SHOULD THE GOVERNMENT PROVIDE JOBS FOR CITIZENS

人教版英语九年级期末全一册重点单词复习及练习根据中文提示填空一、根据首字母填空1．Susan and her mother haven’t seen for a long time. They had a long c ________ on the phone last night. 2．He isn’t good at art. He can neither draw n________ sing.3．The boy c________ be David. He has gone to Beijing.4．I was i________ to Billy’s birthday party.5．We go to school every day e________ Saturday and Sunday.6．Jane likes reading in her s________ time.7．It’s a pity that the concert was ____ because of the bad weather. (取消)二、根据汉语提示填空8．I made a cake in a ________ (形状) of a heart for my father’s birthday.9．I ________ (推断) you will like this city some day.10．We have so many special and ________ (珍贵的) memories about our junior high school life.11．Eric’s parents are holding a party to celebrate his ________ (四十岁) birthday.12．As teenagers, it is better for us to speak to the old people ________ (礼貌地).13．Here is a ________ (建议) for you. I hope it can help you.14．—How was your vacation, Jim?—Terrible. I don’t ________ (甚至) want to talk about it again.15．The more you practice, the ________ (好) you will play the violin.16．We have to say goodbye, but I will remember you ________ (永远).17．A little bird flew into the room ________ (通过) the window.18．Is it necessary for me to ________ (翻译) Chinese into German?19．They’ve learned how to behave at the table ________ (除了) Wei Hua.20．It is ________ (不礼貌的) to point at others with chopsticks while eating.21．________ (无论谁) must observe the school rules.22．For most students, the ________ (知识) of grammar is hard to learn.23．Smartphone is ________ (广泛地) used in our daily life.24．There are sixty teachers in our school in ________ (总数；合计).25．We always ________ (和……打招呼) others by saying “hello”.26．The team is a symbol of the Chinese people’s spirit, so people speak ________ （高度地）of the movie. 27．Sports movie Leap became the biggest ________ (获胜者) with three awards at this film festival on Nov. 28th, 2020.28．You can’t ________（想象）how hard those female players were fighting for our country.29．They kept practising carefully almost every ________ （单个的）day and never gave up their dreams. 30．The Golden Rooster Awards is a ________（国家的）event which started in 1981.31．We should ________ (传播) love and kindness to every corner of the world.32．The music is so ________ (悦耳的) that I like it very much.33．We go to school every day ________ (除了) Saturday and Sunday.34．Learning ________ (明智地) is a great way to improve ourselves.35．As we know, ________(知识) comes from questioning.36．Yang Jiang was ________ (认为) as the most virtuous wife and the most talented female by her husband, Qian Zhongshu.37．When you spill the beans, you give away ________（私人的）information.38．My family always go ________ (在某地) interesting as soon as the holiday begins.39．Driving after drinking can increase the ________ (风险) of traffic accidents.40．A door must be ________ (两者之一) shut or open, so you must choose one.41．In his early ________ , he became interested in writing and achieved a great success.(四十)42．____ millions of doctors and nurses’ hard work, the COVID-19 has been well controlled in China .(通过) 43．I don’t know ____ the child with cancer can have enough courage to face the trouble or not. (是否) 44．Such ____ as when and where to go on a trip haven’t been decided yet. (决定)45．Nobody ________ that Tina is the perfect person to be the monitor of our class.(怀疑)46．The police have confirmed the victim was murdered ________ and then brought here. (在某处)47．The government is developing local ________ to provide more jobs for local people. （产业）48．Whenever I read this book, I feel ________ (瞌睡的) .49．Our school often gives us many ________ tips to help us protect ourselves. (安全)50．The plan for winter study trip may be ________ because of the uncertain weather.(取消)51．When you ________(进来) the room, please take off your shoes.52．We have some ________ (鸡蛋) for breakfast.53．I don’t think Daniel’s idea is well worth ________.(考虑)54．The Great Wall is the ________ (骄傲) of the Chinese people.55．We will listen to him ________ (宣布) the result of the games.56．We will provide a high level of ________ (服务) in my hotel.57．He has ________（误认为）Mary for her twin sister many times as they look the same.58．Nelson Mandela was a ________ (斗士) for the rights of black Africans all his life.59．Reading The Diaries of John Rabe lets me get closer to the ________ (真相) of Nanjing Massacre. 60．What beautiful views! I ________（简直）can’t believe my eyes.61．I live in ________ (中心的) Nanjing. It is convenient for me to go everywhere.62．At present, everything is going on ________（顺利地）just as we have expected.63．All of us should try our best to prevent the disease from ________（蔓延）across the country.64．The high-speed railway is one of the newest ________（发明）in China.65．I’m wondering if the boy was deeply __________ (影响) by some unhealthy websites.66．I sat _______________ (紧靠) the wall, so he didn’t notice me at all.67．One of the ______________ (不利条件) of living in the countryside is that you can’t buy everything you want easily.68．I’ve never ________ (后悔) the decision to work in West China.。

关于大学毕业后创业的英语作文写英语作文，对于大学毕业后创业这样的话题你怎么看?下面是店铺带来学毕业后创业的英语作文，以供大家学习参考。

大学毕业后创业的英语作文篇1Nowadays, colleges and universities enroll an increasing number of students year after year. After four years of study, they have to meet more and more rivals in the labor market, usually many of them going home with no work at all, disappointed.With more graduates and less job vacancies, students are encouraged to start business of their own when they graduate from university. They may start take up anything they are interested in, make decision on their own, and obtain the fruit of their own labor. In this way, graduates will become more independent, imaginative and creative.Yet this process should be supported by our government. The government should provide special policies for these students, and when necessary, guide them onto a correct road. 大学毕业后创业的英语作文篇2I'm in my third year now in Environmental Sciences. And what do I want to do with my B.S. once I graduate? Become a librarian. Yes, I know it sounds completely random and unrelated, but that's my master plan. Right now I'm preparing for all those crazy grad school applications that I'll be sending in next fall. I began thinking about what kind of skills I have and what kind of jobs would complement my natural interests. I've thought about becoming a librarian dozens of times growing up but for some strange reason, I never took it seriously. But it popped back into my mind as I was contemplating all this. So I began to do some research and I also talked to a lot of family and friends. It's crazybecause everyone I shared with gave me a lot of affirmation and encouragement about pursuing it! If there's anything you can get out of my strange journey I hope it's the comfort and reassurance that you don't always have to know what you want to do in the near future. And it's okay to change majors or even pursue a major that may not necessarily be related to your future career. You should enjoy what you're studying. But also seek after what you really love.大学毕业后创业的英语作文篇3Should College Graduates Start Their Own Business?With the competition in the job market becoming increasingly fierce for college graduates，some ambitious students have tried their hands at launching their own businesses. Over the years，there have been many successful cases of student entrepreneurship and such attempts should be encouraged and promoted by both the universities and the society at large.College students who start businesses are pioneers， among whom will be born China’s future business leaders. Faced with unknown challenges， they are audacious enough to embark on a perilous journey while most of their peers enjoy stable salaries by working as white-collars at high-end office buildings. Nevertheless， they are the masters of their own destiny and，exposed to many more uncertainties and setbacks，they develop perseverance， stamina and the indomitable spirit that are indispensible to all the great entrepreneurs. Even if they fail，they are not down; they keep exploring for new business opportunities and work tirelessly until they succeed. As people of vision， of individual initiative， of leadership， and of creativity and innovation，they represent the future and the hope of anation.Not all college graduates are suitable for undertaking entrepreneurial projects. To launch a business，one needs to have a sound business idea， a viable business plan，the charisma to create a cohesive team where members make concerted efforts for a common objective， effective managerial skills， and above all， the courage to compete against powerful rivals and ultimately to prevail. The essential difference between the students who become civic servants in government organizations or employees at leading domestic or multinational companies and those who create their own businesses is that the former are docile followers whereas the latter are aggressive trailblazers. For this reason，business-launching college graduates are more admirable，and thus they command our deep respect.【参考译文】大学毕业生应否自己创业对于大学毕业生来说，随着就业市场上的竞争日趋白热化，某些雄心勃勃的学生已开始尝试着去自己创业。

大作文预测题：A large number of young people cannot find jobs after they leave school. What problems will youth unemployment cause for individuals and for society? What measures should be taken to reduce the level of unemployment among young people ？写作提示在第2页参考范文在第3页1. 对于家庭：年轻人没有稳定的收入，依赖父母，造成家庭的经济负担或者关系紧张。

2. 对于社会：人力资源的浪费，年轻人无法为社会的经济发展做贡献。

影响社会的稳定，有些失业的年轻人可能走向犯罪。

措施：1. 学校里面需要教育改革，在课程体系中增加实用科目。

年轻人不仅要学习理论知识，还应该学习实用技能，满足劳动力市场的需求。

2. 政府需要创造更多的就业岗位，同时可以为年轻人创业提供支持，比如提供低利率贷款，减免税收等。

年轻人找不到工作的后果和办法The high unemployment rate among young people has become a big problem in some countries. This issue is caused by multiple factors and if not solved, it may lead to serious consequences.Without a stable source of income, unemployed young people would have great financial pressure. Many of them have to live on the salaries or pensions of their parents and thus become economically dependent on others. This may cause an economic burden on their families and lead to tension between family members.Moreover, the high unemployment rate of young people means a waste of human resources. If these young people can be put in the right position, they can make great contribution to the economic development. Also, this problem may pose a risk to social stability. If young people have no jobs, some of them may show wrong behavior or even commit crimes.Considering these possible consequences, we should take measures to help young people get employed. It seems that educational reform has become an urgent task in the school. In addition to acquiring theoretical knowledge, students should also learn how to apply theory to practice. Therefore, more practical programs should be added into our curricula, so that students can better meet the demand of the job market after graduation.The government should play a more active role in reducing youth unemployment. Apart from creating jobs for young people, the government should provide support for those who want to start a business. If the government could offer low-interest loan and reduce the tax, it would be much easier for young people to create their own companies, which would effectively ease the pressure of employment.。

特殊员工管理Special Employees Management前言：本文所述的特殊员工，是指区别于普通员工的一个群体，包括：女员工、残疾员工、和未成年工。

由于此类员工身体或生理的特点，从职业健康和劳动保护的角度，国家制定了一系列的法律法规，来保障此类员工的权益。

例如：《女职工劳动保护规定》《未成年人保护法》等。

华为公司自从通过OHSAS18001（职业健康管理体系）认证以来，一直依法执行相应的管理要求。

Foreword: The special employees in this article refer to a group different from ordinary employees, including female employees, handicapped employees, and minor employees. Due to the physical or physiological characteristics of such employees, from the perspective of occupational health and labor protection, the government has created a series of laws and regulations, to protect the rights and interests of these employees, such as the Female Workers Protection Regulations, and the Law of the Peoples Republic of China on the Protection of Minors. Since passing the OHSAS18001 certification, Huawei has been implementing the corresponding management requirements in accordance with the laws.为有效保障特殊员工的权益，加强管理和宣传教育，本期我们一起来学习以下内容：To effectively protect the rights and interests of special employees, and to enhance management and publicity and education, let's learn the following together in this issue:·特殊员工权益保护的法规要求；Legal requirements on the protection of the rights and interests of special employees ·我司特殊员工权益管理制度；Huawei's management regulations on the rights and interests of special employees一、特殊员工权益保护法规要求I. Legal Requirements on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Special Employees____________________________________________________________ 本文所述的“特殊员工”是指用人单位聘用的女员工、残疾员工以及未成年工。

九年级英语社会问题解决方案单选题30题1. We should find a way to solve the problem of pollution _____.A. quickB. quicklyC. more quickD. most quickly答案：B。

本题考查副词的用法。

A 选项“quick”是形容词，不能修饰动词“solve”；C 选项“more quick”形式错误；D 选项“most quickly”是最高级，此句没有比较的意思。

B 选项“quickly”是副词，可修饰动词“solve”。

2. The number of homeless people is increasing. We need to _____ a solution.A. come up withB. put up withC. catch up withD. keep up with答案：A。

本题考查短语的辨析。

A 选项“come up with”意为“想出，提出”；B 选项“put up with”意为“忍受”；C 选项“catch up with”意为“赶上”；D 选项“keep up with”意为“跟上”。

根据句意，我们需要想出一个解决方案，所以选A。

3. There are too many traffic jams in the city. We should encourage people to use public transportation _____.A. more oftenB. most oftenC. oftenD. as often as possible答案：A。

本题考查比较级的用法。

根据句意，因为城市交通拥堵，所以要鼓励人们更频繁地使用公共交通，A 选项“more often”是often 的比较级，表示“更频繁地”；B 选项“most often”是最高级，不符合语境；C 选项“often”是原级，没有体现出比较的意思；D 选项“as often as possible”意为“尽可能经常”，表达不如A 选项简洁。

Child LabourChildren are the light of everyone’s life. According to the International Labour Organization, the legal age of a child to join any work is fifteen. India is a country where child labour is a normal incident. Daily children do work against their will in India. These incidents are ruining the future of our nation.We are providing two essay samples for students of class 6 on the topic ‘Child Labour’ for reference.Short Essay on Child Labour of 100 WordsChildren are the future of our nation. A child who is less than 15 years old cannot be forcibly worked. This is a law in India. Yet many childrenwork hard due to the financial crisis. Mainly lack of education is the cause behind this.There are many places in India with a financial crisis. Here, parents cannot afford a living for their children. As a result, children have to work on their own. These children do not go to school. Many of them are also abused at work.Child labour is a serious issue in our country. The government must stop this.Long Essay on Child Labour of 150 WordsChild labour is a rising problem in the world. India is one of the nations with this problem. Many children cannot go the school because of poverty. Poverty makes people do all kind ofthings. In 2006, seventy-six million children did not attend school.Ignorance of our government is also a cause behind this. Children suffer from health problems because of this. Child labour is a crime. Despite that, this is happening regularly. Limited rights for children security is causing this.If we observe, we can see a working child too. Children serving tea, children selling books, children working in factories are the prime examples. A child should enjoy his childhood, not working in factories.Awareness is the key thing for preventing child labour. We, as the citizen of India, have to keep our eyes open. If we see an incident of child-labour, we have to report it to the police.10 Lines in Child Labour in EnglishChild labour is an offensive crime all around the world.Creating more unions may prevent child labour.The government should look into this matter of child labour.Every family should earn their minimum income to avoid child work culture.Child labour is not only unethical but also a failure of every citizen of India.Children between the age of eight to thirteen are working as child workers.Many households keep children as their servent, which is also a matter of child labour.Children should be sent to school instead of factories.Because of the financial problem, small children go to work.The government should provide more jobs to stop child labour.Frequently Asked Questions on Child Labour EssayQuestion: What is child labour?Answer:Child labour is a crime where a child goes to work. Usually, children younger than 15 years are involved in this. Children go to work to support their family. This crime ruins the future of children.Question: How to prevent this crime?Answer: Creating awareness is the first step to prevent this. Our government should enforce strict laws for this crime. Every child’s age should be verified. Every child should attend school for free. This way, we can prevent this crime.Question: What is causing this crime?Answer:Many things are causing child labour. Lack of money is the main thing causing this. Unavailability of free education is also a cause behind this.。

雅思大作文类型及范文The IELTS writing test is a crucial part of the exam that assesses the English language proficiency of candidates. The writing test comprises two tasks, and Task 2 is an essay that requires test-takers to write a response to a prompt. The essay prompt can be on any topic, and candidates need to write a well-structured essay that addresses the prompt's requirements. In this essay, we will discuss the different types of IELTS essays and provide a sample essay for each type. Thefirst type of IELTS essay is the argumentative essay. In this type of essay, candidates need to present their opinion on a given topic and provide supporting evidence. The essay should have a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction should provide background information on the topicand clearly state the candidate's opinion. The body paragraphs should present the supporting evidence and explain how it supports the candidate's opinion. The conclusion should summarize the main points and restate the candidate's opinion. Sample essay prompt: Some people believe that the government should provide free education for all. Do you agree or disagree? Sample essay: Education is a fundamental right that should be accessible to all individuals, regardless oftheir financial background. While some people argue that education should be paid for by the individual, I believe that the government should provide free education for all. Firstly, education is a key factor in reducing poverty and inequality. When individuals have access to education, they are more likely to secure better-paying jobs and improve their standard of living. This, in turn, reduces the burden on the government to provide social welfare programs. By providing free education, the government can ensure that all individuals have an equalopportunity to succeed. Secondly, education is a public good that benefitssociety as a whole. Educated individuals are more likely to contribute positively to society, whether through their work or by being active citizens. By providing free education, the government can invest in the future of its citizens and create a more prosperous society. In conclusion, I believe that the government should provide free education for all individuals. Education is a fundamental right that should not be restricted by financial barriers. By investing in education, the government can reduce poverty and inequality and create a more prosperous society.The second type of IELTS essay is the problem-solution essay. In this type of essay, candidates need to identify a problem and propose a solution. The essay should have a clear introduction, body paragraphs that explain the problem and solution, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points. Sample essay prompt: The use of plastic bags is damaging the environment. What are the causes of this problem, and what solutions can be proposed? Sample essay: The use of plasticbags has become a major environmental issue in recent years. Plastic bags are non-biodegradable and can take hundreds of years to decompose, causing pollution and harm to wildlife. In this essay, I will discuss the causes of this problem and propose solutions to address it. One of the main causes of the plastic bagproblem is the lack of awareness among consumers. Many people do not realize the harm that plastic bags can cause to the environment and continue to use them. Another cause is the lack of government regulations on the use of plastic bags. Many countries do not have laws that restrict the use of plastic bags, leading to their widespread use. To address this problem, several solutions can be proposed. Firstly, governments can implement laws that restrict the use of plastic bags and promote the use of alternatives such as reusable bags. Secondly, consumers can be educated about the environmental impact of plastic bags and encouraged to use alternatives. Finally, businesses can be encouraged to reduce their use of plastic bags by offering incentives for using alternatives. In conclusion, the plasticbag problem is a serious environmental issue that requires immediate action. By implementing laws, educating consumers, and encouraging businesses to reduce their use of plastic bags, we can work towards a more sustainable future. The thirdtype of IELTS essay is the advantages and disadvantages essay. In this type of essay, candidates need to present the advantages and disadvantages of a giventopic. The essay should have a clear introduction, body paragraphs that presentthe advantages and disadvantages, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points. Sample essay prompt: What are the advantages and disadvantages of online shopping? Sample essay: Online shopping has become increasingly popular in recent years,with many people preferring to shop online rather than in physical stores. While there are several advantages to online shopping, there are also some disadvantages. One of the main advantages of online shopping is convenience. With online shopping,consumers can shop from the comfort of their own homes and have their purchases delivered to their doorsteps. This saves time and effort compared to shopping in physical stores. Another advantage is the wider range of products available online. Consumers can access products from all over the world and compare prices easily. However, there are also some disadvantages to online shopping. One of the main disadvantages is the lack of physical interaction with products. Consumers cannot touch or try on products before purchasing them, which can lead to dissatisfaction with the product. Another disadvantage is the risk of fraud and identity theft. Online shopping requires consumers to provide personal and financial information, which can be vulnerable to hacking and theft. In conclusion, online shopping has both advantages and disadvantages. While it offers convenience and a wider rangeof products, it also has risks and limitations. Consumers should weigh the prosand cons before deciding whether to shop online or in physical stores. In conclusion, the IELTS essay requires candidates to write a well-structured essay that addresses the prompt's requirements. The essay should have a clear introduction, body paragraphs that present supporting evidence, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points. By understanding the different types of IELTS essays and practicing writing sample essays, candidates can improve their writing skills and increase their chances of success on the exam.。

三级班听力答案倾情制作：2015级会计2班刘丽萍注意：考虑到大家的进度【其实还是本人比较懒】，从UNIT3 开始。

主要包含我认为比较难且重要的部分。

因为不能全部复制，选择题是手动打上去的.与答案有出入的话还请见谅.期末加油呀UNIT 3Unit testA C A C BB B D A CC BD D DIn the town where I grew up, there were two creeks running through it. In the 1) winter，I’d trap muskrats，and we also skated a lot。

Rocky Fork Creek ran a great distance，and we'd 2) literally skate for miles。

Big Walnut Creek on the other hand was where more folks from the 3) community came to skate socially。

It was a much 4) wider creek. We'd have bonfires there and had some great hockey games, too.My friend，Zeke, had 6 5）siblings and every kid in the family had their own horse，so we'd go to Zeke's and ride through the 6）woods and meadows. Zeke would pull us on sleds using his dad’s tractor。

In the summer，we’d 7) explore the creeks, and I’d be 8）catching snakes and frogs, and fishing。

Unemployment会展0901 彭则轶Directory1. Definition2. The calculation of the unemployment rate3. Definitions, types and theories3.1 Classical unemployment3.2 Cyclical or Keynesian unemployment3.3 Structural unemployment3.4 Frictional unemployment3.5 Hidden unemployment3.6 Long-term unemployment4. Controlling or reducing unemployment4.1 Demand side solutions4.2Supply-side solutions5. Unemployment of Chinese graduates1. DefinitionsUnemployment, as defined by the International Labour Organization, occurs when people are without jobs and they have actively looked for work within the past four weeks. The unemployment rate is a measureof the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labour force.2. The calculation of the unemployment rateThe unemployment rate is calculated as: the unemployment rate (%)=( unemployed÷labor force) × 100%3. Definitions, types and theoriesEconomists distinguish between various overlapping types of and theories of unemployment, including cyclical or Keynesianunemployment, frictional unemployment, structural unemployment and classical unemployment. Some additional types ofunemployment that are occasionally mentioned are seasonalunemployment, hardcore unemployment, and hiddenunemployment. The U.S. BLS measures six types of unemployment, U1-U6.Though there have been several definitions of voluntary andinvoluntary unemployment in the economics literature, a simple distinction is often applied. Voluntary unemployment is attributed to the individual's decisions, whereas involuntary unemployment exists because of the socio-economic environment (including the market structure, government intervention, and the level of aggregate demand) in which individuals operate. In these terms, much or most of frictional unemployment is voluntary, since it reflects individual search behavior. Voluntary unemployment includes workers who reject low wage jobs whereas involuntary unemployment includes workers fired due to an economic crisis, industrial decline, company bankruptcy, or organizational restructuring.On the other hand, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and classical unemployment are largely involuntary in nature. However, the existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices made by the unemployed in the past, while classical (natural) unemployment may result from the legislative and economic choices made by labour unions or political parties. So, in practice, the distinction between voluntary and involuntary unemployment is hard to draw. The clearest cases of involuntary unemployment are those where there are fewer job vacancies than unemployed workers even when wages are allowed to adjust, so that even if all vacancies were to be filled, some unemployed workerswould still remain. This happens with cyclical unemployment, as macroeconomic forces cause microeconomic unemployment which can boomerang back and exacerbate these macroeconomic forces.3.1 Classical unemploymentClassical or real-wage unemployment occurs when real wages for a job are set above the market-clearing level, causing the number of job-seekers to exceed the number of vacancies.Most economists have argued that unemployment increases the more the government intervenes into the economy to try to improve the conditions of those with jobs. For example, minimum wage laws raise the cost of laborers with few skills to above the market equilibrium, resulting in people who wish to work at the going rate but cannot as wage enforced is greater than their value as workers becoming unemployed. Laws restricting layoffs made businesses less likely to hire in the first place, as hiring becomes more risky, leaving many young people unemployed and unable to find work.However, this argument is criticized for ignoring numerous external factors and overly simplifying the relationship between wage rates and unemployment- in other words, that other factors may also affect unemployment.Some, such as Murray Rothbard, suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to themarket clearing level.3.2 Cyclical or Keynesian unemploymentCyclical or Keynesian unemployment, also known asdeficient-demand unemployment, occurs when there is not enough aggregate demand in the economy to provide jobs for everyone who wants to work. Demand for most goods and services falls, less production is needed and consequently fewer workers are needed, wages are sticky and do not fall to meet the equilibrium level, and mass unemployment results. Its name is derived from the frequent shifts in the business cycle although unemployment can also be persistent as occurred during the Great Depression of the 1930s. With cyclical unemployment, the number of unemployed workers exceeds the number of job vacancies, so that even if full employment were attained and all open jobs were filled, some workers would still remain unemployed. Some associate cyclical unemployment with frictional unemployment because the factors that cause the friction are partially due to cyclical variables. For example, a surprise decrease in the money supply may shock rational economic actors and suddenly inhibit aggregate demand.Classical economists reject the conception of cyclical unemployment and alternatively suggest that the invisible hand of free markets will respond quickly to unemployment andunderutilization of resources by a fall in wages followed by a rise in employment. Similarly, Hayek and others from the Austrian school of economics argue that if governments intervene through monetary policy to lower interests rates this will exacerbate unemployment by preventing the market from responding effectively.Keynesian economists on the other hand see the lack of demand for jobs as potentially resolvable by government intervention. One suggested interventions involves deficit spending to boost employment and demand. Another intervention involves an expansionary monetary policy that increases the demand of money which should reduce interest rates which should lead to an increase in non-governmental spending.3.3 Structural unemploymentStructural unemploymentOkun's Law interprets unemployment as a function of growth in GNP"Driver looking for work" Unemployed German laborer in 1949Structural unemployment occurs when a labour market is unable to provide jobs for everyone who wants one because there is a mismatch between the skills of the unemployed workers and the skills needed for the available jobs.Structural unemployment is hard to separate empirically from frictional unemployment, except to say that it lasts longer. As with frictional unemployment, simple demand-side stimulus will not work to easily abolish this type of unemployment.Structural unemployment may also be encouraged to rise by persistent cyclical unemployment: if an economy suffers fromlong-lasting low aggregate demand, it means that many of the unemployed become disheartened, while their skills (includingjob-searching skills) become "rusty" and obsolete. Problems with debt may lead to homelessness and a fall into the vicious circle of poverty. This means that they may not fit the job vacancies that are created when the economy recovers. Some economists see this scenario as occurring under British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during the 1970s and 1980s. The implication is that sustained high demand may lower structural unemployment. This theory of persistence in structural unemployment has been referred to as an example of path dependence or "hysteresis".Much technological unemployment (e.g. due to the replacement of workers by machines) might be counted as structural unemployment. Alternatively, technological unemployment might refer to the way in which steady increases in labour productivity mean that fewer workers are needed to produce the same level ofoutput every year. The fact that aggregate demand can be raised to deal with this problem suggests that this problem is instead one of cyclical unemployment. As indicated by Okun's Law, the demand side must grow sufficiently quickly to absorb not only the growing labour force but also the workers made redundant by increased labour productivity. Otherwise, we see a jobless recovery such as those seen in the United States in both the early 1990s and the early 21st century.Seasonal unemployment may be seen as a kind of structural unemployment, since it is a type of unemployment that is linked to certain kinds of jobs (construction work, migratory farm work). The most-cited official unemployment measures erase this kind of unemployment from the statistics using "seasonal adjustment" techniques.3.4 Frictional unemploymentFrictional unemployment is the time period between jobs when a worker is searching for, or transitioning from one job to another. It is sometimes called search unemployment and can be voluntary based on the circumstances of the unemployed individual. Frictional unemployment is always present in an economy, so the level of involuntary unemployment is properly the unemployment rate minus the rate of frictional unemployment, which means that increases ordecreases in unemployment are normally under-represented in the simple statistics.Frictional unemployment exists because both jobs and workers are heterogeneous, and a mismatch can result between the characteristics of supply and demand. Such a mismatch can be related to skills, payment, work-time, location, seasonal industries, attitude, taste, and a multitude of other factors. New entrants (such as graduating students) and re-entrants (such as former homemakers) can also suffer a spell of frictional unemployment. Workers as well as employers accept a certain level of imperfection, risk or compromise, but usually not right away; they will invest some time and effort to find a better match. This is in fact beneficial to the economy since it results in a better allocation of resources. However, if the search takes too long and mismatches are too frequent, the economy suffers, since some work will not get done. Therefore, governments will seek ways to reduce unnecessary frictional unemployment through multiple means including providing education, advice, training, and assistance such as daycare centers.The frictions in the labour market are sometimes illustrated graphically with a Beveridge curve, a downward-sloping, convex curve that shows a correlation between the unemployment rate on one axis and the vacancy rate on the other. Changes in the supply ofor demand for labour cause movements along this curve. An increase (decrease) in labour market frictions will shift the curve outwards (inwards).3.5 Hidden unemploymentHidden, or covered, unemployment is the unemployment of potential workers that is not reflected in official unemployment statistics, due to the way the statistics are collected. In many countries only those who have no work but are actively looking for work (and/or qualifying for social security benefits) are counted as unemployed. Those who have given up looking for work (and sometimes those who are on Government "retraining" programs) are not officially counted among the unemployed, even though they are not employed. The same applies to those who have taken early retirement to avoid being laid off, but would prefer to be working. The statistic also does not count the "underemployed" - those with part time or seasonal jobs who would rather have full time jobs. In addition, those who are of working age but are currently in full-time education are usually not considered unemployed in government statistics. Because of hidden unemployment, official statistics often underestimate unemployment rates.3.6 Long-term unemploymentThis is normally defined, for instance in European Union statistics, as unemployment lasting for longer than one year. It is an important indicator of social exclusion. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports this as U4 and U5.4 Controlling or reducing unemploymentSocieties try a number of different measures to get as many people as possible into work, and various societies have experienced close to full employment for extended periods, particularly during the Post-World War II economic expansion. The United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s averaged 1.6% unemployment, while in Australia the 1945 White Paper on Full Employment in Australia established a government policy of full employment, which policy lasted until the 1970s when the government ran out of money.4.1 Demand side solutionsMany countries aid the unemployed through social welfare programs. These unemployment benefits include unemployment insurance, unemployment compensation, welfare and subsidies to aid in retraining. The main goal of these programs is to alleviate short-term hardships and, more importantly, to allow workers more time to search for a job..A direct demand-side solution to unemployment isgovernment-funded employment of the able-bodied poor. This was notably implemented in Britain from the 17th century until 1948 in the institution of the workhouse, which provided jobs for the unemployed with harsh conditions and poor wages to dissuade their use. A modern alternative is a job guarantee, where the government guarantees work at a living wage. Temporary measures can include public works programs such as the Works Progress Administration. Government-funded employment is not widely advocated as a solution to unemployment, except in times of crisis; this is attributed to the public sector jobs' existence depending directly on the tax receipts from private sector employment.In the U.S. the unemployment insurance allowance one receives is based solely on previous income (not time worked, family size, etc.) and usually compensates for one-third of one's previous income. To qualify, one must reside in their respective state for at least a year and, of course, work. The system was established by the Social Security Act of 1935. Although 90% of citizens are covered by unemployment insurance, less than 40% apply for and receive benefits.However, the number applying for and receiving benefits increases during recessions. In cases of highly seasonal industries the system provides income to workers during the off seasons, thus encouraging them to stay attached to the industry.4.2 Supply-side solutionsHowever, the labour market is not 100% efficient: it does not clear, though it may be more efficient than bureaucracy. Some argue that minimum wages and union activity keep wages from falling, which means too many people want to sell their labour at the going price but cannot. This assumes perfect competition exists in the labour market, specifically that no single entity is large enough to affect wage levels. Advocates of supply-side policies believe those policies can solve this by making the labour market more flexible. These include removing the minimum wage and reducing the power of unions. Supply-siders argue the reforms increase long-term growth. This increased supply of goods and services requires more workers, increasing employment. It is argued that supply-side policies, which include cutting taxes on businesses and reducing regulation, create jobs and reduce unemployment. Other supply-side policies include education to make workers more attractive to employers.However, recent meta-analyzes involving many studies refute that there is any statistically significant, negative impact of minimum wages on unemployment. Further, a number of scholars argue that the predicted negative impact is based on incoherent or simplistic logic that ignores mitigating environmental factors, such asnon-minimum wage labour markets including farm, service and selfemployed workers. They argue that the benefits of minimum wage laws outweigh the supposed but unproven costs.5 Unemployment of Chinese graduatesWhy there are so many unemployed college students?1 Finding jobs for college graduates is a growing problem in China. It became an even harder task for the 6.1 million June graduates after the country began to feel the effects of the global financial crisis in late 2008.2 the problem is around 1.5 million graduates who failed to find jobs last year, a half million increase from 2007,3 ENROLLMENT EXPANSION IN 19994 In the mid 1980s, China's college enrollment rate stood at about three percent, lower than many developing countries. In the early 1990s, the number rose to five percent.5 Around 1999, the country's education department sensed the need to expand the college enrollment rate6 in 1999, universities enrolled 1.59 million students, up 41.2 percent from the previous year. Since then, the numbers just kept climbing.7 In 2002, the college enrollment rate reached 15 percent. It rose to 19 percent in 2005. With 23 million students going to college,China had the highest enrollment rate in the world at the time.8"At present many companies do not trust new graduates, who may have learned 'mountains of' theories but also lack practical abilities,"9"Thus many employers would prefer graduates from some higher vocational technical schools rather than college students,"。