曼昆微观经济学第四版关键概念中英文对照

微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文意思Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】P：价格Price Q：数量Number D：需求Demand S供给Supply E：均衡（或期望）Equilibrium 效用Utility TU：Total utility总效用 MU：Marginal utility边际效用 CS: Consumer surplus消费者剩余MRS：商品的边际替代率Marginal rate of substitutionL：劳动力Labor TP:总产量 AP：平均产量 MP:边际产量 MRTS:边际技术替代率 STC：短期总成本土地( Land）成本（Capital）边际效用（ Marginal utility）利润（Profit）长期（Long run）TFC：总不变成本Total fixed costTVC：总可变成本Total variable costTC：总成本Total costAFC：平均不变成本Average fixed costAVC：平均可变成本Average variable cost）AC：平均总成本Average total cost 平均成本（Average cost）MC：边际成本Marginal costLTC：长期总成本Long run total costLAC：长期平均成本Long run average costSAC：短期平均成本Short run average costLMC：长期边际成本Long run marginal costSMC：短期边际成本Short run marginal costTR：总收益Total revenueAR：平均收益Average revenueMR：边际收益Marginal revenueMP：边际产品（Marginal product）VMP：边际产品价值Value of the marginal product MRP：边际收益产品Marginal revenue product MFC：边际要素成本Marginal cost of factor PEP：价格扩展线Price line extension。

Chap1Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffsscarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources.economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources.efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.equity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get Itopportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item.marginal changes: small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Principle #4: People Respond to IncentivesPrinciple #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better OffPrinciple #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activitymarket economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Principle #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomesmarket failure: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.externality: the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.market power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.Principle #8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Servicesproductivity: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time.Principle #9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Moneyinflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.Principle #10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and UnemploymentChap3absolute advantage: the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity.opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item.comparative advantage: the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost.imports: goods produced abroad and sold domestically.exports: goods produced domestically and sold abroadChap4market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.law of demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.demand curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.inferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.substitutes: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.complements: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good andthequantity supplied.supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.equilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded.equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.law of supply and demand: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.5elasticity: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.total revenue: the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computedas theprice of the good times the quantity sold.income elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.price elasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.6price ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.price floor: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.tax incidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.7welfare economics: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.willingness to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.consumer surplus: a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays.cost: the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.efficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society.equity: the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society.8deadweight loss: the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax.9world price: the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good. tariff: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically.import quota: a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically.10externality: the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of abystander.internalizing an externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions.coase theorem: the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.transaction costs: the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.Pigouvian tax: a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality.11excludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it.rivalry: the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use.private goods: goods that are both excludable and rival.public goods: goods that are neither excludable nor rival.common resources: goods that are rival but not excludable.free rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.cost-benefit analysis: a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good.tragedy of the commons: a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.13total revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.profit: total revenue minus total cost.explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm.implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.economic profit: total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs.accounting profit: total revenue minus total explicit cost.production function: the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good.marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input.diminishing marginal product: the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced.variable costs: costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced.Definition of marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production.efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost.economies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases.diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases.constant returns to scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes.14competitive market: a market with many buyers and sellers tradingidentical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker.sunk cost: a cost that has been committed and cannot be recovered.15monopoly: a firm that is the sole sellerof a product without close substitutes.natural monopoly: a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.price discrimination: the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers.16oligopoly: a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products.monopolistic competition: a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.collusion: an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge.cartel: a group of firms acting in unison.Nash equilibrium: a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen.game theory: the study of how people behave in strategic situations.prisonersdilemma: a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial.17monopolistic competition: a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.human capital: the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-job training.discrimination: the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics.in-kind transfers: transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash.life cycle: the regular pattern of income variation over a person's life.welfare: government programs that supplement the incomes of the needy.。

曼昆微观经济学术语表在学习微观经济学的过程中，我们会遇到许多专业术语。

这些术语对于我们理解经济学的基本原理和分析方法非常重要。

本文档将为您提供一份曼昆微观经济学术语表，帮助您更好地掌握和理解这些关键概念。

1.需求（Demand）需求是指消费者愿意购买某种商品或服务的数量。

它受到价格、收入、个人偏好等因素的影响。

需求曲线表示不同价格下消费者愿意购买的数量。

需求量是某一价格下消费者愿意购买的实际数量。

2.供给（Supply）供给是指卖家愿意出售某种商品或服务的数量。

它受到价格、生产成本、技术进步等因素的影响。

供给曲线表示不同价格下卖家愿意出售的数量。

供给量是某一价格下卖家愿意出售的实际数量。

3.需求与供给的均衡（Equilibrium of Demand and Supply）需求与供给的均衡发生在需求量等于供给量的价格上。

在均衡状态下，市场上没有供不应求或需求过剩的情况。

价格的调节作用使得需求量和供给量达到一致。

4.机会成本（Opportunity Cost）机会成本是指进行某种选择时所放弃的最高价值的替代选择。

它反映了资源的稀缺性和选择的不可避免性。

通过比较不同选择的机会成本，我们可以做出更明智的决策。

5.边际效用（Marginal Utility）边际效用是指增加一单位商品或服务所带来的额外满足程度。

边际效用逐渐减少的原因是人们的需求有限，对于同一种商品或服务，我们在满足基本需求之后，对额外的单位满足程度要求越来越高。

6.边际成本（Marginal Cost）边际成本是指生产或消费增加一单位商品或服务所需要的额外成本。

边际成本可以帮助企业确定是否要增加产量，以及消费者是否要增加消费。

在决策过程中，边际成本与边际效用的比较非常重要。

7.弹性（Elasticity）弹性是指需求或供给对价格变化的敏感程度。

需求弹性可以分为价格弹性、收入弹性和交叉价格弹性。

供给弹性可以分为价格弹性和交叉价格弹性。

弹性的概念帮助我们理解市场的稳定性和消费者、生产者对价格变化的反应。

曼昆的《微观经济学基础》课业笔记英文版IntroductionThis document presents my notes on "Microeconomics: Principles and Applications" by N. Gregory Mankiw. These notes summarize key concepts and ideas covered in the book, aiming to provide a helpful overview of microeconomics.Chapter 1: Ten Principles of Economics- People face trade-offs: individuals and societies must make choices due to scarcity.- The cost of something is what you give up to get it: when making decisions, considering both the direct and opportunity costs is crucial.- Rational people think at the margin: making decisions by evaluating incremental benefits and costs.- People respond to incentives: incentives can influence individuals' behavior and decision-making.- Trade can make everyone better off: voluntary exchange benefits all parties involved.- Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity: markets coordinate exchanges efficiently.- A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services: productivity is key.- Prices rise when the government prints too much money: inflation can be caused by excessive money supply growth.- Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment: the Phillips curve illustrates this trade-off.Chapter 2: Thinking Like an Economist- Economists use models to simplify reality and understand economic behavior.- Assumptions in economic models help focus on essential elements.- Opportunity cost is the true cost of something and is measured by what we give up to obtain it.Chapter 3: Interdependence and the Gains from Trade- Specialization and international trade result in greater production efficiency and consumption possibilities.- Both parties benefit from trade even if one has an absolute advantage in both goods.- Prices reflect the opportunity cost and guide resources to their most valued uses.Chapter 4: The Market Forces of Supply and Demand- Markets consist of buyers and sellers, and their interactions determine prices and quantities.- Demand curve shows the relationship between price and quantity demanded, while supply curve reflects the relationship between price and quantity supplied.- Market equilibrium occurs when quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.- Changes in demand or supply shift their respective curves, leading to changes in equilibrium price and quantity.ConclusionThese notes provide a brief summary of the key concepts covered in "Microeconomics: Principles and Applications." Studying this bookallows for a deeper understanding of microeconomic principles and their applications in the real world.。

曼昆微观经济学术语表经济学原理（微观经济学）Principles of Economics (Microeconomics) 支付能力原则 (ability-to-pay principle) 认为应该根据一个人可以承受的负担来对这个人征税的思想。

绝对优势 (absolute advantage) 用比另一个生产者更少的投入生产某种物品的能力。

会计利润 (accounting profit) 总收益减总显性成本。

逆向选择(adverse selection) 从无信息买者的角度看，无法观察到的特征混合变为不合意的倾向。

代理人(agent) 一个为另一个人（称为委托人）完成某种行为的人。

阿罗不可能性定理 (Arrow’s impossibility theorem)一个数学结论，它表明在某些假设条件之下，没有一种方案能把个人偏好加总为一组正确的社会偏好。

平均固定成本(average fixed cost) 固定成本除以产量。

平均收益 (average revenue) 总收益除以销售量。

平均税率 (average tax rate) 支付的总税收除以总收入。

平均总成本 (average total cost) 总成本除以产量。

平均可变成本 (average variable cost) 可变成本除以产量。

受益原则 (benefits principle) 认为人们应该根据他们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税的思想。

预算约束线 (budget constraint) 对消费者可以支付得起的消费组合的限制。

预算赤字( budget deficit) 政府支出大于政府收入。

预算盈余 (budget surplus) 政府收入大于政府支出。

经济周期 (business cycle) 就业和生产等经济活动的波动。

资本 (capital) 用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物。

卡特尔 (cartel) 联合起来行事的企业集团。

微观经济学词汇AAbsolute Advantage，绝对优势如果某个国家在生产某种商品时，其消耗的资源比其他国家所需的少，那么这个国家就在生产这种产品上具有绝对优势。

Accelerator Effect，加速效应由产出的增加（减少）引起的投资的增加（减少）反过来刺激了产出的增加（减少）。

Actual Investment，实际投资实际发生的投资额。

其中包括诸如计划外的库存变化。

Adjustment Costs，调整费用企业在改变其产量水平时所发生的费用——比如因解雇员工或者对新雇员进行培训时所发生的管理费用。

Adverse Selection，逆向选择当一个购买者或者销售者参与到一项交易中，交易的另一方拥有更多的信息时，就会发生逆向选择。

Aggregate Behavior，总效应所有的家庭与厂商的行为的加总。

Aggregate Demand，总需求整个经济中对于产品和服务的总需求。

Aggregate Demand（AD） Curve，总需求（AD）曲线反应总产出（收入）与价格水平之间的负向关系的曲线。

AD曲线上的每一点都是商品市场与货币市场的均衡点。

Aggregate Income，总收入在某一给定时期内，参与生产的所有要素获得的总报酬。

Aggregate Output，总产出在某一给定时期内，整个经济中生产（供给）的产品与服务的总量。

Aggregate Production Function，总生产函数投入与国民产出（或者国内生产总值）之间的数学表达。

Aggregate Supply，总供给整个经济中的产品与服务的供给总量。

Aggregate Supply（AS） Curve，总供给（AS）曲线表现经济中的所有企业在全部价格水平下的总的产出的供给量的图。

Animal Spirits of Entrepreneurs，企业家的动物精神凯恩斯创造的用于描述投资者的感受的词。

Antitrust Division（of the Department of Justice），反托拉斯部门（司法部的）被授权对违反反托拉斯法的行为采取制裁的两个联邦机构之一。

CHAPTER 13The Costs of Productiontotal revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output总收益：企业出售其产品所得到的货币量total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production总成本：企业用于生产的投入品的市场价值profit: total revenue minus total cost利润：总收益减去总成本explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm显性成本：需要企业支出货币的投入成本implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm隐性成本：不需要企业支出货币的投入成本economic profit: total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs经济利润：总收益减总成本，包括显性成本与隐性成本accounting profit: total revenue minus total explicit cost会计利润：总收益减总显性成本production function: the relationship between the quantity ofinputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good生产函数：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input边际产量：增加一单位投入所引起的产量增加diminishing marginal: product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases边际产量递减：一种投入的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的特征fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced固定成本：不随着产量变动而变动的成本variable costs: costs that vary with the quantity of output produced可变成本：随着产量变动而变动的成本average total cost: total cost divided by the quantity of output 平均总成本：总成本除以产量average fixed cost: fixed cost divided by the quantity of output 平均固定成本：固定成本除以产量average variable cost: variable cost divided by the quantity of output平均可变成本：可变成本除以产量marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production边际成本：额外一单位产量所引起的总成本的增加efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost有效规模：使平均总成本最小的产量economies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases规模经济：长期平均总成本随产量增加而减少的特性diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases规模不经济：长期平均总成本随产量增加而增加的特性constant returns to scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes规模收益不变：长期平均总成本在产量变动时保持不变的特性。

宏观经济学第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.微观经济学:研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。

Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment，and economic growth宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长.GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值Consumption is spending by households on goods and services， with the exception of purchased of new housing.消费：除了购买新住房,家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。

Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories， and structures, including household purchases of new housing。

投资:用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出.Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government.政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出.Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners (exports） minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents （imports)净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出(出口)减国内居民对外国物品的支出(进口）。

1. 经济人economic man 理性人Rational man从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。

两个假设条件是微观经济学中的基本假设条件：第一，合乎理性的人的假设条件（经济人）。

以利己为动机，力图以最小的经济代价去追逐和获取自身的最大的经济利益。

第二，完全信息。

市场上每一个从事经济活动的个体（即买者和卖者）都对有关的经济情况具有完全的信息。

西方经济学者承认，上述两个假设条件未必完全合乎事实，它们是为了理论分析的方便而设立的。

2. 需求demand消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。

3. 需求函数demand function表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间的相互关系的函数。

4. 供给supply生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。

5. 供给函数supply function供给函数表示一种商品的供给量和该商品的价格之间存在着一一对应的关系。

6. 均衡价格Equilibrium price一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。

7. 需求量的变动和需求的变动Changes in Quantity Demanded (movements along the demand curve) and Changes (Shifts) in Demand需求量的变动是指在其它条件不变时由某种商品的价格变动所应起的该商品需求数量的变动。

需求的变动是指在某商品价格不变的条件下，由于其它因素变动所引起的该商品需求数量的变动。

8. 供给量的变动和供给的变动Changes in Quantity supplied (movements along the supply curve) and Changes (Shifts) in supply供给量的变动是指在其它条件不变时由某种商品的价格变动所应起的该商品供给数量的变动。