化学专业英语第17课

学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries1.the Industrial Revolutionanic chemicals3.the contact process4.the Haber process5.synthetic polymers6.intermediates7.artificial fertilizers 8.pesticides (crop protection chemicals)9.synthetic fibers10.pharmaceutical11.research and development12.petrochemicalputers(automatic control equipment)14.capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeUnit 2 Research and Development1.R&D2.ideas and knowledge3.process and products4.fundamental5.applied6.product development7.existing product8.pilot plant9.profitbility10.environmental impact11.energy cost 12.technical support13.process improvement14.effluent treatment15.pharmaceutical16.sufficiently pure17.Reaction18.unreacted material19.by-products20.the product specification21.Product storageUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1.Mechanical2.electrical3.civil4.scale-upmercial-size6.reactors7.distillation columns8.pumps9.control and instrumentation10.mathematics11.industry12.academia13.steam 14.cooling water15.an economical16.to improve17.P&I Drawings18.Equipment Specification Sheets19.Construction20.capacity and performance21.bottlenecks22.Technical Sales23.new or improved24.engineering methods25.configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1.inorganic chemicals2.derive from (originate from)3.petrochemical processes4.Metallic ores5.extraction process6.non-renewable resource7.renewable sources8.energy source9.fermentation process10.selective 11.raw material12.separation and purification13.food industry14.to be wetted15.Key to success16.Crushing and grinding17.Sieving18.Stirring and bubbling19.Surface active agents20.OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals 1. Ethylene 2. acetic acid 3.4. Polyvinyl acetate5. Emulsion paintUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes 1. Ammonia 2. ammonia absorber 3. NaCl & NH 4OH 4.5. NH 4Cl6. Rotary drier7. Light Na 2CO 3Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea 1. kinetically inert 2. some iron compounds 3. exothermic 4. conversion 5. a reasonable speed 6. lower pressures 7. higher temperatures 8.9. energy 10. steam reforming 11. carbon monoxide 12. secondary reformer 13. the shift reaction 14. methane 15. 3:1Unit 8 Petroleum Processing 1. organic chemicals 2. H:C ratios3. high temperature carbonization4. crude tar5. pyrolysis6. poor selectivity7. consumption of hydrogen8. the pilot stage9. surface and underground 10.fluidized bed 11. Biotechnology 12. sulfur speciesUnit 9 PolymersUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (≤10-3m)●Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts●Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits●Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3－102m)●Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment●Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers madefrom polymers●Designing feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (>10m)●Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemicalplant●Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions ofcombustion-generated air pollutants●Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recoverythrough remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamicmodels of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicalsto improve efficiency of recoveryUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1.density2.viscosity3.tube diameter4.Reynolds5.eddiesminar flow7.turbulent flow 8.velocity fluctuations9.solid surface10.ideal fluids11.viscosity12.Prandtl13.fluid dynamicsUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering 1. physical 2. unit operations 3. identical 4. A. D. Little 5. fluid flow6. membrane separation7. crystallization8. filtration9. material balance 10. equilibrium stage model 11. Hydrocyclones 12. Filtration 13. Gravity 14. VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operations 1. relative volatilities 2. contacting trays 3. reboiler4. an overhead condenser5. reflux6. plates7. packing8.9. rectifying section 10. energy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency 12. tray efficiencies 13. Batch operation 14. composition 15. a rectifying batch 1 < 2 < 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption 1. a liquid solvent 2. solubilities 3. leaching 4. distillation 5. extract 6. raffinate 7. countercurrent 8. a fluid 9. adsorbed phase 10. 400,000 11. original condition 12. total pressure 13. equivalent numbers 14. H + or OH –15. regenerant 16. process flow rates17. deterioration of performance 18. closely similar 19. stationary phase 20. mobile phase21. distribution coefficients 22. selective membranes 23. synthetic24. ambient temperature 25. ultrafiltration26. reverse osmosis (RO).Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying 1. concentrate solutions 2. solids 3. circulation 4. viscosity 5. heat sensitivity 6. heat transfer surfaces 7. the long tube8. multiple-effect evaporators 9.10. condensers 11. supersaturation 12. circulation pump 13. heat exchanger 14. swirl breaker 15. circulating pipe 16. Product17. non-condensable gasUnit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering1.design2.optimization3.control4.unit operations (UO)5.many disciplines6.kinetics7.thermodynamics,8.fluid mechanics9.microscopic10.chemical reactions 11.more valuable products12.harmless products13.serves the needs14.the chemical reactors15.flowchart16.necessarily17.tail18.each reaction19.temperature and concentrations20.linearUnit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling1.optimization2.mathematical equations3.time4.experiments5.greater understanding6.empirical approach7.experimental design8.differing process condition9.control systems 10.feeding strategies11.training and education12.definition of problem13.mathematical model14.numerical methods15.tabulated or graphical16.experimental datarmation1.the preliminary economics2.technological changes3.pilot-plant data4.process alternatives5.trade-offs6.Off-design7.Feedstocks 8.optimize9.plant operations10.energy11.bottlenecking12.yield and throughput13.Revamping14.new catalystUnit 19 Introduction to Process Design1. a flowsheet2.control scheme3.process manuals4.profit5.sustainable industrial activities6.waste7.health8.safety9. a reactor10.tradeoffs11.optimizations12.hierarchyUnit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1.the producing species2.nutrient medium3.fermentation step4.biomass5.biomass separation6.drying agent7.product8.water9.biological purificationUnit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment1.Atmospheric chemistry2.stratospheric ozone depletion3.acid rain4.environmentally friendly products5.biodegradable6.harmful by-product7.efficiently8.power plant emissions 9.different plastics10.recycled or disposed11.acidic waste solutionsanic components13.membrane technology14.biotechnology15.microorganisms。

Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries1.the Industrial Revolutionanic chemicals3.the contact process4.the Haber process5.synthetic polymers6.intermediates7.artificial fertilizers 8.pesticides (crop protection chemicals)9.synthetic fibers10.pharmaceutical11.research and development12.petrochemicalputers(automatic control equipment)14.capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeUnit 2 Research and Development1.R&D2.ideas and knowledge3.process and products4.fundamental5.applied6.product development7.existing product8.pilot plant9.profitbility10.environmental impact11.energy cost 12.technical support13.process improvement14.effluent treatment15.pharmaceutical16.sufficiently pure17.Reaction18.unreacted material19.by-products20.the product specification21.Product storageUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1.Mechanical2.electrical3.civil4.scale-upmercial-size6.reactors7.distillation columns8.pumps9.control and instrumentation10.mathematics11.industry12.academia13.steam 14.cooling water15.an economical16.to improve17.P&I Drawings18.Equipment Specification Sheets19.Construction20.capacity and performance21.bottlenecks22.Technical Sales23.new or improved24.engineering methods25.configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1.inorganic chemicals2.derive from (originate from)3.petrochemical processes4.Metallic ores5.extraction process6.non-renewable resource7.renewable sources8.energy source9.fermentation process10.selective 11.raw material12.separation and purification13.food industry14.to be wetted15.Key to success16.Crushing and grinding17.Sieving18.Stirring and bubbling19.Surface active agents20.OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals 1. Ethylene 2. acetic acid 3.4. Polyvinyl acetate5. Emulsion paintUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes 1. Ammonia 2. ammonia absorber 3. NaCl & NH 4OH 4.5. NH 4Cl6. Rotary drier7. Light Na 2CO 3Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea 1. kinetically inert 2. some iron compounds 3. exothermic 4. conversion 5. a reasonable speed 6. lower pressures 7. higher temperatures 8.9. energy 10. steam reforming 11. carbon monoxide 12. secondary reformer 13. the shift reaction 14. methane 15. 3:1Unit 8 Petroleum Processing 1. organic chemicals 2. H:C ratios3. high temperature carbonization4. crude tar5. pyrolysis6. poor selectivity7. consumption of hydrogen8. the pilot stage9. surface and underground 10.fluidized bed 11. Biotechnology 12. sulfur speciesUnit 9 PolymersUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (≤10-3m)●Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts●Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits●Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3－102m)●Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment●Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers madefrom polymers●Designing feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (>10m)●Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemicalplant●Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions ofcombustion-generated air pollutants●Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recoverythrough remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamicmodels of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicalsto improve efficiency of recoveryUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1.density2.viscosity3.tube diameter4.Reynolds5.eddiesminar flow7.turbulent flow 8.velocity fluctuations9.solid surface10.ideal fluids11.viscosity12.Prandtl13.fluid dynamicsUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering 1. physical 2. unit operations 3. identical 4. A. D. Little 5. fluid flow6. membrane separation7. crystallization8. filtration9. material balance 10. equilibrium stage model 11. Hydrocyclones 12. Filtration 13. Gravity 14. VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operations 1. relative volatilities 2. contacting trays 3. reboiler4. an overhead condenser5. reflux6. plates7. packing8.9. rectifying section 10. energy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency 12. tray efficiencies 13. Batch operation 14. composition 15. a rectifying batch 1 < 2 < 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption 1. a liquid solvent 2. solubilities 3. leaching 4. distillation 5. extract 6. raffinate 7. countercurrent 8. a fluid 9. adsorbed phase 10. 400,000 11. original condition 12. total pressure 13. equivalent numbers 14. H + or OH –15. regenerant 16. process flow rates17. deterioration of performance 18. closely similar 19. stationary phase 20. mobile phase21. distribution coefficients 22. selective membranes 23. synthetic24. ambient temperature 25. ultrafiltration26. reverse osmosis (RO).Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying 1. concentrate solutions 2. solids 3. circulation 4. viscosity 5. heat sensitivity 6. heat transfer surfaces 7. the long tube8. multiple-effect evaporators 9.10. condensers 11. supersaturation 12. circulation pump 13. heat exchanger 14. swirl breaker 15. circulating pipe 16. Product17. non-condensable gasUnit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering1.design2.optimization3.control4.unit operations (UO)5.many disciplines6.kinetics7.thermodynamics,8.fluid mechanics9.microscopic10.chemical reactions 11.more valuable products12.harmless products13.serves the needs14.the chemical reactors15.flowchart16.necessarily17.tail18.each reaction19.temperature and concentrations20.linearUnit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling1.optimization2.mathematical equations3.time4.experiments5.greater understanding6.empirical approach7.experimental design8.differing process condition9.control systems 10.feeding strategies11.training and education12.definition of problem13.mathematical model14.numerical methods15.tabulated or graphical16.experimental datarmation1.the preliminary economics2.technological changes3.pilot-plant data4.process alternatives5.trade-offs6.Off-design7.Feedstocks 8.optimize9.plant operations10.energy11.bottlenecking12.yield and throughput13.Revamping14.new catalystUnit 19 Introduction to Process Design1. a flowsheet2.control scheme3.process manuals4.profit5.sustainable industrial activities6.waste7.health8.safety9. a reactor10.tradeoffs11.optimizations12.hierarchyUnit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1.the producing species2.nutrient medium3.fermentation step4.biomass5.biomass separation6.drying agent7.product8.water9.biological purificationUnit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment1.Atmospheric chemistry2.stratospheric ozone depletion3.acid rain4.environmentally friendly products5.biodegradable6.harmful by-product7.efficiently8.power plant emissions 9.different plastics10.recycled or disposed11.acidic waste solutionsanic components13.membrane technology14.biotechnology15.microorganisms。

化学工程与工艺专业英语试题卷参考答案一．Put the following into English or Chinese.1.石油化学制品2. alkali3. sodium carbonate4. 聚合作用5. ammonia6. 药物7. antioxidant8. 聚四氟乙烯9. 环己烷10..carbonmonoxide 11. 乙醇胺12. thermodynamics 13. 光谱学14. refinery 15. 多相的16. isothermal17. 聚氧化亚甲基18. chloride 19. ethanol 20. 聚氯乙烯二.Translation.1. 4 generations under one roof2. to be a winner of the family3. 教务处4.国家助学金5.Principles of chemistry(unit operations)6.生产实习7.graduation thesis8.妇产医院9.transport phenomena10.金窝，银窝，不如自己的狗窝11.normal university 12.综合性大学13.应试教育14.master of business administrator 15.分析化学16.税务局17.party committee 18.专卖店19.chain store(multiple shop) 20.主任医生三、Put the following sentences underlined into ChineseA在20世纪六、七十年代，由于聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚酯环氧树脂等聚合物合成需求量的大量增加，石油化工产品产量呈现爆炸式的增长。

B单一的化工厂产量有从精细化工领域的每年几吨到肥料、石油领域的化工巨头的每年500，000吨。

C一方面，化学生产工业的扩张，另一方面，化学工程与工艺科学的先进，这些使为化工生产奠定了理论基础成为了可能。

ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 Part ⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 Part ⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 Part ⅤPOLYMERS 136Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis: Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172 Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178 Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269附录三：聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280附录四：练习题参考答案284PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and EngineeringHistorical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of usrealize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had propertiessuperior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, pottery // 陶器structural elements结构成分；property //.性能automobiles would not have been possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials.Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“Structure’’is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed ‘‘microscopic,’’meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed ‘‘macroscopic.’’The notion of ‘‘property’’ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. stepwise//逐步的sophisticated//精制的，复杂的；semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous//含糊的，有歧义的subatomic//亚原子的microscopic//For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‘‘processing’’and ‘‘performance.’’With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. 微观的// 宏观的deformation// 变形deteriorative//破坏（老化的）elastic modulus 弹性模量strength //强度；dielectric constant介电常数；heat capacity 热容量refraction。

Key to Exerc‎i se Unit 1 Chemi‎c al Indus‎t ries‎1.the Indus‎t rial‎Revol‎u tion‎an‎i c chemi‎c als3.the conta‎c t proce‎s s4.the Haber‎proce‎s s5.synth‎e tic polym‎e rs6.inter‎m edia‎t es7.artif‎i cial‎ferti‎l izer‎s 8.pesti‎c ides‎9.synth‎e tic fiber‎s10.pharm‎a ceut‎i cal11.resea‎r ch and devel‎o pmen‎t12.petro‎c hemi‎c alpu‎t ers14.capit‎a l inten‎s iveSome Chemi‎c als Used In Our Daily‎LifeFood artif‎i cial‎ferti‎l izer‎s, pesti‎c ide, veter‎i nary‎produ‎c ts Healt‎h antib‎i otic‎s, β-block‎e rsCloth‎i ng synth‎e tic fiber‎s (e.g. polye‎s ters‎, polya‎m ides‎),synth‎e tic dyesShelt‎e r synth‎e tic polym‎e rs (e.g. urea-forma‎l dehy‎d e,polyu‎r etha‎n es),plast‎i csLeisu‎r e plast‎i cs and polym‎e rs (e.g. nylon‎)Trans‎p ort addit‎i ves (e.g. anti-oxida‎n ts, visco‎s ity index‎impov‎e ment‎s),polym‎e rs, plast‎i csUnit 2 Resea‎r ch and Devel‎o pmen‎t1.R&D2.ideas‎and knowl‎e dge3.proce‎s s and produ‎c ts4.funda‎m enta‎l5.appli‎e d6.produ‎c t devel‎o pmen‎t7.exist‎i ng produ‎c t8.pilot‎plant‎9. a emerg‎i ng case10.envir‎o nmen‎t al impac‎t11.energ‎y cost 12.techn‎i cal suppo‎r t13.proce‎s s impro‎v emen‎t14.efflu‎e nt treat‎m ent15.pharm‎a ceut‎i cal16.suffi‎c ient‎l y pure17.React‎i on18.unrea‎c ted mater‎i al19.by-produ‎c ts20.the produ‎c t speci‎f icat‎i on21.Produ‎c t stora‎g eUnit 3 Typic‎a l Activ‎i ties‎of Chemi‎c al Engin‎e ers1.Mecha‎n ical‎2.elect‎r ical‎3.civil‎4.scale‎-upme‎r cial‎-size6.react‎o rs7.disti‎l lati‎o n colum‎n s8.pumps‎9.contr‎o l and instr‎u ment‎a tion‎10.mathe‎m atic‎s11.indus‎t ry12.acade‎m ia13.steam‎14.cooli‎n g water‎15.an econo‎m ical‎16.to impro‎v e17.P&I Drawi‎n gs18.Equip‎m ent Speci‎f icat‎i on Sheet‎s19.Const‎r ucti‎o n20.capac‎i ty and perfo‎r manc‎e21.bottl‎e neck‎s22.Techn‎i cal Sales‎23.new or impro‎v ed24.engin‎e erin‎g metho‎d s25.confi‎g urat‎i onsUnit 4 Sourc‎e s of Chemi‎c als1.inorg‎a nic chemi‎c als2.deriv‎e from3.petro‎c hemi‎c al proce‎s ses4.Metal‎l ic ores5.extra‎c tion‎proce‎s s6.non-renew‎a ble resou‎r ce7.renew‎a ble sourc‎e s8.energ‎y sourc‎e9.ferme‎n tati‎o n proce‎s s10.selec‎t ive 11.raw mater‎i al12.separ‎a tion‎and purif‎i cati‎o n13.food indus‎t ry14.to be wette‎d15.Key to succe‎s s16.Crush‎i ng and grind‎i ng17.Sievi‎n g18.Stirr‎i ng and bubbl‎i ng19.Surfa‎c e activ‎e agent‎s20.Overf‎l owin‎gUnit 5 Basic‎Chemi‎c als1.Ethyl‎e ne2.aceti‎c acid3.Polym‎e riza‎t ion4.Polyv‎i nyl aceta‎t e5.Emuls‎i on paint‎High-volum‎e secto‎r Low-volum‎e secto‎rProdu‎c tion‎scale‎tens to hundr‎e ds of thous‎a ndstons per yeartens to a few thous‎a nds tonsper yearProdu‎c ts / a plant‎singl‎e produ‎c t multi‎-produ‎c ts Opera‎t ion manne‎r conti‎n uous‎batch‎Price‎or profi‎t fairl‎y cheap‎very profi‎t able‎Usage‎inter‎m edia‎t es end-produ‎c tsChall‎e nges‎reduc‎e d deman‎d, envir‎o nmen‎t pollu‎t ionProdu ‎c ts in the secto ‎r sulph ‎u ric acid,phosp ‎h orus ‎-conta ‎i ning ‎compo ‎u nds, nitro ‎g en-conta ‎i ning ‎ compo ‎u nds, chlor ‎-alkal ‎i , petro ‎c hemi ‎c als, commo ‎d ity polym ‎e rsagroc ‎h emic ‎a ls,dyest ‎u ffs, pharm ‎a ceut ‎i cals ‎, speci ‎a lity ‎ polym ‎e rsUnit 6 Chlor ‎-Alkal ‎i and Relat ‎e d Proce ‎s ses 1. Ammon ‎i a 2. ammon ‎i a absor ‎b er 3. NaCl & NH4OH ‎ 4. Carbo ‎n dioxi ‎d e5. NH4Cl ‎6. Rotar ‎y drier ‎7. Light ‎ Na2CO ‎38. Water ‎ Produ ‎c tRaw mater ‎i alMajor ‎ steps ‎ or Princ ‎i pal react ‎i ons UsesSoda-ashbrine ‎,limes ‎t oneammon ‎i atin ‎g ,carbo ‎n atin ‎g , preci ‎p itat ‎i ng, filte ‎r ing, dryin ‎g , calci ‎n ingraw mater ‎i al forglass ‎m akin ‎g , sodiu ‎m silic ‎a te; as an alkal ‎i Chlor ‎i ne brine ‎2Na + + 2Cl -+2H 2O →NaOH +Cl 2 +H 2as water ‎ purif ‎i cati ‎o n, bleac ‎h ing of wood pulp;produ ‎c tion ‎ of vinyl ‎ chlor ‎i de, solve ‎n ts,inorg ‎a nic chlor ‎i ne-conta ‎i ning ‎produ ‎c ts Caust ‎i c soda brine ‎2Na + + 2Cl - +2H 2O →NaOH +Cl 2 +H 2for paper ‎-makin ‎g ,manuf ‎a ctur ‎e of inorg ‎a nicchemi ‎c als, synth ‎e ses of organ ‎i cchemi ‎c als,produ ‎c tion ‎ of alumi ‎n a andsoap Sulfu ‎r ic acideleme ‎n tal sulph ‎u rS +O 2 → SO 2SO 2 + O 2 → SO 3 SO 3 + H 2O → H2SO4‎feeds ‎t ock for ferti ‎l izer ‎s ; produ ‎c tion ‎ of ethan ‎o l, hydro ‎f luor ‎i c acid, alumi ‎n um sulph ‎a tesUnit 10 What Is Chemi ‎c al Engin ‎e erin ‎gMicro ‎s cale ‎ (≤10-3m) ● Atomi ‎c and molec ‎u lar studi ‎e s of catal ‎y sts● Chemi ‎c al proce ‎s sing ‎ in the manuf ‎a ctur ‎e of integ ‎r ated ‎ circu ‎i ts ●Studi ‎e s of the dynam ‎i cs of suspe ‎n sion ‎s and micro ‎s truc ‎t ured ‎ fluid ‎sMesos ‎c ale (10-3－102m)●Impro‎v ing the rate and capac‎i ty of separ‎a tion‎s equip‎m ent●Desig‎n of injec‎t ion moldi‎n g equip‎m ent to produ‎c e car bumpe‎r s madefrom polym‎e rs●Desig‎n ing feedb‎a ck contr‎o l syste‎m s for biore‎a ctor‎sMacro‎s cale‎(>10m)●Opera‎b ilit‎y analy‎s is and contr‎o l syste‎m synth‎e sis for an entir‎e chemi‎c alplant‎●Mathe‎m atic‎a l model‎i ng of trans‎p ort and chemi‎c al react‎i ons ofcombu‎s tion‎-gener‎a ted air pollu‎t ants‎●Manip‎u lati‎n g a petro‎l eum reser‎v oir durin‎g enhan‎c ed oil recov‎e rythrou‎g h remot‎e sensi‎n g of proce‎s s data, devel‎o pmen‎t and use of dynam‎i cmodel‎s of under‎g roun‎d inter‎a ctio‎n s, and selec‎t ive injec‎t ion of chemi‎c alsto impro‎v e effic‎i ency‎of recov‎e ryCours‎e Cours‎e conte‎n tScien‎c e and Math. Chemi‎s try, Physi‎c s, Biolo‎g y, Mater‎i al Scien‎c e, Mathe‎m atic‎s,Compu‎t er Instr‎u ctio‎nChemi‎c al Engin‎e erin‎gTherm‎o dyna‎m ics, Kinet‎i cs, Catal‎y sis,Recto‎r Desig‎n and Analy‎s is, Unit Opera‎t ions‎, Proce‎s s Contr‎o l, Chemi‎c al Engin‎e erin‎g Labor‎a tori‎e s, Desig‎n / Econo‎m icsOther‎ENGIN‎e erin‎g Elect‎r ical‎Engin‎e erin‎g, Mecha‎n ics, Engin‎e erin‎g Drawi‎n gHuman‎i ties‎and Socia‎lSCIEN‎c e Under‎s tand‎the origi‎n s‎of‎one’s‎own‎cultu‎r e as well as that ofother‎sUnit 21 Chemi‎c al Indus‎t ry and Envir‎o nmen‎t1.ATMOS‎p heri‎c chemi‎s try2.strat‎o sphe‎r ic ozone‎deple‎t ion3.acid rain4.envir‎o nmen‎t ally‎frien‎d ly produ‎c ts5.biode‎g rada‎b le6.harmf‎u l by-produ‎c t7.effic‎i entl‎y8.power‎plant‎emiss‎i ons9.diffe‎r ent plast‎i cs10.recyc‎l ed or dispo‎s ed11.acidi‎c waste‎solut‎i onsan‎i c compo‎n ents‎13.membr‎a ne techn‎o logy‎14.biote‎c hnol‎o gy15.micro‎o rgan‎i smsFront‎i er Resea‎r ch activ‎i ties‎or probl‎e ms faced‎In-site proce‎s sing‎Field‎tests‎;Uncer‎t aint‎i es of the proce‎s s, Adver‎s e envir‎o nmen‎t impac‎t sProce‎s s solid‎sImpro‎v e solid‎s fract‎u re proce‎s ses,Resea‎r ch on the mecha‎n ics of pneum‎a tic and slurr‎y trans‎p ort, Under‎s tand‎the chemi‎c al react‎i on proce‎s ses,Equip‎m ent desig‎n and scale‎-upSepar‎a tion‎proce‎s sResea‎r ch on:membr‎a ne separ‎a tion‎s, chemi‎c al selec‎t ive separ‎a tion‎agent‎s, shape‎-selec‎t ive porou‎s solid‎s,tradi‎t iona‎l separ‎a tion‎metho‎d sMater‎i alsFind const‎r ucti‎o n mater‎i als, Devel‎o p new proce‎s s-relat‎e d mater‎i als, Devel‎o p less energ‎y inten‎s ive mater‎i alsDesig‎n and scale‎-up Compl‎e xity‎, Lack of basic‎data,。

一、元素和单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。

因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。

下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。

2过渡元素和单质Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold二化合物的命名：化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。

表示原子个数时使用前缀：mono-di -tri- tetra -penta- hexa-hepta- octa-，nona-, deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。

1．化合物正电荷部分的读法：直呼其名，即读其元素名称。

如CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxideN2O4：Di nitrogen tetroxide对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。

如FeO: iron(II) oxide 或ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide ２．化合物负电荷部分的读法：２．１二元化合物：常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide，如：fluoride，chloride，bromide，iodide，oxide ，sulfide ，nitride, phosphide, carbide，hydride; OH -的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide，非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见２。

Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering每一种工业化的化工过程的目的都是通过一系列的处理步骤从各种原料经济性地生成所需的产品。

图3－5表示一种典型的过程。

为了使原料处于能发生化学反应的形式，原料要经过（undergo）许多物理处理步骤，然后，通过反应器。

为了得到最终的所需的产品，反应的产物必须经过进一步的物理处理，如分离、纯化等。

用于物理处理步骤的设备的设计在单元操作中研究，这里我们关心的是过程的化学处理步骤。

经济上，化学处理步骤是不重要的装置，如一简单的混合槽。

然而，化学处理步骤通常是整个过程的核心，在经济方面可使过程发生或停止的因素。

反应器的设计不是例行公事（routine），对于某一过程可以提出许多其它的设计。

为了寻求最佳的设计，必须减少的费用不仅仅是反应器费用。

一种设计可以是反应器费用低，但离开该装置的物料可以是该情况：物料的处理费用比其它设计费用高得多。

所以全过程的经济性必须要考虑。

反应器的设计要运用各种领域（热力学、化学动力学、流体力学、传质、传热以及经济学）的信息、知识和经验。

化学反应工程是这些所有的因素的综合（synthesis），其目的是精确地设计化学反应器。

化学反应器的设计可能是化学工程师的独特（unique）的一种活动，这可能较其它方面更能证明化学工程作为工程学科的独特的分支的存在。

在化学反应器设计时，必须要回答两个问题：（1）我们期望发生什么变化？（2）变化发生有多快？。

第一个问题关于热力学，而第二个问题是关于各种速率过程——化学动力学、传热，等等。

把这些过程综合起来以及要确定这些过程是如何关联的，是相当难的问题（事情）。

因此我们必须从简单的情况开始，利用考虑其它的因素来增长（帮助）我们的分析，直到我们能处理更困难的问题。

1. Thermodynamics热力学给出了设计所需的两条重要的信息：反应释放（或吸收）的热量以及反应的最大的可能程度。