tech-Reservoir-gas Chromatography

气相色谱仪
gas chromatographic instruments
气相色谱结构流程
载气系统
进样系统
1-载气钢瓶；2-减压阀；
3-净化干燥管；4-针形阀； 5-流量计; 6-压力表；4针形阀；5-流量计; 6-压 力表；
9-热导检测器；10-放大 器；11-温度控制器；12记录仪；
色谱柱
检测系统
按流动相可分为气相色谱(GC)和液相色 谱(LC) 。
气相色谱
气相色谱分析于1952年出现，经过50年 的发展已成为重要的近代分析手段之一，由于 它具有分离效能高，分析速度快，定量结果准， 易于自动化等特点；且当其与质谱，计算机结 合进行色－质联用分析时，又能对复杂的多组 分混合物进行定性和定量分析 。
温控系统
色谱柱(分离柱)
色谱柱:色谱仪的核 心部件。
柱材质:不锈钢管或 玻璃，内径3-6毫 米。长度可根据需 要确定。
柱填料:粒度为6080或80-100目的 色谱固定相。
应用举例
苯系物气相色谱图
定量分析： a. 色谱峰的测量:以峰的起点和终点的联线作为峰底。从峰高极大值对时
间铀作垂线，对应的时即为保留时间。从峰顶至峰底间的线段即为峰 高。 b. 计算:由色谱峰量出各组分的峰高，然后在各自的校准曲线上查出相应 的待测物浓度。 定性结果： 根据标准谱图各组分的保留时间确定被测试样中出现的组分数目和组 分名称。
色谱法 (chromatography):
一种分离技术
由俄国植物学家Mikhail S. sweett(茨维 特 )于1901年创立的。
使混合物中各组分在两相间进行分配,其 中一相是不动的(固定相),另一相(流动相)携 带混合物流过此固定相,与固定相发生作用, 在同一推动力下,不同组分在固定相中滞留 的时间不同,依次从固定相中流出,又称色层 法,层析法。

色谱仪防止气体回流的阀门英文回答：Gas Chromatography (GC) is a separation technique used to analyze volatile compounds. The sample is injected into a heated column, where it is vaporized and carried through the column by a carrier gas. The different components of the sample travel through the column at different rates, depending on their boiling points and affinities for the stationary phase. The components are then detected by a detector, which produces a signal that is proportional to the concentration of each component.One of the challenges in GC is preventing gas from flowing back into the injector. This can be caused by several factors, including:The temperature of the injector. If the injector is too hot, the carrier gas can expand and flow back into the injector.The pressure of the carrier gas. If the carrier gas pressure is too high, it can force gas back into the injector.The design of the injector. Some injectors are more prone to gas backflow than others.There are several ways to prevent gas from flowing back into the injector. One common method is to use a septum. A septum is a thin, rubber-like material that is placed between the injector and the column. The septum allows the sample to be injected into the column, but it prevents gas from flowing back into the injector.Another method to prevent gas backflow is to use a purge gas. A purge gas is a gas that is introduced into the injector to sweep away any residual gas. The purge gas can be either helium or nitrogen.Finally, the design of the injector can also be modified to reduce gas backflow. Some injectors have asplit/splitless design. In a split/splitless injector, the sample is split into two streams. One stream is sent to the column, and the other stream is vented to the atmosphere. This design helps to reduce gas backflow by reducing the pressure in the injector.中文回答：气相色谱（GC）是一种用于分析挥发性化合物的分离技术。

环境科学与工程专业词汇包括环境学总论、环境地学、环境生物学、环境化学、环境物理学、环境工程学、环境医学、环境经济学、环境管理学、环境法学、环境教育等11大类。

环境学总论原生环境primary environment次生环境secondary environment生态示范区ecological demonstrate area环境地质学environmental geology环境地球化学environmental geo-chemistry 环境土壤学environmental soil science环境微生物学environmental microbiology环境危机environmental crisis环境保护environmental protection环境预测environmental forecasting环境自净environmental self—purification环境效应environmental effect环境容量environmental capacity环境演化evolution of environment环境舒适度environmental comfort环境背景值（本底值)environmental background value环境保护产业（环保产业）environmental production industry环境壁垒(绿色壁垒)environmental barrier绿色革命green revolution可持续发展sustainable development第三类环境问题（社会环境问题）the third environmental problem悬浮物suspended solids一次污染物primary pollutant二次污染物secondary pollutant全球性污染global pollution排污收费pollution charge 可再生资源renewable resources不可再生资源non-renewable resources自然保护区natural reserve area防护林protection forest公害public nuisance矿山公害mining nuisance工业废水industrial wastewater矿山废水mining drainage生活饮用水domestic potable water草原退化grassland degeneration沙漠化desertification人口压力population pressure人口净增率rate of population全球环境监测系统global environment monitoring system GEMS中国环境保护工作方针Chinese policy for environment protection“三同时”原则principle of “the three at the same time”二噁英公害dioxin nuisance马斯河谷烟雾事件disaster in Meuse Valley 多诺拉烟雾事件disaster in Donora伦敦烟雾事件disaster in London水俣病事件minamata disease incident骨痛病事件itai-itai disaster incident洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件Los Angeles photochemical smog episode四日市哮喘事件Yokkaichi asthma episode米糠油事件Yusho disease incident环境地学水圈hydrosphere水循环water circulation地表水surface water水位water level下渗（入渗)sinking蒸发evaporation最高水位highest water level 最低水位lowest water level 平均水位average water level 警戒水位warning water level 流速flow velocity流量discharge洪水期flood season枯水期low—water season冲刷washout 含水层aquifer隔水层（不透水层）aquiclude 透水层permeable stratum1层间水interlayer water承压水（有压层间水）confined water 或自流水artesian water孔隙水void water岩溶水（喀斯特水）karst water径流runoff flow地表径流land runoff地下水groundwater流域保护water basin protection淡水fresh water咸水saltwater降水precipitation沉淀降水量amount of precipitation降水强度intensity of precipitation水环境容量carrying capacity of water environment水土流失（土壤侵蚀)soil and water loss点源污染point source pollution面源污染non-point source pollution扩散diffusion涡流eddy current涡流扩散eddy diffusion富营养化废水eutrophic waste—water污水sewage漫灌flood irritation水底沉积物（底质或底泥)benthal deposit总固体total solids悬浮固体suspended solids总溶解固体total dissolved solids河流复氧常数constant of river reoxygenation 湖泊酸化lake acidification富营养化eutrophication富营养湖eutrophic lake中营养湖mesotrophic lake贫营养湖oligotrophic lake水库reservoir海洋处置sea disposal海底采样sea floor sample赤潮(红潮）red tide海水淡化desalination of seawater海底沉积物sea bottom sediment海洋倾倒ocean dumping水质water quality水资源综合利用water resource integrated utilization水土保持soil and water conservation河道整治channel improvement水污染毒性生物评价biological assessment of water pollution toxicity水利工程hydro—engineering水体自净self-purification of water body水环境保护功能区(水质功能区）functional district of water environment土地处理系统land treatment system土地沙漠化land desertification土壤肥力soil fertility土壤酸碱度soil acidity and alkalinity土壤污染防治prevention and treatment of soil pollution土壤盐渍化(土壤盐碱化)soil salination土壤酸化soil acidification母质(土壤母质或成土母质）parent material 土壤剖面soil profile腐殖质化humification淋溶作用leaching土壤改良soil improvement土壤粒级soil separate土壤质地soil texture缓冲作用buffering/buffer action缓冲剂buffering agent/buffer缓冲容量buffer capacity盐基饱和度base saturation percentage灌溉irrigation富里酸fuvic acid胡敏素humin土壤团聚体soil aggregate土壤退化(土壤贫瘠化）soil degeneration土壤地带性soil zonality污水灌溉wastewater irrigation臭氧层ozone layer降水precipitation降水量rainfall降水强度precipitation intensity大气环境容量atmospheric environmental capacity事后评价afterwards assessment烟尘消除elimination of smoke and dust温室效应greenhouse effect大气扩散atmospheric diffusion烟羽（烟流或羽流）plume逆温inversion2环境生物学生境habitat耐受极限limits of tolerance最小因子定律law of minimum生物检测bioassay环境胁迫environmental stress生物多样性bio—diversity生态位niche生命周期life cycle生态型ecotype自养生物autotrophy异养生物heterotroph指数增长exponential growth互利共生mutualism偏利共生commensalisms寄生parasitism衍生物derivative杀虫剂insecticide杀菌剂fungicide除草剂herbicide杀鼠剂rodenticide防腐剂preservative无残留农药non—persistent pesticide植物性农药phytopesticide污水灌溉sewage irrigation世界自然历史遗产保护地world natural and historical heritage site储量stock过度捕获over—hunting；over—fishing猎（渔）期open season农业残渣agricultural dregs赤潮red tide藻花algae bloom/水花water bloom原生污染物primary pollutant次生污染物secondary pollutant急性毒性实验acute toxicity test 慢性毒性实验chronic toxicity test预备实验screening test；range-finding test；preliminary test稀释dilution归宿fate生物积累bioaccumulation生物浓缩bioconcentration生物放大biomagnification生物降解biological degradation；biodegradation生物营养物质biotic nutrient多污生物带polysaprobic zone中污生物带mesosaprobic zone寡污生物带oligosaprobic zone敏感种sensitive species; intolerant organism 耐污种tolerant species生物滤池biological filter净化塘/氧化塘/生物塘purification pond生物膜biomembrane; biological film轮作crop rotation间作intercropping套种interplanting基塘模式farm land and fish pond model防护林带shelter belt沼气marsh gas农家肥farm manure堆肥piled manure城市热岛效应urban heat island effect城市生态规划urban ecological planning环境激素endocrine disrupting chemicals；endocrine disruptors边缘效应edge effect生态恢复ecological restoration恢复生态学restoration ecological环境化学甲基汞methyl mercury镉米cadmium rice农药残留pesticide residue有机氯农药organochlorine pesticide有机磷农药organophosphorous pesticide 氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂carbamate insecticide 拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂pyrethroid insecticide植物生长调节剂growth regulator化学致癌物chemical carcinogen表面活性剂surfactant多氯联苯类polychlorinated biphenyls；PCBs 多环芳烃类polyaromtic hydrocarbon；PAH 催化(催化作用）catalysis臭氧化ozonization3光化学氧化剂photochemical oxidant过氧乙酰硝酸酯peroxyacetyl nitrate；PAN 干沉降dry deposition湿沉降wet deposition光化学烟雾photochemical smog大气光化学atmospheric photochemistry降水化学precipitation chemistry气溶胶化学aerosol chemistry悬浮颗粒物suspended particulate总悬浮颗粒物total suspended particulates （TSP）飘尘（可吸入颗粒物或可吸入尘)airborne particle降尘（落尘）dustfall;falling dust气溶胶aerosol水质water quality盐度salinity氧化还原电位oxidation-reduction potential;redox potential溶解氧dissolved oxygen化学需氧量chemical oxygen demand生化需氧量biochemical oxygen demand总有机碳total organic carbon溶解度solubility聚集aggregation絮凝flocculation凝聚coagulation离子交换ion exchange萃取extraction缓冲溶液buffer solution氧平衡模式(氧垂曲线)oxygen balance model 吸收剂(吸附剂）absorbent活性炭active carbon氧化剂oxidant还原剂reductant胶团micelle胶体溶液colloidal solution脱硫剂desulfurization agent电渗析electrodialysis萃取剂extracting agent过滤filter絮凝剂flocculant;flocculating agent无机絮凝剂inorganic flocculant有机高分子絮凝剂organic polymer flocculant 中和法neutralization反渗透膜reverse osmosis membrane硅胶silica gel蒸汽蒸馏steam distillation超滤膜ultrafilter membrane灵敏度sensitivity准确度accuracy精密度precision可靠性reliability检测限detection limit相对误差relative error绝对误差absolute error偶然误差accidental error平均偏差mean deviation采样误差sampling error标准溶液standard solution标准物质standard substance允许误差allowable error允许浓度allowable concentration微量分析microanalysis痕量分析trace analysis现场分析in—situ analysis仪器分析instrumental analysis水质分析water quality analysis比色分析colorimetric analysis沉降分析sedimentation analysis自动分析automatic analysis原子吸收分光光度法atomic absorption spectrophotometry原子吸收分光光度计atomic absorption spectrophotometer原子荧光光谱法atomic fluorescence spectrometry原子荧光光谱仪atomic fluorescence spectrometer电化学分析法electrochemical method高效液相色谱法high performance liquid chromatography高效液相色谱仪high performance liquid chromatograph气相色谱分析gas chromatography气相色谱仪gas chromatograph采样器sampler大气采样器air sampler底泥采样器sediment samplerpH计pH meter湿度计hygrometer固定大气污染源stationary sources of air4pollution移动大气污染源mobile sources of air pollution固定式水污染源stationary sources of water pollution移动式水污染源mobile sources of water pollution污染负荷pollution load污染源调查survey of pollution sources无污染工艺pollution-free technology无污染装置pollution-free installation污染物总量控制total amount control of pollution水质参数water quality parameter水温water temperature色度color index透明度transparency混浊度turbidity硬度hardness感官污染指标sensuous pollution index毒理学污染指标physical pollution index化学污染指标chemical pollution index细菌学污染指标bacteriological pollution index毒理学污染指标toxicological pollution index 城市污水municipal sewage生活污水domestic sewage工业废水industrial wastewater常规分析指标index of routine analysis环境监测environmental monitoring过程监测course monitoring污染物排放标准pollution discharge standard 总量排放标准total amount of pollution discharge standard优先监测priority monitoring环境优先污染物environmental priority pollutant总固体total solids可吸入微粒(可吸入尘和飘尘）inhale particles 浊度计turbidimeter实验室质量控制laboratory quality control空白实验值blank value平行样duplicate samples再现性（重现性）reproducibility重复性repeatability回收率recovery rate检出限detection limit冷原子吸收法cold—vaporatomic absorption method紫外吸收光谱法ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry重量分析gravimetric analysis内标法internal marker method定性分析qualitative analysis定量分析quantitive analysis试样前处理pre-treatment均值mean value标准差standarderror方差variation回归分析regression analysis相关分析correlation analysis相关系数correlation coefficient系统误差systematic error随机误差random error有效数字valid figure农药残留分析pesticide residue analysis排污收费effluent charge室内空气污染indoor air pollution水体自净self-purification of water body水土保持soil and water conservation水土流失soil erosion土壤修复soil—remediation生物修复bioremediation光降解photodegradation温室气体greenhouse gases总量收费total quantity charge超临界流体supercritical fluid土壤采样soil pollution环境物理学光辐射（光)visible radiation 红外线infrared ray紫外线ultraviolet ray灭菌灯bactericidal lamp光污染light pollution噪声污染noise pollution混响reverberation听力损失hearing loss绝对湿度absolute humidity 相对湿度relative humidity5饱和度saturation ratio冷凝condensation露点温度dew point temperature 热辐射thermal radiation比热specific heat空气调节air conditioning通风ventilation环境工程学环境污染综合防治integrated prevention and control of pollution环境功能区划environmental function zoning 稀释比dilution ratio迁移transfer紊流扩散turbulent diffusion氧亏（亏氧量）oxygen deficit复氧reaeration溶解氧下垂曲线dissolved—oxygen sag curve 饱和溶解氧saturated dissolved无污染燃料pollution—free fuel燃烧combustion空气－燃料比air—to—fuel ratio烟气分析analysis of flue gas煤的综合利用comprehensive utilization of coal 脱硫desulfurization除尘效率particle collection efficiency分割粒径cut diameter for particles压力损失（压力降)pressure drop机械除尘器mechanical collector重力沉降室gravity settling chamber惯性除尘器inertial dust separator旋风除尘器cyclone collector回流式旋风除尘器reverse—flow cyclone collector直流旋风除尘器straight-through cyclone collector多管旋风除尘器multiple cyclone collector过滤除尘器filter袋式除尘器bag house滤料filtration media气布比air—to—cloth ratio机械振动清灰袋式除尘器bag house with shake cleaning逆气流清灰袋式除尘器bag house with reverse—flow cleaning脉冲喷吹清灰袋式除尘器bag house with pulse—jet cleaning静电除尘electrostatic precipitator （ESP) 电晕放电corona discharge驱进速度drift velocity集尘极collecting electrode板间距distance between collecting electrodes 电极清灰removal of collected particle from electrodes宽间距静电除尘器wide space electrostatic precipitator高压脉冲静电除尘器pulse charging electrostatic precipitator湿式静电除尘器wet electrostatic precipitator 双区静电除尘器（两段式电除尘器)two—stage electrostatic precipitator湿式除尘器wet collector of particulates重力喷雾洗涤器gravitational spray scrubber 旋风洗涤器centrifugal scrubber中心喷雾旋风洗涤器］cyclone spray scrubber 泡沫洗涤塔foam tower scrubber填料床洗涤器packed bed scrubber文丘里洗涤器venturi scrubber双膜理论two—film theory气膜控制gas film control液膜控制liquid film control穿透曲线break through curve催化剂catalyst催化剂中毒poisoning of catalyst烟气脱硫flue gas desulfurization （FGD）湿法脱硫wet process of FGD石灰－石灰石法脱硫desulfurization by lime and limestone氨吸收法脱硫ammonia process of FGD干法脱硫dry process FGD吸收法控制氮氧化物control of NO x by absorption水吸收法脱氮control of NO x by absorption process with water酸吸收法脱氮control of NO x by absorption process with acid碱吸收法脱氮control of NO x by absorption process with alkali6吸附法控制氮氧化物control of NO x by adsorption分子筛吸附法脱氮control of NO x by adsorption process with molecular sieve硅胶吸附法脱氮control of NO x by adsorption process with silica gel气体生物净化biotreatment of gaseous pollutant生物过滤器biofilter汽车尾气污染pollution of automobile exhaust gal生物脱臭biotreatment of odor集气罩capture hood烟囱有效排放高度effective height of emission 清洁生产cleaner production矿山废水mining drainage电镀废水electroplating wastewater给水处理厂water treatment plant污水处理厂wastewater treatment给水(污水）处理构筑物water （sewage）treatment structure污水集水井swage joining well废水调节池wastewater flow equalization basin格栅grill筛网grid screen沉砂池grit settling tank曝气沉砂池aeration grit settling tank平流式沉砂池horizontal grit settling tank立式圆形沉砂池vertical circular grit settling tank圆形周边运动沉砂池circular perimeter flow grit settling tank重力排砂grit discharge by gravity水力提升排砂grit discharge with hydraulic elevator水力旋流器hydraulic cyclone沉淀池settling tank重力沉淀池gravity settling tank 浓缩式沉淀池thickening settling tank斜板（斜管）沉淀池sloping plank(pipe）settling tank辐流式沉淀池radial settling tank平流式沉淀池horizontal settling tank竖流式沉淀池vertical settling tank悬浮污泥澄清池suspended sludge clarifier 脉冲澄清池pulse clarifier水力循环澄清池hydraulic circulating clarifier竖流折板絮凝池vertical table flap flocculating tank机械搅拌絮凝池mechanical mixing flocculating tank 颗粒自由沉降particle free sediment 絮凝沉降flocculation sedimentation 拥挤沉降hinderedsedimentation气浮池floatation basin加压溶气气浮法pressure dissolved-airfloatation微电解法micro electroanalysis过滤池filter重力过滤法gravity filtration process 压力过滤法pressure filtration process 真空过滤法vacuum filtration process 快滤池rapid filtration慢滤池slow filtration接触滤池contact filter双向滤池bidirectional filter双层滤料滤池double layer filter无阀滤池non-valve filter虹吸滤池siphonfilter压力滤池pressure filterV型滤池aquazur V-filter砂滤sand filtration微滤机microstrainer滤池冲洗强度backwashing intensity of filter 滤层filter material layer滤料承托层holding layer for filter material 斜板隔油沉淀池oil trap with slope plank冷却塔cooling tower湿式氧化法wet oxidation process反应池reaction basin叶轮搅拌器turbine mixer膜分离法membrane separation method半渗透膜semi-permeable membrane电渗析electrodialysis反渗透reverse osmosis离子交换膜ion exchange membrane萃取extraction汽提stripping7吹脱法blow-off method臭氧氧化法ozonation臭氧发生器ozonator磁分离法magnetic isolation method光催化氧化optical catalysis oxidation软化水处理softening water treatment石灰－纯碱软化法lime-sodium carbonate softening method废水好氧/厌氧处理biological aerobic/anaerobic treatment of wastewater微生物内源代谢microorganism intrinsic metabolism微生物合成代谢microorganism synthetic metabolism基质分解代谢substrate degradation metabolism活性污泥法activated sludge process回流污泥return sludge剩余污泥surplus sludge初次沉淀池primary sedimentation basin 曝气池aeration推流式曝气池plug-flow aeration basin完全混合曝气池completely mixed aeration basin二次沉淀池secondary sedimentation basin污泥沉降比sludge settling ratio污泥容积指数sludge velum index污泥负荷volume loading 普通活性污泥法conventional activated sludge process分段曝气法step aeration method延时曝气法extended aeration method加速曝气法accelerant aeration method深井曝气法deep well aeration method纯氧曝气法oxygen aeration method鼓风曝气装置blast aerator 扩散曝气设备diffusion aerator射流曝气设备efflux aerator机械曝气装置mechanical aerator表面曝气装置surface aerator曝气时间aeration time污泥龄sludge age活性污泥培养activated sludge culture活性污泥驯化domestication of activated sludge粉末炭活性炭法powdered carbon activated sludge process污泥膨胀sludge bulking生物滤池biological filter高负荷生物滤池high-loading biological filter 水力负荷hydraulic loading有机负荷organic loading塔式生物滤池tower biological filer生物转盘biological rotating disc生物流化床biological fluidized bed活性生物滤池activated biofilter化粪池septic tank污水硝化脱氮处理nitrogen removal from wastewater by nitrification污水反硝化脱氮处理nitrogen removal from wastewater by denitrification污水硝化-反硝化脱氮处理nitrogen removal from wastewater by nitridenitrification土地处理系统land treatment system氧化塘oxidation pond好氧塘aerobic pond兼性塘facultative pond厌氧塘anaerobic pond曝气氧化塘aerated oxidation pondICEAS intermittent cyclic extended aeration system间歇循环延时曝气活性污泥法DAT—IAT工艺demand aeration tankintermittent aeration tank system（需氧池－间歇池）A1/O工艺anoxic/ oxicA2/O工艺anaerobic oxicPhostrip工艺phostriop processBardenpho工艺Bardenpho processPhoredox工艺Phoredox processUCT工艺university of capetownVIP工艺Virginia initiative plant厌氧生物滤池（AF）anaerobic filter厌氧接触法anaerobic contactprocess厌氧生物转盘anaerobic biological rotating disc两相厌氧消化two-phase anaerobic digest序批式间歇反应器series batch reactor氧化沟oxidation ditch上流式厌氧污泥床upflow anaerobic sludge blanketMSBR modified sequencing batch reactor消毒disinfection8灭菌sterilization加氯机chlorinator氯化消毒chlorization disinfection漂白粉消毒disinfection by bleaching powder 紫外线消毒disinfection with ultraviolet rays 加氯消毒disinfection by chlorine液氯liquified chlorine gas需氯量chlorine demand余氯chlorine residual游离性余氯free chlorine residual化合性余氯combined chlorine residual折点加氯chlorination breakpoint过氧化氢消毒disinfection by hydrogen peroxide除味taste removal除臭odor removal脱色decoloration生污泥undigested sludge熟污泥digested sludge污泥处置disposal of sludge污泥综合利用comprehensive utilization of sludge真空过滤法vacuum flotation process污泥浓缩sludge thickening污泥消化sludge digestion污泥脱水sludge dewatering污泥干化sludge drying污泥焚烧sludge incineration真空过滤机脱水dewatering by vacuum filter 板框压滤机脱水dewatering by plate frame press filter辊轧式脱水机脱水dewatering by roll press 带式压滤机脱水dewatering by belt press filter离心式脱水机脱水dewatering by centrifuge 中温消化处理middle temperature digestive treatment高温消化处理high temperature digestive treatment污泥堆肥发酵处理sludge composting and fermentation污泥浓缩池sludge thickener 污泥消化池sludge digestion tank污泥产气率gas production rate of sludge污泥干化场sludge drying bed固体废物solid wastes城市生活垃圾municipal solid wastes城市生活垃圾堆放处置法dumping of municipal solid wastes城市生活垃圾卫生填埋法sanitary landfilling of municipal solid wastes城市生活垃圾焚烧法incineration of municipal solid wastes城市生活垃圾分类sorting of municipal solid wastes城市生活垃圾收集collection of municipal solid wastes垃圾收费refuse taxing废电池used battery有毒有害工业固体废物toxic industrial wastes医疗废物health care wastes堆肥composting填埋场landfill渗滤液leachate treatment焚烧炉incineration furnaces助燃空气系统air injection system余热利用heat utilization焚烧灰渣ash水泥固化技术cement solidification石灰固化lime solidification沥青固化技术asphalt solidification固体废物预处理preliminary treatment of solid wastes破碎crushing of solid wastes筛分screening of solid wastes风力分选wind separation放射性固体废物radioactive solid waste声级计sound level meter消声室anechoic room; anechoic chamber; dead room混响室reverberation room隔声sound insulation吸声muffler环境医学环境卫生学environmental hygiene 环境毒理学environmental toxicology口蹄疫foot—and—mouth disease 流行病学epidemiology9地方病endemic disease氟斑牙dental fluorosis职业病occupational disease 慢性毒性chronic toxicity 急性毒性acute toxicity致癌物carcinogen变异variation病原体pathogen抗体antibody抗原antigen突变mutation病毒virus蓄积器官storage organ致突变作用mutagenesis致畸作用teratogenesis致癌作用carcinogensis摄入量intake dose吸收量absorbed dose卫生标准health standard最高容许浓度maximum permissibleconcentration致死量lethal dose半致死浓度median lethal concentration（LD50）剂量－反应关系dose-response relationship恶臭offensive odor协同作用synergism拮抗作用antagonism因果关系cause—effect relationship相关关系correlation阈限值threshold limit value(TLV)高危人群population at high risk易感人群susceptible population环境管理学环境管理学environmental management science环境伦理学environmental ethics环境质量管理management of environmental quality环境适宜度environmental suitability环境区划environmental zoning环境预测environmental forecasting环境质量评价environmental quality evaluation环境影响评价environmental impact assessment环境规划environmental planning环境决策分析environmental decision analysis 总量控制total discharge control of pollutant 浓度控制concentration control排污收费effluent charge排污申报登记declaration and registration of pollutant discharge排污许可证permit for pollutant discharge生物安全biosafety环境监察environmental supervision and management环境宣传教育environmental propaganda and education环境意识environmental consciousness环境质量报告书report on environmentalquality环境影响评价报告书report on environmental impact assessment公众意见听证会public hearing循环经济cyclic economy预防为主、防治结合、综合治理原则principle of giving priority to pollution prevention，combining prevention and control，and integrated control全面现划、合理布局原则principle of overall planning and rational layout谁污染谁治理polluter—treats综合利用、化害为利原则principle of comprehensive utilization and turning harm into good谁开发谁保护explorer—protects协调发展原则principle of coordinated development国家环境保护模范城市national environmental protection model city全国生态示范区national ecological demonstration area环境信息environmental information环境管理信息系统information system for environmental management环境专家系统environmental expert system环境监测environment monitoring10环境标志environmental label 清洁生产cleaner production环境审计environmental audit产品生命周期life cycle of product 环境法学环境法学science of environmental law环境保护法environmental protection law公害法public nuisance law环境行政法规administrative regulations of environment环境部门规章departmental rules of environment污染物排放标准pollutant discharge standard “三同时”制度three simultaneity system排污审报登记制度declaration and registration system of pollution discharge排污许可证制度permit system of pollutant discharge排污收费制度system of effluent限期治理制度system of eliminating and controlling environmental pollution within a prescribed time现场检查制度system of on-site inspection环境污染事故报告制度system of environmental pollution accident reporting 《中华人民共和国环境保护法》Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》law of the People’s Republic of China on prevention and control of water pollution《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》law of the People’s Republic of China on prevention and control of atmospheric pollution《中华人民共和国环境噪声污染防治法》law of the People’s Republic of China on prevention and control of pollution from environmental noise《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境法》law of the People’s Republic of China on prevention and control of environmental pollution by solid waste《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》marine environment protection law of the People’s Republic of China《全国生态环境建设规划》national eco-environmental construction plan《全国生态环境保护纲要》national compendium on eco-environmental protection 地表水环境质量标准environmental quality standard for surface water地下水质量标准quality standard for ground water农业灌溉水质标准standard for irrigation water quality污水综合排放标准integrated wastewater discharge standard大气污染物综合排放标准integrated emission standard of air pollutants环境经济学循环经济模式circular economy type牧童经济the shepherd economy3R原则the rules of 3R（reducing, reusing, recycling)生态经济学eco-economics共有资源common resources外部经济性external economics外部不经济性external diseconomics外部成本external cost边际效用marginal utility边际收益marginal benefit粗放经营extensive management集约经营intensive management自然资本natural capital公平equity代际补偿compensation between generations绿色国民帐户green national account可持续发展sustainable development公共物品public goods环境保护贸易政策trade policy for environmental protection绿色壁垒green tariff barrier国民生产总值gross national production （GNP）国民生产净值net national production（NNP）国民收入national income11环境污染弹性系数environmental pollution elasticity回收率reuse rate物质平衡material balance物料衡算material balance counting影子价格shadow price现行价格present price贴现discount机会成本opportunity cost运行费用operation cost城市气化率urban population ratio of used gas 城市绿化覆盖率urban green cover ratio环境效益environmental benefit成本效益分析cost and benefit analysis环境费用environmental cost排污权交易marketable pollution permits生态足迹the ecological footprint环境税environmental tax资源资产assets of resource资源产权property right of resource最低安全标准minimum standard of security 代际公平equality between generation末端控制terminal control公地的悲剧tragedy of the public pasture 中间产品intermediate product最终产品final product直接污染物产生/排放系数direct pollutant generation/discharge coefficient累积污染物产生/排放系数cumulate pollutant generation/discharge coefficient排污收费charge from discharge pollutant污染者负担原则polluter pay principle资源税resource tax人口出生率population birth rate人口死亡率population mortality rate人口自然增长率population nature growth rate人口计划生育率population planning fertility rate平均寿命average life人口年龄金字塔population age pyramid人口老化population aging人口过剩over—population人口爆炸population explosion计划生育family planning人口统计population statistics人口普查population census环境教育环境教育目标objectives of environmental education多学科环境教育课程模式multi—disciplinary model of environmental education 跨学科环境教育模式inter—disciplinary model of environmental education中学环境教育大纲environmental education standard for secondary school环境教育活动的设计design of environmental education activity野外环境教育基地environmental education field base公众参与public participation环境意识environmental awareness中国中小学绿色教育行动environmental educators initiative of china12。

焰离子化检测器与色谱柱，能够开展对烃类气体的有效分析与检测，还能够将其分离。

这种新的分析模式有着独有的载气切换系统，能够开展对不同气体的有效检测，也能以极快的速度进行切换。

因此，在实际的使用中获得广泛的应用。

1.2 高纯烃类气体中的杂质分析就当前真实情况分析，石油化工行业对于乙烯、丙烯等在纯度要求上有着较高的标准。

而且，在这些气体之中总会出现甲醇[3]。

但应用从前的色谱展开分析时，无法开展精准的测定，影响分析效果。

石油企业应用了一种新的色谱柱，可以对乙烯、丙烯之中的甲醇含量深度分析。

并且，利用此种方式检测甲醇含量的精准程度相较以往缩小至0.5 mg/L 。

研究人员利用此种方法开展对甲醇含量的检测分析，其精准程度相较以往获得明显提高。

同时，在实际操作中，也较为简单，还能够满足相应的标准。

2 气相色谱在汽油馏分中分析在进行对石油的加工中，对于汽油的组分开展分析、检测，可将汽油的产品品质大幅度的增强。

2.1 汽油烃类成分分析目前，社会稳步发展，人们追求更高品质的生活，环保意识逐渐强化。

现今，国家对于环保的要求渐渐提高，汽车在实际的行驶过程中，若是使用劣质的汽油，就会出现大量的污染物质，0 引言随着社会的迅猛发展，石油化工行业的竞争也随之增强。

因此，降低投入成本，节约资源消耗以及提升产品品质已经成为当前多数企业所关注的要点。

同时，想要达成这一目标，就需要推动气相色谱相应技术的不断更新。

就发展情况来讲，已经从原本的填充柱发展到目前的毛细管气相色谱，通过细内径毛细管柱以及高性能色谱仪结合应用的分析系统已经得到全面使用。

并且，石油化工行业也依据自身的真实需求，研发出更多的具有专业性的气相色谱技术。

1 气相色谱在石油化工气体分析中的应用石油在进行加工的过程中，会分离出不同种类的石化产品。

其中，就包含不同的气体成分[1]。

如：O 2、H 2等。

此外，因为石油中还包含着一些杂质，在分离时也会形成CO 2、CO 等。