Enhancement of Structural Stability of Mesoporous Silica Thin Films Prepared by Spin-Coating

工程建设与设计______Construction&Design For P roject提高单跨框架结构抗震性能的几种方法Several Methods to Improve the Seismic Performance of Single Span FrameStructure闫艳伟\李晓蕾2(1•中元国际工程有限公司，北京100038；2.西安理工大学土木建筑工程学院，西安710048)YAN Yan-wei1,LI Xiao-lei2(1.China IPPR International Engineering Co.Ltd.,Beijing100038,China;2.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Xi'an University of Technology,Xi'an71004&China)【摘要】单跨框架结构冗余度小，在地震中很容易形成机构并发生倒塌破坏，故在设计中应增加延性，提高其抗震性能。

结合实际工程，以一工业厂房附属用房中的单跨框架结构为例，对比分析了加强抗震措施、中震弹性设计与中震不屈服设计、对结构重要部位进行包络设计三种提升结构综合抗震性能的方法结果表明，可通过提高抗震等级和抗震构造措施以及对结构重要部位进行包络设计来有效提高结构抗震性能，对关键构件进行中震抗震设计能保证其具有较好的延性，但建筑物的整体造价会有所提高[Abstract]Due to the small redundancy of single span frame structure,it is easily forming mechanism and collapsed under the earthquake.Then,the seismic performance of s ingle span frame structure should be improved by strengthening structure bined with practical engineering,a single span frame structure in industrial workshop accessory occupancy as an example,three methods are proposed as follows: strengthen aseismic measures,elastic and non-yielding design under moderate earthquake,envelope design for the important parts of the structure.The comparative analysis was made in this paper,and results shows that improving seismic grade and seismic construction as well as envelope design for important part of t he structure are affect measures for strengthening the structural seismic performance.Seismic design for key component of s tructure under moderate earthquake will ensure the good ductility;however,the overall cost of s tructure will be increased.【关键词】单跨框架;抗震措施涎性;性能设计[Keywords]single-span frame structure;seismic measures;ductility；performance design【中图分类号】TU323.5;TU352【文献标志码】B【文章编号11007-9467(2019)02-0048-04 [DOI]10.13616/ki.gcjsysj.2019.02.0151引言单跨框架结构指由2根柱1根梁组成的结构，其抗侧刚度小，结构超静定次数少，耗能能力弱，结构冗余度小,不能形成多道抗震防线,在超越抗震设防的强震作用下，一旦框架柱出现塑性枝，则整个结构出现连续倒塌的可能性很大。

116∣ 建设科技建设科技CONSTRUCTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY2021年2月合刊总第424期交流探讨在人类发展过程中，山地建筑常与自然融为一体，但复杂的地形会使建筑设计上出现多处接地的情形。

以往，人们对此类地震效应的特征和破坏机理的损害程度并不太重视，常采取基于普遍建筑结构设计的规范，并根据实践经验加强方法进行山地建筑结构设计。

自然灾难发生时均有不同于一般建筑结构的震害性山地结构特关于山地建筑的特点及结构设计的思考与启示童军辉（广东省高教建筑规划设计院，广东 广州 510045）[摘要]山地建筑结构比常规建筑结构存在多方面特殊性，传统理论研究在当前越来越复杂的山地建筑结构设计指导方面略有不足，因此提出关于山地建筑的特点及结构设计的思考与启示。

基于山地建筑的结构接地形式特点，分析了山地建筑结构设计中的隐含问题，着重进行了山地建筑特定掉层和吊脚结构的设计思考，并在此基础上得出了山地建筑结构设计的有关启示，为后续工作指出新的思路和方向。

[关键词]山地建筑；结构嵌固；掉层结构；吊脚结构；边坡稳定；地震效应Thinking and Enlightenment on the Characteristics and StructuralDesign of Mountain BuildingsTong Tunhui(Gaojiao Construction Planning Design Institute, Guangzhou, 510045, Guangdong)Abstract : There are many particularities in mountain building structure compared with conventional building structure. The traditional theoretical research is a little insufficient in the design guidance for more and more complicated mountain building structure. Therefore, this paper puts forward some thoughts and enlightenment on the characteristics of mountain building and structural design. Based on the characteristics of structural grounding form of mountain buildings, this paper analyzes the hidden problems in the structural design of mountain building, especially focusing on the design thinking of the specific floor-dropping and foot-hanging structure of the mountain buildings, obtains the relevant enlightenment of the structure design of mountainous buildings, and puts forward some new ideas and directions for the follow-up work.Keywords : mountain building, embedded structure, floor-dropping structure, foot-hanging structure, slope stability, earthquake effect征。

Enhancement of band-edge luminescence and photo-stabilityin colloidal CdSe quantum dots by varioussurface passivation technologiesLing Xu *,Kunji Chen,Hatim Mohamed El-Khair,Minghai Li,Xinfan HuangState key Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures,Department of Physics,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,PR ChinaReceived 10April 2000;accepted 19September 2000AbstractGelatin stabilized and AOT (sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate)coated colloidal CdSe quantum dots (QDs)have been synthesized in aqueous solution and in micelle solution respectively.Photoluminescence spectra studies show that comparing to gelatin stabilized CdSe QDs,organic AOT stabilized CdSe QDs exhibit an enhancement of band-edge luminescence due to the surface passivation.We also use a higher band gap inorganic CdS for passivating layer on the core CdSe QDs.Our results indicate that CdSe/CdS QDs system shows both higher band-edge luminescence yield and greater stability under light illumination.#2001Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:CdSe QDs;Surface passivation;Band-edge luminescence;Photo-stabilityPACS:68.65. g;78.55.Et;81.65.Rv1.IntroductionSemiconductor nanocrystallites or quantum dots (QDs)show very interesting electrical and optical properties due to their large quantum-size effect.For example,II±VI compound semiconductors CdSe and CdS QDs can emit tunable light which depend upon their sizes,and they have many potential appli-cation in optoelectronic devices.However,bare CdSe or CdS QDs prepared by colloidal methods have a lot of surface defect states such as surface nonstoichio-metry,unsaturated bonds etc.,which act as noradiative recombination or radiative luminescent centers.Theluminescence yield was reduced due to the recombi-nation of carriers on these defect states.Applications of these bare structure nanoparticles have been limited due to their surface instability when exposed to light and air.Because these defect states are located at the surface of colloidal QDs,the surface passivation with various organic or inorganic groups by using chemical methods can modify them and consequently raise quantum yield as well as improve the luminescence anically capped CdSe/TOPO QDs hav-ing a quantum yield of 10%at room temperature have been made [1].For inorganic passivation core-shell system such as CdSe/ZnS [2],CdSe/CdS [3]and HgS/CdS [4]etc.have been studied and their luminescence properties were obviously improved.In the present paper we report the synthesis of colloidal CdSe QDs and various surfacepassivationApplied Surface Science 172(2001)84±88*Corresponding author.Tel.: 86-25-3593221;fax: 86-25-3326028.E-mail address :**************** (L.Xu).0169-4332/01/$±see front matter #2001Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.PII:S 0169-4332(00)00834-5technology for these QDs by gelatin,AOT and CdS capping groups.The photoluminescence results indi-cate that the band-edge luminescence of CdSe QDs has been strongly enhanced and obviously stabilized after organic or inorganic surface passivation.The passivation mechanism in the core-shell QDs systems was studied.2.Sample synthesisIn generally,CdSe QDs were prepared in aqueous solution or in AOT/H2O/heptane inverse micelle solu-tion according to following reaction:Cd2 2OHÀ SeSO32À3CdSe SO42À H2O(1) Dissolving CdCl2in deionized water made Cd2 aqueous solution.The Na2SeSO3reagent was freshly prepared by dissolving Se powder in Na2SO3solution under stirring and N2bubbling.2.1.Gelatin stabilized CdSe QDsCdSe QDs with the average size of1±5nm in diameters have been prepared in aqueous solution. During the growth of CdSe,0.05%gelatin can work as stabilizing agent.They can prevent further precipitate and growth of the nanoparticles.anic AOT stabilized and passivated CdSe QDsCdSe QDs can also be synthesized by micelle method.During the preparation the water to AOT ratio,W([H2O]/[AOT]),was kept at2±7.Changing the Cd2 concentration,SeSO32Àconcentration,or W value of the micellar solution could control the sizes of CdSe QDs.2.3.Inorganic CdS passivated CdSeAs we described in previously paper[5]the CdS capped CdSe QDs were prepared as following: micelle solution containing Na2S aqueous solution and heptane were added dropwise to above starting CdSe micelle solution(rich Cd2 )under stirring.S2Àions could react with Cd2 ions on the surface of the CdSe core forming layers of CdS on the CdSe cores. Structural studies con®rmed that CdS capped CdSe nanocrystal we prepared has a core-shell structure and several layers of CdS has been grown on outside CdSe core epitaxially[5].3.Results and discussion3.1.Luminescence properties of gelatin stabilized and AOT passivated CdSe QDsFig.1shows the UV±VIS absorption and photo-luminescence(PL)spectra at room temperatureforFig.1.(a)UV±VIS absorption spectra;and(b)PL spectra for colloidal gelatin stabilized CdSe QDs in aqueous solution with the same Cd2 (1.5mM)and different SeSO32Àconcentration (l exc 410nm).L.Xu et al./Applied Surface Science172(2001)84±8885gelatin stabilized colloidal CdSe made with different SeSO32Àconcentration.In Fig.1(a),with decreasing SeSO32Àconcentration or decreasing QDs size(from sample d to sample a),the range of absorption edges are blue shifted to high energy,which is an evidence for quantum con®nement effect in the CdSe QDs. In PL spectra for(see Fig.1(b))the same samples, we observed a series of broad bands in which the peak energy also show blue shift with decreasing QD sizes. But for each of sample,the PL peak energy is about 0.1±0.2eV bellowing its absorption edge.These broad bands are mostly attributed to the recombination of the carriers trapped in surface states of bare CdSe QDs. These surface defects are mostly associated with Cd2 and Se2Àvacancies(such as unstoichiometric defects and dangling bonds),that can induce nonradiative or radiative emission[6],resulting in the degrading of luminescence properties.Fig.2shows the absorption and PL spectra for bare AOT stabilized CdSe QDs prepared with different W in micelle solution.In generally,the PL spectra in Fig.2(b)exhibit two bands in which the narrow blue bands near560nm came from band-edge emission and the broad red bands near720nm is caused by surface states[7].It can be seen in the®gure,the band-edge luminescence intensity increased while intensity of the surface state emission decreased with decreas-ing W(from a3to a1).Because in smaller water pool with lower W,the CdSe QDs were grown closer to AOT molecule,the passivation effect was better than that prepared with higher W.Thus,the organic AOT groups can reduced some of the surface trap states oncore CdSe surface and results in the improvement of band-edge luminescence(see Fig.2(b)curve a1).But in the PL spectra,the broad red bands(650±800nm) due to the surface defects is still present,which means AOT passivation process has not lead to absolutely elimination of surface traps.3.2.Enhancement of band-edge luminescence in CdS passivated CdSe QDsFig.3(a)shows a set of absorption spectra of starting CdSe in micelle(spectrum(e))and coated CdSe/CdS colloids with different S2Àions(spectra(f), (g)and(h)).The absorption spectrums for CdSe cores show a1s±1s transition peak near560nm.The absorption spectra for CdS coated CdSe QDs do not change much,only the1S±1S peak has broadened some.This not only suggests that the electronic states of CdSe core have been little modi®ed but also implicates that no major alloying or incorporation of the CdS was formed inside the CdSe core. Fig.3(b)shows the PL spectra of the same samples as shown in Fig.3(a).Core CdSe(spectra(e))exhibits two peaks,at longer wavelength the broad band was caused by surface states and at shorter wavelength the sharp band came from band-edge emission.It is clearly shown that the intensity of surface state emis-sion band monotonically decreased and band-edge emission was gradually enhanced when the CdS shell became thicker(spectra(f),(g)and(h)).This is because that during the epitaxial growth of CdSlayers Fig.2.(a)UV±VIS absorption spectra;and(b)PL spectra for AOT stabilized bare CdSe QDs in AOT/H2O/heptane inverse micelles solution with different W([H2O]/[AOT])(l exc 430nm).86L.Xu et al./Applied Surface Science172(2001)84±88on the surface of CdSe cores,the surface states have been gradually passivated.Consequently,the PL intensity of the surface states was inhibited and thus the band-edge emission was enhanced.3.3.Improvement of photo-stability in core-shell CdSe/CdS QDsThe evolution of PL AOT capped CdSe QDs with different light illumination time is displayed in Fig.4.After exposure to light,the spectra show a dramatic instability within illumination time range we used,which are due to the photo-oxidation on bare CdSe QD surface [8].Both of the band-edge peaks with high energy and surface state defects bands withlower energy were increased with increasing expo-sure time.As compared to CdSe cores in Fig.4,the intensity and position of the PL peaks of CdSe/CdS only change little (see Fig.5spectra s0to s3)during the exposure time of one hour.The improvement of photo-stability in PL spectra of core-shell CdSe/CdS QDs may be interpreted as following:by coating CdSe core with a wider band gap material CdS,both holes and electrons were con®ned away fromtheFig.3.Absorption and PL spectra of bare AOT stabilized CdSe (e)and coated CdSe/CdS QDs (f),(g),(h)in micelle with different Na 2S ions added (l exc 430nm).Fig.4.PL spectra for bare AOT stabilized CdSe QDs in micelle solution at different exposure time (l exc 450nm).Fig.5.PL spectra for CdS passivated CdSe QDs in micelle solution at different exposure time (l exc 450nm).L.Xu et al./Applied Surface Science 172(2001)84±8887out-layer surface.Consequently,the lack of carriers at the out-most surface reduced photo-oxidation reac-tion of CdSe/CdS QDs.4.ConclusionsWe studied the PL properties of colloidal CdSe QDs with various inorganic and organic surface paring to gelatin stabilized CdSe QDs pre-pared in aqueous solution,the PL spectra for bare AOT stabilized CdSe QDs in micelle solution show better passivated surface.For higher band gap CdS passivated CdSe QDs,the surface state emission was inhibited and band-edge luminescence was enhanced, which indicate the CdS capping has greatly reduced the traps on CdSe/CdS QDs surface.The photo-sta-bility for CdSe and CdSe/CdS QDs were compared through photo-oxidation experiments.The results show that for CdS passivated CdSe QDs,the photo-stability has been also improved.AcknowledgementsThis work issupported by NatureScience Foundation of China under Grant Nos.69890225and19674028. References[1]C.B.Murray,D.J.Norris,M.G.Bawendi,J.Am.Chem.Soc.115(1993)8706.[2]M.A.Hines,P.Guyot-Sionnest,J.Phys.Chem.100(1996)468.[3]X.G.Peng,M.C.Schlamp,A.V.Kadavanich,et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.119(1997)7019.[4]A.Hasselbarth,A.Eychmuller,R.Eichberger,M.Giersig,A.Mews,H.Weller,J.Phys.Chem.97(1993)5333.[5]L.Xu,X.Huang,J.Zhu,H.Chen,K.Chen,J.Mater.Sci.35(2000)1375.[6]N.Chestnoy,T.D.Harris,R.Hull,L.E.Brus,J.Phys.Chem.90(1986)3393.[7]A.R.Kortan,R.Hull,R.L.Opila,M.G.Bawendi,M.L.Steigerwald,R.J.Carroll,L.E.Brus,J.Am.Chem.Soc.112 (1990)1327.[8]L.Spanhel,M.Haase,H.Weller,A.Henglein,J.Am.Chem.Soc.109(1987)5649.88L.Xu et al./Applied Surface Science172(2001)84±88。

英语词汇学试题Introduction and Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through theuse of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. root2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. Stylistics3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semantic5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. place6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonB. ArgotC. Dialectal wordsD. Slang10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.A. workersB. criminalsC. any personD. policeman11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotB. SlangC. JargonD. Dialectal words12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.A. newB. oldC. badD. good14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. newII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.17.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, ______,etymology, stylistics,________.19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______.nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words4)characteristics of the basic word stock.A B21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail22. Collocbility( ) B. aught23. Jargon( ) C. por24. Argot ( ) D. upon25.Notional words( ) E. hypo26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart27. Aliens ( ) G. man28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh30. Empty words ( ) J. emirIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )33. can-opener ( ) 34.Roger ( )35. bottom line ( ) 36.penicillin ( )37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )39.brethren ( ) 40. take ( )V. Define the following terms.41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loansVI. Answer the following Questions46.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock? Illustrate your points with examples.48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirtKey to Exercises:I. 1. A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.A8.B9.D10.B11.D12.A13.A14.B15.CII.16.meanings17.morphological, historical, usages 18. semantics, lexicography19.diachronic20.vocabularyIII.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. J28.I29.B30.DIV.31. the basic word stock; productivity32. the basic word stock; collocability33.the basic word stock; argot34.nonbasic word stock; slang35. nonbasic word stock; jargon36. nonbasic word stock ;terminology37.nonbasic word stock; dialectal words38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms40. the basic word stock; polysemyV-----VI. (see the course book)VII. 49. Content words: earth, cloud, run, walk, frequently, never, fiveFunctional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.50. Denizens: port, shirt,Aliens: bazaar, kowtowTranslation-loans: lama, masterpieceSemantic-loans:dream, pioneerChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which can be groupedinto the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D. 20002.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.A. 500B. 800C. 1000 .D. 9007.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of______ words into English.A. FrenchB. GreekC. RomanD. Latin8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, andgovernment and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14thD.15th9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from thedead language.A. SanskritB. LatinC. RomanD. Greek12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.A. LatinB. HellenicC. Indian D . Germanic13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to theItalic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon14.The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danishand Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and manyof those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10thB.11thC.12thD. 13thII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of ______.18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present _____language.19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be grouped into anEastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words2)history off English development 3) language family.A B21. Celtic ( ) A.politics22. religious ( ) B.moon23.Scandinavian ( ) C. Persian24. French ( ) D.London25. Old English ( ) E. abbot26.Dutch ( ) F. skirt27.Middle English ( ) G. sunu28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight30.Sanskrit ( ) J. NorwegianIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.31. earth ( ) 32.contradict ( )33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )V. Define the following terms.41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stem 45.affixesVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.VII. Answer the following questions with examples.49. What are the three main sources of new words ?50. How does the modern English vocabulary develop ?Key to exercises:I. 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.BII.16.Old English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic te(1700-up to the present )III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. CIV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free root40.bound rootV.-VI ( See the course book )VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,e.g. astrobiology, green revolution ;(2)Social , economic and political changes; e.g. Watergate, soy milk;(3)The influence of other cultures and language; e.g. felafel, Nehru Jackets.50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, e.g. consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, e.g. Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;e.g. tofu, gongful.Chapter 3 The Development of the English V ocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II（练习3）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.A. number prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes6.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames9.Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. locative prefixes10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-.A.prefixes of degree or sizeB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixesII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____.pounding , also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.19. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.A B21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes( ) A. priceless22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.)() C. engineer24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action,etc) （） D. darken25. De-adjective noun suffixes（）Ｅviolinist26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( ) F.happiness27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( ) H.dependent29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survivalIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.31.quake ( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) 39.copter ( ) 40. perm ( )V.Define the following terms .41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45. suffixationVI. Answer the following questions with examples.46. What are the characteristics of compounds ?47. What are the main types of blendings ?48. What are the main types of compounds ?VII. Analyze and comment on the following:49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.(1) I’m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.Key to exercises :1. B2. C3. A4. B5. A6.C7.B8.D9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.BII. 16. derivation position, compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau) 20.clippingIII. 21.C 22. I 23. H 24. J 25.F 26.E 27.A 28.G 29.B 30.DIV.31. Front clipping, earthquake32. Back clipping, stereophonic33.Front and back clipping, influenza34.Phrase clipping, public house35. Initialisms, care of36. Acronyms, Victory Day37. Initialisms, tuberculosis38. Back clipping, discotheque39. Front clipping, helicopter40. Phrase clipping, permanent wavesV-VI. (See the course book)VII.49. There are mainly four types of back-formation.(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others(4) From adjectives50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun(4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verbChapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Context3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.A. outsideB. withC. beyondD. inside4. Most English words can be said to be ________.A. non-motivatedB. motivatedC. connectedD. related5.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. onomatopoeicallyD. etymologically6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically7.In the sentence ‘ He is fond of pen ’ , pen is a ______ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning inparticular.A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. arbitrary meaning10._______is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.A.Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning11.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s _______towards the person or thing in question.A. feeling .B. likingC. attitudeD. understanding12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD. Explanations13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.A.conceptual meaningB. grammatical meaningC. lexical meaningD. collocative meaning14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.A. only one wordB. two wordsC. more than threeD. different words15.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.A. speakersB. listenersC. worldD. specific countryII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum total of themorphemes combined.18._______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.19.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history of the wordexplains the meaning of the word.20.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.A B21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)27. Etymological motivation ( ) G.airmail28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and awordIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )V.Define the following terms .41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaningVI.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.46. What is reference ? 47. What is concept ? 48. What is sense ?VII.Analyze and comment on the following.49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.Key to exercises:I. 1. C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.CII.16. meanings 17.multi-morphemic 18.Semantic motivation 19.origins 20.associative meaningIII.21. D 22.A 23.G 24.H 25.J 26.I 27.E 28.B 29.F 30.CIV.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation35. Connotative meaning 36.Stylistic meaning37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative39. collocative meaning 40. appreciativeV-VI. See the course book.VIII.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.50. Associative meaning comprises four types:(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning,traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc..(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, whichmake them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. Wordsthat have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words,it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don’t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5)I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of thesemantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondarymeanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenation5.One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.A. PolysemantsB. SynonymsC. AntonymsD. Hyponyms7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/; bow/beu/.A. HomophonesB. HomographsC. Perfect homonymsD. Antonyms9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms10.The antonyms big and small are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected termsposition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in aconversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning .The first meaning is called ______.。

第36卷第2期江苏警官学院学报Vol.36No.2 2021年3月JOURNAL OF JIANGSU POLICE INSTITUTE Mar.202]•治安学研究•社区治安抗逆力评价量表研究周晔周成孙桢禹摘要：基于抗逆力概念的启发性特征，社区抗逆力研究从自然灾害风险管理领域扩展到社会风险管理领域。

根据本土具体情况，社区治安抗逆力影响因素分为经济资本、社会资本、治安环境、社区制度、人口特征等。

采用李克特量表形式，构建社区治安抗逆力评价量表，通过实证分析，检验量表的信度和效度，总体克朗巴赫a系数在0.779至0.883之间，各题项因子载荷系数均高于0.6,表明该评价量表具有良好的信度和效度，为进一步大规模评价和培育社区治安抗逆力提供了参考依据。

关键词：治安抗逆力；李克特量表；风险管理中图分类号：D918.2文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-1020(2021)02-0078-06一、相关概念界定及研究述评抗逆力(resilience)又称为弹性、韧性，起源于机械力学，指材料因受力而发生形变并存储恢复势能的能力。

1973年，加拿大生态学家Holling首次将其用来形容自然界在面临重大风险时的系统持续性和稳定性。

©因风险特征不同、风险冲击的对象不同、承灾体的脆弱性不同，导致抗逆力作用过程是千差万别的，需要结合具体风险特征、承灾体特点进行深入研究。

社区是受风险影响最普遍的对象，社区抗逆力成为理论研究和实践探索的焦点。

(一)社区抗逆力风险是抗逆力的应激源，没有风险就没有抗逆力。

人类研究社区抗逆力最初是为了应对自然灾害风险。

21世纪初，西方学者Tobin®,Adger©、Bruneau④等在社区灾害抗逆力的概念问题上，达成了基金项目：江苏高校境外研修计划资助；江苏省社会科学基金项目"风险社会视角下社区治安弹性问题研究”(17GLD002)；江苏省高校哲学社会科学研究基金项目“社区治安抗逆力提升研究"(2017SJB0464)；江苏警官学院重点项目(2017SJYSZ05)；江苏警官学院“青苗工程”培养计划资助(JSPI2018QM)。

UDC Array中华人民共和国行业标准P JGJ/T 413-2018备案号J 2481-2018玻璃纤维增强水泥（GRC）建筑应用技术规程Technical specification for glass fiber reinforced cement (GRC)used on building2018—02—14 发布2018—10—01 实施中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部发布中华人民共和国行业标准玻璃纤维增强水泥（GRC）建筑应用技术规程Technical specification for glass fiber reinforced cement (GRC) usedon buildingJGJ/T 423－2018批准部门：中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部施行日期：2018年10月1日中国建筑工业出版社2018北京前言根据住房和城乡建设部《关于印发<2015年工程建设标准规范制订、修订计划>的通知》（建标[2014]189号）的要求，规程编制组经广泛调查研究，认真总结实践经验，参考有关国家标准和国际先进标准，并在广泛征求意见的基础上，编制本规程。

本规程的主要技术内容是：1.总则；2.术语和符号；3.材料；4.建筑设计；5.结构设计基本规定；6.GRC平板的结构设计；7.GRC带肋板结构设计；8.GRC背附钢架板结构设计；9.生产；10.安装施工；11.验收；12.维护与保养。

本规程由住房和城乡建设部负责管理，由中国建筑材料科学研究总院负责具体技术内容的解释。

执行过程中如有意见或建议，请寄送中国建筑材料科学研究总院（地址：北京市朝阳区管庄东里1号，邮政编码：100024）。

本规程主编单位：中国建筑材料科学研究总院上海建工房产有限公司本规程参编单位：南京倍立达新材料系统工程股份有限公司北京雷诺轻板有限责任公司湖南天泽建材有限公司北京宝贵石艺科技有限公司上海肯特装潢工程有限公司砼创（上海）新材料科技股份有限公司大连山泰新实业有限公司广西青龙化学建材有限公司成都润科建筑工程有限公司北京隆源装饰材料有限公司广州市双瑜建筑艺术工程有限公司长沙梁氏装饰工程有限公司成都金圣实业有限公司上海鼎中新材料有限公司上海汇辽建筑装饰工程有限公司泰孚新材料科技发展（上海）有限公司台州亿恒装饰有限公司湖北汇尔杰新材料科技股份有限公司泰山玻璃纤维有限公司安徽华普节能材料股份有限公司宁波市轨道交通集团有限公司本规程主要起草人员：崔琪李清海钱进熊吉如雷新忠车延飞黄政国杨小赫张朝岳超张堂斐宋敦清罗强秦永超袁建华梁金华唐纲矫民余战进董大根许挺贤郭清唐志尧汤俊怀周昌宝高国庆张洁龙尹向红本规程主要审查人员：李宏王培铭王存贵费毕刚朱松超霍瑞琴刘之春奚飞达肖慧沈春林贺鸿珠目次1 总则 (1)2 术语和符号 (2)2.1术语 (2)2.2符号 (3)3材料 (9)3.1一般规定 (9)3.2金属材料 (9)3.3建筑密封材料 (9)3.4其他材料 (10)4 建筑设计 (11)4.1一般规定 (11)4.2性能与检测要求 (11)4.3 建筑构造设计 (12)4.4 GRC构件的构造与连接设计 (12)4.5 防火与防雷设计 (13)5结构设计基本规定 (15)5.1 一般规定 (15)5.2 材料力学性能 (17)5.3 荷载与作用 (20)5.4 作用效应组合 (22)5.5 连接设计 (24)5.6 承载力极限状态设计 (24)5.7 抗裂验算 (27)5.8 锚固承载力设计 (28)6 GRC平板结构设计 (31)6.1 GRC平板 (31)6.2 横梁 (32)6.3 立柱 (34)7 GRC带肋板结构设计 (37)7.1 面板 (37)7.2 加强肋 (37)7.3 极限状态设计 (38)8 GRC背附钢架板结构设计 (40)8.1 GRC面板 (40)8.2 背附钢架设计 (41)9制作加工 (42)9.1一般规定 (42)9.2 GRC构件制作 (42)9.3金属构件加工 (42)9.4检验 (43)9.5搬运和堆放 (43)10安装施工 (45)10.1 一般规定 (45)10.2运输和现场堆放 (45)10.3施工准备 (46)10.4安装施工 (46)10.5安装质量要求 (47)11验收 (49)11.1一般规定 (49)11.2进场验收 (49)11.3中间验收 (49)11.4竣工验收 (50)12维修与保养 (52)12.1一般规定 (52)12.2 检查与维修 (52)12.3清洗和保养 (52)附录A 耐候钢强度设计值 (53)附录B 钢结构连接强度设计值 (54)附录C 预埋件设计 (56)附录D 双向板计算系数 (59)附录E GRC外墙分项工程验收表 (63)本规程用词说明 (65)引用标准名录 (66)附：条文说明 (68)Contents1 General Provisions (1)2 Terms and Symbols (2)2.1Te r m s (2)2.2S y m b o l s (3)3 Materials (9)3.1G en e r a l R e q u ir eme n ts (9)3.2M e ta l (9)3.3 Sealants (9)3.4 Other Materials (10)4 Arch itectural Design (11)4.1 General Requirements (11)4.2 Performance and Testing Requirements (11)4.3 Building Construction Design (12)4.4 GRC Element Constru ction and Connection (12)4.5 Fire and Lightning Protection Design (13)5 Basic Regulations for Structural Design (15)5.1 General Requirements (15)5.2 Material Mechanical P roperties (17)5.3 Load and Effect (20)5.4 Effect Combination (22)5.5 Fixing Design (24)5.6 Load Capacity Limit State Design (24)5.7 Crack Resistance Calcul ation (28)5.8 Anchor Capacity Design (28)6 Structural Design for GRC Flat Sheet (32)6.1 GRC Flat Sheet (32)6.2 Beam (34)6.3 Colum n (36)7 Structural Design for GRC Ribbed Panel (39)7.1 Panel (39)7.2R ib (39)7.3 Limit State Design (41)8 Structural D esign for GRC Stud Frame Panel (42)8.1 GRC Panel (42)8.2 Stud Frame Panel Design (43)9 Manufacturing (45)9.1 General Requirements (45)9.2 GRC E lements Manufacturing (45)9.3 Metal Parts Fabrication (45)9.4 Inspection (46)9.5 Transportation&Stacking (47)10 Installation (48)10.1 Genera l Requirements (48)10.2 Transportation&Site Stacking (48)10.3 Preparation (49)10.4 Installation (49)10.5 Quality Requirements (50)11 Acceptance (52)11.1 General Requirements (52)11.2 Incoming Acceptance (52)11.3 Intermediate Acceptance (52)11.4 Final Acceptance (53)12 Servicing and Maintenance (55)12.1 General Requirements (55)12.2 Inspection and Maintenance (55)12.3 Cleaning and Maintenance (55)Appendix A Design Strength of Weathring St eel (57)Appendix B Design Stength of Steel Structure Connection (58)Appendix C Embedded Parts Design (60)Appendix D Two-way Slab Calculation Coefficient (63)Appendix E Acceptance Form for GRC Cladding Panel Itemized Project (67)Explanation of Wording in This Specification (70)List of Quoted Standards (71)Addition：Explanation of Provisions (73)1 总则1.0.1为提高玻璃纤维增强水泥（以下简称GRC）建筑应用技术水平，促进GRC构件在建筑中应用的科学化、规范化，做到技术先进、安全可靠、适用美观和经济合理，保证工程质量，制定本规程。

06269-工程应用英语（有答案）工程应用英语Professional English Test APart I Vocabulary and Structure (20’)1.Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized ___d___ education.a. elementary schoolb. high schoolc. middle schoold. university2. Computer programming is now included in almost all engineering ___b___.a. coursesb. curriculac. lessonsd. areas3. Current trend is to require students to take courses in the ___c___ science and the language arts.a. computerb. chemicalc. sociald. biology4. Active ____b__ for engineers often begins before the student?s last year in the university.a. employb. recruitingc. hired. firing5. Indeed, the civil engineer?s choice is ____c__ and varied.b. finec. larged. tiny6. Computers can?t solve complicated problems unless they are given ___d___.a. a good air-conditionb. a young civil engineerc. a good computer engineerd. a good program7. Construction can be very _____.a. dangerousb. safec. easyd. secure8. Civil engineering projects are almost always ______.a. distinctiveb. the similarc. aliked. the same9. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on ______.a. its other partb. itselfc. the walld. the ground10.The weight of all the people, cars, furniture, and machines and so on that the structure will support when it is in use is ______.a. dead loadb. live loadd. safety factor11.In tension, the material is ______.a. pressedb. pulled apartc. pushedd. compressed12.______ force acts up and down.a. verticalb. horizontalc. rotating motiond. turning motion13.Both ______, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century.a. steel and cementb. wood and brickc. stone and tiled. ash and plastic14.The transit is used to measure angles in both vertical and horizontal planes, and the level to measure ___c__.a. distancesb. central anglesc. elevation differenced. length15.Electronic distance measuring(EDM) not only can measure the distance between objects but also determine ___a___.a. the directionb. the sizec. the frequencyd. the width16.Prestressed concrete is an ___b___ form of reinforcement.a. originalb. improvedc. samed. low17.A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by ___d____.a. engineersb. one partyc. companyd. two or more parties18.___b___ change would result in differential settlement or swell between adjacent areas.a. weightb. volumec. aread. no19.There are two basic procedures for controlling the embankment density: …manner and method? and …____a__?.a. resultb. combinationc. layer thicknessd. moisture control20.A main source of accidents, the problem of ___b___ driving is the most serious of all.a. drinkb. drinkingc. drunkend. drankPart II Filling Blanks (10’)21. Engineers often work as _____consultants____ to architectural or construction firms.22. Young engineers may choose to go into __environmental_____or sanitary engineering.23. When planning a structure, an engineer must take into account four factors: dead load, ______live load_______, impact and safety factor.24. One party to the contract is _____liable_____ for breach of contract if he fails to perform his part of the agreement.25. _______clearing____ the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations.26. Loose rock includes materials such as ________weathered or totten_______________ rock, or earth mixed with boulders.27. No attempt was made to control _____moisture______ content or to secure compaction.28. The _____rearview_______ of windshield wipers, fresh air ventilating systems, had result in greater vehicle safety.29. The safe performance of the brake system has been ensured by the use of _____heavy duty________ brake fluid.30. Relocation and reduction in height of the brake ____pedal_______ has meant that the driver?s total reaction time has beenreduced.Part III Reading Comprehension (40’)Passage OneResearch is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by governmentor industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and the testing of new structural materials.31. Research is one of ___b___ aspects of scientific and engineering practice.a. the most uselessb. the most importantc. the most unnecessary32. A researcher is often employed __c____.a. on a farmb. in a libraryc. in a laboratory33. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with __c____.a. farmers and scientistsb. engineers and farmersc. scientists and engineers34. Which of the following is true?a. Civil engineering research doesn?t include only soil mechanics and soil stabilization, but also the development of newstructural materialsb. Civil engineering research doesn?t include soil mechanics and soil stabilizationc. Civil engineering research doesn?t include the development of new structural materialsPassage TwoThe current tendency is to develop lighter materials. Aluminum, for example, weighs much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have alreadybeen used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings. Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability, and with a lighter weight. One system that helps cut concrete weight to some extent uses polymers, which are long chainlike compounds used in plastics, as part of the mixture.35. The current trend of structural materials is ___b____.a. to develop heavier materialsb. to develop lighter materialsc. to develop less materials36. Aluminum weighs ___a____.a. much less than steelb. the same as steelc. much heavier than steel37. Aluminum has ____c___.a. no properties of steelb. few properties of steelc. many of the same properties of steel38. Which of the following is true?a. Aluminum beams can?t be used for bridge constructionb. Aluminum beams can be used for not only bridge construction but also the framework of a few buildingsc. Aluminum beams can?t be used for the framework of a few buildingsPassage ThreeSteel and concrete also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concretebeams or structures where tension will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bonds—the force that unites them—that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.39. Steel and concrete have ____c__.a. different rate of contractionb. different rate of expansionc. almost the same rate of contraction and expansion40. Reinforced concrete is ___a___.a. steel rods which are embedded in concrete beamsb. concrete which is embedded in steel rodsc. steel rods which react with concrete41. Which of the following is true?a. steel can rust in concreteb. concrete can corrode steelc. steel does not rust in concrete42. Concrete has ___b__.a. some kind of chemical that corrodes steelb. an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acidc. some kind of acidPassage FourThe employer or promoter of civil engineering works normally determines the conditions of contract, which define the obligations and performances by some form of competitive tendering and any contractor who submits a successful tender and subsequently enters into a contract is deemed in law to have voluntarily accepted the conditions of contract adopted by the promoter.The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to tender. In most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted and may, even then, be withdrawn if the acceptance is stated by the promoter to be …subject to formal contract? as is often the case.43. The conditions of contract are normally determined by ___c___.a. the government officialb. the contractorc. the promoter44. This conditions define the obligations and performances to which __c____ will be subject.a. the employerb. the officialc. the contractor45. The obligations that ___c___ accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to the tender.a. the employerb. the auditorc. the contractor46. in most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until ___b___.a. the promoter has enough moneyb. it has been acceptedc. the tender approved by the governmentPassage FiveMaterials are usually described as …rock?, …loose rock?, or …common?, with …common? signifying all material not otherwise classified. Rock, sometimes cal led …solid rock?, nearlyalways must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a front-end loader or power shovel into trucks or other hauling units. Blasted rock may be moved or drifted for short distances by means of a bulldozer, which is, in effect, a huge tractor-mounted blade. Loose rock often is dug with loaders or shovels without any previous blasting.47. According to the passage, which material signifying all material not otherwise classified.a. loose rockb. commonc. rock48. Which of the following is NOT true?a. rock, is sometimes called …solid rock?b. rock, is sometimes called …loose rock?c. rock, is usually called …hard rock49. According to the passage, which of the following is true?a. loose rock nearly always must be drilled and blastedb. loose rock is often dug without any previous blastingc. blasted rock may be moved for long distances by bikes50. Loose rock often is dug with ______ without any previous blasting.a. track or ripperb. loaders or shovelsc. roller or bulldozerPart IV Translate the sentences into Chinese (15’)51. Engineering graduates have to pass an examination, similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer.工程专业的毕业生必需通过考试，就类似于律师要通过职业考试一样52. Conventional ground surveys were the original locationtechniques available to highway engineers until developments in electronics. The most important equipments used were the transit, the level, and the tape. 最初的公路定位技术一直使用传统地面测量技术直到电子技术的发明为止。

Structural Use of ConcreteIntroductionIn the field of construction, concrete is a widely used material known for its strength and durability. It is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, and water. Concrete has the ability to resist compressive forces, making it suitable for various structural applications. This article will delve into the structural use of concrete, discussing its properties, design considerations, and applications.Properties of ConcreteConcrete possesses several desirable properties that make it anexcellent choice for structural applications.1. Compressive StrengthOne of the most notable properties of concrete is its high compressive strength. It can bear significant loads without failure, making it ideal for applications such as foundations, columns, and beams.2. DurabilityConcrete is known for its long-term durability. It can withstand harsh weather conditions, fire, and chemical attacks, making it suitable for construction in various environments.3. VersatilityThe versatility of concrete allows for different forms and shapes to be created, providing flexibility in design. This adaptability makes it perfect for creating complex structural elements.Design ConsiderationsWhen designing concrete structures, several factors need to be considered to ensure their integrity and longevity.1. Load-Bearing CapacityThe load-bearing capacity of the structure determines the dimensions and reinforcement required. Engineers analyze the expected loads to design the appropriate concrete elements.2. Structural StabilityStructural stability is crucial to prevent collapse or failure. Proper reinforcement and adequate design factors are incorporated to ensure the structure can withstand external forces and maintain stability.3. Durability and ResistanceConcrete structures should be designed to resist environmental factors such as moisture, corrosion, and temperature changes. This involves selecting suitable mix proportions, admixtures, and protective coatings.4. ServiceabilityThe serviceability of a structure refers to its ability to meet performance requirements throughout its lifecycle. This includes considerations for deflection, cracking, and vibration control.Applications of Concrete in Structural EngineeringConcrete is extensively used in various structural applications due to its strength, durability, and versatility.1. BuildingsConcrete is commonly used in the construction of tall buildings, providing a sturdy framework. It is used for foundations, columns, walls, slabs, and other structural elements.2. BridgesConcrete’s ability to span long distances and bear heavy loads makes it an ideal material for bridge construction. It is used for the construction of piers, abutments, beams, and decks.3. DamsConcrete is the primary material used for constructing dams due to its ability to withstand high water pressure. It ensures the stability and longevity of these large-scale structures.4. TunnelsConcrete’s high strength and stability make it suitable for tunnel construction. It is used for lining tunnel walls and creating structural support.ConclusionThe structural use of concrete is essential in the field of construction due to its exceptional properties and versatility. Concrete structures provide strength, durability, and stability in various applications such as buildings, bridges, dams, and tunnels. Engineers consider design factors, load-bearing capacity, and durability to ensure the success and longevity of concrete structures. With ongoing advancements in concrete technology and construction practices, the use and application of concrete in structural engineering continue to evolve.。