考博英语阅读理解模拟练习及解析(6)

2022年考研考博-考博英语-通用考博英语考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Youngsters who drink and smoke, and are often absent from school are far more likely to be （） from school.问题1选项A.inducedB.disobeyedC.expelledD.forbidden【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。

选项A, B, D都不能与介词from搭配应用。

be expelled from school意为被学校开除, 符合句意。

句意：酗酒、吸烟、经常旷课的青少年更有可能被学校开除。

2.单选题At the press conference, the Prime Minister（）the government’s refusal to compromise with terrorists.问题1选项A.rectifiedB.recitedC.rekindledD.reiterated【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。

rectify“调整，矫正”；recite “背诵，叙述”；rekindle “复燃”；reiterate “重申，重复”。

句意：在记者招待会上，首相重申了政府拒绝向恐怖分子妥协这一申明。

选项D符合题意。

3.单选题Why be（）about that old coat? There’s no point in keeping it just because you were wearing it when you first met me.问题1选项A.sensitiveB.sensibleC.sentimentalD.sensational【答案】C【解析】be sentimental about sth.为固定搭配，意为“对....很伤感”。

4.单选题The aim of the president’s speech was to convince still reluctant countries of the great necessity of imposing sanctions against the countries that（）terrorists.问题1选项A.kidnappedB.harassedC.heckledD.harbored【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。

考博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 阅读下列短文，然后根据短文内容回答问题。

（每题2分，共10分）[短文内容略](1) What is the main idea of the passage?(2) What does the author suggest about the future of technology?(3) Why are some people hesitant to adopt new technologies?(4) What is the role of education in technological advancement?(5) How can individuals contribute to the development of technology?2. 阅读以下文章，然后根据文章内容选择最佳答案。

（每题2分，共10分）[文章内容略](1) A(2) B(3) C(4) D(5) E3. 阅读以下文章，并根据文章内容回答问题。

（每题3分，共20分） [文章内容略](1) What is the primary purpose of the article?(2) How does the author describe the impact of globalization?(3) What are some of the challenges faced by developing countries?(4) What solutions does the author propose to address the issues?(5) What is the author's conclusion regarding the futureof globalization?二、词汇与语法（共30分）1. 根据句子意思，选择正确的词汇填空。

大连理工大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Much of the language used to describe monetary policy,such assteering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes,makesitself sound like a precise science.Nothing could be further fromthe truth.The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain.And there are long,variable lags before policy changes have anyeffect on the economy.Hence there is an analogy that likens theconduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi windscreen,a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages,central bankers seem to have hadmuch to boast about of late.Average inflation in the big sevenindustrial economies fell to a mere2.3%last year,close to its lowestlevel in30years,before rising slightly to2.5%this July.This isa long way below the double-digit rates which many countriesexperienced in the1970s and early1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted.In late1994the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said thatAmerica’s inflation rate would average3.5%in1995.In fact,it fellto2.6%in August,and is expected to average only about3%for theyear as a whole.In Britain and Japan inflation is running half apercentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year.This is no flash in the pan;over the past couple of years,inflationhas been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States,since conventional measures suggest that both economies,and especially America’s,have little productive slack.America’s capacity utilisation,for example,hit historically high levels earlier this year,and its jobless rate(5.6%in August)has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment-the rate below which inflation has taken off on the past.Why has inflation proved so mild?The most thrilling explanation is,unfortunately,a little defective.Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.67.From the passage we learn that________.（A）there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates（B）economy will always follow certain models（C）the economic situation is better than expected（D）economists had foreseen the present economic situation68.According to the passage,which of the following is TRUE?（A）Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.（B）An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.（C）A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.（D）Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.69.The sentence This is no flash in the pan(line5,paragraph 3)means that________.（A）the low inflation rate will last for some time（B）the inflation rate will soon rise（C）the inflation will disappear quickly（D）there is no inflation at present70.The passage shows that the author is________the present situation.（A）critical of（B）puzzled by（C）disappointed at（D）amazed at答案及试题解析67.（C）意为：经济形势比预想的好。

陕西师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and a relative sense:the surface of the earth is finite,1absolute scarcity;but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different2.Material used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes;3the quantity of an input is limited,the increased use of it in one manufacturing 4must cause it to become less available for other uses.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.The cost of a product5money may not measure its true cost6 society.The true cost of,say,the construction of a supersonic jet is the7of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a8.Every act of production uses up some of society s available resources;it means the9of an opportunity to produce something else. In10how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the11of the community,this opportunity must be taken into account.In a market12the price of a good and the quantity13depends on the cost of making it,and the cost,14,is the cost of not makingother goods.The market mechanism15this relationship.The cost of, say,a pair of shoes is the price of the leather,the fuel,and other 16used up in producing them.But the price of these17,in turn, depends on what they can produce18—if the leather can used to produce handbags that are19highly by consumers,the price of the leather will be bid up20.1.\[A\]composing\[B\]imposing\[C\]exposing\[D\]disposing2.\[A\]uses\[B\]ways\[C\]areas\[D\]forms3.\[A\]since\[B\]unless\[C\]as\[D\]if4.\[A\]plant\[B\]firm\[C\]process\[D\]procedure5.\[A\]in regard to\[B\]in terms of\[C\]in view of\[D\]in relation to6.\[A\]to\[B\]in\[C\]on\[D\]of7.\[A\]charge\[B\]expense\[C\]price\[D\]value8.\[A\]product\[B\]purpose\[C\]result\[D\]rule9.\[A\]diminishing\[B\]abandoning\[C\]discarding\[D\] substituting10.\[A\]deciding\[B\]assessing\[C\]predicting\[D\] projecting11.\[A\]wants\[B\]desires\[C\]premises\[D\]facilities12.\[A\]state\[B\]system\[C\]condition\[D\]economy13.\[A\]presented\[B\]delivered\[C\]supplied\[D\]forwarded14.\[A\]accordingly\[B\]ultimately\[C\]consequently\[D\] practically15.\[A\]formulates\[B\]regulates\[C\]enhances\[D\]enforces16.\[A\]components\[B\]substances\[C\]elements\[D\] materials17.\[A\]outputs\[B\]inputs\[C\]goods\[D\]articles18.\[A\]anyway\[B\]somehow\[C\]somewhere\[D\]elsewhere19.\[A\]appraised\[B\]appealed\[C\]approved\[D\]approached20.\[A\]passionately\[B\]unanimously\[C\]spontaneously\[D\] correspondinglySectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text1Can computer reason?Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions.Unfortunately, errors frequently occur,and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added,nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness.Rather,we have in mind errors of a logical nature—those resulting from faulty reasoning.Now,or at least soon,computers will be capable of error free logical reasoning in a variety of areas.The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the recentresearch in the field of automated theorem proving.AURA(Automated Reasoning Assistant)is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.AURA solves a program by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem.The program reaches logical conclusions flawlessly as it uses various types of reasoning and solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction.One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable.For example,if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem,AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances.If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system s design assumptions,then this aspect of the reactor s design has been proved satisfactory.This strategy lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem.The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation,but a number of other uses will arise.For example, there already exist“expert systems”that are special purpose programs designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis.These expert systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span.Moreover,they can be duplicated for pennies.A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand.A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.Will the computer replace the human being?It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce more clever programs and more efficient components.Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress,learn from their attempts to solve a problem.Such programs will assist,rather than replace,humans.Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas,which will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program.Many errors will be avoided.21.The author suggests in Par.1that humans are\[A\]liable to irrational thinking.\[B\]apt to err in simple counting.\[C\]prone to memory dysfunction.\[D\]subject to unwitting reasoning.22.The way AURA works in is to\[A\]explore the faults in designing.\[B\]discover the bugs in a program.\[C\]state against the set suppositions.\[D\]make assumptions by reasoning.23.All of the following are mentioned as areas for AURA EXCEPT\[A\]electronic engineering.\[B\]detection of fossil fuels.\[C\]identification of diseases.\[D\]complicated mental logic.24.All of the following are advantages of expert programs EXCEPT\[A\]they can be duplicated infinitely.\[B\]they are featured by self analysis.\[C\]they may be enriched in contents.\[D\]they are reproduced almost free.25.The best title for the text seems to be\[A\]Practical Uses of Computers.\[B\]Suggested Applications for AURA.\[C\]The Technical Perfection of AURA.\[D\]Computer Aid to Human Reasoning.Text2Half the world s population will be speaking or learning English by2015,researchers say.Two billion people are expected to start learning English within a decade and three billion will speak it,says a British Council estimate.Other languages,such as French,risk becoming the casualties of this“linguistic globalization”.But the boom will be over by2050 and the English language teaching industry will have become a victim of its own success,says David Graddol,author of the report,The Future of English.Mr.Graddol s research was based on a computer model developed to estimate demand for English language teaching around the world.The lecturer,who has worked in education and language studies at the Open University for the past25years,said the model chartedlikely student numbers through to2050.It was compiled by looking at various estimates from the United Nations Education,Scientific and Cultural Organization(Unesco)on education provision,demographic projections,government education policies and international student mobility figures.The impact of educational innovations and other developments affecting the world population including the Chinese government s policy of one baby per family were also factored in.Based on its findings,Mr.Graddol has predicted that the world is about to be hit by a tidal wave of English.“Manygovernments,especially in countries which have relatively recently gained independence,are introducing the teaching of English under a utilitarian banner.”“But English predominates in the business world,and for such countries to be able to compete for work,including lucrative (profitable)outsourcing contracts,English is being pushed heavily from kindergarten on.”The potential bonanza(source of wealth)on offer from outsourcing means even maths and science are being taught in English at secondary schools in Malaysia.But demand for English teaching would drop as children progress through academia,and more universities across the world choose to teach in the language.Mr.Graddol also estimated that the boom would be over by 2050.“English language students will be down from two billion to500million then,”he said,“Increasingly,as English spread across the globe,more people will become bilingual,even multi lingual and such skills are highly prized in business.But Britain has not got the best reputation for learning other languages.”The report also showed that English was not the only language spreading,and the world,far from being dominated by English,was to become more multi lingual.Mr.Graddol said,“Chinese,Arabic and Spanish are all popular,and likely to be languages of the future.”26. It is estimated that in a decade English will be[A]actively studied by over200million people.[B]freely spoken by global English learners.[C]popular with over80%of world inhabitants.[D]really mastered by50%of people worldwide.27.According to the text,“linguistic globalization”will[A]eliminate French from the globe.[B]defeat other European languages.[C]fail all languages except English.[D]make English the biggest winner.28.David Graddol predicts that the thriving period of English will[A]terminate within half a century.[B]climax in the middle of the century.[C]endure for no less than five decades.[D]quit till the beginning of the2050s.29.The report“The Future of English”factored in all of the following EXCEPT[A]the educational condition and policy.[B]the directions and designs of Unesco.[C]the statistics about population.[D]the movements of overseas students.30.The writer of the report deems that outsourcing is to[A]result in the increase of English subjects.[B]lead to the drop of interest in English study.[C]account for the further spread of English.[D]bring about transition in college curricula.Text3In both developed and developing nations,governments finance, produce,and distribute various goods and services.In recent years, the range of goods provided by the government has extended broadly, including many goods that do not meet the economic purist s definition of“public goods”.As the size of the public sector has increased steadily,there has been a growing concern about the effectiveness of the public sector s performance as producer.Critics argue that the public provision of certain goods is inefficient and have proposed that the private sector should replace many current public sector activities,that is,these services should be privatized.Since1980s,greater privatization efforts have been pursued in the United States.Concurrent with this trend has been a strong endorsement(support) by international bilateral donor(aid)agencies for heavier reliance on the private sector in developing countries.The underlying claim is that the private sector can improve the quality of outputs and deliver goods more quickly and less expensively than the public sector in these countries.This claim,however,has mixed theoretical support and little empirical verification in the Third World.The political, institutional,and economic environments of developing nations are markedly different from those of developed countries.It is not clear that the theories and empirical evidence that claim to justify privatization in developed countries are applicable to developing nations.Often policy makers in developing nations do not have sufficient information to design effective policy shifts to increase efficiency of providing goods through private initiatives. Additionally,there is a lack of basic understanding about what policy variables need to be altered to attain desired outcomes of privatization in developing countries.One study of privatization in Honduras examined the policy shift from“direct administration”to“contracting out”for three construction activities:urban upgrading for housing projects,rural primary schools,and rural roads.It tested key hypotheses applying to the effectiveness of privatization,focusing on three aspects: cost,time,and quality.The main finding was that contracting out in Honduras did not lead to the common expectations of its proponents because institutional barriers and limited competitiveness in the marketplace have prevented private contractors from improving quality and reducing the time and cost required for construction.Privatization in developing countries cannot produce goods and services efficiently without substantial reform in the market and regulatory procedures.Policy makers interested in privatization as a policy measure should consider carefully the multiple objectives at the national level.31.It can be inferred from the text that economic purists\[A\]oppose shifting goods from public to private.\[B\]support the substantial reform of privatization.\[C\]approve privatization only in developed nations.\[D\]have a strict description of public merchandise.32.Since1980s,there has been\[A\]broad international support for privatization.\[B\]much evidence for privatization in poor nations.\[C\]endorsement for privatization of donor agencies.\[D\]maximum dependence on private capital in the U.S..33.The authorities of developing nations seem incapable of\[A\]attaining political stability.\[B\]making major policy shifts.\[C\]upgrading basic urban economy.\[D\]enhancing production efficiency.34.The author s appraisal of Honduras study implies that in developing countries\[A\]direct administration of services requires more capital.\[B\]their marketplace system leaves much to be desired.\[C\]privatization is politically unfit for their economies.\[D\]new facilities rather than contracting out are needed.35.The author s primary intention is to\[A\]outline major hindrance to privatization in developing nations.\[B\]offer a solution for the future course of economic policy shifts.\[C\]justify heavier reliance on the private sector in the Third World.\[D\]explain requirements for privatization of the Third World economies.Text4Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability.They maintain that those regulations which exclude most poor husband and wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC) assistance grants,contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus,they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed income measures would resultin a marked strengthening of the low income family structure.If all poor families could receive welfare,would the incidence of instability change markedly?The answer to this question depends on the relative importance of three categories of potential welfare recipients.The first is the“cheater”—the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family but in fact disappears only when the social caseworker is in the neighborhood.The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance.There is very little evidence that these categories are significant.The third category is the unhappily married couple,who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation,or because of the consumption benefit of marriage.This group is large.The formation,maintenance, and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage.The major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities.The benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or basic endowments each partner brings to the marriage.Persons with similar productive capacities have less economic“cement”holding their marriage together.Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital,a complex network of social and legal buttresses has evolvedto reinforce marriage.Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society.Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners social economic group.Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution.So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods,but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage.Rather,welfare related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of government subsidized alimony(maintenance) payments.36.The text is written with the aim of\[A\]analyzing the causes of a phenomenon.\[B\]discussing the father s role in the family.\[C\]advocating reforms in the welfare system.\[D\]criticizing some attitudes to welfare recipients.37.Many critics assert it as true that the welfare system is\[A\]liable for most divorces.\[B\]on the verge of collapse.\[C\]to become obsolete.\[D\]unjust to the needy.38.According to the author,the marital stability relies mainly on\[A\]the steady income of the couple.\[B\]the balance of both sides property.\[C\]the difference in spousal contributions.\[D\]the benefits from government subsidies.39.All of the following are factors tending to perpetuate a marriage EXCEPT\[A\]the expenditure of child support.\[B\]the loss of property upon divorce.\[C\]the greater consumption of married people.\[D\]the welfare provision for divorced women.40.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?\[A\]Welfare restrictions mostly account for family unsteadiness.\[B\]Poor family dissolution is little attributed to helpless fathers.\[C\]Official welfare payments can slow the growing divorce rate.\[D\]Low income family disruption results in poor welfare benefits.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about views on environmental and resource problems.Choose the most suitableheading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph(41～45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)A]A bad thing may bring about a good result.[B]Pollution and poverty are leading us to destruction.[C]The worries of humanists are unfounded.[D]God helps those who help themselves.[E]Is our planet getting less habitable than it used to be?[F]The view on resource crisis deviates from facts.A great many articles and books discussing environmental and resource problems begin with the proposition that there is an environmental and resource crisis.If this means that the situation of humanity is worse now than in the past,then the idea of a crisis—and all that follows from it—is dead wrong.In almost every respect important to humanity,the trends have been improving,not deteriorating.41.Our world now supports6billion people.In the nineteenth century,the earth could sustain only1billion.And10,000years ago,only1million people could keep themselves alive.People are now living more healthily than ever before.42.One would expect lovers of humanity—people who hate war and worry about famine in Africa—to jump with joy at this extraordinary triumph of the human mind and human organization over the raw forces of nature.Instead,they lament(feel sorrow for)that there are so manyhuman beings,and wring their hands about the problems that more people inevitably bring,and the problem that resources will be further diminished.43.It is amazing but true that a resource shortage resulting from population or income growth usually leaves us better off than if the shortage had never arisen.If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenth century England,coal would not have been developed.If coal and whale oil shortages hadn t loomed,oil wells would not have been dug.44.The prices of food,metals,and other raw materials have been declining by every measure since the beginning of the nineteenth century,and as far back as we know;that is,raw materials have been getting less scarce throughout history,defying the common sense notion that if one begins with an inventory of a resource and uses some up,there will be less left.This is despite,and indirectly because of,increasing population.We don t say that all is well everywhere,and we don t predict that all will be rosy in the future.Children are hungry and sick;people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity;war or some other pollution may do us in.45.Also,we do not say that a better future happens automatically or without effort.It will happen because men and women—sometimes as individuals,sometimes as enterprises working for profit,sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups,and sometimes as governmentalagencies—will address problems with muscle and mind,and will probably overcome,as has been usual through history.We are confident that the nature of the physical world permits continued improvement in humankind s economic lot in the long run,indefinitely.Of course,there are always newly arising local problems,shortages,and pollution,resulting from climate or increased population and income and new technologies.Sometimes temporary large scale problems arise.But the world s physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering quickly)of a well functioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems,and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.That is the great lesson to be learned from human history.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)Disposing of computers,monitors,printers and mobile phones is a large and growing environmental problem.Some20m-50m tons of“e waste”is produced each year,most of which ends up in the developing world.In July2006new rules came into force in both Europe and California to oblige the industry to take responsibility for it.46)In Europe the Restriction of Hazardous Substances(RoHS)directivelimits the use of many toxic materials in new electronic products sold in the European Union,whereas in California mobile phone retailers must now take back and recycle old phones.Many technology firms are already eliminating certain chemicals and offering recycling schemes to help their customers dispose of obsolete equipment.47)Yet there is a wide variation in just how green different companies are,according to Greenpeace,an environmental lobby group that launched a new e waste campaign in August2006.It has ranked the top mobile phone and PC makers based on their progress in eliminaling chemicals and in taking back and recycling products.The RoHS rules ban products containing any more than trace amounts of lead,mercury,cadmium and other hazardous substances,including some nasty materials called brominated flame retardants(BFRs).48) To do well in Greenpeace s rankings,firms must make sure both products and production processes are free of polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and some BFRs that are not on the RoHS list.Greenpeace also wants companies to adopt a“precautionary principle”and avoid chemicals if their environmental impact is uncertain.Although not everyone agrees with Greenpeace s methodology,its ranking still has some merit.Nokia does well:the world s biggest handset maker has already got rid of PVC from its products and will eliminate all BFRs from next year.But,Greenpeace grumbles,it is not sufficiently“precautionary”in other areas.49)Dell,however,scores well in this regard and on recycling,but loses marks for not having phased out PVC and BFRs yet,though it has set a deadline for doing so.Perhaps the biggest surprise is the poor rating of Apple.The company insists that it has a strong record in recycling and has eliminated BFRs and PVC from the main plastic parts in its products.50)It scores badly because it has not eliminated such chemicals altogether,has not set time limits for doing so,does not provide a full list of regulated substances and is insufficiently precautionary for Greenpeace s tastes.As for recycling,the9,500 tons of electronics Apple says it has recycled since1994is slight given the amount of equipment the firm sells,says Greenpeace.Alas for Apple,whatever the pros and cons(advantages and disadvantages) of Greenpeace s ranking criteria,consumers are likely to be influenced by it anyway.SectionⅢWriting51.Directions:Write an essay of160~200words based on the following picture. In your essay,you should1)describe the picture briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)make your comments and suggestions.Model Test1SectionⅠUse of English1.[答案]\[B\]imposing[解析]由所给出的选项可知，此处需一现在分词作伴随状语，相当于次要谓语，说明“地球表面有限”与“绝对资源短缺”的关系。

中央民族大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析1.The machine needs a complete____since it has been in use for over ten years.(A)amending(B)fitting(C)mending(D)renovating2.There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds,so I only caught a____of him.(A)glance(B)glimpse(C)look(D)sight3.I don't think it's wise of you to_____your greater knowledge in front of the director,for it may offend him.(A)show up(B)show out(C)show in(D)show off4.The returns in the short______may be small,but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.(A)interval(B)range(C)span(D)term5.A thorough study of biology requires_____with the properties of trees and plants,and the habit of birds and beasts.(A)acquisition(B)discrimination(C)curiosity(D) familiarity6.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would____her long effort.(A)justify(B)testify(C)rectify(D)verify7.I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to _____my debt in return for certain services.(A)take away(B)cut out(C)write off(D)clear up8.Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great____.(A)explosion(B)sensation(C)exaggeration(D) stimulation9.According to what you have just said,am I to understand that his new post____no responsibility with it at all?(A)shoulders(B)possesses(C)carries(D)shares10.Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his____toa certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.(A)comment(B)reaction(C)impression(D)comprehension11.Please____yourself from smoking and spitting in public places,since the law forbids them.(A)restrain(B)hinder(C)restrict(D)prohibit12.Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of______every business operation in the whole country.(A)practically(B)preferably(C)precisely(D) presumably13.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around billion, ____the billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.(A)in proportion to(B)in reply to(C)in relation to(D) in contrast to14.He is planning another tour abroad,yet his passport will ______at the end of this month.(A)expire(B)exceed(C)terminate(D)cease15.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read________letters from their families.(A)sentimental(B)affectionate(C)intimate(D) sensitive16.several international events in the early1990s seem likely to______,or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the1980s.(A)revolt(B)revolve(C)reverse(D)revive17.I was unaware of the critical points involved,so my choice was quite______.(A)arbitrary(B)rational(C)mechanical(D) unpredictable18.The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer______according to the weather.(A)altered(B)converted(C)fluctuated(D)modified19.The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not_____their prospect of promotion.(A)spur(B)further(C)induce(D)reinforce20.In what_______to a last minute stay of execution,a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.(A)applies(B)accounts(C)attaches(D)amount1.本题的答案是(C)(A)amending："修改，修正"，通常指对法律条文、国际条约、合同等进行适当的修改。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-河北农业大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB 卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题She cannot find her dictionary now. I think that she____ it in the classroom.问题1选项A.has to leaveB.must have leftC.leftD.will leave 【答案】C 【解析】考查过去时态。

根据句意：她现在找不到字典了。

我想她把它 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE ____ 教室里了。

应用过去时，故只有C 符合。

2. 单选题 All factories and mines are ______ by government officials. 问题1选项A.examinedB.surveyedC.inspectedD.investigated【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。

A 选项examined“（仔细）检查；考察”；B 选项surveyed“勘测；民意调查；房屋鉴定”；C 选项inspected“视察；查看”；D 选项investigated“侦察”。

句意：所有的工厂和矿山都由政府官员______。

根据语境，government offi cials“政府官员”搭配inspected“视察”比较合理。

因此C 选项正确。

3. 单选题 In general, the amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total ______ for living expenses. 问题1选项 A.acceptable B.advisableC.availableD.applicable 【答案】C 【解析】考查形容词辨析。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题When one has good health,（）should feel fortunate.问题1选项A.youB.theyC.heD.we【答案】C【解析】考察人称代词的用法。

句意：当一个人拥有健康时，他应该感到幸运。

选项C符合题意。

2.单选题It was during summer breaks that we first taste the satisfaction work that （）into hard currency.问题1选项A.translatesB.transfersC.transplantsD.transmits 【答案】A【解析】考察动词词义辨析。

translate “变换”；transfer“移交，迁移”；transplant“移植（器官）”；transmit“传输，传播”。

句意：暑假期间，我们第一次品尝到了把劳动变成货币的滋味。

选项A符合题意。

3.单选题It is a generous and receptive intelligence that was （）from attaining its full scope by bad training, poor school and lack of opportunity.问题1选项A.foiledB.thwartedC.balkedD.inhabited【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。

foil “阻止；挫败”；thwart “反对，阻碍”；balk “故意妨碍或阻止”；inhabit “居住于”。

句意：糟糕的训练，落后的学校条件以及机会的缺失妨碍了一个慷慨乐于接受的大脑的完全开发。

选项C符合题意。

4.单选题The Space Age （）in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched by the Soviet Union.问题1选项A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedmenced【答案】D【解析】考察动词词义辨析。

考博英语模拟试卷63(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Cloze 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionAt no time in history has there been such a mass movement of people from countryside to city as is happening now. By the year 2030, it’ s estimated that more than two thirds of the word’s population will be living in cities, twice as many as today. This means that the problems faced by cities to day-overcrowding, poor housing, unemployment, poverty, and lack of food water--will be twice as had in the next century, unless we find solutions soon. Another serious issue is how to provide good transport to their citizens. Many world’s major cities are already struggling with out-of-date transport infrastructures. How can they deal with the additional demands in the 21stcentury? London is a good example. It was the world’ s first big city--the first with a population of a mil lion people. Its enlargement was made possible by the invention of the steam engine, which powered the world’s first underground railway. But its transport systems are now hopelessly out-of-date, and need urgent modernization. London’s future success depends very much on transport. Over a million people travel into central London every day from outside the city. They, and the people who live in London, want a public transport system that is fragment, safe and environmentally friendly. What they often get, however, falls far short of that ideal. Commuters complain about disorder, cost and pollution, while businesses worry about the problems their staff have in getting to work on time. Yet, the proportion of London households that own a car grew from just over 10 per cent in the early 1950s to over 60 percent today. As the city has become increasingly crowded and polluted, there has been a growing realization that action is needed.1．It is believed that ______.A．overpopulation causes the problems in citiesB．two-thirds of the world’ s population are living in cities todayC．it isn’ t difficult to solve the problems faced by cities todayD．with fewer people, we would be free from any problems正确答案：A解析：第一段提到2030年估计世界多于2/3的人口将会居住在城市，这意味着the problems faced by cities today．．．will be twice as had in the next century，unless we find solutions soon，可见是人口过度导致城市面临诸多问题。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-浙江工商大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is to look at familiar conditions form a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science; A Modest proposal dramatized starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the ideas that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression, the satiric method that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous combination and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?2. Which of the following can be found in satire literature?3. According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be（）.4. As a result of reading satiric literature, reader will be most likely to（）.5. The various purposed of satire include all of the following EXCEPT（）.问题1选项A.Difficulties of writing satiric literature.B.Popular topics of satire.C.New philosophies emerging from satiric literature.D.Reasons for the popularity of satire.问题2选项A.Newly emerging philosophies.B.Odd combinations of objects and ideas.C.Abstract discussion of moral and ethnics.D.Wholesome characters who are unselfish.问题3选项rmed about new scientific developmentsB.exposed to original philosophies when they are formulatedC.reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurateD.told how they can be of service to their communities问题4选项A.teach themselves to write fictionB.accept conventional points of viewC.become better informed about current affairsD.reexamine their opinions and values问题5选项A.introducing readers to unfamiliar situationsB.brushing away illusionC.reminding readers of the truthD.exposing false values【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。

2019年全国医学考博英语阅读理解(真题)Part IV Reading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from complicated and controversialday care would not be so widespread today if parents,care-takers found children had problems with it.Thirdly,in the last decade,there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care,and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development（63）.Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find theimmediate effects difficult to deal with.Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time（64）.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut,though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.英国心理分析学家约翰-波尔认为在孩子出生到3岁之前这时间段是孩子敏感的依恋期，和父母分离的话可能会伤害到孩子性格的形成，并可使他们在未来容易出现情感问题。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国海洋大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The common experience of having a name or word on the tip of the tongue seems related to specific perceptual attributes. In particular, people who report the tip-of-the-tongue feeling tend to identify the word's first letter and number of syllables with an accuracy that far exceeds mere guessing. There is evidence that the mind may encode data about when information was learned and about how often it has been experienced. Some memories seem to embrace spatial information; e.g., one remembers a particular news item to be on the lower right-hand side of the front page of a newspaper. Research indicates that the rate of forgetting varies for different attributes. For example, memories in which auditory attributes seem dominant tend to be more rapidly forgotten than those with minimal acoustic characteristics.If a designated (target) memory consists of a collection of attributes, its recall or retrieval should be enhanced by any cue that indicates one of the attributes. For example, on failing to recall the term horse (included in a list they have just seen), people may be asked if an associated term (say, barn or zebra) helps them recall the word. While some additional recall has been observed with this kind of help, failures are common even with ostensibly relevant cues. Though it is possible that the cues frequently are appropriate, nevertheless, if words were not learned (encoded or stored) with accompanying attributes, cuing of any kinds should be ineffective.1.With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?2.It can be concluded from the passage that all encoded words are （）.3.What does the passage mainly discuss?4.Which of the following does the author mention as a cause for forgetting?5.Which is not mentioned as a tendency among people who encounter tip-of-the-tongue experience?问题1选项A.Words that are only heard are easily forgottenB.The brain always remembers the moment words are first learnedC.Auditory cues are more helpful than spatial cuesD.Uncommon words are normally remembered with visual cues 问题2选项A.remembered without helpB.learned without cuesC.stored with attributesD.forgotten if not used问题3选项A.How a person remembers wordsB.The origin of the expression ‘"tip-of-the-tongue”C.How a person uses new wordsD.How cues are used to pronounce words问题4选项A.The need for more precise spatial informationB.The creation of ostensibly relevant cuesC.The learning of words without corresponding attributesD.The use of inappropriate auditory cues问题5选项A.Knowing the number of syllables in a wordB.Remembering where words were seenC.Knowing the first letter of the wordD.Recognizing the word when heard【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。

考博英语模拟试卷10(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Grammar 3. Cloze 4. Reading Comprehension 5. English-Chinese Translation 6. Chinese-English Translation 7. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．He seemed reluctant to send his troops in an effort to discourage the ______ peasants.A．animatedB．rebelliousC．creasedD．impassive正确答案：B解析：句意：他似乎不太愿意用他的军队去阻止起义的农民。

rebellious反叛的，反抗的；animated活泼的，生动的；creased有折痕的；impassive冷漠的。

2．The company will ______ to its agreement, no matter how costly the process may be.A．retainB．alterC．abandonD．adhere正确答案：D解析：句意：该公司将信守协议，不论这一过程的代价有多大。

adhere坚持，与to构成常用词组；retain保持，保留；alter改变；abandon放弃，遗弃。

3．The drug store at the comer of our street sells aspirins and ______ penicillin prescriptions.A．dispensesB．disposesC．dispersesD．dispatches正确答案：B解析：句意：街角上的药店出售aspirins和处方penicillin。

dispose处理；dispense分配，分发；disperse(使)分散，(使)分开；dispatch分派，派遣。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中央美术学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题There has been a collision （）a number of cars on the main road to town.问题1选项posingB.consistingC.involvingD.engaging【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。

compose“组成，构成”；consist“由…组成”；involve“包含，涉及”；engage“雇佣，参加”。

句意：在通往小镇的主路上发生了一起碰撞，涉及到许多小轿车。

C项符合题意。

2.单选题If you put too many potatoes in that paper bag it will（）.问题1选项A.explodeB.crackC.overcrowdD.burst 【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项explod e“爆炸”；B选项crack“破裂”；C选项overcrowd“过度拥挤”；D选项burst“涨破，撑破”。

根据句意“如果你在纸袋里放太多土豆，它会胀破的。

”选项D符合句意。

3.单选题The newspaper did not mention the（） of the damage caused by the fire.问题1选项A.rangeB.levelC.extentD.quantity【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。

range“范围”；level“水平，标准，常强调变化的差异性和职权等的范围”；extent“程度，范围，长度”；quantity“数量”。

句意：这家报纸没有提到由于火灾所造成的损害程度。

C项符合题意。

4.单选题Electrical resistance is a common property of all materials,（） .问题1选项A.differs only in degreeB.only in degree it differsC.it only differs in degreeD.differing only in degree【答案】D【解析】考查分词结构。

清华大学考博英语阅读题及其解析Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about105malesborn for every100females,but this ratio drops to near balance atthe age of maturity,and among70-year-olds there are twice as manywomen as men.But the great universal of male mortality is beingchanged.Now,boy babies survive almost as well as girls do.This meansthat,for the first time,there will be an excess of boys in thosecrucial years when they are searching for a mate.More important,another chance for natural selection has been removed.Fifty yearsago,the chance of a baby(particularly a boy baby)surviving dependedon its weight.A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certaindeath.Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the Gengduo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zixun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xunqq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi variation is due to genes,one moreagent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide:stay alive,but have fewer children.Few people are as fertile as in the past.Except in some religious communities,very few women have15children.Nowadays the number of births,like the age of death,has becomeaverage.Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.Again,differences between people and the opportunity for natural selectionto take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and povertyfor the remaining tribal peoples.The grand mediocrity of today―everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost80%of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us,this means that evolution is over;the biological Utopia has arrived.Strangely,it has involved little physical change.No other species fills so many places in nature.But in the past100,000 years—even the past100years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not.We did not evolve,because machines and society did it for us.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution:“they look at an organic being as average looks at a ship,as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”No doubt we will remember a20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were,they will look just like us.15.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A]A lack of mates.[B]A fierce competition.[C]A lower survival rate.[D]A defective gene.16.What does the example of India illustrate?[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C]The middle class population is80%smaller than that of the tribes.[D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because____.[A]life has been improved by technological advance[B]the number of female babies has been declining[C]our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D]the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A]Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution[B]Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution[C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature[D]Human Evolution Going Nowhere名师解析15.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?根据第一段，做男人以前有什么危险?[A]A lack of mates.缺少配偶。

Passage10当过CEO的政府官员政绩不佳Harry Truman didn’t think his successor had the right training to be president.“Poor Ike—it won’t be a bit like the Army,”he said.“He’ll sit there all day saying‘do this,do that,’and nothing will happen.”Truman was wrong about Ike. Dwight Eisenhower had led a fractious alliance—you didn’t tell Winston Churchill what to do—in a massive,chaotic war.He was used to politics.But Truman’s insight could well be applied to another,even more venerated Washington figure: the CEO—turned cabinet secretary.A20-year bull market has convinced us all that CEOs are geniuses,so watch with astonishment the troubles of Donald Rumsfeld and Paul O’Neill.Here are two highly regarded businessmen,obviously intelligent and well-informed, foundering in their jobs.Actually,we shouldn’t be surprised.Rumsfeld and O’Neill are not doing badly despite having been successful CEOs but because of it.The record of senior businessmen in government is one of almost unrelieved disappointment.In fact, with the exception of Robert Rubin,it is difficult to think of a CEO who had a successful career in government.Why is this?Well,first the CEO has to recognize that he is no longer the CEO. He is at best an adviser to the CEO,the president.But even the president is not really the CEO.No one is.Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured.Power in Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out.Thesecretary might think he’s in charge of his agency.But the chairman of the congressional committee funding that agency feels the same.In his famous study “Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents,”Richard Neustadt explains how little power the president actually has and concludes that the only lasting presidential power is“the power to persuade.”Take Rumseld’s attempt to transform the cold-war military into one geared for the future.It’s innovative but deeply threatening to almost everyone in Washington.The Defense secretary did not try to sell it to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Congress,the budget office of the White House.As a result,the idea is collapsing.Second,what power you have,you must use carefully.For example,O’Neill’s position as Treasury secretary is one with little formal authority.Unlike Finance ministers around the world,Treasury does not control the budget.But it has symbolic power.The secretary is seen as the chief economic spokesman for the administration and,if he plays it right,the chief economic adviser for the president.O’Neill has been publicly critical of the IMF’s bailout packages for developing countries while at the same time approving such packages for Turkey, Argentina and Brazil.As a result,he has gotten the worst of both worlds.The bailouts continue,but their effect in holstering investor confidence is limited because the markets are rattled by his skepticism.Perhaps the government doesn’t do bailouts well.But that leads to a third rule:you can’t just quit.Jack Welch’s famous law for re-engineering General Electric was to be first or second in any given product category,or else get out ofthat business.But if the government isn’t doing a particular job at peak level,it doesn’t always have the option of relieving itself of that function.The Pentagon probably wastes a lot of money.But it can’t get out of the national-security business.The key to former Treasury secretary Rubin’s success may have been that he fully understood that business and government are,in his words,“necessarily and properly very different.”In a recent speech he explained,“Business functions around one predominate organizing principle,ernment,on the other hand,deals with a vast number of equally legitimate and often potentially competing objectives—for example,energy production versus environmental protection,or safety regulations versus productivity.”Rubin’s example shows that talented people can do well in government if they are willing to treat it as its own separate,serious endeavour.But having been bathed in a culture of adoration and flattery,it’s difficult for a CEO to believe he needs to listen and learn,particularly from those despised and poorly paid specimens,politicians,bureaucrats and the media.And even if he knows it intellectually,he just can’t live with it.1.For a CEO to be successful in government,he has to______.A.regard the president as the CEOB.take absolute control of his departmentC.exercise more power than the congressional committeeD.become acquainted with its power structure2.In commenting on O’Neill’s record as Treasury Secretary,the passage seems to indicate that______.A.O’Neill has failed to use his power wellB.O’Neill policies were well receivedC.O’Neill has been consistent in his policiesD.O’Neill uncertain about the package he’s approved3.According to the passage,the differences between government and business lie in the following areas EXCEPT______.A.nature of activityB.option of withdrawalC.legitimacy of activityD.power distribution4.The author seems to suggest that CEO-turned government officials______.A.are able to fit into their new rolesB.are unlikely to adapt to their new rolesC.can respond to new situations intelligentlyD.may feel uncertain in their new posts【答案与解析】1.D A项是视总统为CEO，这与原文第四段中“But even the president is not really theCEO.”是不符的；B项也不合题意，因为“Power in Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out.”(政府权力是分散的，是水平分布的。

2018年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题试卷阅读理解Sixty days walking over ice and snow in temperature as low as -45 °C , with nothing to keep you company except the occasional polar \1.What does the writer say about the history of exploration?(C)A. Walking to the North Pole used to be considered easier than other journeys.B. No woman has ever completed the journey to the geographic North Pole.C. Female explorers have already done most of the world’s difficult journeys.D. Franco is already an important historical figure for her previous journeys.解析：根据第一段中的“Only a few people have ever walked to the North Pole unassisted，and if Christina Franco succeeds，she will have earned a place in the history books and met one of the few remaining challenges of exploration left to women．”可知，只有少数人曾独自走到北极，如果克里斯蒂娜-佛朗哥成功了，她将在史书中占有一席之地，完成为女性留下的尚未完成的为数不多的探险挑战之一。

考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷101(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.02 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.11．According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because______.A．cost reduction is based On competitionB．services call for cross-trade coordinationC．outside competitors will continue to existD．shippers will have the railway by the throat正确答案：C解析：本题可参照文章的第2段。

从中可知，支持这种新型的超级铁路的人宣称，这些合并会考虑大幅度降低成本，并更好地协调货运服务。

他们认为，任何来自垄断的威胁都可以通过来自于汽车运输的激烈竞争而消除。

据此可知，支持铁路合并的人认为，来自于外面的激烈竞争会消除垄断的局面。

C项与文意相符，因此C项为正确答案。

知识模块：阅读理解12．What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?A．Indifferent.B．Supportive.C．Indignant.D．Apprehensive.正确答案：D解析：本题可参照文章的第3段。

考博英语模拟试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪项是作者的主要观点？A. 教育是社会进步的关键。

B. 技术发展对教育的影响是负面的。

C. 教育改革需要更多的创新思维。

D. 教育应该更加注重实践能力的培养。

答案：A2. 文章中提到的“终身学习”的概念，主要强调了什么？A. 学习是个人发展的终身任务。

B. 学习应该在学校之外进行。

C. 学习是职业发展的必要条件。

D. 学习是社会进步的驱动力。

答案：A3. 作者认为教育改革应该包括哪些方面？A. 教学方法和课程内容的更新。

B. 学校管理体制的改革。

C. 教师培训和学生评价体系的改进。

D. 所有上述选项。

答案：D4. 文章中提到的“批判性思维”在教育中的作用是什么？A. 帮助学生更好地理解知识。

B. 培养学生的独立思考能力。

C. 提高学生解决问题的能力。

D. 促进学生对知识的深入探究。

答案：B5. 根据文章，以下哪项不是教育改革的挑战？A. 资金不足。

B. 教师资源的缺乏。

C. 学生对新教学方法的抵触。

D. 社会对教育改革的误解。

答案：C二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

In recent years, the popularity of online education has been growing rapidly. It offers a convenient way for students to learn __6__ the comfort of their own homes. However, there are also some __7__ to consider.6. A. in B. at C. on D. from答案：A7. A. benefits B. drawbacks C. opportunities D. challenges答案：D8. The main advantage of online education is that it allows for __8__ flexibility in scheduling.A. personalB. individualC. uniqueD. specific答案：B9. Despite the convenience, some students may find it difficult to __9__ in an online environment.A. interactB. participateC. engageD. connect答案：B10. Online courses often require a high level of __10__ and self-discipline.A. motivationB. inspirationC. encouragementD. stimulation答案：A三、翻译（共15分，每题5分）1. 教育不仅仅是知识的传授，更是价值观和道德观的培养。

西北农林科技大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析The complications frequently accompanying diabetes,such asimpairment of vision and of kidney function,are now thought to resultfrom the lack of continuous control of blood glucose concentrations.The healthy pancreas,in response to increases in blood glucoseconcentration,releases small quantities of insulin throughout theday and thereby maintains the concentration within physiologicallimits(nomoglycemia).But the diabetic generally receives only onelarge dose daily.The diabetic’s blood glucose concentration canthus fluctuate greatly during the interval between doses,and it hasbeen suggested that the complication result from the periods of highconcentrations of blood glucose(hyperglycemia).Many investigatorsthus believe that restoration of normoglycemia might halt the Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi progressionof such complications and perhaps even reverse them.There are three primary techniques that have been investigatedfor restoration of normoglycemia.They are:transplantation of whole,healthy pancreases;transplantation of islets of Langerthan,thatportion of the pancreas that actually secretes insulin,andimplantation of artificial pancreases.There has,in fact been a greatdeal of success in the development of these techniques and each seems,on the whole,promising.Nonetheless,it will undoubtedly be manyyears before any one of them is accepted as a treatment for diabetes.To many people,the obvious approach would seem to be simply to transplant pancreases from cadavers in the same manner that kidneys and other organs are routinely transplanted.That was the rationale in1966when the first recorded pancreas was performed.Between1960 and1975,there were forty-six pancreas transplants in forty-five other patients in the United States and five other countries.But only one of these patients is still alive with a functioning graft and surgeons have found that the procedure is not simple as they once thought.The surviving patient has required no insulin since the operation. Another patient survived638days without requiring insulin.And one patient survived a transplantation for more than a year,but died when he chose not to take immunosuppressive drugs.These results,though meager,suggest that the procedure has the potential for success.The rest of the patients,however,either rejected the transplant or died within a short period.There does not appear to be any technical problem with the procedure.Rather,most of the patients were already so severely debilitated by the complications of diabetes that they could not withstand the surgery and the immunosuppressive regimen required to prevent rejection.More than half of the patients, furthermore,also required a kidney transplant.Most investigators now agree that the simultaneous transplantation of both organs is too great a shock to the patient and greatly increases the total risk.1.Which of the following best states one of the main conclusionsof the text?[A]Although the techniques for pancreas transplants appear to be theoretically correct,there are problems that must be solved before the operation can be used as a treatment for diabetes.[B]Although the techniques for pancreas transplants are still being developed,the experimental results show that the operation will be a successful treatment for diabetes in the near future.[C]Although pancreas transplants are reliable,many diabetics are reluctant to undergo the operation because of the side effects of immunosuppressive drugs.[D]Although pancreas transplants alone are not generally successful,the operation can be used in conjunction with other procedures to treat diabetes.2.According to the text,widely spaced doses of insulin can cause[A]reversal of normal kidney function.[B]delay in the onset of diabetes.[C]radical changes in the concentration of blood glucose.[D]restoration of normoglycemia.3.According to the text,a periodic high concentration of blood glucose in diabetics is a possible cause of[A]deterioration of the pancreas.[B]damage to the eyes and kidneys.[C]rejection of transplanted organs.[D]inadequate secretion of insulin.4.It can be inferred from the text that one of the important contributing causes of the failure of most pancreas transplants has been the[A]reluctance of patients to cooperate with physicians.[B]imperfect techniques used in the operation.[C]scarcity of immunosuppressive drugs.[D]weakened condition of the patients.5.The text suggests that the author considers the data concerning the success of pancreas transplants to be[A]invalid.[B]indirect.[C]inaccurate.[D]insufficient.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】A【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。

考博英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分）阅读下面的短文，然后回答1-5题。

In recent years, the number of people who commute to work by bicycle has increased significantly. This trend can be attributed to several factors, including concerns about environmental pollution, the rising cost of fuel, and the desire for a healthier lifestyle. As a result, many cities have invested in bicycle lanes and other infrastructure to support this mode of transportation.1. What is the main reason for the increase in bicycle commuting?A. Environmental concernsB. High fuel costsC. Health benefitsD. All of the above2. What has been the response of cities to this trend?A. They have ignored it.B. They have invested in bicycle infrastructure.C. They have discouraged it.D. They have not taken any action.3. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a reason for the increase in bicycle commuting?A. Traffic congestionB. Environmental pollutionC. Rising cost of fuelD. Desire for a healthier lifestyle4. What does the passage suggest about the future of bicycle commuting?A. It will continue to increase.B. It will decrease.C. It will remain stable.D. It is uncertain.5. What type of infrastructure have cities invested in to support bicycle commuting?A. Public transportationB. Bicycle lanesC. Parking lotsD. Highways二、词汇与语法（共30分）Choose the correct word or phrase to fill in the blanks in the following sentences.6. The company has decided to ________ its operations to new markets.A. expandB. contractC. maintainD. abandon7. Despite the heavy rain, the marathon was still held as________.A. plannedB. planningC. to planD. was planning8. The new policy will come into ________ on January 1st.A. effectB. affectC. impactD. influence9. The professor's lecture was so ________ that I couldn't follow it.A. complicatedB. complexC. complicatedlyD. complexly10. She ________ the book to the library yesterday.A. returnedB. borrowedC. lentD. kept三、翻译（共20分）Translate the following sentence into English.11. 随着科技的发展，远程工作变得越来越普遍。