国外资本结构代理成本理论综述_袁卫秋
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西方企业资本结构理论综述与启示
西方企业资本结构理论是指在西方国家,研究企业资本结构的
相关理论和实践。
资本结构是指企业的债权和股权资本之间的比例
和结构。
在资本市场上,企业通过发行股票或债券来融资,资本结
构的选择对企业经营和财务状况有重要影响。
以下是对西方企业资
本结构理论的综述和启示。
一、财务杠杆效应理论
财务杠杆效应指通过借债来获得资金,从而增加股东权益收益
率的理论。
财务杠杆效应理论通常认为,在税前利润一定的情况下,增加债务比例会提高股东权益收益率。
启示:企业在进行资本结构调整时,应控制债务比例,避免高
负债率造成的财务风险和资本成本增加。
二、代价理论
代价理论认为,企业在融资时需要支付的代价(如利息、股息)是资本成本的一部分,企业应当通过综合考虑代价、市场条件和公
司特殊情况等因素来确定资本结构。
启示:企业应当根据自身情况综合考虑资本结构的各种代价和
特殊情况,进行合理的资本结构调整。
三、对称信息理论
对称信息理论认为,在完全对称的信息环境下,债务和股权融
资在资本成本方面没有区别。
启示:企业应注重信息披露,保持公开透明,提高信息的对称性,以便更好地通过股权、债务等多种方式融资。
总之,西方企业资本结构理论为企业提供了理论依据和启示,有助于企业在融资、经营等方面做出更加科学的决策。
企业在选择资本结构时,应结合自身情况和市场特点,理性分析每一种融资方式,控制风险,平衡各方面利益,实现最大化价值。
文献综述1 前言西方学术界对资本结构的研究较早,且己发展成为比较成熟的理论,半个多世纪以来学者们纷纷从各个方面对资本结构的影响因素进行了研究,且釆用的方法也多种多样,但检验结果存在较大差异,不过大量的实证研究结果也推动了资本结构理论的发展,为我国学者在研究资本结构影响因素时带来了极其丰富和宝贵的研究思路以及借鉴意义。
总的来看,国内外文献在影响资本结构的公司特征因素研究方面最为丰富,我们可以看出,影响资本结构的公司特征因素包括企业规模、资产结构、公司风险、独特性、非债务税盾、获利能力、资产担保价值、行业因素、股权结构等等诸多因素,且文献得出的结论不统一,这可能是由于研究方法以及选取的样本存在差异。
宏观经济因素方面的文献数量相对较少,这可能是因为许多宏观经济的因素无法可靠衡量,数据难以获取导致。
2主体2.1 西方资本结构理论发展纵观国外资本结构优化研究,可分为:结构优化理论研究和企业资本结构实证研究;资本结构优化理论的发展史一般可分为三个阶段:早期资本结构优化理论、经典资本结构优化理论和现代资本结构优化理论。
1952年,David·Durand在美国国家经济研究局上提交的学术论文《企业债务和权益成本计量方法的发展和问题》拉开了资本结构优化理论研究的序幕,他将当时的资本结构优化理论划分为三种类型:净收益理论、净经营收益理论以及传统折中理论。
早期资本结构优化理论都是在企业和个人所得税为零的前提下提出的,又同时考虑了资本结构对资本成本和企业价值的双重影响。
由于这三种理论都是建立在经验判断基础上,因而缺乏实际运用价值,所以一直没有进入主流经济学的视野。
1958年是一个重要的分水岭,这一年美国经济学家Modigliani和Miller发表了题为《资本成本、公司财务和投资理论》的论文,揭开了资本结构优化理论研究的新篇章,标志着经典资本结构优化理论的诞生。
净收益理论、净经营收益理论和传统理论对资本结构优化的研究只是建立在经验判断的基础之上,缺乏科学的数学推导与统计分析。
资本结构对代理成本影响理论分析资本结构与代理成本存在紧密地联系。
资本结构的不完善,导致了股东和管理者之间以及控股股东和中小股东之间的两类代理问题,降低了企业价值。
对广义资本结构对代理成本影响的相关研究做了梳理,即将资本结构区分为股权结构和债务结构,侧重于其中的股权集中度、股权制衡、管理层持股和负债四个具体要素分别对于两类代理成本的影响,进行了相关的文献梳理。
标签:资本结构;第一类代理成本;第二类代理成本资本结构与代理成本存在着紧密地联系,历来是公司治理研究的重点。
西方资本结构契约理论关于资本结构如何影响代理成本问题的理论模型主要有三种:一是激励模型,认为资本结构会影响经营者的经营行为和努力程度,从而影响公司的代理成本和市场价值;二是控制权模型,认为资本结构会影响公司的治理结构,主要是通过影响控制权分配来影响公司的代理成本和市场价值;三是信息传递模型,认为在信息不对称条件下,不同的资本结构会向资本市场传递有关公司真实价值的不同信号,影响投资者对公司经营情况的判断,从而影响公司的代理成本和市场价值。
这三种理论模型表明,资本结构是公司治理结构的重要方面,对公司代理成本和市场价值有着较大的影响。
因此,本文对资本结构对代理成本影响的相关研究做了梳理。
需要注意的是,国内学者该方面的研究主要侧重于资本结构对第一类代理成本的影响,也即管理者与股东之间的代理成本,而实际上资本结构对第二类代理成本也有影响,也即大股东与中小股东之间的代理成本。
本文从这两方面综合展开研究。
1 一般资本结构对代理成本影响理论国内相关方面的研究对于资本结构的界定主要侧重于一般的资本结构,重点在于企业资本来源中负债比率的高低,将股权结构与资本结构置于平级的位置。
肖作平对股权结构、资本结构与公司价值的关系利用平行数据模型进行了实证研究,结果显示:资产负债率、公司规模流通股比率均与Q托宾值负相关;股权集中度与Q托宾值正相关。
徐伟,高英等通过建立模型分别对股权结构与资本结构的关系,资本结构与经营绩效的关系进行实证研究,结果显示:负债与流通股比率、公司规模正相关,与第一大股东持股负相关,与成长无显著关系;经营绩效与付息负债、非付息负债负相关,与资产负债率呈现曲线关系,与长期负债率、成长性无显著相关性。
代理成本问题文献综述一、理论文献综述提要(一)代理成本理论的起源现代企业理论被称为“企业的契约理论”(Coase,1937)按研究的重点不同,企业理论可以划分为两个主要分支,交易成本理论和代理理论。
前者侧重于研究企业与市场的关系;后者着眼于企业的内部结构与企业中的代理关系。
其中代理理论又可分为两类:一类是由阿尔钦和德姆塞茨(1972)、詹森和麦克林(1976)提出的代理成本理论;另一类是委托——代理理论,基本上完全以正规的数学模型来表达,更加形式化和抽象。
阿尔钦和德姆塞茨(1972)重点研究企业内部结构的激励问题(监督成本),他们提出了“团队生产”理论,并认为企业就是一种典型的团队生产。
它有三个形成条件:①有n≥个具有共同目标愿望的队员;②所有成员协作生产,任何一个成员的行为都会对他人产生影响;③团队生产结果具有不可分性,即每个成员的个人贡献无法精确地进行分解和测算。
因而也不可能精确地按照每个人的真实贡献去支付报酬。
偷懒和搭便车行为由此产生,为了减少偷懒和搭便车,就需专门从事监督工作的人,同时要激励其积极工作,就应使其有占有剩余权益和修改合约条款的权利。
Jensen-Meckling(1976)提出了代理成本的概念,并认为代理成本是企业所有权的决定因素。
他们指出现代企业里通常存在着两种冲突,一种是外部股东和管理者(内部股东)之间的冲突,一种是债权人和股东(外部股东和内部股东)之间的冲突。
伴随着这两种冲突的是相应的外部股权的代理成本和负债的代理成本。
他们认为,代理成本来源于管理人员不是企业的完全所有者这样一个事实。
在部分所有的情况下:①当管理者尽力工作时,他可能承担全部成本而仅获得一部分利润;②当他消费额外收益时,他得到全部好处但只承担一小部分成本。
由此管理人员有追求额外消费的不积极工作的动机,使得企业的价值小于他是完全所有者时的价值,两者之差被称之为代理成本。
代理成本具体包括:①订约成本;②监督和控制代理人的成本;③确保代理人作出最优决策或保持委托人由于遭受次优决策的后果而得到补偿的保证成本;④不能完全控制代理人的行为而引起的剩余损失。
公司研究论文上市公司资本结构对股权代理成本影响研究一、引言如何通过完善资本结构来降低代理成本从而提高公司价值也一直成为国内外学者研究探讨的重要议题。
20 世纪70 年代后,西方学术开始在资本结构如何影响代理成本方面做大量的理论研究与实证分析,许多理财学领域的学者们纷纷从各种不同角度,验证了适当提高经营者持股比例、负债融资比例和股权集中度将有利于降低股权代理成本。
中国专家对于上市公司资本结构对代理成本的影响的研究,更多采用规范性研究法,实证文献还比较少见。
本文将从股东特性、股权集中度、股权制衡度和负债融资结构等多方面,实证分析,中国上市公司资本结构究竟是如何影响股权代理成本的,力求为我国上市公司资本结构的完善提供一定的价值判断与经验证据。
二、文献综述(一)国外文献Barton, Davi(1974)率先探讨了运用债务比会使管理者提前做出全力以赴的承诺。
当股权结构较为分散的时候,各个股东对监督公司、治理公司、经营管理方面的兴趣是很低的,所以他们从中所获得的监督收益比他们监督公司所用成本少了很多,因而分散股东普遍采取“用脚投票”而非“用手投票”的方式来表达自己对公司经营的不满。
Fama , Jensen(1986)的自由现金流量理论认为,在债务的压力下,经营者不得不给以将来支付现今的承诺,所以能偶降低经营者使用现金流量的支出决定权。
研究还发现,管理者的激励以及股权集中度的监督完全可以减少公司投资―现金流敏感度。
Shleifer,Vishny(1997)也曾同样认为债务能减少管理者和股东之间的利益冲突。
因此债务普遍被认为是一种作为缓减股东与经营者之间利益冲突的重要机制。
研究表明一定程度数量股权的集中完全是必须的,这是由于大股东总是会考虑到自己的利益,因此会有制约管理层谋取私有收益的动机和能力,因此就会愈发高效率地监督管理层的行为,并且对加强接管市场运作的有效性也大有裨益,又能减少股权代理所需成本。
Ang, Cole, Lin(2000)等曾对美国的几千家企业采用实证性研究,最终的表明:企业内部人员治理企业的花费比请外部人员来管理企业的花费要高很多;并且代理成本和和经理人所有权股份存在着明显的反比例关系;非管理者股东股权越多,代理成本越大。
债券融资的代理成本【摘要】代理成本是每个公司都必然存在的,其成因有很多种,公司代理关系有股权代理关系和债券代理关系两种主要的关系。
本文主要讲债券融资的代理成本。
本人从国内外研究现状,代理成本存在的问题以及解决对策几个方面展开。
【关键词】债务融资;代理成本;对策一、国内外关于代理成本的研究现状(一)国外研究现状伯利和米恩斯1932年在《现代公司与私有产权》一书中,首开代理成本理论讨论之先河;科斯(1937)在《企业的性质》中写道:与市场利益价格信号配置资源的方式不同,企业通过权威来进行资源配置,利用权威配置资源的好处在于节约了市场交易成本,但同时又产生了组织成本,两种成本的权衡决定了企业的边界;而阿尔钦与德姆赛茨(1972)则用监督成本概念来讨论企业的代理成本问题,当监督者不是企业的唯一所有者时,又出现了监督监督者的成本;公司代理问题直到1976年詹森和麦克林(Jensen and Meckling)《企业理论:管理行为、代理成本和所有权结构》才被正式提出并且在经济学领域产生了巨大反响和在社会科学文献中被引用最多的论文之一。
(二)国内研究现状潘敏(2002)在其博士论文专著《资本结构、金融契约与公司治理》中,通过对企业融资行为选择中的代理成本、信息不对称和契约不完备等相关理论研究成果进行梳理;吕长江,张艳秋(2002)具体分析了代理成本的计量及其影响因素;韩忠雪,朱荣林(2003)通过对跨国公司进行研究,发现跨国经营对于债务融资成本的影响存在相关关系。
也就是说,随着国际化程度的加深,国别市场多样化(多国组织)和产品市场多样化(多产品组织)的深化和整合,跨国公司的融资杠杆效应也在逐渐加大;杨兴全,郑军(2004)通过研究指出,通过债务融资契约获取企业投资所需的部分资金是降低股权融资契约代理成本的有效途径,然而,企业债务的引入又会产生债务融资契约的代理成本,股权融资的代理成本与债务融资的比例负相关,而债务融资的代理成本与债务融资比例正相关;王志芳,油晓峰(2009)通过对我国上市公司债务代理成本进行实证研究发现,公司规模与债务代理成本显著负相关,股权结构与债务代理成本显著正相关,财务能力与债务代理成本显著负相关,行业指标与债务代理成本的影响不显著。
关于资本结构中代理成本理论的影响英文文献翻译The Impact of Capital Structure on Agency Costs[Abstract] This paper aims to provide empirical evidence on the agency costs hypothesis which suggests that increase of leverage may reduce agency costs. Both multivariate tests and univariate tests are employed in this study. The multivariate tests reveal that general relationship between leverage and agency costs is significantly negative. Univariate tests are further used to assess whether agency costs are significantly different when a firm has a relatively higher debt to asset ratio from when it is less leveraged. Similar supporting evidence is found for the agency costs hypothesis. Moreover, results from the univariate tests also indicate that this general negative relationship no longer holds when an extremely high level of leverage is present [Keywords] Agency costs, Leverage, Agency costs hypothesis, and Opposite effect1. IntroductionIn their seminal work, Jensen and Meckling 1976 point out that agency costs occur due to incomplete alignment of the agent’s and the owner’s interests. The separation of ownership and control may generate agency costs. Two types of agency costs are identified in the paper byJensen and Meckling 1976: agency costs derived from conflicts between outside equity holders and owner-managers, and conflicts between equity holders and debt holders. From then on, a great amount of research has been devoted to demonstrate the interaction between agency costs and financial decisions, governance decisions, dividend policy, and capital structure decisions Much empirical evidence collected by researchers, for example, Ang et al. 2000, and Fleming et al. 2005, shows that agency costs generated from the conflicts between outside equity holders and owner-manager could be reduced by increasing the owner-managers’ proportion in equity, i.e., agency costs vary inversely with the manager’s ownership. However, the conflicts between equity holders and debt holders would be more complicated. Theoretically, Jensen and Meckling 1976 argue that there should be an optimal capital structure, under which the lowest agency costs of a firm can be deduced from an independent variable --- “the ratio of outside equity to the whole outside financing”. The l ocus of agency costs, which is equal to agency costs of outside equity and the ones of debt, would be a convex curve. This implies that agency costs should not be monotonic any more Some researchers such as Grossman and Hart 1982; Williams 1987, argue that high leverage reduces agency costs and increases firm value by encouraging managers to act more in the interests of equity holders. This argument is known as the agency costs hypothesis. Higher leverage may reduce agencycosts through the monitoring activities by debt holders Ang et al., 2000, the threat of liquidation which may cause managers to lose reputation, salaries, etc. William, 1987, pressure to generate cash flow for the payment of interest expenses Jensen 1986, and curtailment of overinvestment Harvey et al., 2004 However, as the proportion of debt in the capital structure increases beyond a certain point, the opposite effect of leverage on agency costs may occur Altman, 1984 and Titman, 1984. When leverage becomes relatively high, further increases may generate significant agency costs. Three reasons are identified in the literature which can cause this opposite effect: first reason is the increase of bankruptcy costs Titman 1984. Second reason is that managers may reduce their effort to control risk which result in higher expected costs of financial distress, bankruptcy, or liquidation Berger and Bonaccorsi di Patti, 2005. Finally, inefficient use of excessive cash used by managers for empire building would also increase agency costs Jensen, 19862. Literature ReviewJensen and Meckling 1976 identify agency costs derived from conflicts between equity holders and owner-managers as “residual loss” which means agent consumes various pecuniary and non-pecuniary benefits from the firm to imize his own utility. Related to this issue, Harris & Raviv 1990, Childs et al. 2005 and Lee et al. 2004 argue that managers always want to continue firm’s current operations even if liquidationof the firm is preferred by investors. Also, Stulz 1990, Alvarez et al. 2006 and Kent et al. 2004 suggest the manager always want to invest all available funds even if paying out cash is better for outside shareholders, and conflict between the manager and equity holders cannot be resolved through contracts based on cash flows and investment expenditures Agency theory becomes more complicated when debt holders’ interest is considered. As a financing strategy, debt is widely discussed in capital structure literatures. Modigliani and Miller 1963 demonstrate that in order to raise the value of a firm, the amount of debt financing should be as big as possible for tax subsidyii. However, their theory ignores the agency costs of debt. Theoretically, Jensen and Meckling 1976 point out that the optimal utilization of debt is when the debt is utilized to the point where marginal wealth benefits of the tax subsidy are just equal to the marginal wealth effects of agency costs A number of researchers focus on the issue of improvement of firm efficiency by reducing agency costs. Some of t hem focus on the methods to control managers’ behaviors. For instance, Fama 1980 conducts a discussion of how the pressure from managerial labor markets helps to discipline managers. He points out that the key condition to acquire absolute control of managerial behavior through wage adjustments is that the weight of the wage revision process is sufficient enough to resolve any potential managerial incentives problems. Another example is Chance’s 1997 argument on a derivatesubstitution of executive compensation. He suggests giving the manager stocks without right to vote, which could be beneficial in preventing an executive from wielding too much control. Other researchers are interested in the optimal capital structure under which value of firms could be imized while agency costs could be minimized. Based on these observations, the agency costs hypothesis stating that the leverage affects agency costs is put forward Jensen and Meckling 1976 argue that monitoring activities by debt holders will tend to increase the optimal level of monitoring and therefore will increase the marginal benefits. What’s more, banks which are one of the major sources of external funds especially for small firms also play a crucial role in monitoring the activities of managers However, as suggested by Jensen and Meckling 1976, the effect of leverage on total agency costs could not be monotoniciii. When the proportion of debt in total capital increases beyond a certain point, the loss would increase due to negative net present value projects, and the firm will not be able to meet current payments on a debt obligation, thus bankruptcy will occur Terje et al. 2006. Although Haugen and Senbet 1978 argue that bankruptcy costs are an insignificant determinant of a firm’s capital structure, Altman 1984 finds that indirect costs associated with bankruptcy are not insignificant when these costs are accounted for the first time. Titman 1984 gives a possible theoretical link between liquidation and capital structure. It links the potentiallysubstantial costs associated with liquidation with the event of bankruptcy. Furthermore, Berger and Bonaccorsi di Patti 2005 suggest that in highly leveraged firms, managers may shift risk or reduce effort to control risk which would also result in expected costs of financial stress, bankruptcy, or liquidation. Additionally, inefficient use of excessive cash which is derived from higher than normal leverage level for empire building would also increase agency costs Jensen, 1986 Therefore, at low level of leverage, increases of leverage will produce positive incentives for managers and reduce total agency costs by reducing the counterpart of external equity. However, after reaching a certain point, where bankruptcy and distress become more likely and the agency costs of outside debt overwhelm the agency costs of outside equity, any further increases in leverage will then result in higher total agency costs The subject of the measurements of the agency costs magnitude and firm performance has been widely discussed in the literature. These measurements are usually taken by using ratios fashioned from financial statements or stock market data. Ang et al. 2000 made one of the first attempts to measure the magnitude of agency costs by two ratios from financial statements. First ratio is a proxy for the so-called direct agency costs. In order to facilitate comparisons, it is standardized as operating expenses to sales ratio. Second ratio is a proxy for the loss in revenues attributable to inefficient asset utilization. This type of agency costs is derivedfrom management’s shirking or from poor investment decisions. This ratio is calculated by annual sales to total assets. Berger and Bonaccorsi di Patti 2006 take a different approach and employ profit efficiency as the performance measure. They use profit efficiency, rather than cost efficiency to evaluate the performance of managers, since profit efficiency explains how well managers raise revenues while reduce costs and it processes tighter relationship with the concept of value imization. Additionally, Saunders et al. 1990; Cole and Mehran 1998 use stock market returns and their volatility to measure agency costs and firm performance3. Data and MethodologyData used in this study are drawn from Datastream. 323 UK companies are selected from FTSE ALL SHARE index. We choose UK public companies in this study because of three reasons: First, The UK is a country with mature money and capital markets where debt financing is relatively easy to conduct by companies. Second, imization of shareholders’ wealth is the dominant goal of management in the Anglo-American world which is consistent with the theory this study is based on. Third, data of public companies could reflect the effect of leverage on agency costs more accurately and sensitively especially in the efficient markets like the UK There are five variables used in this study. Table 1 provides a summary of these variables along with definitions. Following Ang et al. 2000’s study, we focus on measuring the direct agency costs which is the ratioof operating expenses to sales. This ratio indicates how effectively the firm’s management controls operating expenses and it tends to capture the impact of agency costs such as excessive perquisite consumption. Operating expenses variable here excludes corporate wages, salaries and other labor-related items, interest expense, rent, leasing and hiring expenses, purchases, depreciation and bad assets written off. A series of checks and filters on the data have been conducted to reduce the sample from a imum of approximately 400iv firms to a final sample of 323 firms for Year 2004 to Year 2005. The top and bottom 5%v are also removed to avoid the possible outlier effect The measurements of leverage and agency costs are critical. Debt to asset ratio is employed which is total debts divided by total assets. However, we do not differentiate between long-term or short-term debt. Three other variables are considered to control other confounding effects: performance proxied by return on asset, firm size proxied by log of sales, and industry classification 13 industry dummies. Note that we include 13 industry dummy variables in this study because the ratio of operating expenses to sales varies across industries due to the varying importance of inventory and fixed assets.关于资本结构中代理成本理论的影响[导言] 本文旨在提供经验证据对代理成本假说这表明增加的杠杆可以减少代理成本。
资本结构理论文献综述资本结构理论是关于公司资本结构、公司综合资本成本率与公司价值三者之间关系的理论,它是公司财务理论的核心内容之一,也是资本结构决策的重要理论基础。
国内外学者提出了许多有代表性的观点,从资本结构理论的发展来看,主要有早期资本结构理论,MM资本结构理论和新的资本结构理论。
一、早期资本结构理论1、净收益观点在公司的资本结构中,债务资本的比例越大,公司的净收益或税后利润就越多,从而公司的价值越高。
2、净营业收益观点在公司的资本结构中,债务资本的多寡,比例的高低,与公司价值没有关系。
3、传统折中观点增加债务资本对提高公司价值是有利的,但债务资本规模必须适度。
如果负债过度,综合资本成本率只会升高,并使公司价值下降。
二、MM资本结构理论观点1、基本观点1958年,莫迪利亚尼和米勒在《美国经济评论》上共同发表了“资本成本、公司财务和投资理论”一文,提出了著名的MM理论。
在完善的市场中,即没有企业和个人所得税、没有企业破产风险、资本市场充分有效运作等假设之下,公司的价值与其资本结构无关。
公司的价值取决于其实际资产,而非各类债务和股权的市场价值。
2、修正观点1963年,莫迪利亚尼和米勒在《美国经济评论》上又合作发表了“公司所得税与资本成本:一项修正”。
该文取消了公司无所得税的假设,认为若考虑所得税的因素,公司的价值会随财务杠杆系数的提高而增加,从而得出公司资本结构与公司价值相关的理论。
类似的其他学者,比如Farrar(1967)、Stapleton(1972)等人也引入税收制度和各类税收差异对资本结构进行研究,从而形成“税差学派”。
Stigliz(1969)、Baron(1974)等人引入破产成本对资本结构的影响,从而形成“破产成本学派”。
Scott(1976)、Myers(1984)、Krause(1973)等人将“税差学派”和“破产成本学派”的观点融合,认为最优资本结构取决于企业债务所带来的税收利益与破产成本之间的权衡,从而形成“权衡理论”。
西方资本结构理论及对我国的启示'资本结构是指企业全部资金来源中权益资本与债务资本之间的比例关系.资本结构理论是研究这一比例关系对企业价值的影响,以及是否存在最优资本结构问题的理论.1952年美国学家杜兰德(David Durand)提出了净收益假说、净营业收益假说以及传统说,1958年莫迪格利尼(Franco Modigliani)和米勒(Mertor Miller)提出了著名的MM理论,在此基础上,后人进一步提出了权衡理论、信息揭示理论、优序筹资理论等。
本文拟在介绍西方资本结构理论的基础上,探讨西方资本结构理论对我国的启示。
一、西方资本结构理论综述(一)净收益假说净收益假说首先假定单项债务成本和权益资本成本固定不变,然后增加债务与权益资本比例,将使加权平均成本降低。
因为营业收益不变,所以加权平均成本降低,企业价值增加。
按照这一理论,在利息不超过营业收益的条件下,采用负债筹资总是有用的,因为它可以提高股本净收益。
按照净收益假说,权益资本成本和债务成本固定不变,加权平均成本随着负债比率增加而降低,因为负债比率增加,负债的权数也增加;相反,权益资本的权数减少。
所以在没有负债时,加权平均成本最高,等于权益资本成本。
负债比率如果增加,加权平均成本开始下降。
当企业资本完全来自负债时,加权平均成本等于负债成本,即当资产负债率等于100%时,企业价值最大,资本结构最优。
(二)净营业收益假说净营业收益假说首先假定长期资本的加权平均成本固定不变,不受资本结构变化的影响,因此企业价值也不受负债比率变化的影响。
按照净营业收益假说,企业价值和资本成本都不受资本结构变化的影响,权益资本成本随着负债比例的增加而上升,表示普通股股东所需求的报酬率因资本结构中债务比例增加而提高。
增加负债比例,虽然使负债成本的权数增加,但加权平均成本并不能降低,因为权益资本成本不断上升,抵消了负债成本权数对加权平均成本的影响,所以加权平均成本仍维持不变。