2013年医学考博英语听力原文

2011年医学博士英语真题听力原稿2011医学博士听力原稿Part I. Listening ComprehensionSection A1.A: I don’t see much of you these days, where have you been? B: I am working on a big project. I don’t even have time to breathe. Q: what can we learn from the conversation?2.A: what time would your doctor be in today?B: He is here after 2:30. Do you need to see him today?A: Yes my back is killing me?Q: What’s the man’s problem?3.Can that clock be right, 10:30?That clock is always off. It’s 11:05What is true about the clock?4.Well, Mr. Black, What brought you along today?I’ve got a pain in my stomach.How long have it been bothering you?A fortnightHow long has the man’s stomach ache?5.You come from S?Yes. I lived in England for 23 years.Are you married to an English man?I was, but we were divorced 15 years ago.Well, tell me about your trouble.Two hours after eating, I get pain, and then I feel it.What would the man do?6.I am usually on the job Monday, Tuesday and Friday from 1 to 5 P.M.and Wednesday from 3 to 6 P.M.Do you work on weekends too?Yes, but only in the morning.What day is the man off duty?7.Now Daddy I’m wearing this on your chest. It’s called stethocope. Itmight be a little col d, I’ll warm it up. Feel the end, OK? First of all I’ll listen to your front and then your back.She has gone that a lot of timesHow many people have been involved in the situation?8.What happened?I was in a fight and got my head hurt.Were your knocked out?No.I want you to go for an X-ray. And come back to me. You’ll need some stitches for that wound.What is the doctor going to do for the man?9.Here, you two guy, you are fucking shot again. It’s not veryentertaining or wise?Yes, thanks for advisin g us. It’s time to enjoy life.What might the men do accordingly?10.T aking a long view, I’m leaving the company.Why?I often have to overwork which will do harm to my health.But the job market is very tight, you know.What does the woman mean?11.W hat’s the most likely diagnosis in this case?Most probably ------(一种病)What’s against that dianosis?Well, the infected hasn’t had any change in the ---habit orlost weight. What are they doing now?12.I heard all the time that John is dating several girls.But it’s not true, he has explained everything to me.Do your really believe what he said?Yeah, I believe in our feelings for each other?Who is John?13.L isa says that the job takes the back seat to the family after she ismarried. She must be a good wife.This is noly what she says not what she does.What does the woman mean?14.G ood morning. Would you like the private hotspring room today? Forthree people, it would be 250 Yuan per hourAre there any discounts?Yes, It is 50 Yuan cheaper for each additional hour.Then We’ll have two hours.How much will the man pay?15.Y ou are not thinking of getting back together with him, are you? Would he dream of it?What does the woman mean?Section BDialogueA lot of doctors can tell what’s wrong with you by sleeping, so can you er--- by smelling?Oh, absolutely. This actually goes back to the day of----. For example, you can walk into a room or get close to a patient who had diabetes that is not well controlled. There is a kind of sweetish smell.So you mean often you can walk into a room and tell if apatient has kidney failure or liver failure?Precisely. And now there is a machine that can do that too. Fascinating.Actually, there have been these machines in the past, but they meant just enormous.Are they used in therapy?They er---. These machines are imposible to use clinically, because, you know, it a whole room for the equipments----, but the newly-invented ones are very small and ---.And then what do the new ones use?New laser technology.Is it now available given the size of the machine?It couldn’t be better. Unlike the previous, this is the size of microwave. And I think it isn’t far-off, right.Well, it’s very much in the experimental stage. But interesting. However, unlike any of these things which are produced by commercial company, This work is being done be the federal government.Passage 1Suicide is a very real risk for young people who suffer from clinical depression. In fact during the past two years suicide has increased among youths between the ages of 10 and 19, but there aren’t treatment that can help. Research show that the most effective treatment is the combination of anti-depression and talk therapy. Anti-depressants work by increasing--- chemcal --- which facilitate communications between neurons in the brain. “Anti-depressants are the most effective treatment for most adults. But when it comes to teenagers, It’s not enough.” Says doctor R, a psychiatrist with---- university medical center. 13 age years are full of turmoil, emotions and changes. And thereare family conflicts and conflicts with relationship that can contribute to distress in adolescents”, S says. And anti-depressant medications may not be able to deal with all of those problems. “Psycho therapy, specifical ly problem- behavioral therapy need to----,” S says. In his recent major study, with the therapy in use along with anti-depressants., 75% of kids are reported feeling better and less suicidal after 3 month probably because the problem-behavioral therapy tackle thinking and feeling in a very particular way that medicines may not. And in particalar suicidal case.”Say doctor F, a psychiatrist with---medical college.Passage 2“Most people think when they are depressed, it just means you feel sad”, says Doctor R, a psychiatrist with Cornell university medical college. In fact, the so-call commonest symptoms of deppression are probably the most painful for a lot of people which are a feeling that you are useless, wothless, unloveable, no good or loser. A commonest symptom and a most extreme symptom, of course, is a suicidal feeling where you feel so hopeless that you don’y believe anything will get better and you are better off. C therapy challenges that kind of thinking. For example, say, you are a depressed teen, someone at school says something credible, typicallythat might lead you to think you are a completely loser. F says C theray help patients see all the time they have been successful, both at school and with friends. It is completely the opposite of how you feel. So you challenge them with reality. And then you correct their disfunctional release and that will actually change the way they feel, F says. It’s a sort of personal reality check that will connect experiece in context. Once thecombination of medication and therapy work, patient may decide to stop taking anti-depressants. But they should do so with caution because they may experience side effect. They can get rebound kind of syptoms. It can grow things like feeling anxious, or having insomnia, very dizzy and having Nausea.。

2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解试卷一（Paper One）Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A cough.B. Diarrhea.C. A fever.D. Vomiting.【答案】B【解析】录音中女士说“He has a chesty cough all the time”，“His temperature is high”，“He just brings up (呕吐) bile (胆汁)”，由此可知，这个小男孩生病的症状有咳嗽，发烧和呕吐，并没有腹泻（diarrhea），故答案为B项。

医学考博英语sectiona全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Medical Doctor English Level TestSection A: Reading ComprehensionInstructions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.The development of new technology in the medical field has transformed the way doctors diagnose and treat patients. One such innovation is the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to assist in medical decision-making. AI algorithms can analyze large amounts of patient data and provide valuable insights to healthcare providers. For example, AI systems can predict the likelihood of a patient developing certain diseases based on their genetic makeup and lifestyle factors. This information can help doctors intervene earlier and take preventive measures to improve patient outcomes.Another area where technology has made a significant impact is telemedicine. Through telemedicine, patients can consult with healthcare providers remotely using video calls andother digital tools. This is especially beneficial for patients living in rural or underserved areas who may not have easy access to in-person medical care. Telemedicine has become increasingly popular during the COVID-19 pandemic as it allows patients to receive care without risking exposure to the virus.While technology has greatly improved patient care, it also comes with challenges. One major concern is data privacy and security. With the increasing amount of patient data being collected and stored in digital formats, there is a risk of unauthorized access or data breaches. Healthcare organizations must implement strict security measures to protect sensitive patient information from cyber threats.In addition, the use of AI in medical decision-making raises ethical concerns. There is a fear that algorithms may perpetuate biases or make decisions that are not in the best interest of patients. It is crucial for healthcare providers to carefully evaluate and monitor the AI systems they use to ensure that they are making accurate and ethical decisions.Overall, the integration of technology in the medical field has revolutionized patient care and improved outcomes. However, it is important for healthcare providers to stay informed about the latest advancements and navigate theethical and privacy issues that come with using these technologies.Questions:1. What is one way AI is used in the medical field?2. How has telemedicine benefited patients during the COVID-19 pandemic?3. What is a major concern related to the use of technology in healthcare?4. Why is it important for healthcare providers to monitor AI systems?5. What is the overall impact of technology on patient care in the medical field?Answers:1. AI is used to assist in medical decision-making by analyzing patient data and providing insights to healthcare providers.2. Telemedicine has allowed patients to consult with healthcare providers remotely, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.3. Data privacy and security is a major concern due to the risk of unauthorized access or data breaches.4. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor AI systems to ensure they are making accurate and ethical decisions.5. Overall, technology has revolutionized patient care and improved outcomes in the medical field. Healthcare providers must stay informed about advancements and address ethical and privacy concerns.篇2Medical entrance exams in China have become increasingly competitive as more students are vying for limited spots in medical graduate programs. One of the key components of these exams is the Medical English section, which tests students' proficiency in the English language as it relates to the medical field.The Medical English section of the exam typically covers a wide range of topics, including medical terminology, reading comprehension, listening comprehension, and writing skills. Students are expected to have a strong grasp of medicalvocabulary and be able to understand and communicate complex medical concepts in English.One of the key challenges of the Medical English section is the sheer volume of medical terminology that students are expected to know. From anatomical terms to diseases and treatments, students must be able to recall and correctly use a wide range of medical vocabulary. This requires a significant amount of memorization and practice, as well as a solid understanding of how medical terms are used in context.In addition to testing medical vocabulary, the Medical English section also assesses students' reading comprehension skills. Students are given passages related to various medical topics and must answer questions that test their understanding of the material. This requires not only a strong command of English but also the ability to analyze and interpret complex information.Listening comprehension is another important component of the Medical English section. Students are required to listen to audio recordings of medical lectures, conversations, orpatient-doctor interactions and answer questions based on what they hear. This tests students' ability to understand spokenEnglish as it relates to medical topics, as well as their ability to pick out key information from a conversation.Finally, the writing skills portion of the Medical English section requires students to demonstrate their ability to communicate effectively in English. Students may be asked to write essays, case studies, or patient reports, all of which require a high level of proficiency in written English. This section tests students' ability to organize their thoughts, express complex ideas clearly, and use appropriate medical terminology in a written format.In order to excel in the Medical English section of the medical entrance exam, students must be diligent in their preparation. This includes studying medical vocabulary, practicing reading and listening comprehension skills, and honing their writing abilities. Students may also benefit from taking practice exams to familiarize themselves with the format and types of questions they can expect to encounter on the actual exam.Overall, the Medical English section of the medical entrance exam is a crucial component of the testing process for students aspiring to pursue a career in the medical field. By mastering medical vocabulary, reading comprehension, listeningcomprehension, and writing skills, students can improve their chances of success and secure a spot in a prestigious medical graduate program.篇3Medical entrance exams are popular among students who wish to pursue a career in the field of medicine. Among these exams, the medical postgraduate entrance exam is considered as one of the toughest. One of the key sections in this exam is the Medical English section, which tests the candidates' proficiency in English language skills.The Medical English section usually consists of questions related to reading comprehension, vocabulary, and grammar. The purpose of this section is to assess the candidates' ability to understand and communicate medical information in English, as well as their ability to comprehend medical literature and research papers.To excel in the Medical English section, candidates should focus on improving their reading and vocabulary skills. Reading medical journals, research papers, and textbooks can help candidates become familiar with the medical terminology and improve their comprehension skills. Additionally, candidatesshould practice solving sample questions from previous years' papers to get an idea of the type of questions asked in the exam.In addition to reading and vocabulary, candidates should also focus on improving their grammar and writing skills. It is essential for candidates to have a good command of English grammar to communicate effectively in written form. Practicing writing essays, summaries, and reports can help candidates improve their writing skills and score well in the Medical English section.Furthermore, candidates should pay attention to time management while attempting the Medical English section. As this section is usually time-bound, candidates should practice solving questions within the given time frame to improve their speed and accuracy.In conclusion, the Medical English section is an important part of the medical postgraduate entrance exam and requires thorough preparation. By focusing on reading, vocabulary, grammar, and writing skills, candidates can improve their chances of scoring well in this section and securing admission to their desired medical postgraduate program.。

重庆医科大学2013年博士研究生入学考试（英语）真题重庆医科大学2013年博士研究生入学考试（英语）真题Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk abouthow proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danestalk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by commenting on itstininess, its unimportance, the difficulty of its language, the generalsmall-mindedness and self-indulgence of their countrymen and the high taxes. NoDane would look you in the eye and say, “Denmark is a great country.” You'resupposed to figure this out for yourself.It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half thenational budget goes toward smoothing out life's inequalities, and there isplenty of money for schools, day care, retraining programmes, jobseminars—Danes love seminars: three days at a study centre hearing about wastemanagement is almost as good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded byEnglish, in advertising, pop music, the Internet, and despite all the Englishthat Danish absorbs—there is no Danish Academy to defend against it—olddialects persist in Jutland that can barely be understood by Copenhageners. Itis the land where, as the saying goes, “ Few have too much and fewer have toolittle,” and a foreigner is struck by the sweet egalitarianism that prevails,where the lowliest clerk gives you a level gaze, where Sir and Madame havedisappeared from common usage, even Mr. and Mrs. It's a nation of recyclers—about55% of Danish garbage gets made into something new—and no nuclear power plants.It's a nation of tireless planners. Trains run on time. Things operate well ingeneral.Such a nation of overachievers—a brochure from theMinistryof Business and Industry says, “Denmark is one of the world's cleanest and mostorganized countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark isthe most corruption-f ree society in the Northern Hemisphere.” So, of course,one's heart lifts at any sighting of Danish sleaze: skinhead graffiti onbuildings (“Foreigners Out of Denmark!”), broken beer bottles in the gutters,drunken teenagers slumped in the park. Nonetheless, it is an orderly land. You drive through aDanish town, it comes to an end at a stone wall, and on the other side is afield of barley, a nice clean line: town here, country there. It is not anation of jaywalkers. People stand on the curb and wait for the red light tochange, even if it's 2 a.m. and there's not a car in sight. However, Danes don'tthink of themselves as a waiting-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-light people—that'show they see Swedes and Germans. Danes see themselves as jazzy people,improvisers, more free spirited than Swedes, but the truth is (though oneshould not say it) that Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes.Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few natural resources, limitedmanufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, anddistributor of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, andthese bright, young,English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplinedpeople will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, andRussia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern andwell-maintained.The orderliness of the society doesn't mean that Danishlives are less messy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell youso. You can hear plenty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholismand about perfectly sensible people whowent off one day and killed themselves.An orderly society can not exempt its members from the hazards of life.But there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danesgrow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenship, and youshouldn't feel bad for taking what you're entitled to, you're as good as anyoneelse. The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits youget if you lose your job, the steps you take to get a new one; and theorderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather highunemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis.16. The author thinks that Danes adopt a ________ attitudetowards their country.A. boastfu lB.modestC. deprecatingD. mysterious17. Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristiccited in the passage?A. Fondness of foreign culture.B. Equality in society.C. Linguistic tolerance.D. Persistent planning.18. The author's reaction to the statement by the Ministryof Business and Industry is ________.A. disapprovingB. approvingC. noncommittalD. doubtful19. According to the passage, Danish orderliness ________.A. sets the people apart from Germans and SwedesB. spares Danes social troubles besetting other peoplesC. is considered economically essential to the countryD. prevents Danes from acknowledging existing troubles20. At the end of the passage the author states all thefollowing EXCEPT that ________.A. Danes are clearly informed of their social benefitsB. Danes take for granted what is given to themC. the open system helps to tide the country overD. orderliness has alleviated unemploymentCooperative competition. Competitivecooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travellers scratching their headsover what's going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing totravellers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent-flyerbenefits. Others see a。

考博医学英语-390(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、PartⅠ Listening Comp(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：3，分数：15.00)（分数：5.00）A.He should take one tablet every three hours.B.Whenever he feels bad, he should take it.C.He could take one tablet when having a splitting headache.D.He should take one tablet three times a day.A.To check the laboratory report.B.Having a fever.C.Abnormal blood pressure.D.To have an X-ray.A.Doctor and patient.B.Patient and nurse.C.Pharmacist and customer.D.Customer and shop assistant.A.All of the applicants received fellowships.B.The dean is waiting to talk with him first.C.His scholarship is being delayed until his grades are available.D.He hasn"t got any partner in this semester.A.Buy a new mini car for the woman.B.Check to see if the woman"s car has been repaired.C.Fix the woman"s mini car.D.Order parts for the woman"s mini car.（分数：5.00）A.He wants to know how the concert was.B.He disagrees with the woman.C.He likes to play the piano.D.He also enjoyed the music.A.Join an engineering firm.B.Start her own company.C.Join the man in medical school.D.Go to business school.A.His business trip has been postponed.B.He needs to take his medicine with him on business trip.C.He tries some new allergy medicine.D.He is suffering some allergies.A.She also plans to get a pet.B.Dan is allergic to cats.C.Animals will soon be allowed in Dan"s building.D.Dan will get a Barbie doll from a relative.A.He wants to learn to play the clarinet.B.He wants to play in the band.C.His hand is performing next week.D.He wasn"t playing very loudly.（分数：5.00）A.Borrow some jazz records.B.Buy a band-concert ticket.C.Make a donation.D.Lend the man some money.A.She didn"t like the food the man prepared.B.She"s not a very good taster.C.The food doesn"t agree with her.D.She is always scolding the man"s cook.A.He doesn"t expect to enjoy the theater.B.He"s sorry he can"t go with the woman.C.He thinks the theater will be too crowded.D.He hates making swipe at mosquitoes.A.He doesn"t have to feel the way.B.He"s got a black eye.C.His eye doesn"t hurt very much.D.His eye isn"t healing very quickly.A.The man shouldn"t leave a message to her roommate.B.Her roommate was short and absent-minded.C.Her roommate is unreliable about delivering messages.D.She was nervous and unable to attend the meeting.三、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：5.00)（分数：5.00）A.Hospital employees only.B.Many City Hall officials.C.Many Packer Hall residents.D.The engineering students only.A.By collections made at City Hall.B.By donations from the participants.C.By the allocation of funds from local hospitals.D.By contributions based on the number of miles walked.A.It begins on campus and down to city hall.B.It"s five miles long.C.It circles the campus.D.It begins the city hall and down to the engineering library.A.The walkathon sounds like a perfect opportunity for Joe to earn pocket money.B.He could raise money for a new children"s hospital.C.Joe could break in his new pair of sport shoes.D.Joe will share money with those who made pledges.A.The biggest pledge is eleven dollars.B.Five coins a mile.C.One dollar per mile.D.Twenty-five cents or less per mile.五、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：5.00)（分数：5.00）te childbearing.B.Widespread fear and anxiety among themselves.C.Alcohol drinking.D.An alarmingly high number of breast cancer cases.A.Women under 24.B.24 to 60 years of age.C.65 to 74 years of age.D.60 to 80 years of age.A.Women who are young and thin.B.Women who like drinking.C.Women who gave birth to child in their forties.D.Women whose grandmothers have got breast cancer.A.To find out why British women suffer from breast cancer.B.To find out how much British women know about breast cancer.C.To find out how many British women suffer from breast cancer.D.To find out what kind of British women suffer from breast cancer.A.977.B.34,500.C.14,000.D.500.六、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：5.00)（分数：5.00）A.A New York executive.B.A physician.C.A television announcer.D.A teacher.A.A science fiction cartoon.B.A scientific program.C.A movie on personality disorders.D.A drama set in New York City.A.To demonstrate the latest use of computer graphics.B.To raise funds for public television programming.C.To explain the workings of the brain.D.To increase membership in professional medical societies.A.Because it is required of all science majors.B.Because it was made in New York City.C.Because it will be shown after working hours.D.Because it will be helpful with course work.A.Because there will be a sequel after October 10.B.Because it is meant for nonscientists.C.Because a review will be printed before October 10.D.Because it is simple enough for children.七、PartⅡ Vocabulary(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Section A(总题数：10，分数：5.00)1.Skippers must make a report to customs either in person or by telephone if they have any duty-flee goods on board, or are carrying prohibited goods including animals ______ their port of departure.（分数：0.50）A.with regard toB.ignorant ofC.resistant toD.irrespective of2.I didn"t need any specific medical input or ______ control, although I was in a mess physically and I did need to rest, relax, and recharge myself.（分数：0.50）A.symptomB.surfaceC.treatmentD.synthesis3.The ______ was that, if you had to abandon ship and had time to put on a dry suit, it would be an excellent aid to self-preservation.（分数：0.50）A.convictionB.contradictionC.verdictD.confusion4.With the ______ of China"s political .influence on the international stage, overseas Chinese are more and more respected in all fields.（分数：0.50）A.elevatingB.liftingC.ascendingD.descending5.A(n) ______ is a person who studies the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of human beings.（分数：0.50）A.chroniclerB.astrologistC.anthropologistD.orthodontist6.The girl could not ______ the temptation of the piece of chocolate and told a lie.（分数：0.50）A.resistB.consistC.persistD.insist7.What he said, ______, was that he couldn"t support our plans and would resign.（分数：0.50）A.at largeB.in chorusC.in timeD.in essence8.It is hard to imagine that this apparently ______ professor was a criminal.（分数：0.50）A.respectableB.respectiveC.respectfulD.respirable9.If you ______ a heart-attack or stroke victim who needs your assistance, your first response should be to stay calm and urge bystanders to call for an ambulance.（分数：0.50）A.find outB.go intoC.pass bye across10.Despite the limitations of a standard CT, it does a ______ job of picturing the internal anatomy of the body.（分数：0.50）A.supremeB.superbC.sufficientD.superfluous九、Section B(总题数：10，分数：5.00)11.The tendency of the human body to reject foreign matter is the main obstacle to successful organ transplantation.（分数：0.50）A.factorB.constituentC.breakD.barrier12.Whenever you need Tom, he is always there whether it be an ear or a helping hand, so you can always lean on him.（分数：0.50）A.benefit fromB.count onC.stand forD.stick to13.The news reports completely overlooked the more profound political implications of the events.（分数：0.50）A.foresawB.neglectedC.exploredD.assessed14.Teachers and nurses who deal with children are obliged to report cases of suspected child abuse to authorities.（分数：0.50）A.remindedB.expectedC.requestedpelled15.Your grade will be based in large part on the originality of your ideas.（分数：0.50）A.popularityB.creativityC.feasibilityD.flexibility16.We suspect there is a quite deliberate attempt to sabotage the elections and undermine the electoral commission.（分数：0.50）A.consciousB.desperateC.intentionalD.clumsy17.So strange were the circumstances of my story that I can scarcely believe myself to have beena party to them.（分数：0.50）A.hardlyB.justC.almostD.definitely18.Smoke particles and other air pollutants are often trapped in the atmosphere, thus forming dirty fog.（分数：0.50）A.caughtC.concealedD.concentrated19.Employees in chemical factories are entitled to receive extra pay for doing hazardous work.（分数：0.50）A.poisonousB.difficultC.harmfulD.dangerous20.Curt Carlson, the wealthiest man in Minnesota, owned a hotel and travel company with sales reaching in the neighborhood of ￡9 billion.（分数：0.50）A.preciselyB.merelyC.approximatelyD.substantially十、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Cancer is considered a modem disease, though it was not unknown in ancient times. (The condition was named by the Greeks from their word for crab, presumably because of its clawing, crablike growth). The incidence of cancer has risen dramatically in recent decades, primarily 1 cigarette smoking, and cancer is probably our most dreaded disease today. As a cause of death in the United States, cancer has climbed from less than 6 percent of all deaths in 1900 to over 20 percent today, 2 recent statistics. It is already the leading killer of women aged thirty to fifty-four. And add a killer of the overall population, it is second only to heart disease, 3 close to 430,000 deaths per year. This figure has risen annually since 1949, and if percent trends continue, cancer may well overtake heart disease as the number one cause of death.Can We Fight Cancer More Effectively Today?Although there is still much to be learned about cancer, our knowledge of the disease has grown steadily in recent years. We have a better understanding of the disease and are finding ways to 4 it. Early recognition of the signs of cancer, prompt diagnosis, and aggressive treatment by the appropriate means have made the word cancer less 5 than it used to be. Even people with forms of cancer that are still difficult to treat know that current techniques may 6 them to outwit the disease until improved treatment becomes available. Many cancer victims have hope where there was once despair.Even more important is the fact that some kinds of cancer are 7 caused by preventable factors —for example, 25 to 30 percent of all cancer deaths are related to cigarette smoking, and most skin cancer is caused by 8 exposure to the sun. Not all forms of cancer have such obvious associations, but where risk factors have been 9 , we can use this knowledge and attempt to reduce the odds of developing those particular forms of disease. You and the people you know can 10 your cancer risk as individuals.（分数：10.00）A.prior toB.due toC.according toD.concerningA.based onB.on the basisC.concerningD.due toA.leading toB.resulting fromD.relating toA.consultB.cope withC.developD.give onA.frightenedB.terrifyingC.identifyingD.circulatingA.adviseB.approveC.enableD.ariseA.in sequenceB.in partC.in turnD.in additionA.extensiveB.intensiveC.massiveD.excessiveA.postponedB.predictedC.presentedD.establishedA.reduceB.destroyC.scratchD.exclude十一、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十二、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：5.00)When people are struck by lightening, they fall to the ground as though they were struck by a severe blow to the head. After the shock they may remain unconscious, become semiconscious or be conscious but confused and dazed, at least for a time. Flashes of light may continue passing before their eyes, and blindness and deafness may follow. The nervous system may be badly affected, causing paralysis, pain in the limbs and even hemorrhage. There will be burns where the lightening passed through the body, and like all electrical bunts, they are often deep and sever.All persons, especially campers and hunters, should know how to give first aid to someone who has been struck by lightening. Do not be afraid to touch the victim. You won"t get a shock. The lightening has already been grounded. Remember that speed is of the greatest importance in severe cases.The first thing to do is to loosen tight clothing about the throat and waist. Then clear the air passages of mucus (黏液) if present, and apply artificial respiration if necessary. Give mouth-mouth resuscitation if needed, or give oxygen if available. Many victims thought to be dead have been revived after treatment.Send someone for a doctor as soon as possible, but don"t leave the victim alone. If a doctor is not available, take the person to a hospital as soon as the person can be safely moved. Signs of shock are: pale, cold, sticky skin; weak, rapid pulse; shallow, irregular breathing or,in extreme cases, no breathing at all. To treat shock, you must keep the patient lying down with the head lower than the feet and cover him or her with a blanket but watch out for overheating. Giving a stimulating hot tea or coffee will help, but only if the patient is thoroughly conscious. After breathing has been restored and shock is treated, treat the bums. Apply some salve and cover them with a clean cloth or a sterile dressing. If conscious, the patient will be badly frightened, so do all you can to reassure. A little knowledge and a helping hand may save someone"s life.（分数：5.00）(1).The passage mainly talks about ______.（分数：1.00）A.which metals conduct electricity bestB.where to go in a thunderstormC.how to treat someone struck by lighteningD.how to make mouth-to-mouth resuscitation(2).According to the passage, all the following are signs of shock except ______.（分数：1.00）A.abnormal feverB.cold skinC.irregular breathingD.rapid pulse(3).It can be guessed from the passage that ______.（分数：1.00）A.many campers and hunters are struck by lighteningB.cars are convenient for outdoor activitiesC.electric shock does little harm to the human bodyD.only professional nurses and doctors are allowed to give first aid(4).The word "salve" in line 2 of the last paragraph most likely means ______.（分数：1.00）A.spongeB.bandageC.ointmentD.liquid(5).Which of the following must not be done while treating shock?（分数：1.00）A.Giving the patient a cup of hot tea.B.Making the patient lie with the feet lower than the head.C.Covering the bums with a sterile dressing.D.Applying artificial respiration.十三、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Even as Americans have been gaining weight, they have cut their average fat intake from 36 to 34 percent of their total diets in the past 15 years. And indeed, cutting fat to control or lose weight makes sense. Fat has nine calories per gram. Protein and carbohydrates have just four. Moreover, the body uses fewer calories to metabolize fat than it does to metabolize other foods. Compared with protein and carbohydrates—which break down into amino acids and simple sugars, respectively, and can be used to strengthen and energize the body—dietary fat is more easily converted to body fat. Therefore, it"s more likely to stay on buttocks, thighs and bellies. But cutting fat from your diet doesn"t necessarily mean your body won"t store fat. For example, between nonfat and regular cookies, there"s trivial difference in calories because manufacturers make up for the loss of fat by adding sugar. Low-fat crackers, soups and dressings can also be just as high in calories as richer versions. No matter where the calories come from, overeating will still cause weight gain. The calories from fat just do it a little quicker. A Wisconsin computer programmer who decided with a diet coach to eat only 40 grams of fat a day learned the lesson firsthand. He wasn"t losing weight. Then he showed his food diary to his coach and revealed he"d been eating half a pound of jelly beans a day. "They don"t have any fat," he explains. But they had enough sugar to keep him from shedding an ounce.Nonfat foods become add-on foods. When we add them to our diet, we actually increase the number of calories we eat per day and gain weight. That was borne out in a Pennsylvania State University study. For breakfast, Prof. Barbara Rolls gave two groups of women yogurt that contained exactly the same amount of calories. One group"s yogurt label said "high fat"—the other, "low fat." The "low fat" yogurt group ate significantly more calories later in the day than the other group. "People think they"ve saved fat and can indulge themselves later in the day with no adverse consequences," says Richard Mattes, a nutrition researcher at Purdue University. "But when they do that, they don"t compensate very precisely, and they often end up overdoing it."（分数：5.00）(1).Why Americans are still gaining weight?（分数：1.00）A.They eat too much fat.B.They overeat.C.They eat low-fat crackers, soups and dressings.D.They eat sugar.(2).What lesson did the computer programmer learn?（分数：1.00）A.Overeating will cause weight gain.B.He can eat half a pound of jelly beans a day.C.He didn"t eat any fat.D.His coach gave him a lecture.(3).Prof. Barbara"s experiment proved that ______.（分数：1.00）A.Two groups ate the same amount of calories.B.Two groups ate the same amount of yogurt.C.The "low fat" yogurt group ate significantly more calories later in the day than the other group.D.People increase the number of calories they eat per day and gain weight.(4).According to the author, ______ has less calories.（分数：1.00）A.fatB.protein and carbohydratesC.amino acidD.sugar(5).What can you infer from the passage?（分数：1.00）A.To keep from being overweight, people have to eat non-fat food.B.The calories from fat just do it a little quicker than that from protein and carbohydrates.C.People should avoid temptation.D.Americans realize that it is necessary to count calories before eating the food.十四、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The elements other than hydrogen and helium exist in such small quantities that it is accurate to say that the universe is somewhat more than 75 percent hydrogen.Astronomers have measured the abundance of helium throughout our galaxy and in other galaxies as well. Helium has been found in old stars, in relatively young ones, in interstellar gas, and in the distant objects known as quasars. Helium nuclei have also been found to be constituents of cosmic rays that fall on the earth (cosmic "rays" are not really a form of radiation; they consist of rapidly moving particles of numerous different kinds). It doesn"t seem to make very much difference where the helium is found. Its relative abundance never seems to vary much. In some places, there may be slightly more of it; in others, slightly less, but the ratio of helium to hydrogen nuclei always remains about the same.Helium is created in stars. In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce. However, the amount of helium that could have been produced in this manner can be calculated, and it turns out to be no more than a few percent. The universe has not existed long enough for this figure to be significantly greater.Consequently, if the universe is somewhat more than 25 percent helium now, then it must have been about 25 percent helium at a time near the beginning.However, when the universe was less than one minute old, no helium could have existed. Calculations indicate that before this time temperatures were too high and particles of matter were moving around much too rapidly. It was only after the one-minute point that helium could exist. By this time, the universe had cooled sufficiently that neutrons and protons could stick together. But the nuclear reactions that led to the formation of helium went on for only a relatively short time. By the time the universe was a few minutes old, helium production had effectively ceased.（分数：5.00）(1).What does the passage mainly explain?（分数：1.00）A.How stars produce energy.B.The difference between helium and hydrogen.C.When most of the helium in the universe was formed.D.Why hydrogen is abundant.(2).According to the passage, helium is ______.（分数：1.00）A.the second-most abundant element in the universeB.difficult to detectC.the oldest element in the universeD.the most prevalent element in quasars(3).Why does the author mention "cosmic rays" in Paragraph 2?（分数：1.00）A.As part of a list of things containing helium.B.As an example of an unsolved astronomical puzzle.C.To explain how the universe began.D.To explain the abundance of hydrogen in the universe.(4).The creation of helium within stars ______.（分数：1.00）A.cannot be measuredB.produces energyC.produces helium to be much more abundant in old stars than in young starsD.produces carbon(5).Most of the helium in the universe was formed ______.（分数：1.00）A.in interstellar spaceB.in a very short timeC.during the first minute of the universe"s existenceD.before most of the hydrogen十五、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The bird flu virus is mutating and becoming more dangerous to mammals, according to researchers. The discovery reinforces fears that a human pandemic of the disease could yet occur. Avian flu hit the headlines in 1997 when a strain called H5N1 jumped from chickens to people, killing 6 people in Hong Kong. Within 3 days, the country"s entire chicken population was slaughtered and the outbreak was controlled. Since then new strains of virus have emerged, killing a further 14 people. As yet, no strain has been able to jump routinely from person to person. But if a more virulent strain evolves, the fear is that it could trigger widespread outbreaks, potentially affecting millions of people.Now, genetic and animal studies show that the virus is becoming more menacing to mammals. Immediate action is needed to stem the virus"s transmission, says Hualan Chen from Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, China, who was involved in the research. Chen and colleagues studied 21 H5N1 flu virus samples taken from apparently healthy ducks, which act as a natural reservoir for the disease, in southern China between 1999 and 2002. The researchers inoculated groups of chickens, mice and ducks with virus samples taken from different years and waited to see which animals became ill.Their results are presented this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . As expected, ducks were immune to the virus"s effects and the chickens fell sick. However, the mice also became ill, losing weight and the use of their limbs. Crucially, the severity of their illness was linked with the year from which the virus sample was taken. Viruses isolated in 2001 and 2002 made the animals more ill than those isolated earlier on.The findings hint that some time around 2001, the virus became adept at infecting mammals. Genetic analysis of the same samples reveals that the virus"s DNA changed over that time, suggesting that accumulated mutations may have contributed to the increased virulence.Researchers are concerned that a virus that has acquired the ability to infect mice could also infect humans. "The disease could resurge at any time," warns virologist Marion Koopmans from the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment in Bilthoven, the Netherlands. The findings highlight the need for improved surveillance to ensure that any future outbreaks are curtailed, she says. Although domestic poultry are easily culled, wild animals are more difficult to contain. "It is impossible to eradicate the natural reservoir," says Koopmans, "so we need to learn to live with it."Birds may not be the only villains in this story, however. Chen believes that pigs may also play a part. In Asia, chickens and pigs are often kept in close proximity, so the virus may have shuffled back and forth between the 2 species, picking up mutations and becoming better at infecting mammalian hosts. Humans may then have caught the disease from swine.（分数：5.00）(1).This passage is mainly concerned with ______.（分数：1.00）A.the spread of the bird flu virus to mammalsB.the domestic and wild poultry populationC.H5N1 isolated only from chickenD.a new virus strain jumping routinely from person to person(2).The fact that the H5NI virus was isolated from apparently healthy ducks suggests that ______.（分数：1.00）A.researchers worked real hardB.ducks were inoculated with H5N1 vaccineC.ducks might be a natural host of the virusD.the virus made animals sicker than other viruses(3).We can infer from Paragraph 3 that ______.（分数：1.00）A.the year in which the virus was isolated has nothing to do with the severity of illnessB.ducks are more likely to contract avian fluC.accumulated mutations have occurred in the H5N1 virusD.mice that are immune to the virus become sick(4).The findings show that the accumulated mutations ______.（分数：1.00）A.have been adept at infecting mammalsB.may have contributed to the increased virulence of the virusC.have led to the virus"s DNA changesD.require genetic analysis of the same samples(5).Koopman is convinced that human beings must learn to live with bird flu because ______.（分数：1.00）A.study findings highlight the need for improved surveillanceB.wild animals are easy to cullC.the disease could come back at any timeD.it is impossible to eliminate any natural host of the virus十六、Passage Five(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Neuroscientists now understand at least some of the physiology behind a wide range of unconscious states, from deep sleep to coma, from partially conscious conditions to a persistent vegetativestate, the condition diagnosed in Ms. Schiavo.New research, by laboratories in New York and Europe, has allowed for much clearer distinctions to be made between the uncounted number of people who at some time become comatose, the 10,000 to 15,000 Americans who subsist in vegetative states and the estimated 100,000 or more who exist in states of partial consciousness.This emerging picture should make it easier for doctors to judge which brain-damaged patients have some hope of recovering awareness, experts say, and already it is providing clues to the specific brain processes that sustain conscious awareness."Understanding what these processes are will give us a better sense of how to help the whole range of people living with brain injuries," said Dr. Nicholas Schiff, an assistant professor of neurology and neuroscience at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell hospital. "That is where this field is ultimately headed: toward a better understanding of what consciousness is."The most familiar unconscious state is sleep, which in its deepest phases is characterized by little electrical activity in the brain and almost complete unresponsiveness. Coma, the most widely known state of impaired unconsciousness, is in fact a continuum. Doctors rate the extent to which a comatose person shows pain responses and reactions to verbal sounds on a scale from 3, for no response, to 13, for consistent responses.As in sleep, people in comas may move or make sounds and typically have no memory of either. But they almost always emerge from this state in two to three weeks, doctors say, when the eyes open spontaneously. What follows is critical for the person"s recovery.Those who are lucky, or who have less severe injuries, gradually awaken. "The first thing I remember was telling my ex-boyfriend, who was at the foot of the bed, to shut up," said Trisha Meili, who fell into a coma after being beaten and raped in 1990, and wrote about the experience in the book, I Am the Central Park Jogger .In the days after this memory, Ms. Meili said, she slipped in and out of conscious awareness, "as if my body was taking care of the most important things first, and leaving my moment to moment awareness for last."In fact, researchers say, this is precisely what happens. The primitive brain stem, which controls sleep-wake cycles as well as reflexes, asserts itself first, as the eyes open. Ideally, areas of the cerebral cortex, the seat of conscious thought, soon follow, like lights flicking on in the upper rooms of a darkened house.But in some cases—Ms. Schiavo"s was one of them—the cortical areas fail to engage, and the patient"s prognosis becomes dire.Neurologists were all but unanimous in diagnosing the condition of Ms. Schiavo, whose heart stopped temporarily in 1990, depriving her brain of oxygen. Brain cells and neural connections wither and die without oxygen, like marine life in a drained lake, leaving virtually nothing unharmed. People with these kinds of injuries—Nancy Cruzan, whose case reached the Supreme Court in 1990 is an example—almost always remain unresponsive if they have not regained awareness in the first months after the injury.In medical terms, they become persistently vegetative, a diagnosis first described in 1972 by Dr. Fred Plum of Cornell University and Dr. Bryan Jennett, a neurosurgeon at Glasgow University in Scotland. In a sense, the description of the diagnosis began the modem study of disorders of consciousness. "Before 1972 people talked about permanent comas, or irrecoverable comas, but we defined a different state altogether, with the eyes open, some reflex activity, but no sign of meaningful psychological responsiveness," Dr. Jennett, now a professor emeritus, said in an interview.In an exhaustive review of the medical histories of more than 700 persistently vegetative patients, a team of doctors in 1994 reported that about 15 percent of those who suffered brain damage from oxygen deprivation, like Ms. Schiavo, recovered some awareness within three months. After that,。

2013医学考博英语听力原文Section A1. M: What’s the matter with this little boy?W: He has a chesty cough all the time. His temperature is high. And he keeps telling me he wants to be sick.M: Does he bring anything up?W: No, because he has been off his food for the past two days. He just brings up (呕吐) bile (胆汁).Q: Which of the following is not the boy’s symptom?2. W: Good afternoon, doctor. I have a terrible headache. Yesterday I had a runny nose. Now my nose is stuffed up.M: Let me give you an examination. First, let me have a look at your throat. Ok, now let me examine your chest. Do you have a history of tuberculosis?W: No, I don’t think so.M: Your throat is inflamed and your tongue is thickly coated. You have all the symptoms of influenza.Q: What is the woman suffering from?3. W: What are you looking for?M: My laptop. I can’t find it in my bag or anywhere.W: I can’t remember you carrying it here. Think about it one more time.M: That’s right. I left it at home.Q: Where is the man’s laptop?4. M: How is your work going?W: I think I will be finished soon.M: Well, I won’t be finished for a while.Q: What can be inferred about the man?5. W: When are doctor Peterman’s office hours?M: Monday, Wednesday and Friday from 10 a.m. to noon.W: That’s not very convenient for me. I have pathology class then.Q: What is the man?6. W: Hello, Eric, what can I do for you?M: I was wondering if you had the results.W: Oh, yes, the results. We’ve got them.M: Great.W: Here we go. Urea (尿素) 2.6 , Sodium (钠) 136, and Potassium (钾) 3.9.M: 3.5.W: No, that’s 3.9.Q: What is the man’s sodium level?7. M: Hello, this is Don North from Pediatrics. I’d like a word with Doctor Wilson if it’s possible.W: I’m sorry, but he left for Michigan to attend a conference this morning. He was in fact looking for you just before he left.Q: What is true about Doctor Wilson?8. M: I spent my one-month salary buying a pair of skis.W: Are you crazy? You’ve got a ski fever.Q: What can we say about the man?9. W: Most people feel culture shock when traveling to a foreign culture.M: That’s for sure. But they should do as Romans do.Q: According to the man, what are people supposed to do when traveling to a foreign culture?10. W: Cindy just got divorced.M: So soon! She got married only last summer.W: Well, she found out that her husband was not the millionaire she thought he was.Q: What does the woman imply about Cindy?11. M: Kate was the only one brave enough to speak her mind at the meeting today.M: Yeah, a lot of people felt the same way, but were too scared to say anything. She just voiced the aspiration of them.Q: Which of the following words can best describe Kate?12. W: Why didn’t you come to work yesterday?M: I was feeling a little under the weather.W: Did you go to see the doc?M: No, nothing serious.Q: Why didn’t the man go to work yesterday?13. M: Have you heard of the magazine The World of English?W: Of course. It is one of many English magazines that are now flying off book seller shelves.Q: What does the woman imply about the The World of English?14. M: Hello Doctor Marks. It’s Tim Tailor from ANNE at Edinburgh Central.W: Hello.M: I’ve got a young woman, a 30-year-old woman referred up by her GP with a kind of ____________ for about 10-15 days.W: Right.M: She’s been on antibiotics and basically it needs to be incised. Can you take her?W: Of course. What’s the patient’s name?Q: What is the woman?15. W: What do you know about treatments of cancer?M: Chemotherapy. But that makes your hair fall out, doesn’t it?W: Yes, there are some unpleasant side-effects. I’m not sure we need to consider that at this stage. We should see whether a series of injection will help.Q: What treatment will the man probably receive first?Section BW: Hello doctor Smith, welcome to our program “Health Journey”. Could you tell us something about swine flu.M: Well, it’s a common respiratory ailment in pigs that doesn’t usually spread to people.W: But why are so many people infected?M: Unlike most cases, this flu virus appears to be a sub-type not seen before in humans or pigs. It has genetic material from pigs, birds and humans, according to the WHO.W: Then why is it called swine flu? Why pigs are the carriers of this virus?M: Um. It’s closer to say that pigs were the mixing balls for this virus.W: What does it mean?M: I mean birds cannot pass bird flu to people. But pigs are susceptible to getting flu viruses that infected birds. The virus inside the infected pig might mutate to a form that could also infect other mammals.W: Wow, so complicated. By the way, can we catch swine flu from eating pork?M: Actually, ill pigs are not allowed to enter the market. Cooking also kills the virus. Only people who work with pigs can catch the virus.W: How do they feel if infected?M: The most common symptoms are fever, fatigue, lack of appetite and coughing, although some people also develop runny nose, sore throat, vomiting or diarrhea.W: What should we do if we have these symptoms?M: Stay home from work or school. Don’t get on a plane. Call your doctors to ask about the best treatment. Don’t simply show up at the clinic or hospital that is unprepared for your arrival.W: Say, the antiviral study. How is it going?M: This strain of swine flu does appear sensitive to the antiviral drugs Relenza (瑞乐沙) and Tamiflu (达菲), but not to Amantadine and Remantadine.W: We’ve learned a lot tonight. Thanks for your coming, doctor Smith.M: It’s my pleasure.Questions:16. What do we know about swine flu?17. What may cause people to have swine flu?18. According to the dialogue, which is among the most common symptoms of swine flu?19. What does the speaker advice the suspects of swine flu to do?20. What can be said of the dialogue?Passage OneQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage.About 10 million people in the U.S. alone, from troops returning from war to students withmusic blasting through headphones are suffering from impairing noise-induced hearing loss. The rise in trend is something that researchers and physicians at the University of Michigan Cresgo Hearing Research Institute are hoping to reverse, with the cocktail of vitamins and the mineral magnesium (镁) that shall promise as a possible way to prevent hearing loss caused by loud noise. The nutrients were successful in laboratory tests.And now researchers are testing whether humans will benefit as well. The combination of vitamins A, C and E plus magnesium is given on pill form to patients who are participating in the research. Developed at the UM Cresgo Hearing Research Institute, the medication, called Oral Quell, is designed to be taken before a person is exposed to the loud noise. Until a decade ago, it was thought that noise damaged hearing by intense mechanical vibrations that destroyed delicate structures of the inner ear. There was no intervention to protect the inner ear other than reducing the intensity of sound reaching it, such as ear plugs which are not always effective. It was then discovered that noise caused intense metabolic activity in the inner ear and production of molecules that damage the inner ear cells. And that allows the discovery of intervention to prevent these effects.The laboratory research that led to a new understanding of mechanisms underlying noise-induced hearing loss was funded by NIH, the Preclinical Translation Research that led to the formulation of Oral Quell as effective preventative was funded by General Motors and the United Auto Workers. Now Oral Quell is being tested in a set of four multinational human clinical trials: military trials in Sweden and Spain, and industrial trials in Spain and the trial involving students at the University of Florida who listen to music at high volumes on their iPods and other PDAsQuestions:21. According to the talk, how many victims of hearing problem are there in the United States alone?22. Which did UM Cresgo Hearing Research Institute develop to prevent hearing loss?23. According to the latest findings, what does loud noise damage?24. According to the talk, who supported the lab research?25. Which of the following is not included as the multinational human clinical trials for Oral Quell?Passage TwoQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage.Catherine and other colleagues from Britain’s New Castle University combined data from 18 studies to look at the risk of abnormalities of babies whose mothers were obese or overweight.Obese women were nearly twice as likely to have a baby with neural tube defects which are caused by the incomplete development of the brain or spinal cord, the study found. For one such defect, spinal bifida (脊柱裂), the risk more than doubled. The researchers also detected increased chances of heart defect, cleft lip and palate, water on the brain (脑积水) and problems in the growth of arms and legs. The World Health Organization classifies around 400 million people around the world as obese, including 20 million under the age of 5, and the number is growing. Obesity raises the risks of diseases such as type II diabetes, heart problems and is a health concern piling pressure on an already overburdened national health system. Recent research has tight weight to other problems during pregnancy. A team from the Round Corporation Think Tank inCalifornia reported in 2008 that women who get pregnant after weight loss surgery tend to be healthier and less likely to deliver a baby born with complications compared to obese women. Further study may show how obesity may cause these problems, Juliet at New Castle University researcher who worked on the study said in a telephone interview. Women who are thinking about trying for a baby need to check their own weight first, and then think about seeking help if they are overweight.Questions:26. What is the talk mainly about?27. Babies whose mothers are obese may have increased chances of the following diseases except?28. According to the WHO, how many people are classified as obese around the world?29. Which of the following can be a suggestion for obese women who plan to have a baby?30. According to the talk, what may be the focus of further studies?。

2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。

2.试卷一（paper one）和试卷二（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. She’s looking for a gift.B. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.D.The math homework is fun.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D. From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.C.Say no to your teen when necessary.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly washtheir hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down, agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. “If you have a developing nervous system, it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,”　s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen in famous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要人),voluptuous nudes, ormiddle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB . an identical smile for everybobyC . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of environmental science. Let us not be divided by our passion for depth or breadth. The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle, too wonderful to diminish by bickering(争吵).81. From a broad education to interdisciplinary study, we can see .A. the integration of theory with practiceB. the enthusiasm for breadth of knowledge。

医学考博英语sectiona全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Medical Entrance Exam English Section AMedical entrance exams are highly competitive, and one of the key sections in these exams is the English language section. This section tests candidates on their understanding of English grammar, vocabulary, and comprehension skills. It is essential for aspiring medical students to perform well in this section to secure admission to their desired medical college or university.The English section of the medical entrance exam typically consists of multiple-choice questions that cover a wide range of topics such as synonyms, antonyms, sentence completion, and reading comprehension. To excel in this section, candidates need to have a strong command of the English language and good reading skills.One of the key skills tested in the English section is vocabulary. Candidates are required to have a wide range of vocabulary to understand and answer questions on synonyms and antonyms. Building a strong vocabulary is essential forsuccess in this section, and candidates can improve their vocabulary by reading books, newspapers, and articles regularly.Another important skill tested in the English section is grammar. Candidates need to have a good understanding of English grammar rules to answer questions on sentence correction and completion. It is essential for candidates to brush up on their grammar skills and practice various grammar exercises to improve their performance in this section.Reading comprehension is another crucial aspect of the English section. Candidates are required to read passages and answer questions based on their understanding of the text. It is important for candidates to read the passages carefully, identify the main ideas, and answer the questions accurately to score well in this section.To prepare for the English section of the medical entrance exam, candidates can practice with sample papers and mock tests to familiarize themselves with the exam pattern and types of questions asked. Regular practice and revision are key to improving performance in this section.In conclusion, the English section of the medical entrance exam is a significant part of the overall exam, and candidates need to prepare diligently to excel in this section. By having astrong vocabulary, good grammar skills, and effective reading comprehension abilities, candidates can increase their chances of success in the exam and secure admission to a prestigious medical college.篇2Medical Doctoral English Section AThe Medical Doctoral English section A is an important part of the entrance examination for graduate studies in medical fields. It is designed to assess the English language proficiency of candidates and their ability to comprehend and analyze scientific texts in English. This section typically includes reading comprehension passages related to medical science, followed by multiple-choice questions that test the candidates' understanding of the material.To succeed in this section, candidates need to have a strong grasp of English language skills, including reading comprehension, vocabulary, and critical thinking. They should also be familiar with medical terminology and concepts in order to understand the complex scientific texts that may be presented in the exam.One key strategy for tackling the Medical Doctoral English section A is to practice regularly and familiarize oneself with the types of questions that may be asked. Candidates should also work on improving their vocabulary and reading speed to ensure that they can quickly and accurately answer the questions within the allotted time.In addition to preparing for the exam itself, candidates should also focus on improving their overall English language skills through reading scientific journals, practicing writing essays, and engaging in discussions with peers and professors in English.Overall, the Medical Doctoral English section A is a challenging but essential part of the entrance examination for graduate studies in medical fields. By dedicating time and effort to improving their English language skills, candidates can increase their chances of success and pursue their academic goals in the medical field.篇3Medical Doctoral English Test Section ASection A of the medical doctoral English test focuses on reading comprehension and the ability to understand andanalyze medical research articles. In this section, candidates are required to read a series of passages related to various medical topics and answer multiple-choice questions based on their understanding of the text. This section is designed to test the candidate's reading skills, comprehension, and ability to apply critical thinking to medical research.In order to excel in Section A of the medical doctoral English test, candidates should first make sure to carefully read each passage and pay close attention to the main ideas and key points being presented. It is important to understand the purpose of the study, the methodology used, the results obtained, and the conclusions drawn by the researchers. Candidates should also pay attention to any graphs, charts, or tables included in the passage, as these can provide additional information that may be relevant to the questions asked.After reading each passage, candidates should carefully review the multiple-choice questions and consider each option before selecting the best answer. It is important to pay attention to key words and phrases in the questions that may help to guide the answer. Candidates should also be aware of common question types, such as those that ask for the main idea of the passage, the author's purpose, or specific details from the text.In order to practice for Section A of the medical doctoral English test, candidates should work on improving their reading comprehension skills by reading a variety of medical research articles and academic texts. It is also helpful to practice answering multiple-choice questions and taking timed practice tests to simulate the test-taking experience. By developing strong reading skills and familiarizing themselves with the types of questions asked on the test, candidates can improve their performance in Section A and increase their chances of success on the medical doctoral English test.In conclusion, Section A of the medical doctoral English test is an important component of the exam that assesses candidates' reading comprehension skills and ability to understand and analyze medical research articles. By practicing reading comprehension and multiple-choice questions, candidates can improve their performance on this section of the test and increase their chances of achieving a high score overall.。

全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） (总题数：15，分数：15.00)A.A coughB.Diarrhea √C.A feverD.Vomiting解析：A.TuberculosisB.RhinitisryngitisD.Flu √解析：A.In his bag.B.By the lamp.C.In his house. √D.No idea about where he left it.解析：A.He’s nearly finished his work.B.He has to work for some more time. √C.He wants to leave now.D.He has trouble finishing his work.解析：A.A patientB.A doctorC.A teacherD.A student √解析：A.2.6B.3.5C.3.9D.136 √解析：A.He is the head of the hospital.B.He is in charge of Pediatrics.C.He went out looking for Dan.D.He went to Michigan on business. √解析：A.He has got a fever.B.He is a talented skier.C.He is very rich.D.He is a real ski enthusiast. √解析：A.To ask local people for help.B.To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C.Try to act like the people from that culture. √D.Stay with your country fellows.解析：A.She married because of loneliness.B.She married a millionaire.C.She married for money. √D.She married for love.解析：A.AspirantB.Courageous √C.CautiousD.Amiable解析：A.He was unhappy.B.He was feeling a bit unwell. √C.He went to see the doctor.D.The weather was nasty.解析：A.You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B.You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C.It’s a very popular magazine.√D.It doesn’t sell very well.解析：A.A general practitioner.B.A gynecologist. √C.An orthopedistD.A surgeon.解析：A.ChemotherapyB.RadiationC.Injections √D.Surgery解析：二、Section B (总题数：3，分数：15.00)A.It is a genetic disorder.B.It is a respiratory condition in pigs. √C.It is an illness from birds to humans.D.It is a gastric ailment.解析：A.Eating pork.B.Raising pigs. √C.Eating chicken.D.Breeding birds.解析：A.Running noseB.Inappetence √C.Pains all overD.Diarrhea解析：A.To stay from crowds. √B.To see the doctor immediately.C.To avoid medications.D.To go to the nearby clinic.解析：A.It is a debate.B.It is a TV program. √C.It is a consultation.D.It is a workshop.解析：A.About 10,000,000. √B.About 1,000,000.C.About 100,000.D.About 10,000.解析：A.A cocktail of vitamins.B.A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium. √C.The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D.The combination of minerals.解析：A.The delicate structures of the inner ear. √B.The inner ear cells.C.The eardrums.D.The inner ear ossicles.解析：A.General Motors.B.The United Auto Workers.C.NIH √D.All of above.解析：A.An industrial trial in Spain.itary trials in Spain and Sweden.C.Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden. √D.A trial involving students at the University of Florida. 解析：A.The link between obesity and birth defects. √B.The link between obesity and diabetes.C.The risk of birth abnormalities.D.The harmful effects of obesity.解析：A.Neural tube defects.B.Heart problems.C.Cleft lip and palateD.Diabetes √解析：A.20 million.B.200 million.C.400 million. √D.40 million.解析：A.A weight-loss surgery. √B.A balanced diet.C.A change of life style.D.More exercise.解析：A.Why obesity can cause birth defects.B.How obesity may cause birth defects. √C.Why obesity can cause diabetes.D.How obesity may cause diabetes.解析：三、Part II Vocabulary (10%) (总题数：10，分数：5.00)16.Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.（分数：0.50）A.overlappedB.segregatedC.intersectedD.interspersed √解析：17.As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year. （分数：0.50）A.sternB.slack √C.sumptuousD.glamorous解析：18.As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid ___________.（分数：0.50）A.mechanismB.miniatureC.medium √D.means解析：19.Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane. （分数：0.50）A.flexibility √B.moralityC.capacityD.productivity解析：20.In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country –recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.（分数：0.50）A.denialB.reversal √C.intervalD.withdrawal解析：21.Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.（分数：0.50）A.wholesomeB.contagiousC.vulgar √D.stagnant解析：22.Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and_____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.（分数：0.50）A.sustainable √B.renewableC.revivableD.merchandisable解析：23.In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.（分数：0.50）A.rationalB.radicalC.conservative √D.progressive解析：24.Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.（分数：0.50）A.ripplingB.waningC.fluctuatingD.devastating √解析：25.It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.（分数：0.50）A.at large √B.at randomC.on endD.on average解析：四、Section B (总题数：10，分数：5.00)26.Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at a discount. （分数：0.50）A.deficitsB.deviationsC.drawbacks √D.discrepancies解析：27.The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.（分数：0.50）A.despiseB.evadeC.demandD.undertake √解析：28.After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country. （分数：0.50）A.improvedB.burdened √C.inspectedD.tariffed解析：29.The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.（分数：0.50）A.a fit of enthusiasmB.a scream of frightC.a burst of laughter √D.a cry of anguish解析：30.We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.（分数：0.50）A.loan √B.paymentC.withdrawalD.retrieval解析：31.The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.（分数：0.50）A.fineB.suddenC.finiteD.absolute √解析：32.Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise. （分数：0.50）A.irritated √B.tamedC.stampedD.probed解析：33.The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.（分数：0.50）A.inductionB.perception √C.interpretationD.penetration解析：34.My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect. （分数：0.50）A.presentation √B.gestureC.rhythmD.pronunciation解析：35.In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.（分数：0.50）A.untimelyB.unexpectedlyC.unreasonably √D.unconventionally解析：五、Part III Cloze (10%) (总题数：1，分数：10.00)Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester. Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.” The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said. Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. （分数：10.00）A.crucial for √B.available inC.resulting fromD.ascribed to解析：A.in disguise ofB.in shades of √C.in search ofD.in place of解析：A.This is howB.That’s why√C.It is not thatD.There exists解析：A.paidB.paysC.payD.paying √解析：A.thoughB.not to sayC.not just one √D.as well解析：A.UntilB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once √解析：A.as opposed toB.in addition toC.as a result of √D.in spite of解析：A.benefits √B.defectsC.approachesD.risks解析：A.in caseB.in advanceC.in returnD.in particular √解析：A.effectB.reason √C.outcomeD.conclusion解析：六、Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%) (总题数：6，分数：30.00)Passage one There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unrepor ted so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression. Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upb ringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties –can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk? No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care. Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable. （分数：5.00）(1).Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________. （分数：1.00）A.in terms of physical environmentB.form a biological perspective √C.based on the empirical dataD.in a statistical way解析：(2).When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, as indicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.a particular gene is passed on in familiesB.child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC.the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency √D.the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse解析：(3).The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior ___________. （分数：1.00）A.boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB.high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC.it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD.active measures ought to be taken at an early age √解析：(4).To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it a point to consider ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB.the consequences of compromising democracyC.the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD.the greater cost of failing to intervene √解析：(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Parenting Strategies for KidsB.The Making of a Criminal √C.Parental EducationD.Abusive Parenting解析：Passage two After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them. Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man wit h HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050. Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs. The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead. No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon –and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses. （分数：5.00）(1).Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph? （分数：1.00）A.The end of the world.B.A candle of hope. √C.A Nobel prize.D.A Quick Fix.解析：(2).According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would ___________. （分数：1.00）A.make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy √B.facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionpel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD.would change the way we look at those with AIDS解析：(3).As another bit of good news, ___________. （分数：1.00）A.HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB.the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART √C.the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD.the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years解析：(4).The last reason for optimism is that ___________. （分数：1.00）ernments will invest more in improving ARTB.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline √C.everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD.the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem解析：(5).The whole passage carries a tone of ___________. （分数：1.00）A.idealismB.activismC.criticismD.optimism √解析：Passage Three Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything? Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物) for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged. Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world? His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations, passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children. Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for. Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster. （分数：5.00）(1).The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________. （分数：1.00）A.seem to have no answers whateverB.are intended to dig for ancient human minds √C.are not scientific enough to be answered hereD.are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance解析：(2).The scientists find the proxy to be ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the role of culture √B.the passage of timeC.the structure of a skullD.the biological makeup of the brain解析：(3).According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years ago suggests that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.human civilization came too lateB.the hardware retained biologically staticC.it took so long for the software to evolve √D.there existed an interaction between gene and environment解析：(4).From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we might conclude that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB.the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC.the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution √D.vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain解析：(5).Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.its cognitive development is extremely slowB.to know its past is to understand its future √C.its biological evolution is hard to predictD.as the brain develops, so as the mind解析：Passage Four Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change.A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population. This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it? One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate. Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting. So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”. PlanB involves making sure we have large scale geoengineeringtechnolo gies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing. Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change. Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.（分数：5.00）(1).To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________. （分数：1.00）A.the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient √B.the warning against worsening climate changeC.the inevitable consequence of global warmingD.the misconception of a warmer world解析：(2).As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________. （分数：1.00）A.live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB.have nowhere to go but live in the desertC.become victims as soon as 2050D.move closer to the poles √解析：(3).It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________. （分数：1.00）A.to reduce massively CO2 emissions √B.to take protective measures by 2025C.to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD.to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles解析：(4).Earth’s plan B is ambitious enough ___________. （分数：1.00）A.to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worseB.to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogetherC.to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiencyD.to manage the Earth’s thermostat√解析：(5).Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan B” for? （分数：1.00）A.It’s Time to Go GreenB.Energy-efficient measures must be taken √C.Mass migration to the poles is inevitableD.For the Planet’s Geoengineer or Catatrophe解析：Passage Five Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittany’s m other, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development. Last week, Brittany was given the green l ight to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor’s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder. So will Donovan vs Idant laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a “product” in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way. Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out--- and there is a test that can do so ---but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to earl y Alzheimer’s? Donovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion. （分数：5.00）(1).Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ______________. （分数：1.00）A.a cheat in boasting its biological productsB.donor sperm as a productC.problematic donor sperm √D.a breach of confidentiality解析：(2).It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the US purchase sperm_____________. （分数：1.00）A.without knowing its potential dangers √B.regardless of repeated warningsC.for the reason of quality supplyD.for their desperate needs解析：(3).The question from the case is whether ___________. （分数：1.00）A.people are entitled to donor spermB.donated sperm should be just a product √C.Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bankD.Donovan’s health problems have been clinically certified解析：(4).It seems that sperm banks are in no position to _______________. （分数：1.00）A.treat donor sperm as a productB.screen out the fragile X mutationC.manage their business as others do in NYD.guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect √解析：(5).The statement Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that _____________. （分数：1.00）A.Donovan will surely win the case in courtB.any product could have a defect in one way or another。

2013年北京大学考博英语真题试题及答案PartOne:ListeningcomprehensionThereare3sectionsinthispart.InsectionAandByouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Liste ncarefullyandthenchoosethecorrectanswerforeachquestion.MarkyourchoicesonyourA NSWERSHEET.SectionA:Conversations5Questions1to3arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwil lbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.1.WhichisNOTthepurposeofMr.Lewis’visit?A.Toseefriends.B.Togiveconcerts.C.Tovacation.D.Togiveprivatelessons.2.WhatkindofcellodidMr.Lewisusewhenhewaseight?A.Afull-sizedcello.B.Ahalf-sizedcello.C.Atwo-thirds-sizedcello.D.Itisnotmentioned.3.WhatistrueaboutMr.Lewis’cello?A.Healwaystakesitwithhim.B.Itwasmadebyhisuncle.C.Heborroweditfromhisuncle.D.Hegotaseatfreeforhiscello.Questions4to7arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwil lbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.4.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheresearch?A.Tomakepreparationsforanewpublication.B.Tolearnhowcouplesspendtheirweekends.C.Toknowhowhouseworkisshared.D.Toinvestigatewhatpeopledoattheweekend.5.WhatdoesthemandoonFridays?A.Hegoestoexerciseclasses.B.Hegoessailing.C.Hegoestothecinema.D.Hestaysathome.6.Onwhichdaydoesthecouplealwaysgoout?A.Friday.B.Saturday.C.Sunday.D.Anyweekday.7.Whichpersonaldetaildoesthemangive?A.Surname.B.Firstname.C.Address.D.Age.Questions8to10arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youw illbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.8.WhatconclusioncanwedrawaboutMikebeforehewenttothecampingschool?A.Hewaseagertodothecourse.B.Hehaddoneoutdooractivities.C.Heenjoyedlifeintheopen.D.Hewasreluctantandtimid.9.MikeparticipatedinallthefollowingactivitiesEXCEPT______________.A.hikingB.canoeingC.swimmingD.camping10.WhichofthefollowingwordsismostappropriatetodescribeMikeafterthecampingschoo l?A.Independent.B.Strong.C.Determined.D.Persistent.SectionB:Talks5Questions11to13arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,you willbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.11.WhathappenedtoJanuary27th,1967?A.Threemenwereinjuredduringafire.B.Onemandiedduringthefireaccident.C.Afirestartedinsideaspaceship.D.Aspaceshipwaslaunched.12.Whathappenedin1981?A.Thespaceprogramwassuspended.B.Fivemenwereinjuredduringanaccident.C.Theaccidentoccurredbeforetherehearsal.D.Noaccidenthappenedthatyear.13.Whatdoesthetalksayaboutaccidents?D?BPiCs?XSA.Accidentsareunavoidable.B.Accidentscanbeavoided.C.Humanbeingsarealwayscareless.D.Thereshouldbemoreprecautions.Questions14to17arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,you willbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.14.BBC’sweatherforecastisa________program.A.seldomwatchedB.littleknownC.newD.popular15.WeatherobservationscomefromallthefollowingsourcesEXCEPT________.putersB.satellitesC.thegroundD.radar16.WhatdoesthetalksayaboutBBC’sforecasters?A.Theyreadfromscript.B.Theyareprofessional.C.Theyuseamapforpresentation.D.Theycareabouttheirclothes.17.WhatdoesthetalksayaboutBritishtelevisionviewers?A.Theyrememberwhattheysawonweatherforecasts.B.Theyliketalkingaboutweatherinsteadofwatching.C.Theypaymoreattentiontothestyleofthepresenters.D.Theywatchandrememberwhatisnecessary.Questions18to20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,you willbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.18.WhichisNOTshowinganincreasethisyear?A.Numberoftourists.B.Holidaytravelers.C.Shopping.D.Diningandentertaining.19.Whatdoesthetalksayaboutthisyear’sbusinesstravelers?A.Therearefewerbusinesstravelers.B.Therearemorebusinesstravelers.C.Thenumberremainsthesameaslastyear’s.D.Itisnotmentionedinthetalk.20.Whichisthelargestsinglevisitorexpenditure?A.Hotelaccommodation.B.Meals.C.Shopping.D.Entertainment.SectionC:SpotDictation10Directions:Inthissectionyouaregoingtohearareportonthestronglinkbetweensleepandfata laccident.Somewordsaretakenoutandyouareexpectedtofillinthemissingwordsasyouliste n.ThereportwillbereadTWICEandyouwillhaveoneminutetocheckyourwork.Thenputyour answersonANSWERSHEET(2).Inadequaterestmeansaweaker(C1)___________system,layingthebodyopentoawhole(C 2)__________ofillnesses.Ontheaverageamanneedssevenhoursofsleepadayandawoman sevenanda(C3)____________hours.Sixhoursof(C4)_________sleepisbetterthantenho ursof(C5)__________andturning,however.Peoplewhosleeplessthansixhoursanightare( C6)________foranearlydeath.Somepeople(C7)___________thattheycangetbywithlittlesleepwhennecessary.Butexpe rtsthinkthesepeopleare(C8)________themselves.Betweensleep(C9)________andfatalaccidentsthereisanobvious(C10)_________.Peopl ewhoget(C11)________sleeporpoorqualitysleephaveahigherriskof(C12)________onth eroad.Theyaremorelikelytofallasleepatthe(C13)_________andkillpeopleorgetkilled.Pr ofessionaldriversand(C14)___________workersaremostlikelytotakethe(C15)_______ _.Theperformanceatworkalso(C16)__________becauseofsleepdeprivation.Thepressuresofworkdeprivepeopleofsleep.Tomakeitup,theytryto(C17)________catnap s.Butexpertsarealittle(C18)____________aboutthebenefitsofcatnapping.Theytellusthat thecatnapcanneverbea(C19)_________forpropersleep.Forvictimsof(C20)_________,c atnappinginthedayistheworstthingtheycanpossiblydo.PartTwo:StructureandWrittenExpression20Directions:Ineachquestiondecidewhichoffourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompleteth esentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.MarkyourchoicesontheANSWERSHEET.21.Thenuclearfamily__________aself-contained,self-satisfyingunitcomposedoffather, motherandchildren.A.referstoB.definesC.describesD.devotesto22.Somepollsshowthatroughlytwo-thirdsofthegeneralpublicbelievethatelderlyAmerica nsare________bysocialisolationandloneliness.A.reproachedB.favoredC.plaguedD.reprehended23.Inadditiontobetteringgroupandindividualperformance,cooperation________thequal ityofinterpersonalrelationship.A.ascendspelsC.enhancesD.prefers24.Inthepast50years,there________agreatincreaseintheamountofresearch_____ontheh umanbrain.A.was…didB.hasbeen…tobedoneC.was…doingD.hasbeen…done25.“Im usthaveeatensomethingwrong.Ifeellike_____.”“Wetoldyounottoeatatarestaurant.You’dbetter_______athomewheny ouarenotintheshape.”A.tothrowup…toeatB.throwingup…eatingC.tothrowup…eatD.throwingup…eat26.Parentshavetoshowdueconcernstotheirchildren’screat ivityandemotionaloutput;othe rwisewhattheythinkbeneficialtothekidsmightprobably_______theirenthusiasmandaspir ations.A.holdbackB.holdtoC.holddownD.holdover27.Accordingtopsychoanalysis,aperson’sattentionisattracted________bytheintensityof differentsignals________bytheircontext,significance,andinformationcontent.A.notlessthan…asB.as…justasC.somuch…asD.notsomuch…as28.TheymovedtoPortlandin1998andlivedinabighouse,_______tothesouth.A.thewindowsofwhichopenedB.thewindowsofitopenedC7U O:`naC.itswindowsopenedD.thewindowsofwhichopening29.Theladywhohas_______foranightinthedeadofthewinterlaterturnedouttobeadistantre lationofhis.A.puthimupB.puthimoutC.puthimonD.puthimincd30.Bystanders,_______,_________astheywalkedpastlinesofambulances.A.bloodyandcoveredwithdust,lookingdazedB.bloodiedandcoveredwithdust,lookeddazedC.bloodyandcoveredwithdust,lookeddazedD.bloodiedandcoveredwithdust,lookingdazed31.HongKongwasnotatargetforterrorattacks,theGovernmentinsistedyesterday,astheUS ________closedforanapparentsecurityreview.A.ConsulationB.ConstitutionC.ConsulateD.Consular32.AmericanfanshaveselectedYaoinavotefortheAll-Stargame______thelegendaryO’N eal,who______the“GreatWall”attheweekendastheRocketsbeattheLosAngelesLakers.-A.inheadof,ranonB.inheadof,ranintoC.aheadof,ranontoD.aheadof,raninto33.Professionalarchivistsandlibrarianshavetheresourcestoduplicatematerialsinotherfor matsandtheexpertisetoretrievematerialstrappedin_________computers.A.abstractB.obsoleteC.obstinateD.obese34.Shealwaysprintsimportantdocumentsandst oresabackupsetatherhouse.“Iactuallythin kthere’ssomethingaboutthe______ofpaperthatfeelsmorecomforting.”Shesaid.A.tangibilityB.tanglednessC.tangentD.tantalization35.“Theysaidwhatwealwaysknew,”saidanadministrationsource,___________.A.heaskednottobenamedB.whoaskednottobenamedC.whoaskednotbenamedD.whoaskednotnamed36.InGermany,theindustrialgiantsDaimlerChryslerandSiemensrecently_______theirun ionsintosigningcontractsthatlengthenworkhourswithoutincreasingpay.A.muscledB.movedC.mushedD.muted37.Hearguesthatthepolicyhasdonelittletoeasejoblessness,andhasleftthecountry_______ .A.energizedB.EnervatedC.NervedD.enacted38.Themorepeoplehearhisdementedrants,themoretheyseethatheisaterrorist_______.A.whoispureandsimpleB.beingpureandsimpleC.pureandsimpleD.aspureandsimple39.Thisexpansionofrightshasledtobothaparalysisofthepublicserviceandtoarapidandterri ble________inthecharacterofthepopulation.A.determinationB.deteriorationC.desolationD.desperationU [~~CVV40._______adecliningbirthrate,therewillbeanover-supplyof27,000primaryschoolplace sby2010,_______leaving35schoolsidle.sto B.Couplingwith,equivalenttoC.Coupledwith,equivalenttoD.Couplingwith,equalstoPartThree:ReadingComprehension10PassageOne TheHeroMymother’sparentscamefromHun gary,butmygrandfathercouldtracehisorigintoGerman yandalsohewaseducatedinGermany.Althoughhewasabletoholdaconversationinninelan guages,hewasmostcomfortableinGerman.Everymorning,beforegoingtohisoffice,heread theGermanlanguagenewspaper,whichwasAmericanownedandpublishedinNewYork.MygrandfatherwastheonlyoneinhisfamilytocometotheUnitedStateswithhiswifeandchil dren.HestillhadrelativeslivinginEurope.Whenthefirstworldwarbrokeout,helamentedthe factthatifmyuncle,hisonlysonhadtogo,itwouldbecousinfightingagainstcousin.Intheearl ydaysofthewar,mygrandmotherbeggedhimtostoptakingtheGermannewspaperandtotake anEnglishlanguagenewspaper,instead.Hescoffedattheidea,explainingthatthefactitwasin GermandidnotmakeitaGermannewspaper,butonlyanAmericannewspaper,printedinGer man.Butmygrandmotherinsisted,forfearthattheneighborsmayseehimreaditandthinkhew asGerman.So,hefinallygaveuptheGermannewspaper.Oneday,theinevitablehappenedandmyuncleMiltonreceivednoticetojointhearmy.Mygra ndparentswereveryupset,butmymother,hislittlesister,wasexcited.Nowshecouldboastab outhersoldierbrothergoingofftowar.Shewastenyearsoldatthetime,andmyuncle,realizing howhewasregardedbyhislittlesisterandherfriends,wentoutandboughtthemallservicepins ,whichmeantthattheyhadalovedoneintheservice.Allthelittlegirlsweredelighted.Whenth edaycameforhimtoleave,hiswholeregiment,intheiruniforms,lefttogetherfromthesametr ainstation.Therewasabandplayingandmymotherandherfriendscametoseehimoff.Eachon eworeherservicepinandwavedasmallAmericanflag,cheeringtheboys,astheyleft.Themomentcameandthesoldiers,allveryyoung,noneofwhomhadhadanytraining,butwho hadneverthelessallbeenissueduniforms,boardedthetrain.Thebandplayedandthecrowdch eered.Thetraingroanedasifitknewthedestinytowhichitwastakingitspassengers,butitsoon begantomove.Stillcheeringandwavingtheirflags,thebandstillplaying,thetrainslowlydep artedthestation.Ithadgoneaboutathousandyardswhenitsuddenlygroundtoahalt.Thebandstoppedplaying, thecrowdstoppedcheering.Everyonegazedinwonderasthetrainslowlybackedupandretur nedtothestation.Itseemedaneternityuntilthedoorsopenedandthemenstartedtofileout.So meoneshouted,“It’sthearmistice.Thewarisover.”Foramoment,nobodymoved,butthenth epeopleheardsomeonebarkordersatthesoldiers.Themenlinedupandformedintotwolines. Theywalkeddownthestepsand,withthebandplayingbehind,paradeddownthestreet,asretu rningheroes,tobewelcomedhomebytheassembledcrowd.Thenextdaymyunclereturnedtohisjob,andmygrandfatherresumedreadingtheGermannewspaper,whichhereaduntiltheda yhedied.41.Wherewasthenarrator’sfamilywhenthisstorytookplace?A.InGermany.B.InHungary.C.IntheUnitedStatesD.InNewYork.42.Hisgrandfather____________.A.couldnotspeakandreadEnglishwellenoughB.knewninelanguagesequallywellC.knewanumberoflanguages,butfeltmorekintoGermanD.lovedGermanbestbecauseitmadehimthinkofhome43.HisgrandmotherdidnotwantherhusbandtobuyandreadnewspapersA.Coupledwith,equalinGerman,because________.A.itwaswartimeandGermansweretheirenemyB.theneighborswouldmistakethemaspro-GermanC.itwaseasiertogetnewspapersinEnglishinAmericaD.nobodyelsereadnewspapersinGermanduringthewartime44.Thenarrator’smotherwantedherbrothertogotofightinthewar,because________.A.likeeverybodyelseatthewartime,shewasverypatrioticB.shehatedthewarandtheGermansverymuchC.allherfriendshadrelativesinwarandshewantedtobelikethemD.shelikedtohaveabrothershecouldthinkofasaheroPassageTwo WakingUpfromtheAmericanDreamssds Therehasbeenmuchtalkrecentlyaboutthephenomenonof“Wal-Martization”ofAmerica, whichreferstotheattemptofAmerica’sgiantWal-Martchainstorecompanytokeepitscostatrock-bottomlevels.Foryears,manyAmericancompanieshaveembracedWal-Mart-likestr atagemstocontrollaborcosts,suchashiringtemps(temporaryworkers)andpart-timers,fight ingunions,dismantlinginternalcareerladdersandoutsourcingtolowerpayingcontractorsat homeandabroad.Whilethesetactics havetheadmirableoutcomeofholdingdownconsumerprices,they’recos tlyinotherways.Morethanaquarterofthelaborforce,about34millionworkers,istrappedinlo w-wage,oftendead-endjobs.Manymiddle-incomeandhigh-skilledemployeesfacefewero pportunities,too,ascompaniesshiftworktosubcontractorsandtempsagenciesandmovewhi te-collarjobstoChinaandIndia.TheresulthasbeenanerosionofoneofAmerica’smostcherishedvalue:givingitspeoplethea bilitytomoveuptheeconomicladderovertheirlifetimes.Historically,mostAmericans,even low-skilledones,wereabletofindpoorlypaidjanitorialorfactoryjobs,thengraduallyclimbe dintothemiddleclassastheygainedexperienceandmovedupthewagecurve.Butthenumber ofworkersprogressingupwardbegantoslipin1970s.Upwardmobilitydiminishedevenmor einthe1980sasglobalizationandtechnologyslammedblue-collarwages.RestoringAmericanmobilityislessaquestionofknowingwhattodothanofmakingithappen. Expertshavedecriedschools’inadequacyforyears,butfixingthemisalong,arduousstruggle .Similarly,therehavebeenplentyofwarningsaboutdecliningcollegeaccess,butfindingfun dswasdifficulteveninerasoflargesurpluses.45.TheAmericandreaminthispassagemainlyrefersto____________.A.therearealwayspossibilitiesofferedtopeopletodevelopthemselvesinthesocietyB.AmericanscanalwaysmoveupthepayladderC.Americanyoungpeoplecanhaveaccesstocollege,eventheyarepoorD.thelaborforceisnottrappedinlow-wageanddead-endjobs46.Wal-Martstrategy,accordingtothispassage,is to___________.A.hiretempsandpart-timerstoreduceitscostB.outsourceitscontractstolowerpriceagenciesathomeandabroadC.holddownitsconsumerpricebycontrollingitslaborcostsD.dismantlethecareerladderandstoppeople’smobilityupward47.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?A.Wal-Martizationhasbeensuccessfulinkeepingcostsatrock-bottomlevels.B.Upwardmobilityforlow-skilledworkershasbecomeimpossibleintheU.S.C.Morebusinessopportunitiesaregiventolow-costagenciesinChinaandIndia.D.AlthoughpeopleknowhowtorestoreAmericanmobility,it’sdifficulttochangethepresen tsituation.PassageThree SeniorsandtheCityTensofthousandsofretireesarepullingupstakesinsuburbanareasandfashioningtheirownretirementcommunitiesintheheartofthebustlingcity.Theyarelookingforwhatmo stolderpeoplewant:ahomewithnostairsandlowcrimerates.Andtheyarewillingtoexchange regularweeklygolftimeforrichculturalofferings,youngneighborsandplentyofgoodrestau rants.Spyinganopportunity,majorreal-estatedevelopershavebrokengroundonurbansitest heyintendedtomarkettosuburbanretirees.Theseseniorsarealreadychangingthefaceofbigc ities.Onedeveloper,FranMcCarthyasks:“Whoeverthoughtthatsuburbanflightwouldbero undtrip?”Thetrickleofolderfolksreturningtothecityhasgrownintoasteadystream.Whilesomecities, especiallythosewithfewculturalofferings,haveseenanexodusofseniors,urbanplannerssa yothershavebecomeretireesmagnets.Between1999and2000,thepopulationof64-to-75-year-oldsindowntownChicagorose17percent.Austin,NewOrleans,andLosAngeleshavese endouble-digitincreasesaswell.Theremaybehiddenhealthbenefitstocityliving.Astudyre vealsthatmovingfromsuburbstothecitycanwardoffthebyproductofaging---socialisolatio n.Inthenextsixyears,downtownsareexpectedtogrowevengrayer.Foraffluentretirees,cityl ifeisanincreasinglypopularoption.48.Retiredseniorsaremovingbackintothecitybecause____________.A.theyfindtherearetoomanycrimesinthesuburbsB.unliketheflatsinthecity,theircountryhousehavestairstoclimbC.theyarenolongerinterestedinplayinggolfD.inthecity,theyhavemoresocialandculturallifeagainstloneliness49.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat_________.A.thereal-estatedevelopershavebrokentheiroriginalcontractsofconstructionwithseniorr etireesB.alifeinthedowntowncityisexpensive,andmostofthoseretireeswhomovedbackintotheci tyareverywell-offC.withmoreolderpeoplelivinginthecity,thecitywillbecomegrayandlessbeautifulD.verysoontheAmericansuburbanareaswillfacetheirlowpopulationcrisis50.FranMcCarthy’squestionmeans:nobodyeverthoughtthat__________.A.peoplewhomovedoutofthecitydecadesagonowwouldmovebackB.suburbandwellerswhenmovingbackintothecitymusttakeroundtripC.suburbanflightyearsagowouldgoincirclesD.seniorpeople’smovingbackintothecitywouldtakeplaceallovertheUnitedStatesDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenexplaininyourownEnglishtheexa ctmeaningofthenumberedandunderlinedparts.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2)1 5(51)Beingangryincreasestheriskofinjury,especiallyamongmen,newresearchsays.Theresearchersgathereddataonmorethan2,400accidentvictimsatthreeMissourihospitals. Theyinterviewedeachsubjecttodeterminethepatient’semotionalstatejustbeforetheinjury and24hoursearlier,gatheringdataonwhetherthepatientsfeltirritable,angryorhostile,andto whatdegree.Thentheycomparedtheresultswithacontrolgroupofuninjuredpeople.(52)Despitewidespreadbeliefin“roadrage,”angerdidnotcorrelatewithinjuriesfromtraffic accidents.(53)Notsurprisingly,angerwasstronglyassociatedwithinjuriesinflicteddeliberately.Buto therinjuries–thoseneitherintentionallyinflictednorfromfallsortrafficaccidents–alsoshow edstrongassociationswithanger.(54)Thecorrelationsweresignificantlyweakerforwomenthanformen,buttherewerenodiff erencesbyrace.Theauthorsacknowledgethattheirdatadependonself-reports,whicharenotalwaysreliable.(55)Whyangercorrelateswithinjuryisnotknown.“Icanspeculatethattheangermayhavepro mptedsomebehaviorthatledtotheinjury,ormayhavesimplydistractedtheperson,leadingin directlyt otheinjury,”saidthestudy’sleadauthor.PartFour:ClozeTest10Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenfillineachnumberedblankwithO NEsuitablewordtocompletethepassage.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2).LastyearFrenchdriverskilled(56)_______than5,000peopleontheroadsforthefirsttimeind ecades.Creditgoeslargely(57)________the1,000automatedradarcamerasplantedonthen ation’shighwayssince2003,whichexpertsreckon(58)_______3,000liveslastyear.Succes s,ofcoursebreedssuccess:thegovernmentplanstoinstall500(59)______radardevicesthisy ear.Soitgoeswithsurveillancethesedays.Europeansusedtolookatthesecuritycameraspostedin Britishcities,subwaysandbuses(60)_______theseedsofanOrwellianworldthatwaslargel yunacceptableinContinentalEurope.Butlastyear’sLondonbombing,inwhichvideocamer as(61)________akeyroleinidentifyingtheperpetrators,havehelpedspuraseachange.Amo nth(62)_______theLondonattacks,halfofGermanssupportedEU-wideplanstorequireInt ernetprovidersandtelecomstostorealle-mail,Internetandphonedatafor“anti-terror”(63)_ _____.InaBritishpoll,73percentofrespondentssaidtheywere(64)_______togiveupsomec ivillibertytoimprove(65)________.PartFive:Proofreading10Directions:Inthefollowingpassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,ONEineachnumbered andunderlinedpart.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addaword,orjustdeleteaword.Ifyoucha ngeaword,crossitwithaslash(/)andwritethecorrectwordbesideit.Ifyouaddaword,writethe missingwordbetweenthewords(inbrackets)immediatelybeforeandafterit.Ifyoudeleteaw ord,crossitoutwithaslash(/).PutyouransweronANSWERSHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)Themeetingbegun2hoursago.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(66)begunbeganeg.2(67)Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainwentup.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3(68)NeverwillInotdoitagain.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(68)not(66)Applicationfilesarepiledhighlythismonthincollegesacrossthecountry.(67)Admissio nsofficersareporingessaysandrecommendationletters,scouringtranscriptsandstandardiz edtestscores.(68)Butanythingismissingfrommanyapplications:aclassranking,onceamajorcomponent inadmissionsdecisions.Inthecat-and-mousemaneuveringoveradmissiontoprestigiouscollegesanduniversities,(6 9)thousandsofhighschoolshavesimplystoppedprovidingthatinformation,concludingitco uldharmthechancesoftheirverybetter,butnotbest,students.(70)Cannycollegeofficials,inturn,havefoundatacticalwaytoresponse.(71)Usingbroadda tathathighschoolsoftenprovide,likeadistributionofgradeaveragesforentireseniorclass,th eyessentiallyrecreateanapplicant’sclassrank.(72)Theprocesshasleftthemexasperating.(73)“Ifwe’relookingatyoursonordaughterandyouwantustoknowthattheyareamongthebe stintheirschool,witharankwedon’tnecessarilyknowthat,”saidJimBock,deanofadmission sandfinancialaidatSwarthmoreCollege.(74)Admissionsdirectorssaystrategycanbackfire.Whenhighschoolsdonotprovideenoughgeneralinformationtorecreatetheclassrankcalcul ation,(75)manyadmissionsdirectorssaytheyhavelittlechoiceandtodosomethingvirtually noonewantsthemtodo:givemoreweighttoscoresontheSATandotherstandardizedexams.PartSix:Writing15Directions:Writeashortcompositionofabout250to300wordsonthetopicgivenbelow.Writ eitneatlyonANSWERSHEET(2).Recently,anewspapercarriedanarticleentitled:“WeShouldNoLongerForceGongLiandZ hangYimoutoTakePartinNationalPolitics”.Thearticlearguedthatsomeartistsandfilmstar sareunwillingorunqualifiedtorepresentthepeopleinthePeople’sCongressorthePeople’sP oliticalConsultativeConference,andtheyshouldnotbeforcedtodoso.Whatdoyouthink?56.fewer57.to58.saved59.more60.as61.played62.after63.purposes64.ready/willing65.s ecurity北京大学2006年博士入学考试试题答案Listening0.5each)1-5BCAAD6-10BADCA11-15CBADA16-20BDCBＣC1:immune C11:insufficientC2:range C12:accidentsC3:quarter C13:wheelC4:uninterrupted C14:shiftC5:tossing C15:riskC6:destined C16:deterioratesC7:claim C17:snatchC8:fooling C18:skepticalC9:deprivation C19:substituteC10:correlation C20:insomniaStructureandwrittenexpression1pointeach)21-25accdd26-30adaab31-35cdbab36-40abcbcReading1pointeach)41-45ccbda46-50cbdbaParaphrasing:(3pointseach)51.Accordingtonewresearch,gettingangryaddstothechancesofgettingphysicallyhurt,par ticularlyformale.52.evenpeoplegen[size=5][/size]erallybelievehatpeopleeasilygetangrywhendrivingont heroad,butangerdidn’thavemuch/anythingto dowithinjuriesfromtrafficaccidents,/butnot manyinjuriesfromtrafficaccidentsaretheresultsofangerontheroad.53.Itisnotatallsurprisingthatangerisaveryimportantreasonforpeoplewhointentionallyhur tthemselves.54.Weseethisstronglinkbetweenangerandinjurymoreinmenthaninwomen,butdifferentra cesofpeopledidnotshowmuchvariation.55.Peopledonotknowyetwhyangerisassociatedwithinjury.Cloze:(1pointeach)56.Fewer57.To58.Saved59.More60.As61.Played62.After63.Purposes64.Ready65.SecurityProofreading:(1pointeach)66.Highly-high67.Pore-poreover68.Anything-something69.Better-good70.Response-respond71.Forentire-foranentire72.Exasperating-exasperatedbS 73.With-without74.Strategy-thestrategy75.And-butWriting:(15points)。