2011年3月公共英语一级真题及答案(文字完整版)

SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mar [A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)Ancient Greek philosopher viewed laughter as“a bolidy eercise preiciou to heath.”But1some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical ughter does2short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,3heart rate and oxygen consummption,But because hard laughter is difficult to4,a good laugh is unlikely to have5benefits the,say,walking ot jogging does6,instead of straining muscles to bulid them,as exercise does,laughte apparently accomplishes the7,studies dating back to the1930’s indicate tha laughter8muscles,decreasing muscle tone for up to45minutes after the laug dies downSuch bodily reaction might conceivably help9the effects of psychologica stress.Anyway,the act og laughing probably does11one classical theory of emtio our feelings are partially rooted12physical reactions.It was argued at the en of19th centry that humens do not cry13they are sad but they become sad whe the tears begins to flowAlthiugh sadness also14tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow15muscular responses.In an experimemt published in1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wiirzburg in Germany asked volunteer to16a pen eigher with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile-or wit their lips,which would produce a(n)17expression.Those forced to exercise thri enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted i a frown,19that expression may influence emotions rather than just the other wa around20,the physical act of laughter could improve mood1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like2.[A]reflect[B]demend[C]indicate[D]produce3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining4.[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe5.[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable6.[A]In turn[B]In fact[C]In addition[D]In brief7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected8.[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes9.[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]morderate[D]enhance14.[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]supresses15.[A]into[B]form[C]towards[D]beyond16.[A]fecth[B]form[C]pick[D]hold17.[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent18.[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted19.[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing20.[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similatly[D]ConverselySectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Reading the following fours texts.Answer the question below each text by Choosin [A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1The decision of the New York philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its nex music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudde announcement of his appointment in2009.For the most part,the response has bee favorable,to say the least“Hooray!A t last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music criticOne of the reason why the appiontment came as such a surprise,however is that Gilber is commparatively little known Even Tommasini,who had advocate Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician with n air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahle and Pierre Boulez,that semms likely to have struck at least some Times readers a faint prwiseFor my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or eve a good one.To be sure,be performs an impressive variety of interesting composition but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hea interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot u my computer amd download still more recorded music form iTumesDevoted concertgoers who reply that recording are no substitute for liv performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theeater companies,and museums,but also with the recorse performances of the great classical musicians of the20th century.There recordinmusic that is not yet available on recors.Gilbert’s own interest in new music ha been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has described him as a ma who is capable of turning the Phiharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibran organization”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely,expandin the orchestra’s repertorre will not be enough.If Gilbert and thr Philharmonic ar to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America’a olderes orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para1that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incured criticism[B]raised suspicion[C]raceived acclaim[D]around curiousity22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential[B]modest[C]respectable[D]talented23.The auther believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ingore the expense of live performance[B]reject most kinds of recorded performance[C]exaggerate the variety of live performanc[D]overestimate the variety of live performance24.According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often interror to live concerts in quality[B]They are easily accessible to the genral public[C]They help improve the quality of music[D]They have only convered masterpieces25.Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalixing the Philharmonic,the authir feel[A]doubtful[B]enthusisastic[C]confident[D]puzzledText2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his expanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usuaMaGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to refect o what kind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outsid world about his aspirations.And McGee isn't alone.In recent weeks the NO.2 executives Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were lookin for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements clou their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be mor willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter,CEo turnover was dow 23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,accordin to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspirin leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule tha the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Krn Ferr senior partner Dennis Carey,"I can't think of a single search I've done where board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first."Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickl Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commoditied exchange Robert Willumstad left CItigroup in2005with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally too that post at a major financial institurion three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a ba on."The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are,bu that's been fundamentally inverted,"says one headhunter."The people who've been hurt the wors are those who've stayed too long"26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as being(A.ArrogantB.frankC.self-centeredD.impulsive27.According to Paragraph2,senior executives quitting may be spurred by()A.their expectation of better financial statusB.their need to reflect on their private lifeC.their strained relations with the boardsD.their pursuit of new career goals28.The word"poached"(Line3,Paragraph4)most probably means()C.top performers care more about reputationsD.it's safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A.CEOs:where to GO?B.CEOs:All the Way Up?C.Top managers Jump without a NetD.The Only way out for Top PerformersText3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you pai for.No longer.While traditional"paid"media-such as television commercials an print advertisements-still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create"owned media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered wit its Webe site.The way consumenrs now approatch the board range of factors beyon conventional paid media.Paind and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media,such marketers act as the initiators for users'response But in some cases,one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media-for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.W difine such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong tha other organization palce their content or e-commerce engines within that environment Thies trend,which we believe is still in its infance,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt g further John&JOhnson,for example,has created BabyCenter,a stand-alone medi property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal o other companies'marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers wit more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk tha passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and muc more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:an asse or campaign become hostage to consumers,other stakeholders,or activists who mak negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesscurve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of the damage fro its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrate social-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumer directly sites such as Twitter and the social-news sit Digg.31.Consumers may creat"earned"media when they are()A.obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sitesB.inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to themC.eager to help their friends promote quality productsD.enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products32.According to Paragraph2,sold media feature()A.a safe business environmentB.random competitionC.Strong user trafficD.flexibility in organization33.The author indicates in Paragraph3that earned media()A.invite constant conflicts with passinate consumersB.can be used to produce negative effects in marketingC.may be responsible for fiercer competitionD.deserve all the getative comments about them34.Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example of()A.responding effectively to hijacked mediaB.persuading customers into boycotting productsC.cooperating with supportive consumersD.taking advantage of hijacked media35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?A.Alternatives to conventional paid mediaB.Conflict between hijacked and earned mediaC.Dominance of hijacked mediaD.Popularity of owned mediaText4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazin cover story,“I love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter-nothin gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less tha a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefin happiness,instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured byThe magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardl the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also storie about newly adoptive-and newly single-mom Sandra Bullock,as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news.Practically every week features at least on celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,o sot any wonder tha admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing?It doesn’t seem quite fair,then,to compare the regrets of paren to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder i they shouldn’t have had kids,but unhappy childless folks are bothered with th message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviousl their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their livesOf course the image of parenthood that celebrity magazine like Us Weekl and People present is hugely unrealistic,especially when the parents are singl mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are les happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.No shoc there,considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it,raising a kid on their“own(read:wit round-the-clock help)is a piece of cake.”It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just becaus Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a bab is not a haircut.But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every wee of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small,subconsciou way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience,in the sam way that a small part of us hoped getting“the Rachel”might make us look jusa little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight.[B]enjoyment in progress.[C]happiness in retrospect.[D]lasting reward.37.We learn from Paragraph2that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph4,the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45 you are required to reorganize those paragraph into a coherent text by choosing fro the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraph E and C have bee correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)[A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm the humanities.You can,Mr.Menand points out,became a lawyer in three years and medical doctor in four.But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree i the humanities is nine years.Not surprisingly,up to half of all doctoral student in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B]His concern is mainly with the humanities:Literature,languages,philosoph and so on.These are disciplines that are going out of sytle:22%of American colleg graduates now major in business compared with only2%in history and4%in English However,many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses.Bu most find it difficult to agree on what a“general education”should look like At Harvard,Mr.Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read”they form a sort of social glue.[C]Equally unsurprisingly,only about half end up with professorships for whic they entered graduate school.There are simply too few posts.This is partly becaus universities continue to produce ever more PhDs.But fewer students want to stud humanities subjects:English department awarded more bachelor’s degrees in1970-7 than they did20years later.Fewer students requires fewer teachers.So,at thprofessional education should be kept separate,taught in different schools.Man students experience both varieties Although more than half of Harvard undergraduate end up in law,medicine or business,future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-art degree before embarking on a professional qualification[E]Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation top American universities have professionalized the professor.The growth on public money fo academic research has speeded the process:federal research grants rose fourfol between1960and1990,but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took it toll.Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career:as late as1969a third of America professors did not possess one.But the key idea behind professionalization,argue Mr.Menand,is that“the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specializatio are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not jus over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of the producers o knowledge.[F]The key to reforming higher education,concludes Mr.Menand,is to alter th way in which“the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise,academics wil continue to think dangerously alike,increasingly detached from the societies whic they study,investigate and criticize.“Academic inquiry,at least in some fields may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens Mr.Menand dose not say.[G]The subtle and intelligent little book The marketplace of Ideas:Reform an Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking o applying to take a doctoral degree.They may then decide to go elsewhere.For something curious has been happening in American Universities,and Louis Menand a professor of English at Harvard University,captured it skillfully.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)recommend one of your favorite movies and2)give reasons for your recommendation.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e”Li Ming”instead.should1)describe the drawing briefly2)explain its intended measing and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)英语（一）真题答案Section I Use of English1．C2．D3．B4．B5．A6．B7．A8．D9．C10．11．B12．C13．D14．C15．B16．D17．A18．D19．A20 CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C22.B23.D24.B25.A26.B27.D28.C29.A30.B31.D32.C33.B34.A35.A36.C37.C38.D39.D40.BPart B41.B42.D43.A44.C45.FPart C Translation46.艾伦的贡献在于提出了我们大家都认同的假设——我们不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思维——并且指出了这个假设是错误的。

2011年考研英语(一)真题完整版及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark [A]， [B]， [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary， laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels， ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__， a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way， say， walking or jogging does.__6__， instead of straining muscles to build them， as exercise does， laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__，studies dating back to the 1930‘s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles， decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway， the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback，that improve an individual‘s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion， our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears， evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988，social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile –or with their lips，which would produce a（n）__17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown， ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ ， the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]， [B]， [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part， the response has been favorable，to say the least. “Hooray！ At last！” wrote Anthony Tommasini， a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise， however， is thatGilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini，who had advocated Gilbert‘s appointment in the Times，calls him “an unpretentious musician wi th no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez，that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part， I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure， he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions， but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall， or anywhere else， to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf， or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time， attention， and money of the art-loving public， classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses， dance troupes， theater companies， and museums， but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap，available everywhere，and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‘s live performances； moreover，they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability o f such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert‘s own interest in ne w music has been widely noted： Alex Ross， a classical-music critic， has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different，more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference？ Merely expandi ng the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed， they must first change the relationship between America‘s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert‘s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text， which of the following is true of recordings？[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regardin g Gilbert‘s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic， the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August， his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses，he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision，” McGee says. Within two weeks，he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group，which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn‘t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure，executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloudtheir reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold， deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter， CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had， according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up， opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：“I can‘t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven‘t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age， saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it‘s safer to stay where you are， but tha t’s been fundamentally inverted，” says one headhunter. “The people who‘ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure， his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2，senior executives‘ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” （Line 3， Paragraph 4） most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it‘s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text？[A]CEOs： Where to Go？[B]CEOs： All the Way Up？[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media –such as television commercials and print advertisements –still play a major role， companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media ， such marketers act as the initiator f or users‘ responses. But in some cases，one marketer’s owned media become another marketer‘s paid media – for instance， when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ，which we believe is still in its infancy， effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson， for example，has created BabyCenter， a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income， the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective，gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing， and may help expand usertraffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more （and more diverse） communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker， more visible， and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media： an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers， other stakeholders， or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks， for instance， are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens， passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products， putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case， the company‘s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful， and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor， for example， alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign， which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2，sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor‘s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ？[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It‘s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful， provocative magazine cover story，“I love My Children， I Hate My Life，” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling，life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable， Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness：instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy， we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard， Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen ou r moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock，as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom，or mom-to-be， smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation， is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ？It doesn‘t seem quite fair， then， to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids， but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world： obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course， the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic， especially when the parents are single motherslike Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples， single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there，considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on； yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it，raising a kid on their “own” （read：with round-the-clock help） is a piece of cake.It‘s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous： most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free， happiness-enhancing parenthood aren‘t in some small， subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience， in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a l ittle bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4， the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph？[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections：The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45， you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can， Mr Menand points out， became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly， up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities： Literature， languages， philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style： 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However， many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard， Mr Menand notes，“the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly， only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects： English departments award ed more bachelor‘s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So， at the end of a decade of theses-writing， many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate， taught in different schools. Manystudents experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law，medicine or business， future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation，top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process： federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990， but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career： as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation， argues Mr Menand，is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge， but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education， concludes Mr Menand， is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise， academics will continue to think dangerously alike， increasingly detached from the societies which they study，investigate and criticize.“Academic inquiry， at least in some fields，may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens，Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas： Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities， and Louis Menand， a professor of English at Harvard University， captured it skillfully.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver，” creating our inner character and outer circumstances， the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.（46）Allen‘s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter， we think that thoughtscan be hidden and made powerless； this allows us to think one way and act another. However， Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind， and （47） while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone， in reality we are continually faced with a question：“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that？”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire， Allen concluded ：“ We do not attract what we want，but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement；you don‘t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Alle n‘s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person，they reveal him.” （48） This seems a justification for neglect of those in need， and a rationalization of exploitation， of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This ，however， would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances， however bad， offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people， then humanity would never have progressed. In fat，（49）circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless， as any biographer knows， a p erson’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen‘s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. （50） The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us； where before we were experts in the array of limitations， now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions：Write a letter to a friend of yours to1） recommend one of your favorite movies and2） give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.（10 points）Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160——200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay，you should1） describe the drawing briefly，2）explain it‘s intended meaning， and3） give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)参考答案（不见得准确）参考答案, 研究生, 英语, 硕士Section I Use of English1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 5．A 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．A11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．B 16．D 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.B 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.B31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.C 38.D 39.D 40.BPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.FPart C Translation46. 艾伦的贡献在于提出了我们大家都认同的假设——我们不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思维——并且指出了这个假设是错误的。

2011年考研英语(一)真题完整版Section I Use of English Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word，[B]，[C] （s）for each numbered blank and mark [A]or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as ―a bodily exercise precious to health.ǁ But __1___some claims to the contrary，laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels，___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__，a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way，say，walking or jogging does. __6__，instead of straining muscles to build them，as exercise does，laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__，studies dating back to the 1930‗s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles，decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway，the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback，that improve an individual‗s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion，our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also ____14___ tears，evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988rzburg ，social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wü– or in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile with their lips，which would produce a（n）__17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown，____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ ，the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like 2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce 3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe 5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief 7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal 11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at 13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because 14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses 15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond 16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold 17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted 19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing 20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]，[B]，[C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）Text 1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part，the response has been favorable，to say the least. ―Hooray！At last！ǁ wrote Anthony Tommasini，a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise，however，is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini，who had advocated Gilbert‗s appointment in the Times，calls him ―an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.ǁ As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez，that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part，I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure，he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions，but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall，or anywhere else，to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf，or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time，attention，and money of the art-loving public，classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses，dance troupes，theater companies，and museums，but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap，available everywhere，and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‗s live performances；moreover，they he widespread availability of such can be ―consumedǁ at a time and place of the listener‘s choosing. Trecordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available Gilbert‗s own interest in new music has been widely notedon record. G ilbert‗s own interest in new music has been widely noted：Alex Ross，a classical-music critic，has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into ―a markedly different，more at difference？Merely expanding the orchestra‘s vibrant organization.ǁ But what will be the nature of threpertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed，they must first change the relationship between America‗s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract. rn from Para.1 that Gilbert‗s appointment has 21. We lea r n from Para.1 that Gilbert‗s appointment has [A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion. [C]received acclaim. [D]aroused curiosity. 22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is [A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented. 23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers [A]ignore the expenses of live performances. [B]reject most kinds of recorded performances. [C]exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances. 24. According to the text，which of the following is true of recordings？[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. [B]They are easily accessible to the general public. [C]They help improve the quality of music. [D]They have only covered masterpieces. 25. Regarding Gilbert‗s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic，the author feels [A]doubtful. [B]enthusiastic. [C]confident. [D]puzzled. Text 2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August，his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses，he came right out and said he was leaving ―to pursue my goal of running a company.ǁ Broadcasting his ambition was ―very much my decision，ǁ Mc Gee says. Within two weeks，he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group，which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn‗t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure，executives who don‘t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold，deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter，CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had，according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up，opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：―I can‗t think of a single search I‘ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.ǁ Those who jumped without a job haven‗t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age，saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. ―The traditional rule was it‗s safer to stay where you are， fundamentally inverted，ǁ says one headhunter. ―The people who‗ve been hurt the worst are but that‘s been fundamentally invertedthose who‘ve stayed too long.ǁ 26. When McGee announced his departure，his manner can best be described as being [A]arrogant. [B]frank. [C]self-centered. [D]impulsive. 27. According to Paragraph 2，senior executives‗ quitting may be spurred by [A]their expectation of better financial status. [B]their need to reflect on their private life. [C]their strained relations with the boards. [D]their pursuit of new career goals. 28. The word ―poachedǁ （Line 3，Paragraph 4）most probably means [A]approved of. [B]attended to. [C]hunted for. [D]guarded against. 29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A]top performers used to cling to their posts. [B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated. [C]top performers care more about reputations. [D]it‗s safer to stick to the traditional rules. 30. Which of the following is the best title for the text？[A]CEOs：Where to Go？[B]CEOs：All the Way Up？[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers Text 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While – still play a major role traditional ―paidǁ med ia – such as television commercials and print advertisements ，companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may -mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web create ―ownedǁ media by sending esite. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media ，t as the initiator for users‗ responses. But in some casessuch marketers ac t as the initiator for users‗ responses. But in some cases，one marketer‘s owned media  for instance，when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web become another marketer‗s paid media –site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ，，which we believe is still in its infancy effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson，for example，has created BabyCenter，a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income，the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective，gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies‘ marketing，and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more （and more diverse）communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker，more visible，and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media：an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers，other stakeholders，or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks，for instance，are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. If that happens，passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products，putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case，the company‗s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful，and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor，for example，alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign，which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. 31.Consumers may create ―earnedǁ media when they are [A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites. [B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. [C] eager to help their friends promote quality products. [D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products. 32. According to Paragraph 2，sold media feature [A] a safe business environment. [B] random competition. [C] strong user traffic. [D] flexibility in organization. 33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media [A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers. [B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. [C] may be responsible for fiercer competition. [D] deserve all the negative comments about them. 34. Toyota Motor‗s experience is cited as an example of [A] responding effectively to hijacked media. [B] persuading customers into boycotting products. [C] cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking advantage of hijacked media. 35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ？[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media. [B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media. [C] Dominance of hijacked media. [D] Popularity of owned media. Text 4 It‗s no surprise that Jennifer Senior‘s insightful，provocative magazine cover story，―I love My Children，I Hate My Life，ǁ is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling，life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable：instead ，Senior suggests we need to redefine happinessof thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy，we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard，Senior writes that ―the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratific ation and delight.ǁ The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only – and newly Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive single – mom Sandra Bullock，as well as t he usual ―Jennifer Aniston is pregnantǁ news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom，or mom-to-be，smiling on the newsstands. In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation，is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing It doesn‗t seem quite fair，then，to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn‘t have had kids，but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world：obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. Of course，the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic，especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples，single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there，considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on；yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it，raising a kid on their ―ownǁ （read：with round-the-clock help）is a piece of cake. ny people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina It‗s hard to imagine that mamake it look so glamorous：most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it‘s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free，，happiness-enhancing pa renthood aren‗t in some small subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience，in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting ― the Rachelǁ might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston. 36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring [A]temporary delight [B]enjoyment in progress [C]happiness in retrospect [D]lasting reward 37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that [A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip. [B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention. [C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining. [D]having children is highly valued by the public. 38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks [A]are constantly exposed to criticism. [B]are largely ignored by the media. [C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities. [D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life. 39.According to Paragraph 4，the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is [A]soothing. [B]ambiguous. [C]compensatory. [D]misleading. 40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph？[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms. [B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing. [C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. [D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing. Part B Directions：The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can，Mr Menand points out，became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly，up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. [B] His concern is mainly with the humanities：Literature，languages，philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style：22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However，many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a ―general educationǁ should look like. At Harvard，Mr Menand notes，-they form a sort of social glue. ―the great books are read because they have been readǁ[C] Equally unsurprisingly，only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects：English departments awarded more bache lor‗s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So，at the end of a decade of theses-writing，many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. [D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate，taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law，medicine or business，future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. [E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation，top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process：federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990，but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career：as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation，argues Mr Menand，is that ―the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.ǁSo disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge，but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. [F] The key to reforming higher education，concludes Mr Menand，is to alter the way in which ―the producers of knowledge are produced.ǁOtherwise，academics will continue to think dangerously alike，increasingly detached from the societies which they study，at ，investigate and criticize.―Academic inquiryleast in some fields，may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.ǁYet quite how that happens，Mr Menand dose not say. [G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas：Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities，and Louis Menand，a professor of English at Harvard University，captured it skillfully. G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45. Part C Directions：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）With its theme that ―Mind is the master weaver，，ǁ creating our inner character and outer circumstancesthe book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing. -that because we are not robots we （46）Allen‗s contribution was to take an assumption we all sharetherefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter，we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless；this allows us to think one way and act another. However，Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind，and （47）while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone，in reality we are continually faced with a question：―Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that？ǁ Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire，Allen concluded ：― We do not attract what we want，but what we are.ǁ Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement；you don‗t ― getǁ success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter. Part of the fame of Allen‗s book is its contention that ―Circumstances do not make a person，they reveal him.ǁ （48）This seems a justification for neglect of those in need，and a rationalization of exploitation，of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This ，however，would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances，however bad，offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people，then humanity would never have progressed. In fat，（49）circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been ―wrongedǁ then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our son‘s early life and its conditions are often the situation .Nevertheless，as any biographer knows，a per s on‘s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual. The sobering aspect of Allen‗s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. （50）The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us；where before we were experts in the array of limitations，now we become authorities of what is possible. Section ⅢWriting Part A 51. Directions：Write a letter to a friend of yours to 1）recommend one of your favorite movies and 2）give reasons for your recommendation Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2 Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User ―LI MINGǁ instead. Do not writer the address.（10 points）Part B 52. Directions：Write an essay of 160——200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay，you should 1）describe the drawing briefly，2）explain it‗s intended meaning，and 3）give your comments. Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points  41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.F翻译：翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设——因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。

2011年考研英语(一)真题完整版2011年考研英语(一)真题完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark [A]， [B]， [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewe d laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary，laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels，___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__， a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way，say，walking or jogging does.__6__， instead of straining muscles to build them， as exercise does， laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__， studies dating back to the 1930‘s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles， decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway，the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback，that improve an individual‘s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion， our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears，evidence suggests that emotions can flow[D]observe5.[A]measurable [B]manageable[C]affordable [D]renewable6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition[D]In brief7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average[D]expected8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens[D]relaxes9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate[D]enhance10.[A]physical [B]mental[C]subconscious [D]internal11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes[D]suppresses15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards[D]beyond16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17.[A]disappointed [B]excited[C]joyful [D]indifferent18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned[D]reacted19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring[C]mentioning [D]supposing20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently[C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]， [B]， [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part，the response has been favorable，to say the least. “Hooray！ At last！” wrote A nthony Tommasini， a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise， however， is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini，who had advocated Gilbert‘s appointment in the Times， calls hi m “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez， that seems likely to have struck atleast some Times readers as faint praise.For my part， I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure， he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions， but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall， or anywhere else， to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf， or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time，attention，and money of the art-loving public，classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses，dance troupes，theater companies， and museums， but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There recordings are cheap，available everywhere， and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‘s live performances；moreover，they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert‘s own interest in new music has been widely noted：Alex Ross， a classical-music critic， has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different，more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference？ Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed，they mustfirst change the relationship between America‘s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We le arn from Para.1 that Gilbert‘s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text， which of the following is true of recordings？[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert‘s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic， the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August， his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses， he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision，” McGee says. Within two weeks， he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group， which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn‘t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executivesat Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure，executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold， deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter， CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had，according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up，opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters haveadhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：“I can‘t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven‘t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age， saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “Thetraditional rule was it‘s safer to stay where you are，but that’s been fundamentally inverted，” says one headhunter. “The people who‘ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure，his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2， senior executives‘ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” （Line 3，Paragraph 4） most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it‘s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text？[A]CEOs： Where to Go？[B]CEOs： All the Way Up？[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditiona l “paid” media –such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role，companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media ， such marketers act as theinitiator for users‘ responses. But in some cases，one marketer’s owned media become another marketer‘s paid media –for instance， when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ，which we believe is still in its infancy， effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson， for example，has created BabyCenter， a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income， the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective，gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing， and may help expand user traffic for all companiesconcerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more （and more diverse） communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker，more visible，and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media：an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers，other stakeholders， or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks， for instance， are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens， passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products， putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case， the company‘s response may not be sufficientlyquick or thoughtful， and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor， for example，alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign，which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2，sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor‘s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers intoboycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ？[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It‘s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful， provocative magazine cover story，“I love My Children， I Hate My Life，” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling，life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable， Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness： instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy， we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard， Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock， as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom， or mom-to-be， smiling on thenewsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation， is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ？It doesn‘t seem quite fair， then， to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had k ids， but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world：obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course， the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic，especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to severalstudies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples，single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there， considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on；yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it，raising a kid on their “own” （read： with round-the-clock help） is a piece of cake.It‘s hard to im agine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous： most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free，happiness-enhancing parenthood aren‘t in some small，subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience， in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4，the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph？[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happinessfrom child rearing.Part BDirections：The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45， you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can， Mr Menand points out， became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly，up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities：Literature，languages，philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style： 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However， many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard， Mr Menand notes，“the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly， only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects： English departmentsawarded more bachelor‘s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So， at the end of a decade of theses-writing， many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate， taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law， medicine or business， future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. [E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation， top American universities haveprofessionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process：federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990，but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career： as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation，argues Mr Menand，is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge， but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education， concludes Mr Menand， is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise，academics will continue to think dangerously alike， increasingly detached from the societies which they study，investigate and criticize.“Academic inquiry， at least in some fields， may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens， Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas： Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities，and Louis Menand， a professor of English at Harvard University，captured it skillfully.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver，” creating our inner character and outer circumstances，the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.（46）Allen‘s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter，we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless；this allows us to think one way and act another. However， Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind， and （47） while we maybe able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone，in reality we are continually faced with a question：“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that？”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire， Allen concluded ：“ We do not attract what we want，but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement；you don‘t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen‘s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person，they reveal him.” （48） This seems a justification for neglect of those in need，and a rationalization of exploitation， of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This ，however，would be aknee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances， however bad，offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people，then humanity would never have progressed. In fat，（49）circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless， as any biographer knows， a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen‘s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. （50）The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us； where before we were experts in the array of limitations， now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions：Write a letter to a friend of yours to1）recommend one of your favorite movies and2） give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.（10 points）Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160——200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay， you should1） describe the drawing briefly，2）explain it‘s intended meaning， and3） give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exercise precious to health.”But 1 some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.6 ,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes the7 ,studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also 14 tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile–or with their lips，which would produce a（n）17 expression.Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown,19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around 20,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has described him as a man who iscapable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibrant organization.”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving“to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on whatkind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn’t alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are,but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27.According to Paragraph 2,senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs:Where to Go? [B]CEOs:All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional“paid”media–such as television commercials and print advertisements–still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media,such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses.But in some cases,one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media–for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,has created Baby Center,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,other stakeholders,or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case,the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestratedsocial-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create“earned”media when they are[A]obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D]enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A]a safe business environment.[B]random competition.[C]strong user traffic.[D]flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A]invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B]can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C]may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D]deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A]responding effectively to hijacked media.[B]persuading customers into boycotting products.[C]cooperating with supportive consumers.[D]taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?[A]Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C]Dominance of hijacked media.[D]Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter–nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive–and newly single–mom Sandra Bullock,as well as theusual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you supportkitten-killing?It doesn’t seem quite fair,then,to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids,but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course,the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic,especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.No shock there,considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on;yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it,raising a kid on their“own”(read:with round-the-clock help)is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small,subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience,in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting“the Rachel”might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied withtheir life.39.According to Paragraph 4,the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)[A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities.You can,Mr Menand points out,became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years.Not surprisingly,up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B]His concern is mainly with the humanities:Literature,languages,philosophy and so on.These are disciplines that are going out of style:22%of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2%in history and 4%in English.However,many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses.But most find it difficult to agree on what a“general education”should look like.At Harvard,Mr Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C]Equally unsurprisingly,only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school.There are simply too few posts.This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs.But fewer students want to studyhumanities subjects:English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later.Fewer students requires fewer teachers.So,at the end of a decade of theses-writing,many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D]One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate,taught in different schools.Many students experience both varieties.Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law,medicine or business,future doctors and lawyers must study anon-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E]Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation,top American universities have professionalised the professor.The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process:federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990,but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career:as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one.But the key idea behind professionalisation,argues Mr Menand,is that“the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F]The key to reforming higher education,concludes Mr Menand,is to alter the way in which“the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise,academics will continue to think dangerously alike,increasingly detached from the societies which they study,investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry,at least in some fields,may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens,Mr Menand dose not say.[G]The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas:Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree.They may then decide to go elsewhere.For something curious has been happening in American Universities,and Louis Menand,aprofessor of English at Harvard University,captured it skillfully.G→41.→42.→E→43.→44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)With its theme that“Mind is the master weaver,”creating our inner character and outer circumstances,the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneousnature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter,we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless;this allows us to think one way and act another.However,Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind,and(47)while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone,in reality we are continually faced with a question:“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire,Allen concluded:“We do not attract what we want,but what weare.”Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement;you don’t“get”success but become it.There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that“Circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him.”(48)This seems a justification for neglect of those in need,and a rationalization of exploitation,of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This,however,would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument.Each set of circumstances,however bad,offers a unique opportunity for growth.If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people,then humanity would never haveprogressed.In fat,(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we fel that we have been“wronged”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from oure situation.Nevertheless,as any biographer knows,a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.(50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;where before we were experts in the array of limitations,now we become authorities of what is possible.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)recommend one of your favorite movies and2)give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the er“LI MING”instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it’s intended meaning,and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)答案解析Section I Use of English1.【答案】[C]【解析】语义逻辑题。

2011年考研英语一真题参考答案完整版Section I Use of English1.C2.D3.B4.B5.A6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.A11.B 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.A 18.D 19.A 20.CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.B 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.C31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.D 38.A 39.D 40.BPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.F翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设——因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。

47、我们可以单独通过意识维持控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，为什么我不能完成这件事情或那件事情。

48、这似乎可能为必要时的忽视正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于后层人们的劣势感。

49、环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，而且如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境。

50、正面在于我们处于这样的位置，知道所有事情都取决于我们自己，之前我们对着一系列的限制，而现在我们成了权威。

Write a letter to a friend of yours to1）recommend one of your favorite movies and2）give reasons for your recommendation.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.（10points）Dear friends，I…m writing to you to reco mmend my favorite movie 'Avatar'. It is a very hot movie this year. For starters，it's a great story and has a fantastic plot. This film captivated me from beginning to end. The fast-paced，exciting story line kept me on the edge of my seat all the way through. What's more，the specialeffects are breathtaking. The directing is absolutely neat. And last but not least，it's an educational movie. It teaches us about dedication，discipline，loyalty and love. I am sure you will enjoy the movie.Yours sincerely，Li Ming52、DirectionWrite an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing .In your essay ，you should1）describe the drawing briefly2）explain its intended measing and3）give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20points）What an impressive picture it is！Two young men sitting on the boat are throwing rubbish into the lake，with all kinds of garbage floating on the surface. What is conveyed in the picture is both realistic andthought-provoking.Clearly，we can deduce from the picture that with the rapid development of economy，tourism as a form of enterprise brings China a lot of benefits，but the environment is being polluted tremendously. In public places people have no awareness that they are doing something damaging the environment，the only environment we have. They cause inconvenience and discomfort to other tourists，and also degrade China's image as a nation.What can we do then？First，I think that government should issue severe regulations，punishing any behavior that damages the environment. Second，the environment protection awareness of the public should be enforced. People should know how closely the clean environment is related to their personal lives. Let's hope we will have a cleaner and more beautiful world in the near future.。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exercise precious to health.”But ---_____some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,____heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to____,a good laugh is unlikely to have_____benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.____,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes the____, studies dating back to the1930’s indicate that laughter.muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of______feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. ______one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted_______physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the19th century that humans do not cry______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also_______tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow_____muscular responses.In an experiment published in1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to____a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile–or with their lips，which would produce a（n）_____expression.Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown，_______that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around____，the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like2．[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce3．[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining4．[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe5．[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable6．[A]In turn[B]In fact[C]In addition[D]In brief7．[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected8．[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance10．[A]physical[B]mentl[C]subconscious[D]internal11．[A]Except for[B]According to[C]Due to[D]As for12．[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at13．[A]unless[B]until C]if[D]because14．[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses15．[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond16．[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold17．[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent18．[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted19．[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing20．[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in2009.For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the20th century.There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibrant organization.”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in2005with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27.According to Paragraph2,senior executives’quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs:Where to Go?[B]CEOs:All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional“paid”media–such as television commercials and print advertisements–still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’responses.But in some cases,one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media–for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson&Johnson,for example,has created BabyCenter,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,other stakeholders,or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case,the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create“earned”media when they are[A]obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D]enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph2,sold media feature[A]a safe business environment.[B]random competition.[C]strong user traffic.[D]flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph3that earned media[A]invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B]can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C]may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D]deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A]responding effectively to hijacked media.[B]persuading customers into boycotting products.[C]cooperating with supportive consumers.[D]taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?[A]Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C]Dominance of hijacked media.[D]Popularity of owned media.Text4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter–nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive–and newly single–mom Sandra Bullock,as well as the usual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing?It doesn’t seem quite fair,then,to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids,but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course,the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic,especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.No shock there,considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on;yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it,raising a kid on their“own”(read:with round-the-clock help)is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience,in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting“the Rachel”might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph2that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph3that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph4,the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)[A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities.You can, Mr Menand points out,became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years.Not surprisingly,up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B]His concern is mainly with the humanities:Literature,languages,philosophy and so on.These are disciplines that are going out of style:22%of American college graduates now major in business compared with only2%in history and4%in English.However,many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses.But most find it difficult to agree on what a“general education”should look like.At Harvard,Mr Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C]Equally unsurprisingly,only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school.There are simply too few posts.This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects:English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in1970-71than they did20years later.Fewer students requires fewer teachers.So,at the end of a decade of theses-writing,many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D]One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.Many students experience both varieties.Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law,medicine or business,future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E]Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation,top American universities have professionalised the professor.The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between1960and1990,but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career:as late as1969a third of American professors did not possess one.But the key idea behind professionalisation,argues Mr Menand,is that“the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F]The key to reforming higher education,concludes Mr Menand,is to alter the way in which“the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise,academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study,investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry,at least in some fields,may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens,Mr Menand dose not say.[G]The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas:Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree.They may then decide to go elsewhere.For something curious has been happening in American Universities,and LouisMenand,a professor of English at Harvard University,captured it skillfully.G→41.→42.→E→43.→44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)With its theme that“Mind is the master weaver,”creating our inner character and outer circumstances,the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter,we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless;this allows us to think one way and act another.However,Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and(47)while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone,in reality we are continually faced with a question:“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire,Allen concluded:“We do not attract what we want,but what we are.”Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement;you don’t“get”success but become it.There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that“Circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him.”(48)This seems a justification for neglect of those in need,and a rationalization of exploitation,of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This,however,would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument.Each set of circumstances,however bad,offers a unique opportunity for growth.If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people,then humanity would never have progressed.In fat,(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been“wronged”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.Nevertheless,as any biographer knows,a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.(50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;where before we were experts in the array of limitations,now we become authorities of what is possible.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)recommend one of your favorite movies and2)give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2Do not sign your own name at the end of the er“LI MING”instead.Do not writer the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160---200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it’s intended meaning,and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2011年考研英语真题答案解析Section I Use of English1.【答案】[C]【解析】语义逻辑题。

2011年3月公共英语一级考试真题第一部分听力 1-25略第二部分英语知识运用第一节单项填空26.please remember_________me a call as soon as you get there.A.to giveB.givingC.give27.How much did you pay _________that car？A.WithB.ForC.To28.I didn’t want to see the film because I_______it before.A.SeeB.Had seenC.Was seeing29.What she likes to do and what she has to do are two________things.A.CloseB.PossibleC.Different30.There are some apples in the box，but there aren’t_________oranges.A.someB.anyC.much31. That book is _________ andI would like to have it back, please.A. myB.mineC. his32. I have neither the time northe money to _________ that sport.A. take part inB.catch up withC. look forward to33. The pupils usually stop toplay in the park on their_________ home after school.A. streetB.roadC. way34. I am not_________good as mybrother at English.A.SOB.tooC.such35．It was said that the meeting．_________more than 4 hours．A.spentstedC.opened36．Jack was reading a book in thesitting-room_________the phone rang．A.whenB.sinceC.while37．Charlie had to return to his office for hishandbag，——he?A.hadn’tB.didn’tC.had38．Children are not——————to be quiet all the time．A.hopedB.keptC.expected39．一HaVe you read the book yet?一Yes，I have_________read it．A.alwaysB.justC.still40．They didn’t tell me_________my problem was，except that the job wasn’t good for me·A.thatB.whetherC.what第二节完形填空阅读下面短文，从短文后所给的A.、B.、C.三个选项中选出能填入相应空白处的选项，并在答题卡l上将该项涂黑。

2011年考研英语（一）Section II Part A Text3&Text4参考答案+详细解析31. D32. C33. B34. A35. A36. C37. C38. D39. D40. BText 331.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are .细读文章第一二段可知第一段中所标引号的“owned” media实际上和题干中“earned” media表达的是同一个概念，即那些不用花钱的宣传。

由第一段中的关键词语Consumers passionate about a product以及sending e-mail alerts about products and sales可以推断出这些钟爱某种产品的消费者会将他们所喜爱的产品介绍给别人。

选择D项。

[A] obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products32. According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature第二段中所举的例子中该 e-commerce retailer的Web site是最典型的sold media。

要想让别的商家来这里做广告，该网站首先whose traffic is so strong。

因此本题选择C项。

[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media该段主要讲述人们利用earned media发表言论，当人们利用more damaging ways 发表言论或是对某些产品或品牌make negative allegations时，这时的earned media就成了hijacked media，由此推断出本题选择B项。