称为庇古税，它是以最早主张采
用这种税收的经济学家阿瑟·庇古（Arthur Pigou，1877-1959）的名字命名的 理想的矫正税= 外部成本 对于有正外部性的活动，理想的矫正补贴= 外部利益

Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Natural Monopolies • An industry is a natural monopoly when a
single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.
right to produce some good. • Costs of production make a single producer more
efficient than a large number of producers.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Government-Created Monopolies • Patent and copyright laws are two important
examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
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Government-Created Monopolies • Governments may restrict entry by giving a
single firm the exclusive right to sell a particular good in certain markets.
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PowerPoint® Lecture Presentation
to accompany
Principles of Economics, Third Edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Prepared by Mark P. Karscig, Central Missouri State University.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
• How people interact with each other.
• Trade can make everyone better off. • Markets are usually a good way to organize
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• Guns v. butter • Food v. clothing • Leisure time v. work • Efficiency v. equity
produced? • What resources should be used in production? • At what price should the goods be sold?
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS