绿色壁垒与家电出口外文文献翻译最新译文

绿色贸易壁垒外文文献Green Trade Barriers: A Literature ReviewWith the increasing concern for environmental protection and sustainable development, governments have begun to implement green trade barriers as a means of promoting environmentally friendly practices in international trade. These barriers take the form of environmental regulations, certifications, and standards that importers must adhere to in order to gain market access. While intended to promote sustainability, green trade barriers have also raised concerns about potential negative effects on trade and the global economy. This literature review seeks to provide an overview of the current state of research on green trade barriers.Environmental regulations as green trade barriersEnvironmental regulations are a common form of green trade barrier, with the objective of ensuring that imported products meet certain environmental standards. These regulations can take the form of outright bans on certain products, such as the EU's ban on imported seal products, or more stringent requirements for pollution control or energy efficiency. Researchers have found that these regulations can have bothpositive and negative effects on trade. On one hand, they may lead to increased costs and decreased access to certain markets. On the other hand, they can promote innovation and development of environmentally-friendly technology, which can lead to increased competitiveness and access to new markets.Certifications and standards as green trade barriersCertifications and standards are another form of green trade barrier, with the objective of ensuring that imported products meet certain environmental standards. Examples include the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification for sustainably harvested timber and the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification for sustainably caught seafood. While these certifications have been shown to have positive effects on the environment, they may also lead to increased costs for producers and decreased access to certain markets.The role of the WTO in regulating green trade barriersThe World Trade Organization (WTO) has been involved in regulating green trade barriers, particularly in cases where they may be deemed discriminatory or unnecessarily trade-restrictive. One notable example isthe dispute between the US and EU over the EU's ban onhormone-treated beef. The WTO ruled that the ban was not based on sound science and was therefore discriminatory. However, there is debate over the WTO's role in regulating green trade barriers, with some arguing that environmental concerns should be given priority over trade concerns.ConclusionGreen trade barriers are an increasingly prevalent feature of international trade, driven by concerns for environmental protection and sustainable development. While they may have positive effects on the environment, they can also lead to increased costs and decreased access to certain markets. The WTO has played a role in regulating these barriers, but there is ongoing debate over the balance between environmental concerns and trade concerns. Further research is needed to better understand the impacts of green trade barriers on trade and the global economy.。

绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献：Title: Green Trade BarriersAbstract: Green trade barriers refer to environmental regulations and standards imposed by countries on imported goods, with the aim of promoting environmental protection and sustainability. While these measures are intended to reduce the negative impacts of international trade on the environment, they can also create barriers to trade, especially for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. This paper examines the concept of green trade barriers, their impact on trade, and the policy options available to address these issues.Introduction: As global environmental concerns continue to grow, countries are increasingly adopting environmental regulations and standards to promote sustainability and protect natural resources. These measures can include a range of policies, such as emissions standards, energy efficiency requirements, and restrictions on hazardous substances. While these policies are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also have unintended consequences for international trade. Specifically, they can act as barriers totrade, particularly for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements.What are Green Trade Barriers? Green trade barriers could be defined as environmental regulations and standards that restrict the trade of goods based on their environmental impact. These measures are intended to promote environmental protection and sustainability, but can also create barriers to trade, especially for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. Examples of green trade barriers include:Emissions standards: These are regulations that limit the amount of pollution that can be produced by a particular product or industry. For example, the European Union has set strict emissions standards for automobiles, which can make it difficult for foreign automakers to sell their products in the EU.Energy efficiency requirements: These are regulations that require products to meet certain energy efficiency standards. For example, the United States has energy efficiency requirements for appliances, which can make it difficult for foreign appliance manufacturers to sell their products in the US.Restrictions on hazardous substances: These are regulations that limit or ban the use of certain hazardous substances in products. For example, the EU has banned the use of lead in certain products, which can make it difficult for foreign manufacturers to sell their products in the EU.Impact of Green Trade Barriers: While green trade barriers are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also have unintended consequences for trade. Specifically, they can act as barriers to trade, particularly for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. This can result in a number of negative impacts, including:Reduced export opportunities: Green trade barriers can limit the export opportunities for developing countries, particularly those that rely heavily on exports for economic growth.Increased costs: Compliance with green trade barriers can be costly, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries that may not have the resources to invest in new technology or processes.Unequal playing field: Green trade barriers can create an unequal playing field for developing countries, particularlythose that may not have the resources to meet the same standards as developed countries.Policy Options: There are a number of policy options available to address the issues of green trade barriers. These include:Capacity building: Developing countries can be supported through capacity building initiatives, such as technology transfer, to help them meet the requirements of green trade barriers.Harmonization of standards: Developing countries can be encouraged to adopt international environmental standards, which can help to harmonize regulations and reduce the potential for trade barriers.Mutual recognition agreements: Countries can enter into mutual recognition agreements, which recognize each other's environmental standards and reduce the potential for trade barriers.Conclusion: While green trade barriers are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also create barriers to trade, particularly for developing countries. There are a number of policy options available to address these issues, including capacity building, harmonization ofstandards, and mutual recognition agreements. By addressing these issues, it is possible to promote both environmental protection and trade, while ensuring that developing countries are not unfairly disadvantaged.。

绿色壁垒对我国外贸出口的影响分析绿色壁垒是指一些国家和地区为了保护环境和自身产业，采取一系列环保标准和要求，对进口商品设定一些环境标准和贸易限制。

这种绿色壁垒在全球范围内逐渐成为贸易保护主义的一种新形式，对我国外贸出口产生了一定的影响。

本文将从多个方面来分析绿色壁垒对我国外贸出口的影响。

影响一：出口商品的销售受阻随着绿色壁垒政策的出台和实施，许多国家和地区对进口商品的环保标准和质量要求越来越高，这对我国一些传统外贸产品的出口形成了一定的壁垒。

传统的劳动密集型行业、化工、煤炭、钢铁、纺织等行业的出口商品因为环保限制，遭受了一定程度的影响，销售受到了阻碍。

一些国家为了达到减少碳排放的目标，对电子产品、汽车、家电等高能耗、高排放的产品设定了更加严格的限制，这直接影响到了相关产品的出口销售。

我国的一些传统出口商品受到了环保壁垒的制约，出口受到了一定的影响。

影响二：出口企业受到成本上升的压力绿色壁垒的实施，使得出口企业需要加大环境保护投入和技术改造力度，以适应国外市场的需求和标准。

这就意味着企业需要增加环保设备的投入、普及更加环保的生产工艺和技术，这些都将增加企业的生产成本。

尤其是对于一些小微企业来说，因为资金和技术以及管理水平的限制，增加的环保成本将成为企业的一大负担，并可能导致企业的退出或者产能的下降。

这将严重影响我国外贸出口的稳定性和可持续性。

影响三：出口产业结构调整压力增大面对国外环保标准的提高和限制，我国外贸出口产业结构迫切需要进行调整和优化。

传统的煤炭、钢铁等高排放行业和产品出口将面临困难，而高技术、高附加值、低排放的产品和行业将更加受到国外市场的青睐。

我国需要大力发展环保产品和技术密集型产业，加大对环保技术和绿色产品的研发和推广力度，以适应国际市场的需求。

这将对我国的外贸出口产业结构进行深度调整，转型升级的压力增大。

绿色壁垒对我国外贸出口企业的自主创新能力提出了更高的要求。

随着环保标准的不断提高，企业需要不断创新生产工艺和技术，开发更加环保的产品，以适应国外市场的需求。

文献出处：Fransoo J C. Green Logistics: Enablers for Sustainable Development [J]. Supply chain management: an international journal, 2014, 8(2): 122-131.原文GREEN LOGISTICS: ENABLERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTJan C. FransooEindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands1 INTRODUCTIONLogistics is the backbone of industry and commerce. As a discipline, it describes the management and coordination of activities along supply chains. These activities include freight transport, storage, inventory management, materials handling and related information processing. A large part of logistics activities are often outsourced to specialized providers that provide cost- effective services. Research has shown that, at least in high income economies, the value of services is not assessed in monetary and service quality terms alone. In making decisions, logistics professionals are increasingly taking into consideration external effects such as emissions, pollution, noise, and accidents.The last LPI report release in 2012, for instance, pointed out that in shipments to OECD countries, environmentally friendly solutions are considered far more often than elsewhere. Mounting regulatory pressure, together with changes in customer preferences, are the main drivers of this phenomenon. One of the more widely used terms to describe this set of preferences is green Logistics, especially when the activities of logistics service providers are concerned.Research, including a recent book by Alan McKinnon, has established that green Logistics is an emerging concern of private operators and providers and users of logistics. From a policy standpoint, and especially for the global environment, green Logistics is potentially a major topic as well: estimates vary, but about 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be traced to logistics activities.Green Logistics may not be an independent policy area. Rather, the supply chainperspective provides a framework to understand and deal with issues that are separate but ultimately interrelated. Importantly, looking at supply chains helps policy makers understand the interests and actions of private sector operators. Green Logistics may therefore propose a number of tools and identify emerging sustainable solutions contributing to the overarching objective of green Growth.From a policy perspective, logistics cut across several areas and sectors. The performance of supply chains depends on areas or activities where government as regulator or catalyst of investment is critical, such as:Transport infrastructure: road and rail corridors, ports and airportsThe efficiencies of logistics services: services include not only modal freight transport, but also warehousing and intermediary services, such as brokers and forwarders, and related information-flow management. In modern economies, the trend is towards integration in multi-activity logistics providers (3PLs, 4PLs) to which industrial and commercial firms outsource their supply chain activities. Understanding the regulatory dimension of services is becoming increasingly critical to the development of effective policies in areas such as: professional and operational standards, regulation of entry in market and professions, competition, enforcement.Procedures applying to the merchandise, such as trade procedures (customs and other controls).The soft infrastructure that supports information or financial flow associated with the physical movements along supply chains: IT infrastructure, payment systems.The concept of national logistics performance capturing the outcome of these policies is widely recognized by policy makers and the private sector worldwide as a critical contribution to national competitiveness. A key question for sustainable development is how to integrate supply chain participants concern with environmental sustainability with the concept of national logistics performance.Within logistics, transport creates the largest environmental footprint. But the volume of emissions can vary greatly, depending on the mode of transport. The volume of emission per ton per km increases by an order of magnitude from maritime to land transportation and to air transportation. This is a key environmental aspect oflogistics that is not taken into consideration by most supply chain operators. Logistics experts typically integrate freight modes and other related activities so that the transport and distribution network is used in the most efficient manner, which is important for keeping emissions in check, as well. Depending on the type of industry and geographical region, supply chain operators can place varying emphasis on the reliability of supply chains, as well. In summary, supply chain choices typically include multiple criteria and trade-offs, and this makes an analysis of their environmental impact complex; the most environmentally friendly choices do not only depend on mode of transportation, but also on other elements, such as efficiency and reliability.To reduce the environmental footprint of a supply chain, the focus should be on several dimensions and should select the best mode of transport, efficient movements, and innovation. Comprehensive work on greening individual modes of transportation is already available. Here, the key drivers have been energy efficiency and the urge to diminish various types of emission. Given the integrated nature of supply chains, however, the manner in which price signals and incentives catalyze supply chain structure is a rather intricate problem: lower- emission modes of transport (maritime, e.g.) are typically also less reliable or have other limitations (such as maritime access to a landlocked country). Such limitations may include the cost of such technologies, the temperature range within which they can be used or the availability of certain types of fuel. It is therefore critical to complement the current knowledge about emissions produced by different modes of transportation with an understanding of what drives the demand for Green Logistics within supply chains.The emerging response is likely to take the form of top-down policy, such as measures in the form of standards or taxes addressing emissions (GHG, SO2, NOx) by mode of freight. For instance, a cap on SO2 emissions on major maritime routes will go into effect at the end of 20152. At least as important is the response from the bottom up. These are supply-chain strategies coming from the private sector in response to policy or price changes, but also demand from consumers, clients and stake-holders. Green Supply Chain management has to be taken seriously by policymakers.An exclusive focus on price mechanism (including taxes), as is the current tendency, may miss some of the major driver of changes in supply chain management. Another complication, at least in the context of international trade, is that the focus on the impact on international logistics does not capture the footprint of production processes. These processes may have different impact than the supply chain itself, as in the case of food production.There is also evidence that much of the environmental footprint of logistics operations is tied to short distances and distribution. Green Logistics is intimately linked with concerns such as urban congestion, and innovations in Logistics are critical to sustainable supply chains. Grassroots innovations in Logistics have recently flourished, often producing win-win solutions in terms of jobs and the environment. More generally, there is increasing awareness that green supply chains can be also competitive, either because the awareness of the environment helps productivity or because consumers expect it, particularly in wealthy countries.A concrete case in point is also the so-called sulphur emission regulation by IMO that enters into force on January 1, 2015 in most of North Sea, Baltic Sea and along west and east coasts of US & Canada (bar Alaska). Ships have to go over from fuel with 1.5 % sulphur to 0.1 % sulphur or invest in so-called scrubbers, that absorb the sulphur from exhaust gases; technology that is still nascent in the maritime context. Scrubber investment per cargo ship is USD 2 million and uo with multiples as the ship engine size increases, with annual maintenance cost approx.. 7-10 % of investment. This seemingly innocent and rather technical change is going to have a huge impact on shipping and the spillover effect to other modes & Supply chains are goi ng to be significant Green Logistics also encompasses potentially longer-term concerns. A green focus within logistics analysis could examine a supply chain vulnerability to climate events or to large swings in the price of transport inputs, for instance. A recent volcanic episode in Iceland showed the vulnerability of one specific supply chain that relies heavily on air freight fresh produce coming from Africa spoiled when flights were cancelled because of the volcanic ash. Resilience concerns and other form ofuncertainty are likely to shape supply chain choices by regional and global operators. Given the importance of trade in components and intra-firm trade, how large operators develop green supply chain strategies will have profound economic impact. Resilient and greener supply chains are likely to be less extended and leaner, for example, though the consequences for trade and integration of low income economies cannot be treated fully here.Policy makers should be concerned by both the supply and demand aspects of logistics environmental dimensions. So far, the policy focus has been on modal footprint and has not taken into account a supply chain perspective. There have not been major initiatives in Green Logistics, even in the countries most sensitive to the issue, such as those in Northern Europe. Rather the most important changes have occurred as a combination of largely uncoordinated public and private initiatives: voluntary behavior by shippers, innovation in terms of technology, information (environmental logistics dashboard) or services, or common public-private objectives such as in modal shifts.2DEFINING GREEN LOGISTICS AND GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT There are many variations in the terminology regarding green logistics and green supply chain management. This section aims at providing a brief overview on some of the key terms used in the literature.Green logistics refers mainly to environmental issues related to transportation, material handling and storage, inventory control, warehousing, packaging, and facility location allocation decisions (Min & Kim, 2012). Gonzalez-Benito and Gonzalez-Benito (2006) use the term environmental logistics to describe logistics practices that are divided into supply/purchasing, transportation, warehousing and distribution, and reverse logistics and waste management. Although distribution is considered to be one of the interrelated areas of supply chain management, the term green distribution has also been used to describe the whole process of integrating environmental concerns into transportation, packaging, labelling and reverse logistics (Shi et al., 2012).Reverse logistics is often used as a synonym to efforts to reduce theenvironmental impact of the supply chain by recycling, reusing and remanufacturing. However, originally green logistics was used to describe the movement of the material against the primary flow in the form of commercial returns, wrong deliveries and recalls etc., i.e. from the customer towards the producer. (Rogers & Tibben-Lembke, 2001.) In addition to reverse logistics, closed-loop supply chain has also been used to emphasize that the reverse flow of material (e.g. Zhu et al., 2008). However, the activities motivated mainly by environmental concerns might be better labelled as green reverse logistics (Hazen, Cegielski & Hanna, 2011) or in the more general terms of green or environmental logistics (Rogers & Tibben-Lembke, 2001) instead of reverse logistics or closed-loop supply chains.The above-mentioned concepts are mainly used to describe the actions taken by the logistics service provider side. Green supply chain management (GSCM) is a more extensive concept that has been gaining increasing interest among practitioners and academia and is mainly directed towards manufacturing companies. The term implies that the focus of environmental management has shifted from a facility or organization level to supply chain level (Linton et al., 2007). Srivastava (2007) defines that GSCM is integrating environmental thinking into supply chain management, including product design, material sourcing and selection, manufacturing processes, delivery of the final product to the consumers as well as end-of-life management of the product after its useful life.GSCM is also known as environmental supply chain management (ESCM) (e.g. Zsidisin & Siferd, 2001;Walker et al., 2008). Some authors (e.g. Seuring & Meller, 2008; Craig & Carter, 2008) use sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) as a synonym of GSCM or ESCM although they mostly focus on the environmental aspect of sustainability, thereby paying less attention on economic and social aspects. According to Zhu et al. (2005) GSCM is strongly related to inter-organisational activities such as industrial ecosystems, industrial ecology, product life cycle analysis, extended producer responsibility and product stewardship.GSCM is often described to consist of green purchasing, green manufacturing, green distribution/green marketing and reverse logistics (Hervani et al., 2005). Greenor environmental purchasing or green supply refers to efforts to improve environmental performance of purchased inputs or of suppliers that provide them (Bowen et al., 2001). Green manufacturing is typically tried to be achieved by various types of environmental practices, such as pollution control, pollution prevention and product stewardship (Hart, 1995). The definitions of GSCM emphasize that environmentally conscious practices are evident in all stages of the supply chain and the product life-cycle (Hervani et al., 2005). Furthermore, Vachon and Klassen (2006) divide these green supply chain management practices into two sets: one of them being environmental monitoring and the other environmental collaboration. In the former the focus is on arm length transaction in which the buying organisation evaluates and monitors its suppliers, and in the latter the environmental solutions are developed jointly.GSCM activities aim at achieving market advantages and profits while reducing environmental impacts. One generally used concept to measure the effect of supply chain activities on natural environment is the environmental or ecological footprint. It accounts for human demand on global biological resources and compares the level of consumption with the available amount of bioproductive land and sea area and has been designed to show whether this ustainability threshold is exceeded (Wiedmann & Barrett, 2010). Lately the use of carbon footprint has increased rapidly but the question still remains whether it should contain only carbon dioxide emissions or other greenhouse gas emissions as well (Wiedmann & Minx, 2007).The increasing interest in environmental issues has led to the development of voluntary environmental management systems. Environmental management systems (EMS) is collection of internal efforts at formally articulating environmental goals, making choices that integrate the environment into production decisions, identifying opportunities for pollution (waste) reduction and implementing plans to make continuous improvements in production methods and environmental performance (Khanna & Anton, 2002). The most commonly used framework for an EMS is developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the ISO 14001 standard. In addition, for example the European Parliament has created its ownenvironmental management system, EMAS. (Gonzalez et al. 2008.) In order to obtain a certification an environmental audit conducted by a registered external auditor is required (Rondinelli & Vastag, 2000).Different types of actors can use different approaches to contribute to environmental sustainability. These approaches can be viewed from macro and micro perspective. Actions in the macro domain are taken by governments and other legislative authorities, while in the micro domain the actions are taken by the companies (Aronsson & Huge-Brodin, 2006). When viewed from a supply chain perspective, the micro domain can be further divided into the logistics service users (manufacturing, trading) and logistics service providers. The decisions concerning the actions to be taken can be made at different levels: strategic, tactic and operational. Each level indicates different scope and time span of the decision. In general, the policy makers decisions are prepared for several months and even years beforehand, whereas logistics service providers and users also make plenty of day-to-day decisions. Figure X illustrates some of the actions taken by different actors that impact on the environmental footprint. It is not meant to be conclusive but to provide some examples on what kinds of activities affect the environmental footprint. Table 1: Actions Taken by Different Actors to Impact the Environmental Footprint.Management can take several approaches to greening the supply chains. Some firms choose to be reactive and commit minimal resources, while more proactive firms may choose to seek value by strategically committing to environmental sustainability and by integrating environmental policy in strategy. (van Hoek, 1999.) Formulating environmental strategy is equally important for both logistics service users and providers. An environmental management system (EMS) can be implemented to address environmental practices within the organisation. It is used to formally articulate environmental goals, to make choices that integrate the environment into production decisions, and to identify opportunities for pollution reduction and to implement plans to make continuous improvements (Khanna & Anton, 2002.) The two most widespread EMSs in Europe are ISO 14 001 and EMAS (Gonzalez, Sarkis & Adenso-Diaz, 2008).Green purchasing or green supply attempts to improve environmental performance of purchased inputs or of suppliers that provide them (Bowen et al., 2001). Green purchasing enables to specific issues, such as to reduction the waste produced, to substitute material through environmental sourcing of raw materials and to minimize the use of hazardous materials (Rao & Holt, 2005), e.g. through materials that are either recyclable or reusable, or have already been recycled. Supplier selection is an important decision at this stage. (Sarkis, 2003.) Supplier evaluation and development forms another important part of green purchasing (Zsidisin & Siferd, 2001). The survey study by Holt and Ghobadian (2009) revealed that over 50 % of UK manufacturers used informal supplier assessment and evaluation practices and over 30% used formal systems. Greener production is typically addressed through various types of environmental practices, such as pollution control, pollution prevention and product stewardship (Hart, 1995). It can be achieved by using renewable and recycled materials and by incorporating reverse logistics so that wasted generated in the production processes are processed and recycled into the production phase (Rao & Holt, 2005).There is a growing trend to outsource transport and logistics services to third party logistics service providers. Logistics service buyers increasingly ask for information on environmental performance of logistics service providers. (Wolf & Seuring, 2010.) Network design, planning and management are some of the pivotal issues to be considered by logistics service providers. Environmental sustainability usually calls for fewer shipments, less handling, shorter movements, more direct routes and better space utilization. Network design has an impact on fill rate, e.g. by increasing the size of warehouses, by centralizing distribution and by changing the location of warehouses. Consolidation is a central aspect to logistics systems on many levels, since consolidation of freight affects fleet size, vehicles, container and package sizes. (Aronsson & Huge-Brodin, 2006.) Other operational measures include e.g. educating and training drivers on eco-driving leads to reductions in fuel consumption (Helmreich, Bonilla, Akyelken, &Weiss, 2009).Although the supply chain to the retailers were optimized in terms ofenvironmental sustainability, the importance of mile deliveries cannot be underestimated. Browne, Rizet, Leonardi and Allen (2008) note that personal shopping trips can use more energy than the whole supply chain before, even if production is included. Hence, the consumers should be made aware of the environmental effects of their shopping behavior. Growing online retail can reduce these effects and retailers can actively aim at reducing their share by e.g. consolidating orders and by adopting off-peak/out-of-hours deliveries, allowing delivery vans to run more of their mileage at fuel-efficient speeds. (Edwards, McKinnon & Cullinane, 2009.)In the macro domain, the harmful effects of logistics have been recognized long ago. The transport strategy of the European Union highlights development needs towards sustainable transport and promotes multimodal and rail transport (European Commission white paper, 2011). Several policy instruments used by legislative bodies have long-term impacts on the supply chains. European commercial air transport and energy intensive manufacturing sectors are subject to the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).According to European Commission (2013a), the EU ETS is cornerstone of a cornerstone of the European Union's policy to combat climate change and its key tool for reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively. The system applies to emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from power plants, energy-intensive industry sectors and commercial airlines. The EU ETS works on the 'cap and trade' principle. A 'cap' refers to the limit of the total amount of certain greenhouse gases that can be emitted by the factories, power plants and other installations in the system.译文绿色物流:促进可持续发展（5000多字）贾恩. 法兰斯1. 引言物流是工商业的支柱。

3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文3D XXX years。

especially in the field of industrial product design。

The manufacturing of digital product models through 3D printing has e a trend and a hot topic。

With the gradual maturity of -level 3D printing devices。

the rise of the global 3D printing market has been promoted。

According to a research report by Global Industry Analysis Inc。

the global 3D printing market XXX n by 2018.2 The ns of 3D printingThe ns of 3D XXX。

In the medical field。

3D printing has been used to create prosthetics。

implants。

XXX industry。

3D printing has been used to create XXX industry。

3D printing has been used to create unique and XXX possibilities of 3D printing seem endless。

and it is expected to XXX industries.3 The future of 3D printingThe future of 3D printing is promising。

with the potential to transform the way we XXX 3D XXX advance。

外文翻译一：Technical trade barriers could sour China tiesContenmporary Economic Research 2004,(05)WUZhen With the international society for environmental protection of the people environmental protection consciousness wide attention and the unceasing enhancement, the westMany countries use the party, in this era of international trade transactions of a new kind of non-tariff measures - green trade barriers, to limit the other countries to get their products into the best interests of foreign trade. The green trade barriers is a double-edged sword, for China's economy and the development of environmental protection industry, challenging has opportunity. Therefore, our country should be in opposition to high levels of environmental standards, at the same time, and to adapt to the international trend of environmental protection, and adopt feasible measures to promote the sustainable development of China's foreign trade.Chinese tiesChina announced a trade surplus of US$26.9bn for June, a record not just in China, but worldwide. Exports grew by 27.1% year on year, to US$103.3bn, while，import growth fell to 14.2%. The lood of Chinese goods on world markets is credited with having suppressed inflationary pressures in the global economy. At the local level, however, governments have come under strengthening pressure from domestic business sectors to halt the flow of goods that erode their profit margins and, in extreme cases, threaten their survival.However, governments are sharply constrained in their choice of responses. As a member of the WTO, China is protected from the most direct methods for restricting trade flows: import tariffs and trade quotas.Alternatives such as persuading China to adopt self-imposed export restraints or higher export taxes are unlikely to prosper. This is partly because the government in Beijing has shown itself capable of resisting international moral suasion. But it is also because the central government is not always able to implement coherent policy that achieves specific aims without causing problems elsewhere.For instance, the announcement last monththat export-tax rebates would be reduced on arange ofproducts starting on July 1at mayhave contributed to the June surplus byencouraging exporters to beat the rush.Restrictions imposed on some productclassifications have seen manufacturers tweaktheir production to put their products in a newand unrestricted category.The government also lacks clout when it comes to making centrally-imposed regulations stick in the regions, where political and business interests are often closely aligned.barriers influenceThe only option remaining to governments seeking to slow the tide of imports is using non-tariff barriers such as technical and safety standards. Like tariffs and quotas, these are regulated by the WTO, but the rules allow national governments much greater leeway in their use, as long as they match the standards applied to domestic producers and are applied equally in all foreign countries.As a result,the number of objections to Chinese imports on safety, phytosanitary or technical grounds is likely to increase sharply over the coming years. The need for such measures is also likely to become a central dispute between domestic actors in affected economies, with producers for home markets lobbying against importers.As China’s economic and geopolitical emergenc e proceeds, there will also be growing popular pressure on politicians to defend national interests. If the recent growth phase in the world’s leading economies moderates sharply or is reversed, pressure to protect domestic jobs will also intensify. In both circumstances, barriers to trade will offer politicians a convenient weapon.The protectionists will find their argument strengthened by China’s own record on quality and health standards; shortcomings in this area have been brought increasingly to the fore recently, both at home and abroad.Dodgy solutionAs the latest trade figures show, attempts to slow the Chinese juggernaut—imposed both from within and without—have had little impact, and the same is likely to be true of non-tariff barriers. These may act to slow imports at the margins, but growth in China’s low-cost manufacturing base and the slow pace of revaluation of the currency mean that the flood of Chinese goods onto world markets is unlikely to be stemmed. However, rising antagonism in dealings between the major economies and China over trade has implications in other areas. The tenor of relations between China and the leading powers it appears destined to join will help to define the character of the new global power structure.A China that feels victimised, resented and misrepresented will be more defensive and less likely to engage in global affairs in a cooperative way. Elsewhere, satisfying domestic lobbies threatened by China’s rise could encourage protectionist leanings more broadly, helping to sour the global trade negotiating process and denying the global economy the benefits of freer trade. Neither is China defenceless against an onslaught of technical barriers to trade; China has a long history of imposing retaliatory (and in some cases vastly disproportionate) phytosanitary and safety sanctions on countries that seek to obstruct its trade. When, in 2005,South Korea cited health concerns to ban the sale of Chinese Kimchi, a traditional Korean dish imbued with semi-magical properties, China retaliated by threatening imports of cars and mobile phones from Korea. Japan and the US have also been subject to a number of such measures.技术贸易壁垒对中国的关系来源：当代经济研究作者：武振时间：2004，（05）随着国际社会对环境保护的广泛关注和人们环保意识的不断增强，西方不少国家利用这一时代要求，在国际贸易交易中实行了一种新的非关税壁垒措施—绿色贸易壁垒,来限制其他国家产品的进入以获取本国对外贸易的最大利益。

贸易壁垒中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应分析摘要技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。

TBT对出口国出口贸易的影响主要通过数量抑制和价格抑制两个方面来实现。

在短期内,TBT将会阻碍出口国企业的出口,导致生产者福利的损失;但在中长期内,出口国若能对TBT进行合理的管理和利用,则TBT可能会促使出口国企业的产品与技术创新动力,从而对出口国贸易条件的改善具有促进作用。

关键词: 技术性贸易壁垒;数量抑制;价格抑制;消费者效应;产业效应技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是指一国或一个区域组织以维护国家或区域基本安全、保障人类健康和安全、保护动植物健康和安全、保护环境、防止欺诈行为、保证产品质量等为由而采取的一些强制性或自愿性的技术性措施,这些措施对其他国家或区域组织的商品、服务和投资进入该国或该区域市场产生影响。

技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。

1 TBT的作用机制分析从技术贸易壁垒的作用机制来看,一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品数量的作用，即数量抑制机制另一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品价格的作用，即价格抑制机制。

1.1数量抑制效应当技术性要求标准较低时,商品或服务都因达到或超过规定的技术性要求而被允许进口。

但当进口国将进口品技术性要求提高时,商品或服务因为低于技术要求而被拒绝进口。

技术性要求的提高明显构成了对进口品的贸易障碍,产生对进口品的数量控制作用,。

1.2价格抑制效应出口商品或服务的质量由于没能达到进口国的最低标准而未获得进口许可,此时,如果出口企业仍想留在进口市场,就只有通过增加投资对产品或服务进行技术改进,出口企业为保住市场不得不改进技术调整生产或服务过程而付出额外费用使之达到新的要求，这样就导致了该产品或服务的单位成本提高，企业要想获得正常利润必须把价格提高,。

绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响外文文献翻译—中英对照毕业论文外文资料翻译题目绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响学院经济学院专业国际经济与贸易班级国贸0712学生李聪敬学号20072205031指导教师刘玉刚二?一一年四月二十二日Journal of Economic Surveys, 2006, 11: 24-25・Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on Chins's Foreign Trade Thomas J ・ SargentABSTRACT In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection.Key words:Green Barriers; products; TradeIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumptionin many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmentai protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influenceson the export of developing countries and are generally known as ，z Green Barriers to trade'"・ In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, ，z Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products・1・ Analysis on the causes of formation ofGreen Trade Barriers^ Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers^・With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved・ But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment・ The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment・In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment・ From then on, more and more people concern about the environmental problems・ The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very strict environmental protection rules under the pressure of public, which forms a barrier to the international trade・Secondly, the differences between countries in technology, environmental standards and investment directly cause the "Green Trade Barriers^・ As we know, developed countries surpass the developing countries in science and technologyEven if they make very strict environmental standards, theirdomestic products can reach the requirements of strict environmental standards while such standards may constitute barriers to products from developing countries・ In fact, these standards may become discriminations against products from the developing countries and constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between country.Thirdly, the rise of protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green barriers・ In modern market economy, competition is more severe than before・ The domestic industries are directly facing competition from the products of other countries, and they will urge their governments to take effective measures to protect them from the foreign productsWhile because of the multilateral negotiations of WTO, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tariff measures has also been restricted ・ Therefore, many developed countries have to resort to some legal restrictions ofimportation such as Green barriers to protect their home industries, which gives rise to the increase of Green barriers ・2. The main forms of Green barriers tradeIn accordance with the related provisions of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade, the Green barriers are usually in the forms as follows: Green TariffSome developed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harms to the environment ・ If such measure is abused, it will constitute a Green barrier to trade ・Green StandardsGreen standards refer to those compulsory Green standards providedthrough legislation. With their superiority in economy and technology, tend to make higher Green standards with no interests of the developing countries ・ Such high in factconstitute a barrier to the products from which areinferior in technology.2. 3 Package RequirementsCertain developed countries stress too much on the protection ofenvironment and require the products should be packed with materials that will have no harm to the environment ・ If the products are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries ・ If such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the international trade ・developed countries consideration on the Green standards will developing countries2.4 Sanitary and quarantine inspection systemOn the excuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and Quarantine inspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect their domestic industries・3.Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign tradeChina has suffered great loss due to the "Green barriers〃・In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down・ Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union EU because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU・ Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU・In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to "Green barriers trade"・China's export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers・Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion:"Green barriers to trade" has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.4・ Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countriesAs mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Greenbarriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss・ Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures・ First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier・ According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries・So, as a developing member of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect her interests・ Different from GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members ofWTO. So, if our interests are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to set tie t his dispute and urge other members to change their unfair practices so as to protect our interests ・ Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to improve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally solve the problem of Green barriers・References[1Z John, Smith・2007, Green trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics , 4, 34-56・[2^ Anderson, J・ L・,2001, The Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356・[31 Gallagher, R・，2003, International Trade in Agricultural Products, Journal of General Management, 3, 1, 43-62・经济研究杂志，2006, 11: 24-27.绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响萨金特莱斯大学经济管理学院摘要:近年来,绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。

绿色壁垒名词解释绿色壁垒是指某些国家或地区为了保护本国或本地区的环境和生态系统，对进口商品的环境和生态标准设置的一种非关税贸易壁垒。

具体来说，绿色壁垒要求进口商品符合一定的环境和生态标准，否则将被禁止进口或受到限制。

在全球化的经济发展下，各国之间进行国际贸易成为常态，进口商品数量急剧增加。

然而，部分进口商品可能存在环境违规、生态破坏等问题，给本国或本地区的环境和生态系统带来威胁。

为了保护本国或本地区的环境和生态系统，一些国家或地区开始实施绿色壁垒措施。

绿色壁垒的实施通常包括以下几个方面：1. 环境标准：要求进口商品在制造和运输过程中符合一定的环境标准，包括废物排放、能源消耗、水资源利用等。

进口商品需要提供证明材料或通过认证才能进入市场。

2. 生态标准：要求进口商品在生产和采购过程中对生态系统造成的影响较小，比如要求商品的原材料来源可持续、不损害生态保护区、不破坏物种多样性等。

3. 绿色认证：要求进口商品通过绿色认证，证明其符合一定的环境和生态标准。

绿色认证机构会对商品进行评估和检测，只有通过认证的商品才能进入市场。

4. 绿色采购政策：政府或公共机构在采购商品时优先选择符合环境和生态标准的商品，鼓励企业生产和供应绿色商品。

绿色壁垒的实施可以有效地提高进口商品的环境和生态质量，保护本国或本地区的环境和生态系统。

然而，绿色壁垒也可能对贸易造成一定的负面影响，增加了进口商品的成本和贸易障碍，导致一些国家或地区的出口受限。

因此，绿色壁垒的实施需要在保护环境和生态的基础上，兼顾贸易自由和公平。

各国或地区可以加强合作，通过制定统一的环境和生态标准，建立共同的认证机制等，实现绿色壁垒的协调和一体化，促进可持续发展和全球环境保护。

绿色壁垒名词解释绿色壁垒(green barrier，简称“绿色”壁垒)又称环境壁垒。

是指一国为维护其正常的环境与自然资源而采取的法律、经济甚至军事等多方面限制的手段。

目前，国际上普遍将使用国内法设置的贸易壁垒称之为“绿色壁垒”，而将依靠立法、行政、管理和宣传等设置的贸易壁垒称为“非绿色壁垒”。

Green barrier指一国或一地区为了保护本国的环境和利用外资而在进口商品中附加的对环境与自然资源的保护性限制性措施。

包括自然资源与生态环境两方面，因此可以称为“环境壁垒”。

它是为保护本国环境和利用外资而设置的非关税壁垒。

设置绿色壁垒最主要的是采取相应的措施来控制污染，即采取保护环境的有效措施，通过立法、行政和技术等手段实现。

绿色壁垒涉及面广，包括污染控制、产品标准、劳工标准、原料检验、卫生检疫、公害对策、资源利用与开发、市场准入、国民待遇、贸易政策、投资政策、贸易手段、法律法规等诸多领域。

绿色壁垒是一种合理有效的贸易保护形式，它既符合环保要求，又能达到保护本国环境和资源的目的，对消费者的健康和安全也能起到一定的保护作用，对于维护本国产业的国际竞争力具有重要意义。

相关词汇：进口壁垒、绿色壁垒、外贸壁垒、出口壁垒，绿色壁垒分类有三种：物理性绿色壁垒；化学性绿色壁垒；生物性绿色壁垒。

以物理性绿色壁垒为例：包括进口国实行进口许可证制度和强制性标准等，是指进口国所规定的影响国外产品进入本国市场的技术性措施和管理措施。

物理性绿色壁垒的特点是表现形式多样，而且经常变动，如：各国实行的进口许可证制度(一般为进口商品必须获得进口国政府颁发的许可证)；政府对进口的产品征收高额关税、提高检验标准、规定进口配额或者其他数量限制；对于污染严重、破坏环境的产品，限制或禁止进口；对原材料、零部件、元器件实行全球性的许可证制度；禁止或限制外国的转口商进口本国已经或即将消费的产品等。

绿色壁垒有以下几种类型：(1)自愿性绿色壁垒；(2)非关税壁垒；(3)关税壁垒；(4)绿色贸易壁垒。