高中英语选修8

外研版高中英语选修8单元语法篇一：(人教版必修1-选修8)高中英语各单元知识点及占分比归纳必修二必修三选修八篇二：人教版高中英语必修一至选修八各单元的语法条目语法目录篇三：高中外研版英语教材选修8课文Module 1Antarctica:the last continent1______________________________Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. It’s also the driest. With annual rainfall close to zero, Antarctica is technically a desert. Covering about 14 million square kilometres around the South Pole, it is the fifth largest continent in the world. A high mountain range, the Trans-Antarctic range, runs from east to west, cutting the continent in two. There are volcanoes too, but they are not very active. Antarctica holds 90% of the world’s ice, and most of its fresh water (70%) is in a frozen state, of course. 98% of the surface is covered permanently in the icecap. On average it is two kilometres thick, but in some places it reaches a depth of fivekilometres.Strong winds driven by gravity blow from the pole to the coastline, while other winds blow round the coast. It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable place.2______________________________Yet Antarctica is full of wildlife, which has adapted to its extreme conditions.There are different types of penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days (the longest period of continuous darkness on earth), as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plants can survive there. Only two types of flowering plants are found, while there are no trees on the large continent. The rest of the plants are made up of mosses, algae and lichen. Some forms of algae have adapted to grow on ice.3______________________________Most of the ice has been there for thousands of years. As a result, it has bee a window on the past, and can give researchers lots of useful information. Gases and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the worlds climate was like in past ages. Antarctic rocks are also very important for research. Most of them are meteorites from outer space. One rock, known us the “Alien” rock, may contain evidence of extra-terrestrial life.Since most Antarctic rocks arc dark in colour, they stand out against the while background and are easy to identify and collect.4______________________________Antarctica was the last continent to be discovered.But more than two thousand years ago Greek geographers believed that there was a large land mass in the south which balanced the land in the north. They called it Anti-Arktikos, or Antarctica: the opposite of Arctic. When Europeans discovered the continent of America in the 15th century, the great age of exploration began. However, progress to the South Pole was slow. Notuntil the late 18th century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. Then in 1895, a Norwegian called Carstens Borchgrevink became the first man to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. The race to the pole had begun. It was finally reached on 11th December, 1911 by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen.5______________________________Today scientists from many countries travel to Antarctica to study its resources. A spirit of international friendship has replaced the rivalry that existed between many of the earlier explorers. In 1961, a treaty signed by 12 countries, including Britain, France, and the USA, made Antarctica the world's biggest nature reserve. The aim of the treaty is to prevent the mercial and military use of the continent.In particular, it aims to keep Antarctica free from nuclear tests and radioactive waste; to promote international scientific projects; and to end arguments about who owns the land. Today countries representing 80% of the world’s population havesigned the treaty. Antarctica has bee perhaps the most successful symbol of man’s effort s to work togetherfor progress and peace.How Failure Became SuccessOn 8th August, 1914,27 men who had replied to an advertisement in The Times boarded a ship leaving for the Antarctic. The name of the ship was the Endurance and the captain was an Irishman called Ernest Shackleton.The aim of the journey was to cross the frozen continent via the South Pole－a journey of 1,800 miles. Shackleton thought the journey would last six months. But when land came into sight, the Endurance became trapped in the ice and began to break up. Shackleton and his men watched the Endurance sink into the icy sea. They then headed north, pulling three lifeboats behind them.After six days, bad weather forced them to give up and the men set up camp on a sheet of ice which began slowly moving across the Antarctic Circle.They survived on the ice for five months. Then, on16th April, 1915,Shackleton saw land. It was Elephant Island－a large rock with nothing growing on it, butmuch better than a floating piece of ice. When they reached the island, Shackleton came up with an idea－it was a risk but he would have to take it. He andfive men would take one of the lifeboats, and sail 800 miles to South Georgia, where there was a permanent camp. They could then return to rescue the rest of the men.It took Shackleton 17 days to reach South Georgia. Unfortunately he landed on the wrong side of the island, and had to walk 36 hours over mountains to reach the camp. The whale hunters at the campcouldn’t believe their eyes when they saw the si x men walking down from the mountains.Shackleton kept his promise. More than three months later, he returned to ElephantIsland to rescue the crew he had been forced to abandon. He had failed to reach the pole－but he had saved the lives of all his men.Wele to the South Poles!South Poles? How many are there?In fact, there are three South Poles: a ceremonial Pole ,which is on the moving glacier, a geographical or true Pole, and a magnetic Pole.which changes its position according to the movement of the Earth.Is it safe?Because the South Pole is a high altitude site, the glare of the sunlight here is very intense. It’s also reflected by the snow, so if you go outside, remember to wear sunglasses and use suncream.If you don’t, there’s a severe risk that you’ll damage your eyesight or get badly sunburnt.Is it cold?Yes! Be very careful out in the open air! The temperature is between minus 21℃ in the summer and minus 78℃ in the winter, and you can bee numb with cold without realising. There’s heavy frost e ven on the warmest summer days, and if it’s quiet you can hear your breath freeze. So if you leave the station, dress warmly and carry dry clothing and a portable radio.Is there anything good about the weather?The air is very pure, and it doesn’t snow ve ry much－only about four millimetres a year. There’s verylittle wind and the sky is usually clear. It’s possibly the calmest place on Earth.What’s it like to live here?Life is quite abnormal. Suise and sunset e once every six months, and in the winter the total absence of daylight can be tiresome, and for some, depressing. We’re totally isolated except for radio andelectronic munications, as no aircraft can fly herefor about eight months.Where do we live?The South Pole scientific station is situated on a platform of ice, 3,000－4,000 metres high, but under only a few millimetres of snow. We have a minimum of 28 peopleliving here in the winter and a maximum of 125 in the summer. The living quarters are modest with few luxuries,but cosy.There’s a forta ble dormitory for sleeping ,the canteen serves great food, and there's a well-stocked library of DVDs and videos. But showers and laundry are limited, because water is very valuable. We discourage you from smoking except in specific areas. Medical assistance is available in case of an emergency.Any other advice?Remember that conventional equipment doesn’t always work as it should do. If you use an electric drill, the power cord will snap. Photography is tricky too, as film is fragile and the camera batter y doesn’t work in the cold.Don’t leave any rubbish, and don’t forget that the ecology of Antarctica is very delicate, so don’t take any souvenirs home with you, and be careful to leave nothing but footprints.Finally, remember that we’re all visitors to t he South Pole. It’s a privilege, not a right to e tothis extraordinary place.TheTravels of MarcoPoloThe year is 1271 AD. Imagine a 17- year-old boy from Venice, Italy, well- educated and trained for life as a rich trader. He sets off with his father and uncle on a 25-year journey to mysterious, distant lands that most people in Europe have never heard of. While on their journey buying and selling spices, silks and jewels, they befriend one of the most powerful men on Earth, Kubla Khan.The boy’s name was Marco Polo and many years later a book about his travels was published which made him famous. Marco Polo told his fantastic stories to a writer named Rustichello who wrote them down for him. This man was well- known for his stories and romantic tales of the legendary English King Arthur, but so many people doubted the reliability of his book The Travels of Marco Polo. However, Chinese historians have found obscure names and facts in the book that could only have been known to someone intimate with the country.Many of Marco’s stories were about China and its people. He told stories about the towns, cities and populations in great detail. He described the amazing things he saw in China such as paper money and black stone that burned (coal). With very littlecontact between China and the West, it is not surprising that people in a rich powerful place like Venice could not believe his stories, nor in the ideaof huge, rich city states inhabited by millions of people. There could surely be no parison with Venice?A general myth has grown up around Marco Polo that he introduced such things as spaghetti and ice cream from China to the West. There is no truth to any of these claims and actually they are not mentioned in Marco Polo’s book.However, Marco Polo’s book is still a unique insight for its age. Most importantly it was a great influence for many future travellers.Christopher Columbus left behind a well- worn copy that he read as inspirationon his own voyages to America.Last Part of Journey for First Women to Cross Antarctica1___________________The first two women to cross the Antarctic continenton foot have begun the last part of their long journey. Liv Arnesen, who is 47 and es from Norway, and Ann Bancroft, who is a 45-year-old from the USA, have been skiing across the ice since 13th November. They have been using sails to help them pull their equipment, which weighs 110 kilos, behind them.2__________________On Sunday they reached the Ross Ice Shelf, 90 daysafter they first left home. The Ross Ice Shelf is aflat piece of floating ice which is bigger than France. There are 750 kilometres of dangerous ice left tocross before they reach McMurdo Station. They must arrive there by 22nd February in order to board the ship which will be waiting for them. If they are late, the ship risks being trapped in the ice.3_________________。

选修8黎巨森、蒋茹、罗培芳、罗丽霞Unit 1 A land of diversityPeriod 1 ReadingTeaching goalsEnable the students to talk about things about the USA.Help the students learn the huge diversity of races and cultures in America, especially in California.Teaching important and difficult pointsLearn the huge diversity of races and cultures in California.Teaching methodsFast and careful reading; asking and answering activity; individual, pair or group work. Teaching aidsA map, a blackboard and a computerTeaching proceduresStep 1 Warming up.Ask the students to describe what they learn about the USA.Ask the students to tell things about California including its location, size, population, economy, history etc. What do you learn about CaliforniaShow the students some pictures and encourage students not only to say what each picture is about but how each one relates to California.Step 3 Fast readingRead through the passage and get the main idea.Reading comprehension.Ask the students the following questions:When you look at the title, what so you think of2) Why is the USA called a melting potStep 4 Detail readingBeside each cultural group , write the period in which they first came to California in large numbers.Step 5 After readingWhy is California in the 21st century such a multicultural community (Using 3 or 4 sentences to explain. )Step 6 HomeworkFinish “Learning about language〞on page 4.Period 2 Extensive ReadingTeaching aims: 1. Improve Ss’ ability of reading2. 德育目的：理解美国多元文化，进一步培育学生跨文化交际意识，为终身学习奠定良好根底。

英语选修8单词表1. 自然灾害●地震 earthquake●海啸 tsunami●洪水 flood●飓风 hurricane●暴风雨 storm●雪崩 avalanche●干旱 drought2. 未来科技●人工智能 AI●机器人技术 robotics●虚拟现实 VR●增强现实 AR●纳米技术 nanotechnology●量子计算 quantum computing●生物技术 biotechnology3. 文化冲突●文化差异 cultural diversity●文化融合 cultural blending●文化冲突 cultural conflict●文化同化 cultural assimilation●文化独立 cultural autonomy●跨文化交流 cross-cultural communication4. 全球变暖●温室气体 greenhouse gas●二氧化碳 carbon dioxide●全球变暖 global warming●气候变化 climate change●极端天气 extreme weather event●可持续发展 sustainable development●可再生能源 renewable energy5. 太空探索●天体宇宙 astrophysics●行星 planet●卫星 satellite●太空探测器 space probe●火箭发射 rocket launch●国际空间站 International Space Station (ISS)●月球登陆 moon landing6. 健康饮食●营养学 nutrition●卡路里 calorie●蛋白质 protein●碳水化合物 carbohydrate●脂肪 fat●纤维素 fiber●有机食品 organic food●素食主义 vegetarianism7. 环境保护●自然保护区 nature reserve●水污染 water pollution●大气污染 air pollution●土壤污染 soil pollution●有害废物 hazardous waste●绿色能源 green energy (solar, wind, etc.)●可回收废弃物 recyclable waste●垃圾分类 garbage sorting and recycling8. 经济发展●经济危机 economic crisis (recession, depression)●国际贸易 international trade (tariff, import, export)●发展中国家 developing country (DC) /发达国家 developed country (DC)●经济全球化 economic globalization (outsourcing, offshoring)●市场 economy market economy (microeconomics, macroeconomics)。

人教版高中英语选修8单词Unit 1△California 加利福尼亚（州）△Californian 加利福尼亚（州）人△illustrate vt. 说明；阐明distinct adj. 清楚的；明显的；明确的distinction n. 差别；区分；卓著△immigrant n. （从外国移入的）移民live on 继续存在；继续生存strait n. 海峡△Bering 白令海峡Arctic adj. 北极的；北极区的the Arctic 北极means n. 手段；方法by means of… 用……办法；借助……△prehistoric adj. 史前的majority n. 大多数；大半ministry n. （政府的）部；（全体）牧师；牧师的职责Catholic adj. 天主教的n.天主教徒△Alaska n. 阿拉斯加（州）△San Francisco n. 圣弗朗西斯科（也称旧金山）△adventurer n. 冒险家make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等△despite prep. 尽管；不管hardship n. 苦难；困苦elect vt. 选择；决定做某事；选举某人federal adj. 联邦制的；联邦政府的rail n. 铁路；扶手；（护栏的）横条percentage n. 比例；百分率△Los Angeles n. 洛杉矶Italy n. 意大利Italian n. 意大利人；意大利语adj.意大利人的；意大利语的Denmark n. 丹麦（北欧国家）keep up 坚持；维持；沿袭（风俗、传统等）△Hollywood n. 好莱坞；美国电影业boom n.（人口、贸易的）繁荣vi.处在经济迅速发展时期aircraft n. 飞行器；航空器；飞机△Cambodian n. 柬埔寨人；柬埔寨语Korea n. 韩国；朝鲜Korean n. 韩国/朝鲜人；朝鲜/韩语adj.韩国（人/语）的；朝鲜（人/语）的Pakistan n. 巴基斯坦Pakistani adj. 巴基斯坦（人）的n.巴基斯坦人△immigrate vi. 移入（外国定居）immigration n. 移民；移居入境racial adj. 人种的；种族的crossing n.横渡；横越；十字路口；人行横道vice n.& adj. 代理；副职nephew n. 侄子；外甥pole n. 地极；电极；磁极applicant n. 申请人customs n. 海关；关税；进口税socialist n. 社会主义者；社会党人adj.社会主义者的socialism n. 社会主义occur vi. 发生；出现cattle n. 牛（总称）△Hispanic n.（美）讲西班牙语的美国人indicate vt. 指出；指示；表白；暗示back to back 背靠背luggage n. 行李（<美>baggage）shave vt.& vi.(shaved; shaved, shaven)刮；剃△cable n. 缆绳；绳索；电缆△cable car 缆车；（美）有轨缆车△Andrew Hallidie 安德鲁•海利迪tram n. （有轨）电车apparent adj. 显而易见的；显然的；表面上的apparently adv. 显然地；显而易见地brake n. 闸；刹车；制动器Vi.& vt.刹（车）；用制动器减速conductor n. （公车）售票员；列车员；（乐队）指挥slip vi. 滑动；滑行；滑跤n.滑动；滑倒△wharf n. 码头bakery n. 面包房；面包厂ferry n. 渡船；渡口vt.摆渡；渡运△Angel Island 天使岛team up with 与……合作或一起工作hire vt.& n. 租用；雇用△fascinating adj. 迷人的；吸引人的mark out 划线；标出……界线seagull n. 海鸥take in 涉及；吸取angle n. 角；角度a great/good many 许多；很多apply for 申请；请示得到nowhere adv. 无处；到处都无△miserable adj. 痛苦的；悲惨的punishment n. 处罚；处罚justice n. 公正；公平mourn vt.& vi. 哀悼；哀悼；表达悲痛civil adj. 公民的；国内的；民间的authority n. 权威；权力(pl)当局；官方reform vt.& vi. 改革；革新n.改革；改造；改良grasp vt.& n. 抓住；抓紧；掌握；领略△thoughtful adj.关切的；体贴的；深思的thankful adj. 感激的；感谢的insert vt. 插入；嵌入Unit 2differ vi. 不同；相异exact adj. 精确的；准确的△cutting n. 剪枝；剪报；剪纸twin n. 双胞胎之一；孪生儿之一adj.成对的；成双的△identical adj. 同一的；一模同样的commercial adj. 商业的；贸易的straightforward adj. 简朴的；直接的；坦率的△complicated adj. 复杂的；难懂的undertake vt.(undertook, undertaken)着手；从事；承担pay off 得到好结果；取得成功；偿清breakthrough n. 突破procedure n. 程序；环节；手续△nucleus n. 原子核；中心△somatic adj. 躯体的；肉体的；细胞体的△embryo n. 胚；胚胎；萌牙时期carrier n. 携带者；搬运工；运送工具cast vt.(cast, cast) 扔；投；掷cast down 沮丧；不快乐altogether adv. 总共；完全地arbitrary adj. 任意的△fate n. 命运；天命correction n. 改正；纠正；修正object vi. 反对；不赞成objection n. 不赞成；反对；异议△impact n. 撞击；冲击；巨大的影响medium n. 媒介；手段；工具the media 大众传播媒体（如电视、报纸等）obtain vt. 获得；赢得attain vt. 获得；到达（水平、年龄、状况等）moral adj. 道德（上）的；伦理的conservative adj. 保守的；守旧的forbid vt.(forbade,forbad; forbidden)严禁；不准accumulate vt. 积累；聚保in favour of 赞成；支持side road 旁路；支线；岔道(<美>sidewalk) constitution n. 宪法；章程compulsory adj. 必须做的；义务的；逼迫的；强制的opera n. 歌剧；歌剧团；歌剧院chorus n. 合唱；合唱队loaf n. 一条（面包）flour n. 面粉owe vt. 欠（账、钱、人情等）；归功于……shortly adv. 立刻；不久retire vi. 退休；离开bother vt. 打扰vi.操心n.烦扰(be) bound to (do) 一定或注定（做）……assumption n. 假定；设想regulation n. 规则；规章；法规△nonsense n. 乱说；无稽之谈；废话△popularity n. 受人爱慕；流行△Jurassic Park 侏罗纪公园（美国电影名）strike vi & vt.(struck, struck)打；撞击；罢工strike…into one’s heart 使……刻骨铭心△bison n. 北美或欧洲野牛△calf n. 小牛；牛犊from time to time 不时；偶尔bring back to life 使复生；使复活initial adj. 最初的；开始的△DNA 脱氧核糖核酸vain adj. 虚荣的；自负的；徒劳的in vain 白费力气；枉费心机resist vt. 抵抗；对抗drawback n. 缺陷；不利条件merely adv. 仅；只；但是△restore vt. 恢复；使恢复原状；重建△aurochs n. 原牛（古欧洲野牛, 已灭）decoration n. 装饰unable adj. 不能的；不会的△great auk n. 大海雀（已灭绝）feather n. 羽毛△quagga n. 白氏斑马（已灭绝）△fairly adv. 公平地；相本地in good/poor condition 状况很好（坏）；turkey n. 火鸡△dye vt. 给……染色；染n.染色剂claw n. 爪；脚爪adore vt. 崇敬；爱慕；爱慕hatch vt.& vi. 孵出；孵卵；孵化reasonable adj. 合情理的；讲道理的；公道的Unit 3△amphibious adj. 两栖（类）的△George Stephenson 乔治•斯蒂芬森（英国发明家, 蒸汽机的发明人）patent n. 专利证书；专利权call up 给……打电话courtyard n. 院子；庭院；天井now and then 偶尔；有时walnut n. 胡桃；胡桃木distinguish vi.& vt. 显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别merciful adj. 宽敞的；仁慈的；慈悲的product n. 产品powder n. 粉末；火药set about 开始；着手perfume n. 香水；香味stainless adj.无锈的；不锈的: 没有污点的△jelly n. 果冻；果冻状物cube n. 立方体；立方cubic adj. 立方的abrupt adj. 忽然的；意外的abruptly adv. 忽然地；唐突地convenient adj. 便利的；方便的；就近的caution n. 小心；谨慎expectation n. 预料；期待；盼望passive adj. 被动的；悲观的；被动语态的merry adj. 快乐的；快乐的merrily adv. 快乐地；快乐地seize vt. 抓住；捉住；夺△recognition n. 认出；认可；认可criterion n. （评判的）标准；尺度△claim n.& vt. 规定；声称；主张valid adj. 有效的；确凿的file n. 文献；档案；文献夹vt.提交；将……归档ripe adj. 熟的；成熟的string n. 线；绳子；一串glue n. 胶；胶水vt.粘贴；粘合△rod n. 杆；棒freezing adj. 冰冻的；严寒的greengrocer n. 果蔬商（pl）蔬菜水果店identification n. 鉴定；辨认；拟定；身份证明directory n. 电话簿；商行名录dial vt. 拨（电话）rainfall n. 降雨△courtroom n. 法庭；审判室innocent adj. 清白的；无罪的；天真的lantern n. 灯笼；提灯bear vt. 忍受；忍耐；承担jam n. 堵塞；阻塞；果酱△Alexander Graham亚历山大•格雷厄姆•贝尔△microphone n. 麦克风；话筒forehead n. 额头beaten track 被踩出来的路；常规；惯例△occasionally adv. 偶尔地；不时地dive into 迅速把手伸入；一心投入dynamic adj. 充满活力的；精力充沛的；动态的；发展变化的set out (to do) 开始（做）△multiple adj.多种的；多样的；多类型的n.倍数△Morse 莫尔斯电码dot n. 点；小圆点vt.以小圆点标出；分散tap vt. 轻打；轻拍；轻敲n.轻轻地敲击（声）；（水）龙头wire n. 金属丝；电线straw n. 稻草；麦秆；饮料吸管△reproduce vt. 复制；再现……的形象或声音current n. （水或气）流；电流adj.现在的；当前的helicopter n. 直升飞机triangle n. 三角形；三角形物体△tetrahedron n. 四周体stable adj. 稳固的；稳定的；安定的△invaluable adj. 无价的；极宝贵的associate vt. 联想；联系n.同伴；伙伴practical adj. 实际的；实践的；实用的△James Dyson 詹姆斯•戴森（英国发明家）refrigerator n. 冰箱court n. 法庭；法院；朝廷extension n. 电话分机；扩大；延伸hang on 不挂断；稍等；紧紧握住out of order 顺序颠倒；发生故障get through 设法联系上（尤指打通电话）；（设法）做完；通过ring back 回复电话ring off 挂断电话version n. 版本；译本competence n. 能力；胜利；本领△competent n. 能胜任的；有能力的；称职的jeep n. 吉普车personnel n. 人力资源；人事部；全体人员Unit 4△Pygmalion n. 皮格马利翁（希腊神话）△George Bernard Shaw 乔治•伯纳德•萧adaptation n. 适应（性）；改编本classic adj. 经典的；第一流的n.经典著作caption n. （图片上的）说明文字；（电视、电影）字幕；（杂志等文章的）标题；韪plot n. 情节；诡计professor n. 专家△Higgins 希金斯（姓）△phonetics n. 语音学△colonel n. （陆军）上校△Pickering 皮克林（姓）△fateful adj. 重要的；决定性的；命中注定的whistle vi. 吹口哨；发出汽笛声n.口哨声；汽笛声garment n.（一件）衣服（外套、裙、袍等）（pl）服装woollen adj.毛纺的；纯毛的（<美>woolen）hesitate vi. 踌躇；踌躇uncomfortable adj. 不舒适的；不安的；不自在的uncomfortably adv.不舒适的；不自在地troublesome adj.带来麻烦的；使人心烦的wallet n. 皮夹；钱包outsome n. 结果；效果thief n. 小偷；贼handkerchief n. 手帕；手绢；纸巾△disguise vt. 伪装；假扮；遮掩n.伪装△in disguise 伪装（的）；假扮（的）mistaken adj. （见解或判断上）错误的；不对的的brilliant adj. 光辉灿烂的；杰出的；才华横溢的classify vt. 编排；分类；归类remark n. 谈论；言论；评述vt.& vi.谈论；评论；说起betray vt. 显露出（本来面目）；背叛upper adj. （位置或地位）较高的；级别较高的extraordinary adj. 不同寻常的；非凡的condemn vi. 谴责；使……注定△gutter n. 排水沟；阴沟；贫民区properly adv. 适本地；恰本地pass…off as… （把某人）改变或冒充成……△duchess n. 公爵夫人；女公爵ambassador n. 大使；使节acquaintance n. 相识；了解；熟人make one’s acquaintance 结识；与……相见handful n. 一把；少量△amazement n. 惊讶；惊愕△in amazement 震惊；惊讶fortune n. 机会；运气；大笔的钱authentic adj. 真实的；真正的；可信的；可靠的generally speaking 一般来说status n. 身份；地位；职位superior adj. 优秀的；较高的；上级的n.上级；长官in terms of… 就……来说；从……角度△disapprove vt.& vi. 不赞成；反对；认为不好rob vt. 抢劫；盗窃；剥夺antique adj. 古时的；（因古老、稀少而）珍贵的n.文物；古董；古玩musical adj. 音乐的；爱慕音乐的n.音乐喜剧stocking n. 长袜△believer n. 信徒；教徒Buddhism n. 佛教△Buddhist n. 佛教徒adj.佛教的△Buddha n. 佛△vowel n. 元音；元音字母△Pearce 皮尔斯（姓）cookie n. 饼干teapot n. 茶壶cream n. 奶油；面霜nail n. 指甲；钉子show…in 带或领……进来wax n. 蜡；蜜蜡vt.上蜡disk n. 磁盘△wax disk 旧式唱片shabby adj. 破旧的；寒酸的△curtsy vi.（also curtsey）行屈膝礼n.（女子行的）屈膝礼△shilling n. 先令（1971年以前的英国货币单位, 旧币的12便士）referee n. 裁判员；仲裁者compromise ni.& vi. 妥协；折衷horrible adj. 可怕的；恐怖的laundry n. 洗衣店；洗衣房；（待洗的或洗好的）衣服bathtub n. 浴缸；澡盆sob vi. 啜泣；抽噎n.啜泣（声）；抽噎（声）waist n. 腰；腰部；腰围vest n. 背心；内衣disgusting adj. 使人反感的；令人厌恶的once more 再一次in need of 需要……△heartily adv. 尽情地；热心地；痛快地overlook vt. 俯视；忽视；不理睬alphabet n. 字母表△effective adj. 有效的fade vi.& vt.（使）褪色；减弱；逐渐消失fade out （声音、画面）逐渐模糊；渐淡Unit 5△identify vt. 确认；辨认；鉴别alternative n. 也许的选择adj.供选择的；其他的△archaeology n.考古学(<美>archeology) △archaeological adj. 考古学的；与考古学有关的(<美>archeological) △archaeologist n. 考古学家(<美>archeologist) starvation n. 挨饿；饿死tentative adj. 试探性的；不拟定的accuracy n. 精确；准确△excavate vt. 挖掘；发掘△excavation n. 挖掘；发掘interrupt vt.& vi. 打断……发言；打岔；暂时中断或中止acute adj. 有观测力的；敏锐的；严重的；深刻的assume vt. 假定；设想regardless adv. 不管；不顾regardless of 不管；不顾mat n. 席子；垫子quilt n. 被子；棉被beast n.野兽at most 至多；最多centimetre n. 厘米(<美>centimeter) sharpen vi.& vt.（使）锋利；锋利；清楚sharpener n. 磨具；削具cut up 切碎△scrape vt. 擦净；削平；磨光△scraper n. 刮刀；刮削器ample adj. 足够的；充足的；富裕的messy adj. 凌乱的；脏的primitive adj. 原始的；远古的；简陋的△bead n. 小珠子；滴botany n. 植物学botanical adj. 植物学的；与植物学有关的analysis n. 分析seashell n. 海贝壳ripen vt.& vi. 使……成熟；成熟category n. 种类；类别；范畴significance n. 意义；意思；重要性；重要意义somehow adv. 以……方式；不知怎么地systematic adj. 有系统的；有计划的；有条理的spit vt.(spat, spit; spat, spit) 吐出（唾液、食物等）vi.吐痰delete vt. 删；删除album n. 相册；集邮册；唱片scratch n.（刮、抓、划的）痕迹；搔；挠vt.搔；抓；擦伤；刮坏academy n.学院；学会；学术团队；院校receptionist n. 接待员；招待员onion n. 洋葱kindergarten n. 幼儿园skateboard n. 滑板fed up with 受够了；饱受；厌烦yogurt n. 酸乳酷；酸奶radioactive adj. 放射性的；有辐射能的radioactivity n. 放射性division n. 分割；划分；分派；分界线BC 公元前melon n. （各种）瓜wrinkle n. 皱纹pulse vi. 强烈而有规律地跳动；搏动n.脉搏；节拍△vein n. 血管；静脉applaud vi.& vt. 鼓掌欢迎；赞赏look ahead 向前看；为将来打算howl vt.& vi. 嗥叫；叫喊；吼叫accelerate vi.& vt. 加速；促进spear n. 矛；枪arrest vt. 逮捕；吸引n.逮捕；拘留dizzy adj. 晕眩的；昏乱的；使人发晕或困惑的△eyebrow n. 眉毛△cheekbone n. 颧骨△arrowhead n. 箭头△axe n. 斧；斧子hammer n. 铁锤；锤子gay adj. 快乐的；欢快的gaily adv. 快乐地；轻松地skilful adj.有技巧的；纯熟的(<.美>skillful)date back 追溯到……punctuation n. 标点符号△worship vt.& vi. 崇敬；敬奉n.崇敬；敬神△craftsmanship n. 技艺；手艺；精工细作。

英语选修8 翻译Unit1 一个多元文化的国家加利福尼亚是美国的第三大州，而且是人口最多的州。

加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州，它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。

这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。

当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史后，你就不会对此感到惊讶了。

美洲土著人最早的一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在所知道的加利福尼亚地区的，谁也说不清楚。

然而，很可能至少在15 ,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。

科学家们认为，这些迁居者通过一条史前时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。

欧洲人在16世纪来到这儿后，土著人遭受了极大的苦难，成千上万的人被杀害或被迫成为奴隶。

此外，欧洲人带来了疾病，使许多人染病而死，不过，还是有一些人在经历了这些恐怖时期后活下来了。

今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。

西班牙人在18世纪的时候，加利福尼亚是由西班牙统治的西班牙士兵最早是在1 6世纪初期来到南美洲的，他们同土著人打仗，并夺去了他们的土地。

两个世纪以后，西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地区定居下来，而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来。

在首批移居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住民传授天主教。

1821年，墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立-加利福尼亚于是成了墨西哥的一部分。

1846年美国向墨西哥宣战，美国赢得战争胜利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国。

但是，这个州至今仍然保留着很强的西班牙的影响。

这就是为什么今天还有40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。

俄罗斯人19世纪初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加利福尼亚定居下来。

今天，住在圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山）及其周边地区的美籍俄罗斯人约有25,000人。

淘金矿工1848年，在美国同墨西哥开战之后不久，在加利福尼亚发现了金矿。

发财梦很快就吸引了世界各地的人。

距离最近因而来得最早的是南美洲人和美国人。