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古希腊政治、文化、哲学概况已完成成绩：100.0分1【单选题】我们今天所说的“邪门外道”,这个“外道”是从( )引用过来的。
A、中国B、印度C、希腊D、巴比伦我的答案：B 得分：25.0分2【单选题】迄今,( )成为了世界各个文明当中占着一种强者姿态的文明。
A、中国文明B、印度文明C、希腊文明D、巴比伦文明我的答案：C 得分：25.0分3【单选题】哲学是西方文明,尤其是从( )开始的独特的精神产品,是别的民族所不具备的。
A、中国文明B、印度文明C、希腊文明D、巴比伦文明我的答案：C 得分：25.0分4【多选题】公元前5世纪左右,对后世有非常大影响的几个重要的文明有( )。
A、中国的文明B、印度的文明C、希腊的文明D、巴比伦的文明我的答案：ABCD苏格拉底与哲学已完成成绩：100.0分1【单选题】下列哲学家中与“助产术”相关的是( )。
A、亚里士多德B、黑格尔C、苏格拉底D、柏拉图我的答案：C 得分：16.6分2【单选题】《苏格拉底的申辩》的作者是( )。
A、亚里士多德B、黑格尔C、苏格拉底D、柏拉图我的答案：D 得分：16.6分3【单选题】“吾爱吾师,吾尤爱真理”这句名言出自( )。
A、亚里士多德B、黑格尔C、苏格拉底D、柏拉图我的答案：A 得分：16.6分4【判断题】古希腊哲学在一般的教科书里面经常会被区分为前苏格拉底哲学和后苏格拉底哲学。
我的答案：×得分：16.6分5【判断题】《论语》是孔子的著作。
我的答案：×得分：17.0分6【判断题】《雅典学园》是文艺复兴时期的拉斐尔所画。
我的答案：√哲学立场和政治共同体已完成成绩：100.0分1【单选题】勾股定理在西方被称作是( )定理。
A、高斯B、毕达哥拉斯C、泰勒斯D、欧拉我的答案：B 得分：16.6分2【单选题】“至大无外,至小无内”出自( )。
A、《雅典学园》B、《苏格拉底的申辩》C、《庄子》D、《论语》我的答案：C 得分：16.6分3【单选题】柏拉图认为( )是绝对可靠的东西。
尔雅《西方文化概论》部分课后题答案本页仅作为文档封面，使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.March1.根据考古发掘，西方文明起始于（……）左右以前。
4000年2.克里特文明从公元前（）以后就开始突然衰落了。
15世纪3西方文明最早的源头是克里克岛5以下几个希腊文明的阶段，由早到晚顺序正确的是（）。
克，迈，黑，希9最早编撰古希腊神话的神谱的游吟诗人是（）。
赫西俄德10希腊最主要的文明集中在（）的两个半岛。
南方14希腊神话的特点是认为（）有血缘关系。
英雄和神17公元前9世纪，（）字母传入希腊文明。
腓尼基18希腊城邦文明最鼎盛时期持续的时间是（）。
7,8前半叶19被誉为希腊哲学之父的是（）。
泰勒斯21下列关于斯巴达和雅典的说法中，正确的是（）。
它们都是希腊城邦文化的代表，斯巴达尚武，雅典崇文，斯巴达是寡头政治，雅典是民主制度。
全对22伯里克利当时著名的“丧葬演讲”是为悼念。
伯罗奔尼撒战争23斯巴达最初的法律包括哪三个方面（）不是政治，军事，经济25下列关于酒神精神和日神精神的说法中，不正确的是（）。
日神是狄奥尼索斯，酒神是阿波罗26古希腊戏剧的诞生与（）有关。
酒神29希腊城邦时代，古希腊人受教育的方式主要是（）。
观看戏剧30古希腊戏剧的主要内容是（）。
古代的神话传说33下列戏剧作品是由索福克勒斯创作的是（）。
《俄狄浦斯王》34古希腊戏剧“普罗米修斯三部曲”是（）。
《盗火的普罗米修斯》《被缚的普罗米修斯》《解放的普罗米修斯.36亚里士多德认为古希腊的悲剧能调动我们的（）情感。
怜悯和敬畏37被誉为古希腊喜剧之父的是（）。
阿里斯多芬39在古希腊，米利都学派的创始人，被誉为自然哲学之父的是（）苏格拉底40泰勒斯的哲学观点认为（）。
万物都是从水中产生，万物又复归于水42西方哲个大数学家也是一个神秘主义倾向的是（）。
毕达哥拉斯43恩培多克勒提出的“四根说”认为，任何事物都是（）按照不同比例排列组合而成的。
Chapter One Greek CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. 1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的）element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与基督教的）element.2. 2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3. 3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon.4. 4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5. 5.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.6. 6.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.7.7.The Homer's epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey .8.8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island of Ithaca.10.10.The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.（公民大会）11.11.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar.12.12.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.13.13.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes.14.14.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.15.15.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.16.16.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King（《俄狄浦斯王》）, Electra（《伊莱克特拉》(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone.Oedipus complex（恋母情结）and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles’ plays.17.17.Euripides (欧里庇得斯) wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.19.19.Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays".20.20.Herodotus（希罗多德）is often called “Father of History”. He wro te about the wars between Greeks and Persians.21.21.Thucydides（修西得底斯）described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.22.22.Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯）was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.23.23.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.24.24.Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen.25.25.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.26.26.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are the Cynics（犬儒学派）, the Sceptics（怀疑论学派）, the Epicureans （伊壁鸠鲁学派）, and the Stoics（斯多葛学派）.27.27.Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his Elements《几何原本》, a textbook of geometry.28.28.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king, “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”29.29.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric （多利安式）style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic（爱奥尼亚式）style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian（科林斯式）style.30.30.The Acropolis at Athens（雅典卫城）and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years.II. Multiple choices:1. 1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2. 2.In _______ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B.C.D. The 5th century3. 3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4. 4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5. 5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus the King6. 6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A. AntigoneB. PersiansC. ElectraD. Medea7.7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A. AristophanesB. EuripidesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus8.8.Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river.”?A. PythagorasB. HeracleitusC. AristotleD. Plato9.9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras10.10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?A. ProtagorasB. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. EpicurusChapter Two Roman CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. 1.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2. 2.The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.（大意是：征服者反而被被征服者所征服。
西方文明史导论题库（试题62道含答案）1.现代西方学者的哪些研究旨在纠正将文化视为断裂发展的观点，强调延续性？A.《近代国家的中世纪起源》B.《12世纪文艺复兴》正确答案：AB2.西罗马帝国灭亡后出现的大整合对哪些要素进行了整合？A.古希腊人的放大了的个人B.古罗马的放大了的国家C.日耳曼人的家和家族要素D.作为欧洲精神统治者的基督教教会正确答案：ABCD3.1500-1800年间的欧洲历史，通常被界定为？A.中世纪B.前工业化时期C.近代早期D.现代正确答案：C4.西方文明的发展过程中出现过哪几次比较大的整合？A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案：ABC5.西方文明中的哪一次大整合成为推动欧洲从中世纪向近代过渡的由衰及兴的转折？A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案：B6.下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征？A.国家臣民关系B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.政教分离正确答案：C7.作为知识分子的人文主义者在欧洲的危机和转型中呈现出哪些特点？A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案：ABCD8.欧洲在中世纪晚期出现的结构性危机的具体表现包括哪些？A.危机的非复原性B.危机的普遍性C.危机导致旧结构主体与部件的分离D.危机造成对中古文明基本原则的背离正确答案：ABCD9.哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用，这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的，从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：B10.下列哪位学者的主要观点不属于促进社会和谐的文化理论？A.亨廷顿B.卡赞斯坦C.斯克瑞布尼D.鲍斯曼正确答案：A11.哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》，在自由与秩序组成的共生共存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化，纠正将差异变为对立的做法？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：A12.下列哪些是软实力的特征？A.隐形的规则B.无意识的约定俗成C.高情感D.强迫性的驯服力正确答案：ABC13.创新型人才需要具备哪些素质？A.能服从领导，但不盲目跟从B.能团结群众，但不随波逐流C.能充分展现个人魅力，但绝不损害别人形象D.能谦虚好学，但不照搬照抄正确答案：ABCD14.文明是从哪些要素的出现开始的？A.农村B.城市C.国家正确答案：ACD15.文明的发展对社会有哪些启示？A.文明从造墙开始，到拆墙结束B.从硬实力到软实力C.从世俗价值到心灵价值正确答案：ABC16.第一个提出软实力概念的人实际上是哪位？A.老子B.约瑟夫·奈正确答案：A17.哪位学者提出社区宗教改革和普通人的革命的概念，强调了普通人通过社区组织来自下而上地推动近代政治的发展？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：B18.哪位学者否定了把工业革命之前的文化分裂为精英文化、大众文化之间的对立的做法，认为这两种文化之间存在着互补性，甚至可以被视为同一种文化延伸出来的两种表述方式？A.鲍斯曼C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：C19.哪位学者提出宗教改革并不是路德一人的宗教改革，而是存在诸多的宗教改革，如茨温利的改革、加尔文的改革、德国诸侯的改革、市民的宗教改革和农民的宗教改革？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：C20.下列哪一项不属于路德的宗教改革思想主张？A.因信称义B.行为称义C.凡信徒皆祭司D.重视《圣经》和基督，而不是崇拜教会、教皇正确答案：B21.宗教改革产生了哪些影响？A.政治上，变教会政府两分法为政府掌控下的教会B.经济上，关闭修道院，不再向教会纳税，教会财产归国家或世俗政府C.教会上，将教会视为人间的组织D.心理上，强调基督徒的自由正确答案：ABCD22.在七大圣礼中，哪一个是为立志到僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指的？A.洗礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.坚信礼正确答案：C23.耶稣是从谁那里受洗的A.圣母B.约翰C.上帝D.撒旦正确答案：B24.中世纪教会与世俗社会之间的矛盾体现在以下哪些方面？A.教会与国王的权力之争B.富裕的教会与贫穷的社会之间的经济之争C.禁欲的文化与开放的世俗贵族文化之间的文化之争D.礼仪限制下的人与因果限制下的人之间的思想之争E.教会对一些职业的限制与世俗人士要不择手段挣钱谋生之间的工作之争正确答案：ABCDE25.中世纪的教会具有哪些特点？A.等级制B.宗教对世俗的反动C.教义的理论主张与教会的实际行为之间存在矛盾正确答案：ABC26.人文学科和社会学科的研究大体上可以被归纳为哪两种类型？A.基础研究B.决策研究C.实验研究正确答案：AB27.在天主教的七大圣礼中，哪一项是对立志当僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指？A.坚信礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.圣餐礼正确答案：C28.哪些原因促成欧洲最早向近代过渡？A.欧洲是世界上过渡阻力最小的地区B.成熟的市民阶层给予领导C.过渡时的策略灵活理性D.根据社会需要分阶段过渡，过渡的进程比较符合民意正确答案：ABCD29.欧洲的市民具有哪些特殊性，使其能够在欧洲由衰及兴的过程中担当起领导职责？A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案：ABCD30.欧洲历史上的第二个过渡期大致可以划分为哪三个阶段？A.从476年西罗马帝国崩溃到800年查理大帝加冕B.从1350年到1500年的危机和驯服时期C.从1500年到1650年的制度转换时期D.从1650年到1800年的民主与专制进行斗争的大革命时期正确答案：BCD31.一个社会从中古到近代的转变，叫转型，也叫过渡，但是有两种情况：一种是有过渡期的过渡，另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。
1.G ive a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age，and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology ，Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC-547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water，The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, Plato established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey。
2 What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western Civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western Civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on Western Civilization.The second significant influence was that of philosophy，give sound guidance to later year people to improve and change the world outside themselves。
••••••••••••••当前位置：›西方文化导论课后复习题西方文化导论课后复习题1.Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age，and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology ，Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC-547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water，The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, Plato established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning.Literary representation centred round the two epicpoems of the Iliad and the Odyssey。
2 What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western Civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western Civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on Western Civilization. The second significant influence was that of philosophy，give sound guidance to later year people to improve and change the world outside themselves。
西方文化概论1、、如何认识古代希腊文明得时间跨度与空间跨度?(24页)地域范围:古代希腊得概念就是一个大希腊得概念,包括希腊本土、小亚细亚与西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区,甚至伊比利亚半岛与北非。
时间跨度: 古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段:A、克里特－迈锡尼时代得文化(公元前26－前12世纪)黑暗时代(公元前12－前8世纪)B、希腊城邦时代得文化(公元前8－前4世纪)C、希腊化时代得文化(公元前4－前2世纪)2、赫西俄德得《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？(24页)第一,它通过神系得生殖原则反映了一种朴素得宇宙起源论与自然演化观、从这方面瞧,希腊神话得神谱不仅仅就是神得家族史,同时也反映了希腊人得宇宙生城观与自然观,神得衍生与交替也就就是自然过程得发生与演进、第二,它蕴含着一种以自我否定为动力得社会进化思想、这方面瞧,以内在得自我否定作为神系延续与发展得锲机就是神话得有一个特征、3、希腊神话得“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样得文化精神？(60页)第一,反映了对现实生活得珍视,这就是希腊宗教与希腊文化得一个显著特点、希腊人得神就是人性得神,希腊人得宗教就是人性得宗教、使得希腊人带有很强烈得人文主义精神、第二,自然崇拜与感觉主义构成了最基本得特征、自然崇拜主要表现对人得自然形体得崇拜,感觉主义则主要表现对美得事物与现实生活得热爱、第三,”神人同形同性”特点反映了希腊与谐之美得文化精神,这一精神成为西方人心中失落而难以复返得精神家园,滋润着被种种功利要求、上帝呼唤与道德命令折磨得疲惫不堪得灵魂得清纯之泉。
4、希腊悲剧“命运”得主题具有什么深刻寓意？(60页)首先,希腊悲剧不就是善与恶这两种对立得自由意志,而就是自由意志与潜藏在它背后得决定论;不就是一个人对另一个人得否定,而就是自己对自己得否定。
其次,“命运”作为感性得现象世界背后得一种抽象得本质或规律,作为一种普遍性得东西,就是建立在形象思维基础之上得希腊神话与悲剧所无法真正把握得,因而对于希腊人来说就是一种不可理解也无法改变得宿命。
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, l i t e r a t u r e a n d s c i e n c e.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, ., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequentWestern culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture. Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unificationThe major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and JudaismIn spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 6simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
