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西方文化导论_课后习题答案(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems ofthe Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides andAristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world. Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modernera in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuoushistory of split and unification?The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value. Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could playsuch a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs ofcapitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of theRenaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
Western Culture: An Introduction（西方文化导论）Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece （古希腊文化）1.Cradle of western civilization （西方文明的摇篮）---Ancient Greek“We are all Greeks.”------Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪莱)When Shelley said “We are all Greeks”, he is expressing his buy-in（认同）to the then current belief that European culture could trace its roots back （追根溯源于）to the Greek ideals and customs. This would include everything: architecture, education, medicine, our basic myths and memes, government, etc.2.Phases of development )（发展阶段）Delphi 特尔斐(希腊古都)Three Ages:ca.3000-1200 BC, the Heroic Age（英雄时代）(ca. 1200-750 BC), the Greek City-State （希腊城邦）and the Persian Wars（波斯战争）(ca. 750-480 BC), the Golden Age （黄金时代）(Ca. 480-430 BC).Bronze Age Civilizations of the Aegean (ca. 3000-1200 BC):1.1Minoan[miˈnəuən] civilization 克里特文明flourished between 2000-1400 BC, when itseems to be absorbed or destroyed by the Mycenaeans.The most famous of the leg ends of Minoan culture is Minotaur [ˈmaɪnətɔ:(r)] 人身牛头怪/弥诺陶洛斯, a being “part man and part bull”.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?In Florence 佛罗伦萨（意大利都市名）and Venice()意大利港市.1.2Mycenae[maiˈsi:ni:]迈锡尼/Mycenaean [maisiˈni:ən] culture (ca. 1600-1200).By 1600 BC, the Mycenaeans had established themselves in the Aegean（爱琴海）.Around 1200 BC, the Mycenaeans attacked Troy, a commercial stronghold on the northwest coast of Asia Minor小亚细亚半岛. The ten-year-long war between Mycenae and Troy would provide the historical context for the Iliad [ˈɪliəd] （伊利亚特）and the Odyssey [ˈɒdəsi]（奥赛德）. ------ Homer（荷马）, the blind Greek poetTrojan war (特洛伊战争)------ Penelope’s web 珀涅罗珀的织物；故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作1.2.1The Heroic Age (ca. 1200-750 BC): after 1200 BC, more powerful, iron-bearing tribes of Dorians (多利亚人约于前1200-1000年间从巴尔干半岛北部迁入希腊，后来建立了斯巴达（Sparta）、科林斯（Corinth）、阿尔戈斯（Argos）等城邦，更多时候是作为入侵者和征服者被看待，荷马认为其野蛮黑暗), a Greek-speaking people from the north, destroyed Mycenaean civilization.Peloponnesian Wars 伯罗奔尼撒战争(431-404 BC)between Athens(雅典) and Sparta(斯巴达)；Years of internal wars weakened the once powerful Greek city-states of Sparta, Athens, Thebes（底比斯）, and Corinth（科林斯）. Philip II of Macedonia （马其顿）(northern Greece) rose to power and, in 338 BC, he rode south and conquered the cities of Thebes and Athens, uniting most of Greece under his rule. Upon Philip II ‘s death, his son, Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝）, took control and proceeded to conquer all of the lands between Greece and India including Egypt.After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Macedonia was defeated by Roma（罗马）at the Battleof Cynoscephalae（基诺斯山战役）in 197 BC and then again at the Battle of Pydna（皮德纳战役）in 168 BC. The Greeks were finally defeated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC. Rome completely destroyed and plundered（掠夺）the city of Corinth as an example to other Greek cities.1.2.2The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars (ca. 750-480 BC)In 490 BC, Battle of Marathon 马拉松战役In 480 BC, Battle of the Hot Gates and Battle of Salamis 萨拉米斯海战Persian Wars(希波战争): Herodotus 希罗多德(ca. 485-425 BC), the father of history 历史之父。
西方文化导论一、概述西方文化是指欧洲及其后裔国家的文化，是世界上最为重要和广泛影响的文化之一。
本文将介绍西方文化的起源、特点、发展以及对全球文化的影响。
二、起源与发展1. 古希腊文化的影响古希腊文化是西方文化的重要起源之一。
古希腊在哲学、政治、艺术、体育等方面取得了重大成就，对后世产生了深远影响。
2. 罗马帝国的传承罗马帝国继承并发展了古希腊文化，形成了独特的罗马文化。
罗马法律、建筑、工程、道德观念等对西方文化产生了重要影响。
3. 基督教的兴起基督教的兴起标志着西方文化的新阶段。
基督教的价值观念、道德准则对西方社会产生了深远影响，并成为西方文化的重要组成部分。
4. 文艺复兴与启蒙运动文艺复兴和启蒙运动是西方文化发展的重要阶段。
文艺复兴时期，人们对古希腊和罗马文化进行了重新学习和研究，推动了艺术、文学、科学等领域的进步。
启蒙运动则强调理性、自由和人权，对政治和社会产生了重要影响。
三、西方文化的特点1. 个人主义西方文化强调个体的独立性和自由意志，鼓励个人追求幸福和成功。
2. 科学与技术的重视西方文化崇尚科学与技术的发展，注重实证主义和理性思维，推动了现代科学的进步。
3. 民主与法治西方文化倡导民主政治和法治社会，注重个人权利和平等，推动了现代民主制度的发展。
4. 艺术与文学的创新西方文化在艺术与文学领域具有创新精神，不断探索新的表达形式和艺术风格。
四、西方文化对全球的影响1. 语言和文学英语作为西方文化的代表语言，成为国际交流和商务的重要工具。
西方文学作品如莎士比亚的戏剧、浪漫主义文学等对全球文学产生了深远影响。
2. 科学与技术西方文化的科学与技术成果对全球产生了广泛影响，如工业革命、电子技术、计算机科学等。
3. 政治与法律西方文化的民主制度和法治观念对全球政治和法律体系的发展产生了重要影响。
4. 艺术与娱乐西方音乐、电影、时尚等艺术与娱乐形式在全球范围内受到广泛欢迎，成为全球流行文化的一部分。
五、结论西方文化作为世界上最重要和广泛影响的文化之一，其起源、发展、特点以及对全球的影响都具有重要意义。
《西方文化导论》综合复习第一章西方文化的起源一、填空1 、希腊历史的第一页是 ___非洲_____ 文明的历史。
爱琴海文明指的是爱琴海地区的青铜文化，先后形成了两大中心： ________ 和 ________ ，因此又通称克里特岛—迈锡尼文化。
2 、公元前 ________ 年期间，是克里特文化最为繁盛的时代。
克里特文化的中心是 ________ ，传说中的 ________ 国王建立了海上霸权，控制了整个爱琴海地区。
克里特的文字经历了象形文字和线形文字两大发展阶段，在它的繁盛期，线形文字全岛通用，这种文字又称 ________ ，以区别迈锡尼的 ________ 。
3 、迈锡尼文化以 ________ 而得名，但它实际上是希腊本土文化青铜文化的通称，是 ________ 的继续，只不过又加上了希腊民族文化的一些要素。
4 、荷马时代的艺术主要表现为 ________ ，陶器表面多用 ________ 来装饰，所以荷马时代的考古文化通称为 ________ 风格文化。
5 、爱琴海文明经历了一个盛极而衰的过程。
随着希腊文化中心的北移，希腊文化也越来越摆脱了 ________ 和 ________ 文明的巨大影响，形成了具有特色的希腊民族文化。
奠定了日后 ________ 的根基。
二、名词解释1 、迈锡尼文化2 、荷马史诗三、问答题：1 、荷马史诗的成就是什么？第二章希腊古典时代的文化一、填空1 、在古希腊史上，通常把公元前 8 世纪—前 6 世纪称为 ________ ，这是古希腊文化发展和形成的重要时期；公元前 6 世纪以后直至马其顿征服希腊，称为 ________ ，是上古希腊文化发展的鼎盛时期；古典时代以后到奥古斯都打败安东尼这一时期，为 ________ ，是上古希腊文化广泛传播于 _______ 、________ 、 ________ 三大洲许多地区的时代，同时也是希腊文化没落的时代。
西方文化UNIT12. The effects of its imperial past1) The days of empire ended after World War II. But there are close relationships which exist with the 50 or more colonies of that empire, and which maintain links through Commonwealth of Nations (二战后，帝国主义时代过去了。
但是大英帝国的50多个殖民地之间仍然有着紧密的联系，这种联系主要通过英联邦这个组织来维系).2) It has great effects on the makeup of the British population:对英国的人口构成有着很大的影响Because of the immigration from India, Pakistan, or Caribbean countries in the 1950s and1960s, 1 in 20 are non-European ethnicity (由于在20世纪50、60年代，来自印度、巴基斯坦或位于西印度群岛与中南美洲海域的加勒比国家大量涌入英国，现在1/20的英国人是非欧洲血统的人).3. Racial, gender, class, regional and economic differences in the society1) a multi-racial society: most are Christians and because ofimmigration, many are Muslims;2) gender difference: male and female live different lives3) class difference: the class structure of UK society isRelatively obvious (A white-collar worker’s lives are verydiffere nt from a blue collar worker’s.)●Economic and regional difference within each of the 4countries:1) difference between highland and lowland Scots2) difference between north and south England (South is onaverage more wealthy than the north4. A significant role of London1) capital city2) in the south; largest city in the country; 1/7 of the nation’s population3) culture center4) business center5) financial center, one of the 3 major international financial centers in the world (another two are New York and Hong Kong )6) long-standing historical role in the UKEngland1.A cultural and economic dominance of England1）London dominant in the UK in government, financeand culture2) England’s dominance in size --- largest of the 4nations with largest population is reflected in aculturaland economic dominanceResult: people in foreign countries and English peoplesometimes mistake England for U.K in their talks.2. The conquest of Britain (Before AD. 1st C., made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people)British history has been a history of invasions:1).Before the 1st century AD British was made up ofmany tribal kingdoms of Celtic people;2). In 43 AD British was invaded by the Roman Empire,and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400years;3). Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples ---the Angles, and the Saxon;4). From the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia,the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; KingAlfred the great turned in the tide in the south against the Vikings;5). The next invaders were the French-speaking Normans,from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings;William the Conquerorin 1066 crossed the English Channel,and became William the First of England; the Tower ofLondon;3. Legends1). King Arthur and his Round Table, giving knights equalprecedence (优越) and showing knights’ demand for amore democratic system (During Anglo-Saxon’s invasion)2). Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normansand robbed from the rich to give to the poor (During the period of Norman rule)--- a clue to the English Character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity(体现英国人个性的迹象: 表面上似乎一致, 但实际上保持着一种强烈的独特的生活方式)4. Parliament’s dominance over the throne1）The next few hundred years following the Normaninvasion: join together the various parts of the BritishIsle under English Rule, unite the kingdom internally andexternally2) Power gradually transferred from the monarch to theparliament① Charles the First’s attempt to overrule parliamentin the 1640s led to a civil war in which parliamentaryforces were victorious, and the king was executed in1649.② England was ruled by parliament’s leader, Oliver Cromwell for11 years. In 1660, the son of Charles I restored the monarchy andwas called Charles II (ruled 1660-1685, that is “Restoration” )??③ Further conflicts between parliament and the king led toremoval of the Scottish house of Stuart and the finalestablishment of parliament’s dominance over the throne in 1689.James II (1685-1689) was the younger brother of Charles II.After James II was overthrown, his daughter and daughter’s husband Mary and William were imported from Holland to take thethrone. (1688, the “Bloodless Revolution” or “Glorious Revolution.”),thus finally establishing parliament’s dominance over the throne.ScotlandBasic facts about Scotland1. Scotland is the most confident of its own identity becauseithas previously spent a substantial period of history as a unifiedstate independent of the UK.2. The largest city is Glasgow, and its capital is Edinburgh.Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universitiesdating from the 15th century.3. Hadrian’s Wall（哈德良长城）: a stone wallwhich the Roman emperor Hadrian ordered tobe built across the north of England in 122 ADfrom the east coast to the west, in order todefend Roman Britain from attack by northerntribes such as Picts, the original Scottish Celts.1. Physical features of Scotland1) the 2nd largest of the 4 nations2) most rugged (崎岖不平) part of UK, the most confidentof its own identity;3) in the north --- the Highlands --- mountains and lakesin the south --- the Southern Uplands?in the middle --- the lowland zone with 3/4 of the population4) Capital: Edinburgh --- east coast, famous for its beauty,dominatedby its great castle on a high rock largest city:Glasgow --- in the west of Lowland zone2. Cultural division between highland and lowland1) Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor bythe Anglo-Saxons2) Around the AD 6th C, people from Northern Irelandinvaded the South-west --- the lowland zone. ?3) They were called Scots and gave the modern country ofScotland its name4) The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts (皮克特人) were left with the non-productive highland zone,where in addition to English, some people speak the oldCeltic language — Gaelic (盖尔语).The division between highland and lowland Scotlandremains a cultural divide today, in much the same way asnorth and south England see themselves as differentfrom each other.3. the Battle of Bannockburn (班诺克本战役)Time: 24th June, 1314Who: Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce and English armyResult: Scots were victorious, leading to 300 years of full independence4. Union with England in 17071). In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. James the 6th ofScotland took the throne, called James the First of England; unitingthe two thrones2). Scotland maintained its separate political identity.3). In 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the Englishand Scottish Parliaments4). Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament. In1922, only 3 were from the Scottish Nationalist Party, wanting anindependent Scotland; 49 was from the Labor Party, wanting to setup a regional parliament for Scotland to manage its own internalaffairs within the UK.?5. Strong Scottish identityScotland has a great tradition of innovation inthe arts, philosophy and science.Robert Louis Stevenson’s famous novel DrJekyll and Mr Hyde 《吉基尔医生与海德先生》shows that: Scotland was superficially fullyintegrated into the UK, but concealed beneaththis is a still-strong Scottish identity.Wales1. A brief introduction of Wales1) capital: Cardiff, on the south coast2) rich coal deposits attract foreign investment from Japanand U.S, etc.--- new industries to replace coal and steel3) smallest on the British mainland; close to central England;hilly and rugged4) retains a powerful sense of difference from England5) retains its own language; 19% population speaking2. Campaigns for independence of UK --- resist the English1）1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (卢埃林·阿普·格鲁菲德), forced the English to acknowledge him as Prince of Wales by a militarycampaign, and unified Wales as an independent nation.2) 1282, he was killed. The English King Edward I named his sonthe Prince of Wales, trying to bring Wales into the Britishnation.3) 1400, Owain Glyndwr (欧文·格林道瓦尔) led an unsuccessfulrising against the English.4) 1536, Wales was brought legally into the UK by an act of theBritish Parliament.5) Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament.4are from the Nationalist Party.。
