新托福TPO8阅读原文及译文(二)Extinction of the Dinosaurs

第一篇：The Rise of Teotihuacán(TPO8)Teotihuacán An ancient city of central Mexico northeast of present-day Mexico City. Its ruins include the Pyramid of the Sun and the Temple of Quetzalcoatl.rise[raɪz]n.上升, 上涨, 增加v.上升; 上涨; 升起; 升高; 使飞起height[haɪt]n.高度; 高地; 海拔apartment[a·part·ment || ə'pɑːtmənt]n.公寓complex[com·plex || 'kɒmpleks]n.复合物, 综合体; 综合设施; 集团; 情结adj.复杂的, 合成的administrative[ad'min·is·tra·tive || -trətɪv]adj.管理的; 行政的massive[mas·sive || 'mæsɪv] = very largeadj.大而重的, 宏伟的, 宽大的edifice[ed·i·fice || 'edɪfɪs]n.大厦; 大建筑物pinpoint = identify preciselyn.极小之物, 针尖v.刺破, 刺穿; 准确地确定; 用针标出...的精确位置; 使突出adj.针尖的, 精确的, 极微的geographic[ge·o·graph·ic || dʒɪə'græfɪk]adj.地理学的; 地理的obsidian[əb'sɪdɪən]n.黑曜石ingenuity[in·ge·nu·i·ty || ‚ɪndʒɪ'nuːətɪ /-'nju-] = clevernessn.智巧, 精巧的设计, 创造力eliminate[e·lim·i·nate || ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt]v.除去, 剔除, 排除cleverness['clev·er·ness || 'klevərnɪs]n.聪明, 伶俐; 机敏; 灵巧; 巧妙shrine[ʃraɪn]n.圣坛; 圣祠; 神龛; 神殿v.将...置于神龛内predominant[pre'dom·inant || prɪ'dɑmɪnənt /-'dɒ-] = principal adj.优越的, 有力的, 卓越的principal[prin·ci·pal || 'prɪnsəpl]n.校长, 本金, 首长adj.主要的, 首要的, 重要的indicate[in·di·cate || 'ɪndɪkeɪt]v.指出; 象征; 显示scarce[skers /skeəs]adj.缺乏的; 稀有的, 珍贵的; 不足的adv.仅仅; 几乎没有; 几乎不commodity[com·mod·i·ty || kə'mɒdətɪ]n.日用品, 有用的物品, 商品available[a'vail·a·ble || -ləbl]adj.有空的, 有用的exploit[ex·ploit || ɪk'splɔɪt]n.功绩, 勋绩v.开拓; 开采; 开发prosperous['pros·per·ous || 'prɑsprəs /'prɒ-]adj.成功的, 顺利的, 繁盛的prosperity[pr os·per·i·ty || prɑ'sperətɪ /prɒ-]n.繁荣, 成功, 幸运exotic[ex·ot·ic || ɪg'zɒtɪk]adj.异国的, 外来的resident['res·i·dent || 'rezɪdənt]n.居民, 定居者; 住院医生; 侨民adj.居住的, 定居的; 住校的; 常驻的; 住院的variety[va·ri·e·ty || və'raɪətɪ]n.变化, 种种, 多样性immigrant[im·mi·gra nt || 'ɪmɪgrənt]n.移民irrigate[ir·ri·gate || 'ɪrɪgeɪt]v.灌溉, 使潮湿, 冲洗伤口; 进行灌溉consciously['con·scious·ly || 'kɑnʃəslɪ/'kɒn-]adv.有意识地; 自觉地conflict[con·flict || 'kɒnflɪkt]n.冲突, 争执, 矛盾v.矛盾, 冲突; 倾轧; 斗争, 战斗thrive[θraɪv]v.繁荣, 茁壮成长, 兴旺artifact[ar·ti·fact || 'ɑːtɪfækt]n.人工制品; 加工品; 手工艺品第二篇：Extinction of the Dinosaurs(TPO8)paleozoic[pa·le·o·zo·ic || ‚peɪlɪəʊ'zəʊɪk /‚pæl-]adj.古生代的Mesozoic[Mes·o·zo·ic || ‚mesəʊ'zəʊɪk]adj.中生代的Jurassic[Ju·ras·sic || ‚dʒʊə'ræsɪk]n.侏罗纪adj.侏罗纪的, 侏罗系的cretaceous[cre·ta·ceous || krɪ'teɪʃəs]adj.白垩的; 含白垩的cenozoicadj.新生界的paleontologist[pa·le·on·tol·o·gist || ‚peɪlɪɑn'tɑlədʒɪst/‚pælɪɒn'tɒ-] n.古生物学者demise[de·mise || dɪ'maɪz]v.让渡; 转让; 遗赠n.死亡; 转让; 终止; 遗赠climatic[cli·mat·ic || klaɪ'mætɪk]adj.气候上的alteration[al·ter·a·tion || ‚ɔːltə'reɪʃn]n.变更, 改变, 修改; 变样continent['con·ti·nent || 'kɑntnənt /'kɒn tɪnənt]n.大陆, 陆地; 欧洲大陆; 大洲tectonics[tec'ton·ics || tek'tɑnɪks /-tɒ]n.构造学; 大地构造学flourish[flour·ish || 'flɜrɪʃ /'flʌr-]n.茂盛; 华饰; 兴旺v.繁荣; 活跃; 茂盛; 挥舞; 装饰; 炫耀, 夸耀extensive[ex·ten·sive || ɪk'stensɪv]adj.广的, 多方面的, 广泛的diverse[di·verse || daɪ'vɜːs]adj.不同的; 变化多的preserve[pre·serve || prɪ'zɜrv /-'zɜːv]n.蜜饯, 禁猎地, 果酱v.保存, 保藏; 保护; 防腐; 维护; 做蜜饯, 禁猎mild[maɪld]adj.温和的; 淡味的; 温柔的frigid[frig·id || 'frɪdʒɪd]adj.寒冷的, 冷淡的, 严寒的buffer[buf·fer || 'bʌfə]n.缓冲存储器; 分隔, 划分; 记忆里被指定为暂时存储的位置(计算机用语); 减震器; 起缓冲作用的人relatively['relətɪvlɪ]adv.相对地, 比较而言; 相当地adequacy[ad·e·qua·cy || 'ædɪkwəsɪ]n.适当; 足够; 恰当crocodile[croc·o·dile || 'krɒkədaɪl]n.鳄鱼; 鳄鱼皮turtle[tur·tle || 'tɜrtl /'tɜː-]n.海龟; 甲鱼; 龟; 玳瑁lizard[liz·ard || 'lɪzə(r)d]n.蜥蜴cope[kəʊp]=adaptn.斗篷式长袍; 笼罩, 遮盖物; 法衣v.竞争; 对付, 妥善处理; 加盖于adapt[a·dapt || ə'dæpt]v.使适应, 使适合; 改建, 改造; 改编, 改写; 适应fluctuation[fluc·tu·a·tion || ‚flʌktʃʊ'eɪʃn]=variationn.波动; 动摇; 变动variation[var·i·a·tion || ‚verɪ'eɪʃn /‚veər-]n.变更, 变种, 变化initially[in'i·tial·ly || ɪ'nɪʃəlɪ]adv.最初; 开头Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic).The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.layer[lay·er || 'leɪə(r)]n.层; 地层; 阶层; 铺设者v.分层堆积, 压植; 以压条法繁殖deposit[de·pos·it || dɪ'pɒzɪt]n.存款, 堆积物, 定金v.存放; 堆积; 沉淀represent[rep·re·sent || ‚reprɪ'zent]v.描绘, 表现; 表示; 象征; 作为...的代表bombard[bom·bard || bɒm'bɑːd]=strikev.炮击, 轰击, 攻击strike[straɪk]n.打击; 空袭; 攻击; 罢工, 罢市, 罢课v.打, 攻击, 击; 咬伤; 抓伤; 侵袭; 打, 抓, 打击disruption[dis'rup·tion || -pʃn]=disturbancen.分裂; 瓦解; 崩溃disturbance[dis·turb·ance || dɪ'stɜːbəns]n.扰乱, 忧虑, 不安episode[ep·i·sode || 'epɪsəʊd]n.插曲, 有趣的事件, 插话critic[crit·ic || 'krɪtɪk]n.批评家, 鉴定家numerous[nu·mer·ous || 'nuːmərəs /'nju-]adj.很多的, 多数的, 数目众多的dissatisfaction[dis·sat·is·fac·tion || 'dɪs‚sætɪs'fækʃn]n.不满, 不平observation[ob·ser·va·tion || ‚ɑbzər'veɪʃn /‚ɒbzə-]n.观察; 观察力; 观测; 言论, 意见abruptly[ə'brʌptlɪ]adv.突然地; 唐突地, 鲁莽地; 意外地; 陡峭地document[doc·u·ment || 'dɒkjʊmənt]n.文件, 公文; 证书, 提供信息和证明的文件; 契约, 书写文件; 包含使用者工作产品的数据文件(计算机用语)v.证明, 为...引证iridium[i·rid·i·um || aɪ'rɪdɪəm ,ɪ'r-]n.铱, 白金、铂类的金属元素; (无线通讯用语) 可以使手提电话在全世界任何地方使用的现代卫星通讯系统meteorite['me·te·or·i te || 'mːɪtɪəraɪt]n.陨星calculation[calcu·la·tion || ‚kælkjʊ'leɪʃn]n.计算; 估计, 预测, 推测; 计算结果; 深思熟虑inhibit[in·hib·it || ɪn'hɪbɪt]v.禁止, 抑制photosynthesis['fəʊtəʊ'sɪnθɪsɪs]n.光合作用eradicate[e'rad·i·cate || -keɪt]v.根除, 根绝, 扑灭第三篇：Running Water on Mars (TPO8)merge[mɜrdʒ /mɜːdʒ]= combinev.使合并; 使同化; 使融合; 合并; 同化; 融合combine[com·bine || kəm'baɪn]n.集团; 联合收割打谷机; 企业联合v.使结合; 兼有, 兼备; 使联合; 使化合; 结合; 化合; 联合relic[rel·ic || 'relɪk] = remainsn.遗物, 废墟, 遗迹remainsn.剩余; 遗体; 遗迹; 遗骨catastrophic[cat·a·stroph·ic || ‚kætə'strɒfɪk(l)]adj.灾难的; 悲惨的; 激变的; 惨败的equatorial[e·qua·to·ri·al || ‚ekwə'tɔːrɪəl]adj.赤道的; 酷热的; 赤道附近的resemble[re·sem·ble || rɪ'zembl]v.相似, 象, 类似extensive[ex·ten·sive || ɪk'stensɪv]adj.广的, 多方面的, 广泛的valley[va l·ley || 'vælɪ]n.山谷, 流域, 溪谷miniature[min·i·a·ture || 'mɪnətʃʊr /-tʃə]=smalln.缩图, 小画像adj.小规模的, 纤小的small[smɔːl]n.细小的部分; 矮小的人; 小件物品adj.小的, 小型的, 少的adv.小声地; 小气地; 小小地, 细小地; 卑鄙地onrushing['ɑnrʌʃɪŋ /'ɒn-]adj.猛冲的, 汹涌的teardropn.泪珠; 泪痕; 泪珠状物plain[pleɪn]n.平原, 草原adj.简单的, 平常的, 明白的adv.清楚地flow[fləʊ]n.流程, 涨潮, 流动v.流动; 涨, 泛滥; 川流不息; 涌出; 溢过; 淹没tide[taɪd]n.潮, 潮汐; 浪潮; 潮水; 潮流v.潮水般地奔流; 顺潮行驶; 使随潮漂流Amazon[Am·a·zon || 'æməzɑn /-zn]n.亚马逊, 南美的河流; (希腊神话中的) 女杰; (计算机用语) 网上书店, 因特网上的书店)n.亚马孙; 女杰; 亚马孙族#亚马孙河; 女杰; 亚马孙族interpret[in·ter·pret || ɪn'tɜrprɪt /-'tɜːp-]v.解释, 诠释, 说明; 口译, 翻译; 理解; 演奏, 演; 作解释; 作口译, 当翻译extent[ex·tent || ɪk'stent]n.范围, 区域, 程度detractor[de'trac·tor || -tə]n.诽谤者; 恶意批评者terrace[ter·ra ce || 'terəs]n.大阳台; 平台屋顶; 露台; 露天阶梯看台v.使成梯形地, 使有平台屋顶hemisphere[hem·i·sphere || 'hemɪ‚sfɪr /-‚sfɪə]n.半球, 大脑半球, 地球的半面hint[hɪnt]=cluen.暗示, 提示v.暗示, 示意; 作暗示, 示意clue[kluː]n.线索, 提示, 迹象#情节v.为...提供线索; 为...提供情况, 告知ancient[an·cient || 'eɪnʃənt]adj.远古的, 年老的, 旧的n.老人, 年高德劭者#古代人outflown.流出, 流出物virtually['vir·tu·al·ly || 'vɜrtʃəlɪ /'vɜːt-]adv.事实上, 实质上equatorial[e·qua·to·ri·al || ‚ekwə'tɔːrɪəl]adj.赤道的; 酷热的; 赤道附近的extensive[ex·ten·sive || ɪk'stensɪv]adj.广的, 多方面的, 广泛的interconnectv.互连; 互相联系; 使互相连接, 连接的; 连接, 连系(计算机用语)torrid[tor·rid || 'tɑrɪd /'tɒr-]adj.晒热的; 炎热的, 灼热的; 烘热的; 热情的, 狂热的speculate[spec·u·late || 'spekjəleɪt /-jʊl-]v.深思, 投机, 推测; 推测, 推断specialist['spe·cial·ist || 'speʃəlɪst]n.专科医师, 专家Martian[Mar·ti·an || 'mɑːʃjən]n.火星人adj.战神的; 火星的But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.But the detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.carbonate['car·bon·ate || 'kɑrbənɪt /'kɑːb-]n.碳酸盐v.使变成碳酸盐; 使充满二氧化碳carbon[car·bon || 'kɑːbən]n.碳; 复写的副本; 复写纸; 碳精棒oxygen[ox·y·gen || 'ɑksɪdʒən /'ɒk-]n.氧absence[ab·sence || 'æbsəns]n.不在; 缺席; 缺乏gully[gul·ly || 'gʌlɪ]n.小峡谷; 水沟, 沟渠; 冲沟#小峡谷, 排水沟inconclusive[in·con·clu·sive || ‚ɪnkən'kluːsɪv]adj.非决定性的, 不得要领的, 不确定的unprovenadj.未经证明的extent[ex·tent || ɪk'stent]n.范围, 区域, 程度permafrost[per·ma·frost || 'pɜrməfrɔst /'pɜːməfrɒst] n.永久冻土层polar[po·lar || 'pəʊlə(r)]adj.两极的, 南辕北辙的, 极地的。

托福考试　复习托福阅读TPO15(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Mass Extinctions物种灭绝托福阅读原文【1】Cases in which many species become extinct within a geologicallyshort interval of time are called mass extinctions. There was one such event at the end of the Cretaceous period(around 70 million years ago).There was another, even larger, mass extinction at the end of the Permianperiod (around 250 million years ago). The Permian event has attractedmuch less attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time.【2】The fossil record shows at least five mass extinctions in which many families of marine organisms died out. The rates of extinction happeningtoday are as great as the rates during these mass extinctions. Many scientists have therefore concluded that a sixth great mass extinction iscurrently in progress.【3】What could cause such high rates of extinction? There are several hypotheses, including warming or cooling of Earth, changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean currents, and changing positions of the continents. Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by theevolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans. Some of the proposedmechanisms required a very brief period during which all extinctions suddenly took place; other mechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually, over an extended period, or at different timeson different continents. Some hypotheses fail to account for simultaneous extinctions on land and in the seas. Each mass extinctionmay have had a different cause.Evidence points to hunting by humansand habitat destruction as the likely causes for the current mass extinction.【4】American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period. The late Cretaceous extinction of the dinosaurs and ammonoids was justone of the more drastic in a whole series of such recurrent extinction episodes. The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically hasgiven rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with along-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.【5】Of the various hypotheses attempting to account for the late Cretaceous extinctions, the one that has attracted the most attention inrecent years is the asteroid-impact hypothesis first suggested by Luis andWalter Alvarez. According to this hypothesis, Earth collided with an asteroid with an estimated diameter of 10kilometers, or with several asteroids, the combined mass of which was comparable. The force of collision spewed large amounts of debris into the atmosphere, darkeningthe skies for several years before the finer particles settled. The reducedlevel of photosynthesis led to a massive decline in plant life of all kinds,and this caused massive starvation first of herbivores and subsequentlyof carnivores. The mass extinction would have occurred very suddenly under this hypothesis.【6】One interesting test of the Alvarez hypothesis is based on the presence of the rare-earth element iridium (Ir).Earth’s crust contains very little of this element, but most asteroids contain a lot more. Debris throwninto the atmosphere by an asteroid collision would presumably containlarge amounts of iridium, and atmospheric currents would carry this material all over the globe. A search of sedimentary deposits that spanthe boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods shows that there is a dramatic increase in the abundance of iridium briefly and precisely at this boundary. This iridiumanomaly offers strong support forthe Alvarez hypothesis even though no asteroid itself has ever been recovered.【7】An asteroid of this size would be expected to leave an immense crater,even if the asteroid itself was disintegrated by the impact. The intenseheat of the impact would produce heat-shocked quartz in many types ofrock. Also, large blocks thrown aside by the impact would form secondarycraters surrounding the main crater.To date, several such secondary-craters have been found along Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, and heat shocked quartz has been found both in Mexico and in Haiti.A locationcalled Chicxulub, along the Yucatan coast, has been suggested as the primary impact site.托福阅读试题1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about mass extinctions?A.They take place over a period of 70 million years.B.They began during the Cretaceous period.C.They eliminate many animal species that exist at the time they occur.D.They occur every 250 million years.2.According to paragraph 2, scientists base their belief that a mass extinction is going on at present on which of the following?A.The speed with which mass extinctions are happening today is similarto the speed of past extinctions.B.The number of species that have died out since the last extinction eventis extremely large.C.Mass extinctions occur with regularity and it is time for another one.D.Fossil records of many marine species have disappeared.3.The word extended in the passage is closest in meaning toA.specific.B. unlimited.C.reasonable.D. long.4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following has been proposed asa possible cause of mass extinctions EXCEPTA.habitat destruction.B.continental movement.C.fierce interspecies competition.D.changes in Earth's temperature.5.Paragraph 3 supports which of the following ideas about mass extinctions?A.Scientists know the exact causes of most mass extinctions.B.Mass extinctions are unlikely to happen again in the future.C.Insects, flowering plants, and bottom-feeding predators in the oceanstend to be the first organisms to disappear during episodes of mass extinctions.D.Some mass extinctions occurred on land and in the seas at the sametime.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential informationin the underlined sentence （Paragraph 4）in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Based on their studies of extinction rates of numerous fossil groups, paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski have determined that mass extinctions occur about every 26 million years.B.David Raup and John Sepkoski studied extinction rates of numerous fossil groups and suggest that mass extinctions during the Cretaceousperiod continued for 26 million years.C.Studies that paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski conductedof various fossil groups have revealed that extinction rates have increasedover the past 26 million years.D.The studies conducted by paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski of the fossil remains of species suggest that the extinction rateof species started to increase by the middle of the Cretaceous period.7.According to paragraph 4, what aspect of extinction episodes does the companion-star hypothesis supposedly clarify?A.Their location.B.Their frequency.C.Their duration.D.Their severity.8.The phrase account for in the passage(Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning toA.describe.B.challenge.C.explain.D.test.9.According to paragraph 6, what made iridium a useful test of the Alvarez hypothesis?A.Its occurrence in a few locations on Earth against several locations onother planets.B.Its occurrence in limited quantities on Earth against its abundance in asteroids.C.Its ability to remain solid at extremely high temperatures.D.Its ease of detection even in very small amounts.10.In stating that no asteroid itself has ever been recovered, the author emphasizes which of the following?A.The importance of the indirect evidence for a large asteroid.B.The fact that no evidence supports the asteroid impact hypothesis.C.The reason many researchers reject the Alvarez hypothesis.D.The responsibility of scientists for not making the effort to discover theasteroid itself.11.The word intense（Paragraph 7）in the passage is closest in meaningtoA.sudden.B.unusual.C.immediate.D. extreme.12.What is the purpose of paragraph 7 in the passage?A.It proposes a decisive new test of the Alvarez hypothesis.B.It presents additional supporting evidence for the Alvarez hypothesis.C.It explains why evidence relating to the Alvarez hypothesis is hard tofind.D.It shows how recent evidence has raised doubts about the Alvarez hypothesis.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence bestfit? In general, it is believed that these two extinctions resulted from drastic environmental changes that followed meteorite impacts or massive volcanic eruptions.■Cases in which many species become extinct within a geologically shortinterval of time are called mass extinctions. ■There was one such eventat the end of the Cretaceous period (around 70 million years ago). ■There was another, even larger, mass extinction at the end of the Permian period (around 250 million years ago). ■The Permian event has attracted muchless attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because theyexpress ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas inthe passage. This question is worth 2 points.There have been many attempts to explain the causes of mass extinctions.A.Asteroid impacts, evolutionary developments, and changes in Earth'sclimate and in the positions of the continents have all been proposed aspossible causes of mass extinctions.B.Researchers have observed 26-million-year cycles in extinction rates ofa number of fossil groups that could all be attributed to the same cause.C.According to the Alvarez hypothesis, much of the iridium originally present on Earth was thrown into the atmosphere as a result of an asteroid impact that also caused a mass extinction.D.The unusual distribution of iridium on Earth and the presence of cratersand heat-shocked quartz are central to the theory that an asteroid impactcaused the late Cretaceous event.E.The collision between Earth and a large asteroid resulted in massive damage and generated enough heat to cause irreversible changes inEarth's atmosphere.F.There was a particularly large mass extinction that occurred around 250million years ago at the end of the Permian period, whose cause couldnot be determined.托福阅读答案1.以mass extinctions做关键词定位至第一句，说大量生物在短时间内灭绝的这种现象叫做大灭绝事件，C是原文的同义替换，所以是正确答案。

托福阅读tpo42R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文Explaining Dinosaur Extinction①Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about65million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event,because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary,usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world(K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreidezeit).Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example,some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants,which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion-except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about60million years before the dinosaurs died out.In fact,several scientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and horned dinosaurs,with their complex battery of grinding teeth,evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants.Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals,which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic,about190million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after120million years of coexistence.Some explanations(such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases)fail because there is no way to scientifically test them,and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork.②This focus on explaining dinosaur extinction misses an important point:the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous was a global event that killed off organisms up and down the food chain.It wiped out many kinds of plankton in the ocean and many marine organisms that lived on the plankton at the base of the food chain. These included a variety of clams and snails,and especially the ammonites,a group of shelled squidlike creatures that dominated the Mesozoic seas and had survived many previous mass extinctions.The K-T event marked the end of the marine reptiles,such as the mosasaurs and the plesiosaurs,which were the largest creatures that had ever lived in the seas and which ruled the seas long before whales evolved.On land,there was also a crisis among the land plants,in addition to the disappearance of dinosaurs.So any event that can explain the destruction of the base of the food chain(plankton in the ocean,plants on land)can better explain what happened to organisms at the top of the food chain,such as thedinosaurs.By contrast,any explanation that focuses strictly on the dinosaurs completely misses the point.The Cretaceous extinctions were a global phenomenon,and dinosaurs were just a part of a bigger picture.③According to one theory,the Age of Dinosaurs ended suddenly65million years ago when a giant rock from space plummeted to Earth.Estimated to be ten to fifteen kilometers in diameter,this bolide(either a comet or an asteroid)was traveling at cosmic speeds of20-70kilometers per second,or45,000-156,000 miles per hour.Such a huge mass traveling at such tremendous speeds carries an enormous amount of energy.When the bolide struck this energy was released and generated a huge shock wave that leveled everything for thousands of kilometers around the impact and caused most of the landscape to burst into flames.The bolide struck an area of the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico known as Chicxulub, excavating a crater15-20kilometers deep and at least170kilometers in diameter. The impact displaced huge volumes of seawater,causing much flood damage in the Caribbean.Meanwhile,the bolide itself excavated100cubic kilometers of rock and debris from the site,which rose to an altitude of100kilometers.Most of it fell back immediately,but some of it remained as dust in the atmosphere for months. This material,along with the smoke from the fires,shrouded Earth,creating a form of nuclear winter.According to computerized climate models,global temperatures fell to near the freezing point,photosynthesis halted,and most plants on land and in the sea died.With the bottom of the food chain destroyed,dinosaurs could not survive.译文有关恐龙灭绝的解释①六千五百万年前，恐龙迅速灭绝了，这次的大灭绝也就是人们熟知的K-T事件的一部分。

Conversation 1registrar注册主管A registrar is an administrative official in a college or university who is responsible for student records. 注册主任process处理hi, I'd like to drop off my graduation form, I understand you need this in order to process my diploma.我来提交我的毕业表格，我知道你们需要这个来办理/处理我的毕业证书。

warning flag 警告标志；警钟In the meantime, experts have raised a warning flag about a few specific chemicals. 与此同时，专家警告要注意几种特定的化学物质。

academic record学业成绩Who you are is as important as your academic record. 与你的学业成绩一样重要的是你的为人。

what's what事实真相；究竟是什么He will you what's what in time. 他到时候会把事实真相告诉你的。

Are you familiar with our graduation requirements? 你熟悉/清楚了解毕业要求吗？例句：I liked to meander through familiar streets. 我喜欢闲逛着穿过熟悉的街道。

（meander蜿蜒而行；漫步）major field专业领域intermediate level中级（课程；introductory courses, intermediate, advanced)department chair系主任outline a plan定出计划的大纲issue letters 发出信件issue发行，发布：(报刊杂志的）一期I needed 8 more courses at the intermediate level or higher in the last 2 years to be OK.我在最后两年里需要再修8门中等或中等以上的课程。

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福听力TPO8模考原文文本+解析摘要： TPO是最好的托福听力备考材料，其难度和题型最接近真正的托福考试，TPO一共有34套，本文为大家提供的是托福听力TPO8模考原文文本+解析，在后续的时间里我们还会为大家提供全部的托福听力TPO，大家可以关注小马资料站免费下载。

今天小编向大家推荐托福听力TPO8模考原文文本+解析，这是小编将这部分内容为大家截取下来的哦，非常的好用，希望大家可以认真的看看。

TPO8 Lecture 4 ChemistryPro: So, are there any questions?Stu: Yes, um, Professor Harrison, you were saying that the periodic table is predictive. What exactly does that mean? I meanI understand how it organizes the elements but where’s the prediction?Pro: Ok, let’s look at our periodic table again. Ok, it groups elements into categories that share certain properties, right?Stu: Uh-huh.~Pro:And it is arranged according to increasing atomic number, which is…Stu: The number of protons in each atom of an element....以上就是本次为大家带来的托福听力 TPO8模考原文文本+解析全部内容，在托福听力的备考经过中，考生可能会遇到各种各样的问题，希望本份TPO的资料能帮助大家的备考，点击下方按钮就即可下载哦。

贾科莫·卡萨诺⽡（Giacomo Girolamo Casanova，1725年4⽉2⽇－1798年6⽉4⽇），极富传奇⾊彩的意⼤利冒险家、作家、“追寻⼥⾊的风流才⼦”。

18世纪享誉欧洲的⼤情圣。

⽣于意⼤利威尼斯，卒于波希⽶亚的达克斯(现捷克杜克卓夫)。

卡萨诺⽡⼀⽣中最为重要的作品当属其穷尽晚年精⼒的创作《我的⼀⽣》（Histoire de ma vie），这部法语写成的⾃传式⼩说讲述了卡萨诺⽡⼀⽣中的故事。

(来⾃百度百科) 这个⼈跟今天的题⽬有什么关系呢？卡萨诺⽡喜欢被⼈称为塞恩加尔骑⼠，就是⽂中的Chevalier de Seingalt。

阅读材料： Toward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century. However, some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was. 塞恩加尔骑⼠在晚年写了⼀部长篇回忆录以描写他冒险的⼀⽣。

2013年8月25日托福阅读真题解析第一套题：第一篇TOPIC 某古代王国扩张及衰退古代地中海附近的一个国家，不断军事扩张，变得很繁荣。

但随着版图的扩大，周围国家的威胁（如俄国），并且后面几代君主个人能力不行，这个国家渐渐衰弱。

还介绍了他的政治制度，虽然君主一个人掌权，但后来产生了两种职位分权，一种是有一个人会对君主进行授权，另一种是很有权利的女人。

但随着这个国家经济和社会的衰退，最后一段提到了一个解决的办法，但已无法扭转。

解析：本文属历史类话题，介绍了某国家的兴亡过程。

从机经回忆来看，该古代王国应指曾盛极一时的土耳其奥斯曼帝国。

奥斯曼帝国在欧洲历史长河中扮演了非常重要的角色，很多重要的如新航路开辟等历史事件都和奥斯曼帝国的崛起有直接联系，所以也常常在托福的历史类文章中出现，大家应对其有一定了解。

Ottoman EmpireOriginsThe Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks. The Ottoman Turks began to absorb the other states, and during the reign (1451–81) of Muhammad II they ended all other local Turkish dynasties. The early phase of Ottoman expansion took place under Osman I, Orkhan, Murad I, and Beyazid I at the expense of the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Bursa fell in 1326 and Adrianople (the modern Edirne) in 1361; each in turn became the capital of the empire. The greatOttoman victories of Kosovo Field (1389) and Nikopol (1396) placed large parts of the Balkan Peninsula under Ottoman rule and awakened Europe to the Ottoman danger. The Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of Timur, who defeated and captured Beyazid in 1402. The Ottomans, however, soon rallied. The Period of Great ExpansionThe empire, reunited by Muhammad I, expanded victoriously under Muhammad's successors Murad II and Muhammad II. The victory (1444) at Varna over a crusading army led by Ladislaus III of Poland was followed in 1453 by the capture of Constantinople. Within a century the Ottomans had changed from a nomadic horde to the heirs of the most ancient surviving empire of Europe. Their success was due partly to the weakness and disunity of their adversaries, partly to their excellent and far superior military organization. Their army comprised numerous Christians—not only conscripts, who were organized as the corps of Janissaries, but also volunteers. Turkish expansion reached its peak in the 16th cent. under Selim I and Sulayman I (Sulayman the Magnificent).The Hungarian defeat (1526) at Mohács prepared the way for the capture (1541) of Buda and the absorption of the major part of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire; Transylvania became a tributary principality, as did Walachia and Moldavia. The Asian borders of the empire were pushed deep into Persia and Arabia. Selim I defeated the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, took Cairo in 1517, and assumed the succession to the caliphate. Algiers was taken in 1518, and Mediterranean commerce was threatened by corsairs, such as Barbarossa, who sailed under Turkishauspices. Most of the Venetian and other Latin possessions in Greece also fell to the sultans.During the reign of Sulayman I began (1535) the traditional friendship between France and Turkey, directed against Hapsburg Austria and Spain. Sulayman reorganized the Turkish judicial system, and his reign saw the flowering of Turkish literature, art, and architecture. In practice the prerogatives of the sultan were limited by the spirit of Muslim canonical law (sharia), and he usually shared his authority with the chief preserver ( sheyhülislam ) of the sharia and with the grand vizier (chief executive officer).In the progressive decay that followed Sulayman's death, the clergy ( ulema ) and the Janissaries gained power and exercised a profound, corrupting influence. The first serious blow by Europe to the empire was the naval defeat of Lepanto (1571; see Lepanto, battle of), inflicted on the fleet of Selim II by the Spanish and Venetians under John of Austria. However, Murad IV in the 17th cent. temporarily restored Turkish military prestige by his victory (1638) over Persia. Crete was conquered from Venice, and in 1683 a huge Turkish army under Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa surrounded Vienna. The relief of Vienna by John III of Poland and the subsequent campaigns of Charles V of Lorraine, Louis of Baden, and Eugene of Savoy ended in negotiations in 1699 (see Karlowitz, Treaty of), which cost Turkey Hungary and other territories.DeclineThe breakup of the state gained impetus with the Russo-Turkish Wars in the 18thcent. Egypt was only temporarily lost to Napoleon's army, but the Greek War of Independence and its sequels, the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29 (see Adrianople, Treaty of), and the war with Muhammad Ali of Egypt resulted in the loss of Greece and Egypt, the protectorate of Russia over Moldavia and Walachia, and the semi-independence of Serbia. Drastic reforms were introduced in the late 18th and early 19th cent. by Selim III and Mahmud II, but they came too late. By the 19th cent. Turkey was known as the Sick Man of Europe.Through a series of treaties of capitulation from the 16th to the 18th cent. the Ottoman Empire gradually lost its economic independence. Although Turkey was theoretically among the victors in the Crimean War, it emerged from the war economically exhausted. The Congress of Paris (1856) recognized the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire, but this event marked the confirmation of the empire's dependency rather than of its rights as a European power.The rebellion (1875) of Bosnia and Herzegovina precipitated the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, in which Turkey was defeated despite its surprisingly vigorous stand. Romania (i.e., Walachia and Moldavia), Serbia, and Montenegro were declared fully independent, and Bosnia and Herzegovina passed under Austrian administration. Bulgaria, made a virtually independent principality, annexed (1885) Eastern Rumelia with impunity.Sultan Abd al-Majid, who in 1839 issued a decree containing an important body of civil reforms, was followed (1861) by Abd al-Aziz, whose reign witnessed the rise ofthe liberal party. Its leader, Midhat Pasha, succeeded in deposing (1876) Abd al-Aziz. Abd al-Hamid II acceded (1876) after the brief reign of Murad V. A liberal constitution was framed by Midhat, and the first Turkish parliament opened in 1877, but the sultan soon dismissed it and began a rule of personal despotism. The Armenian massacres (see Armenia) of the late 19th cent. turned world public opinion against Turkey. Abd al-Hamid was victorious in the Greco-Turkish war of 1897, but Crete, which had been the issue, was ultimately gained by Greece. CollapseIn 1908 the Young Turk movement, a reformist and strongly nationalist group, with many adherents in the army, forced the restoration of the constitution of 1876, and in 1909 the parliament deposed the sultan and put Muhammad V on the throne. In the two successive Balkan Wars (1912–13), Turkey lost nearly its entire territory in Europe to Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and newly independent Albania. The nationalism of the Young Turks, whose leader Enver Pasha gained virtual dictatorial power by a coup in 1913, antagonized the remaining minorities in the empire. The outbreak of World War I found Turkey lined up with the Central Powers. Although Turkish troops succeeded against the Allies in the Gallipoli campaign (1915), Arabia rose against Turkish rule, and British forces occupied (1917) Baghdad and Jerusalem. Armenians, accused of aiding the Russians, were massacred and deported from Anatolia beginning in 1915; an Armenian uprising in Van (1915) survived until relieved by Russian forces. In 1918, Turkish resistance collapsed in Asia and Europe. An armistice was concluded in October, and the Ottoman Empirecame to an end. The Trea ty of Sèvres (see Sèvres, Treaty of) confirmed its dissolution. With the victory of the Turkish nationalists, who had refused to accept the peace terms and overthrew the sultan in 1922, modern Turkey's history began. 第二篇TOPIC 基因的意外发现科学家做实验室为某种目的，但往往会有意外地发现。

2001Effort is the gist(要点) of it. There is no happiness except as we take on(接纳) lift-engaging(迷人的) difficulties.Short of the impossible, as Yeats(叶芝) put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime(一生) depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost(罗伯特•弗罗斯特) was thinking in something like the same terms(说法) when he spoke of”the p leasure of taking pains.” The mortal(致命的) flaw(缺陷) in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports(宣称) to be effortless.We demand(需要) difficulty even in our games(比赛). We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary(专制的) imposition(负担) of difficulty. When someone ruins(破坏) the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess(棋) if yo are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly(统统) arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun.参考译文：努力是问题的关键。

新托福TPO8阅读原文(一):The Rise of TeotihuacánTPO-8-1：The Rise of TeotihuacánThe city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by200-100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 peopleand covered at least 20 square kilometers. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern ofstreets and buildings. Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of thisgreat metropolis. Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica(modern Central America and Mexico).How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among themain factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico,the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valle y’s potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factors is much more ifficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historicalsituation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity andforesightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihu acán’s rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, thatTeotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors. The valley, like many other places in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in obsidian. The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market. Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose.Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life. Such success may have attracted immigrants to Teotihuacán. In addition, Teotihuacán’s elite may have consciously attempted to attract new inhabitants. It is also probable that as early as 200 B.C. Teotihuacán may have achieved some religious significance and its shrine (or shrines) may have served as an additional population magnet. Finally, the growing population was probably fed by increasing the number and size ofirrigated fields.The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious tourism. The thriving obsidian operation, for example, would necessitate more miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools, and additional traders to carry the goods to new markets. All this led to increased wealth, which in turn would attract more immigrants to Teotihuacán. The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force. More irrigation workswould have to be built to feed the growing population, and this resulted in more power and wealth for the elite.译文：TPO-8-1 特奥蒂瓦坎的崛起起源于公元前200到100年前的特奥蒂瓦坎城位于现在的墨西哥城东北约50公里处。

ContentsTPO 1.1 Timberline Vegetation On Mountains (3)TPO 1.2 The Origins Of Theater (7)TPO 2.1 Desert Formation (13)TPO 2.2 The Origins of Cetaceans (21)TPO 3.1 Architecture (26)TPO 3.2 depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer (28)TPO 4.1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound (30)TPO 4.2 Cave Art In Europe (32)TPO 5.1 Minerals and Plants (34)TPO 5.2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People (36)TPO 6.1 Powering the Industrial Revolution (40)TPO 6.2 William Smith (42)TPO 7.1 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean (44)TPO 7.2 Ancient Rome and Greece (46)TPO 8.1 The Rise of Teotihuacán (48)TPO 8.2 Extinction of the Dinosaurs (50)TPO 9.1 Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast (52)TPO 9.2 Reflection in Teaching (54)TPO 10.1 Chinese Pottery (56)TPO 10.2 Variations in the Climate (58)TPO 11.1 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture (61)TPO 11.2 Orientation and Navigation (62)TPO 12.1 Which Hand Did They Use? (65)TPO 12.2 Transition to Sound in Film (66)TPO 20.1 Westward Migration (69)TPO 20.2 Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia (72)TPO 21.1 Geothermal Energy (74)TPO 21.2 The Origins of Agriculture (75)TPO 22.1 Spartina (78)TPO 22.2 The Birth of Photography (79)TPO 23.1 Urban Climates (83)阅读中的词汇Section 1 –词汇讲解TPO 1.1 Timberline Vegetation On MountainsIn many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture. （原文第一段最后一句话）Tundra 英英翻译Dramatic Drama戏剧–tic 形容词Horizontal Vertical 结合数学几何、画图讲解SlopeShrubsHerbsGrassesSemi-arid 记忆方法Moisture 英英词根重要Tropics 原文中与polar同时出现/ 画图说明重要Subtropics sub - 亚、低于、下属的重要Polar 记忆方法Evergreens 直译ever+ green=SpeciesTwisted近义词组，被风刮的，形容树DeformedLatitude 拼音联想法Longitude 与latitude一同记忆拓展词汇Altitude 不要搞混Attain 单词联想重要Ridges 画图说明重要Valley 画图说明重要Cessation 英英例句非常重要Adjacent 英英词根发音不要读错词根演变非常重要Prone 英英中文例句Section 2Match Timber Evergreen Vegetation Tropics Polar Ridges Valley Cessation Vertical SlopeSection 3 - TPO 1 原文词汇题1. The word ―dramatic‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toGradualComplexVisibleStriking5. The word attain in the passage is closest in meaning to RequireResistAchieveEndure7. The word prone in the passage is closest in meaning to AdaptedLikelyDifficultResistantSection 4 –句子翻译1. If you would like to plant vegetation closer than eight meters, choose low-growing plants and shrubs.2. But the most dramatic escalation （扩大、增加）of the air war is the creation of two totallynew airlines. Time Magazine (2004)3. Los Angeles sits on a semiarid coastal (沿海的) plain, with desert on three sides and thePacific Ocean on the fourth.Smithsonian (2002)4. Rainfall affects the moisture content of the atmosphere.5. The tropics are the parts of the world that lie between two lines of latitude.6. Showing dead and deformed bodies on TV is not acceptable.7. The chee-tah（猎豹）can attain speeds of up to 97 kph.8. The waves（海浪）had pushed the sand into little ridges.9. The money saved from the cessation of the road project will be invested in public transport.10. We work in adjacent rooms.11. Working without a break makes you more prone to error.TPO 1.2 The Origins Of Theaterorigin难记词汇Spec-ulation 英英记忆方法例句concrete 英英championed champion –noun –verb 拓展Anthropologists 词缀记忆法扩充词汇archeologist 词缀、联想记忆法扩充词汇psychologist 词缀记忆法扩充词汇psycho 俚语En-visions 词缀记忆e-merging 词根英英myth 名词mythical 形容词形式ritual 文章中特指宗教仪式rite 同义词briefly 英英1 2 3扩充词汇brief 形容词扩充词汇brief 名词常用词汇perceived 前缀Per- 通过、完全、非常receive 收到例句attribute 动词例句扩充词汇attribute 名词例句desirableundesirable扩充词汇favorable扩充词汇unfavorableapparent 联想记忆法扩充词汇transparent 前缀accompany 动词扩充词汇company 名词扩充词汇company 名词重要sophisticated 形容词例句sophisticated 形容词例句sophisticated 形容词例句中文conceptions 词根Concept 例句conceptions 另外一个意思Causal cause原因扩充词汇Casual casual dress 不要与causal搞混divorcedoralautonomous autonomous activityAes-the-tic 英英TPO原文常用词汇Concern 名词elaborated 动词would you care to elaborate?elaborating 形容词例句扩充词汇explain扩充词汇illustrateevolve 达尔文进化论Theory of evolution 不重要virtuosity 英英1.1阅读词汇ceased重要、实用imitative 形容词，文中指人的特性重要、实用imitate 动词To copy 口语、写作实用词汇objectify -ify动词结尾modify, justify, notifyconfront front前面的detached divorced同义词扩充词汇attached不重要penchant penchant for fantasySection 2 - Match Concrete Champion Archeologist Oral Brief DivorcedEvolveSection 3 – TPO 词汇题1. The word ―championed‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to ChangedDebatedCreatedSupported2. The word ―attributes‖ in the p assage is closest in meaning toAscribesLeavesLimitsContrasts6. The word ―autonomous‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toArtisticImportantIndependentEstablishedNameless10．The word ―penchant‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to CompromiseInclinationTraditionRespectBut neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.Section 4 –句子翻译TPO 1.21. They are collecting this material at the points of origin.2. Speculation was rife (流行的、盛传的) as to whom the prince might marry.3. Concrete evidence4. The plan envisions a settlement （解决）within three years.5. Operational Research（运筹学）is a newly emerging subject.6. This festival descends from（起源于）a religious rite.7. Mr. Smith is a sophisticated world traveler.8. She has become very sophisticated since she went to live in London.9. Some of these points will have to be further elaborated as we go along.10. You should imitate her way of doing things.TPO 2.1 Desert Formationoccupyaccomplished Mission Accomplishedstabilizing 词根stable 后缀–ize 表示…‖化‖ 动词结尾formalizeTPO 1.1 vegetation Timberline那篇subsequent Sub- 在下、亚拓展词汇sequent 形容词英英拓展词汇sequence 名词形式Consequence resulte-ro-sion 英英blown blow过去分词Stony Stone / Stony surface石头表面Finer Fine 比较级Finer Particles更细小的颗粒拓展词汇Fine 英英实用词汇accumulate Accumulated depreciation【会计】累计折旧TPO 1.1 ridges 文中指沙子形成的峰ridges of sandTPO 1 retain 英英tiniest Tiny的最高级Clay an earthy material that is plastic when moist but hard when firedSoil the upper layer of earth that may be dug or plowed and in which plants growsealing Sealed封好的（可指信封、文件）penetration 英英例句拓展词汇penetrate高频词汇Runoff Run-off is rainwater that forms a stream rather than being absorbed by the ground.Pro-gressive present progressive 现在进行时A-ri-di-ty Arid干旱的-ity名词后缀TPO 1.1 semiarid高频词汇delicate 意思1 例句1 意思2 例句2 ecological拓展词汇ecologyTPO关键词Subjecting 动词形式例句拓展词汇cultivation 英英overcultivation拓展词汇Graze 重要程度一般overgrazingoverirrigation拓展词汇irrigation 重要crops 庄稼necessitates 形容词necessaryextensive拓展词汇extend 词根devoid 词根记忆英英例句voidtrample 英英TPO 2.1 Desert Formation 原文翻译Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typicallyresults in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water.The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particlesinto the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allowsvery little water penetration.Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased,resulting in accelerated erosion rates.The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb waterresults in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surfacedeterioration is established. Match 1 Graze Accomplished Stabilizing Ridges Clay SoilPenetrateMatch 2Runoff Aridity Delicate Cultivation IrrigationTrample阅读词汇原题1. The word threatened in the passage is closest in meaning to RestrictedEndangeredPreventedRejected3. The word delicate in the passage is closest in meaning to FragilePredictableComplexValuable5. The word progressively in the passage is closest in meaning to OpenlyImpressivelyObjectivelyIncreasingly7. The phrase devoid of in the passage is closest in meaning to Consisting ofHidden byExcept forLacking in句子翻译TPO 2.11. The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished.2. Subsequent events verified that his judgment was at fault.3. As their roots are strong and penetrating, they prevent erosion4. China dishes retain heat longer than metal pans.5. The hermetic（密封的）seal on the packet means that the food lasts longer.6. The name Sahara conjures up(凭幻想（或用魔法）做出) images of adesert of aridity.7. Although the co-ral（珊瑚）looks hard, it is very de-li-ca-te.8. In addition, interest on Treasury issues isn't subject to state andlocal income taxes.9. She also cultivated a small garden of her own.10. Rivers and lakes provide us with water transport and irrigation.TPO 2.2 The Origins of CetaceansCe-ta-ceans 重要程度一般，可以根据文中内容推断whalesdolphinsmammalslungsgills 鱼的呼吸器官streamlined Stream+ line拓展词汇streamabsence 名词形式拓展词汇absent 动词、形容词presence 与absence是反义词hind 单词联想Dis-gui-se 两个意思例句affinities 英英dwelling 英英TPO原文limbs 英英高频词汇marine 英英例句embedded 英英例句jawbones Jaw+ boneshallow shallow watersediments 等同depositsSahara desert高频词汇rear Rearview mirrorPro-pulsion常用undoubtedly 写作、口语实用Cetaceans Whales dolphins mammals lungs, gills,streamlined disguise dwelling limbs marine propulsion Rearview mirror阅读原文词汇题TPO2.23. The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning to ExactScarceValuableInitial6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to ExplainedVisibleIdentifiedLocated句子翻译TPO 2.21. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record.2. Fish take in oxygen through their gills.3. The cars all have a new streamlined design.4. The horse reared up on its hind legs.5. She disguised herself as a man so she could fight on the battlefield.6. Some 3,500 new dwellings are planned for the area...7. They can see themselves going out on a limb, voting for a very controversial energy bill （关于能源的法案）.8. I think he is shallow, vain（自负）and untrustworthy...9. Loose sediments may be changed into solid sedimentary rocks.10. Interest in jet propulsion was now growing at the Air Ministry （航天部）.TPO 3.1 ArchitectureEnclose Practical Symbolical Architecture Aspiration Visual artThree-dimensional TextureHarmony Va-rie-ty Instinctively ShelterEnhance Delight complement Compliment Feasible ViableDoable EmploysDevised DesignBending Integral parts Enormous components Skeleton frameinterior Permanence Permanent Thickar-du-ous 发音（du发“之”）1. the vocabulary that she employs2. They devised a plan to rob a bank.3. I bent over and kissed her cheek.4. Music is an integral part of the school's curriculum.5. It was an enormous disappointment.6. He supplied house builders with modern timber frames7. The police think the videotape may hold some vital clues to the identity of the killer.8. The spoken word is immediate but lacks permanence.9. This material is very thick and this needle is not strong enough to go through it.TPO 3.1 Architecture 阅读词汇原题2.The word ―feasible‖ in the passage is closet in meaning toIn existenceWithout questionAchievableMost likely4. The word ―devised‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toCombinedCreatedIntroducedSuggested5. The word ―integral‖ is closet in meaning toEssentialVariablePracticalIndependent9. The word ―arduous‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toDifficultNecessarySkilledSharedTPO原文：―In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon.‖原文翻译练习：1. (Materials and methods of construction) are integral parts of the design ofarchitecture structures.2. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generationshave made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with aminimum of material.TPO 3.2 depletion of the Ogallala Aquifervast farmers and ranchers semiarid cattleranching aquiferinhabited settledunderlies TexasDakota amountingwells ensuing 中文同义词spraying unprecedented encountered 联想记忆pumpedconserve canal 发音（克-耐奥）tenfold promising1. The vast majority of the eggs would be cracked.2. He decided to lead a more settled life with his partner3. He went to work on a ranch.4. I think a lack of confidence underlies his manner.5. Consumer spending on sports-related items amounted to £9.75 billion.6. The ensuing argument had been bitter.7. The scheme has been hailed as an unprecedented success.8. Every day of our lives we encounter stresses of one kind or another9. the Grand Union Canal.10. the population increased tenfold11. A school has honored one of its brightest and most promising former pupils. TPO 3.2 depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer 阅读词汇原题4. The word ―ensuing‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toContinuingSurprisingInitialSubsequent难题、排除俩、选俩6. The word ―unprecedented‖ in the passage is closest in mean ing toDifficult to controlWithout any restrictionUnlike anything in the pastRapidly expanding7. The word ―virtually‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toClearlyPerhapsFrequentlyAlmost10. The word ―inevitable‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toUnfortunatePredictableUnavoidableFinalTPO 4.1 Deer Populations of the Puget Soundprevalent muleHybrid harshbrowses dormancybuilt-in urge migratehigh-elevation mouth of the Columbia River starved circumstancefluctuate bodezoologist indefinite periodrebound predatorinsured profound1. These prejudices（偏见）are particularly prevalent among people living in the North.2. A mule is a hybrid of a male donkey and a female horse.3. When animals browse, they feed on plants.4. Most birds have to fly long distances to migrate.5. A number of the prisoners we saw are starving6. I wish we could have met under happier circumstances.7. Grace had dried her eyes. That boded well.8. His shot in the 21st minute of the game rebounded from a post. (足球门柱)9. The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement.10. Was the vehicle insured?11. This is a book full of profound, original and challenging insights.TPO 4.1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound 阅读词汇原题3. The word "inhibits" in the passage is closest in meaning toConsists ofCombinesRestrictsEstablishes稍有难度Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.4. The phrase "in the same breath" in the passage is closest inmeaning toImpatientlyHumorouslyContinuouslyImmediately8. The phrase ―indefinite period‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to periodWhose end has not been determinedThat does not begin when expectedThat lasts only brieflyWhose importance remains unknown10．The word ―rebound‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toDeclineRecoveryExchangeMovementTPO 4.2 Cave Art In Europetraces carving crude cliff faces shelters Bare backdrops contemporary depict soughtchief motivation herds explicitly portrayed ceased Confined fertile1. There's been no trace of my aunt and uncle2. ...a wood carving of a human hand.3. a crudely carved wooden form4. They would have liked bare wooden floors throughout the house.5. ...a gallery of pictures depicting Nelson's most famous battles.6. rge herds of elephant and buffalo.7. At one o'clock the rain had ceased.8. ...fertile soil4.2 TPO Cave Art In Europe 阅读词汇原题1．The word ―marked‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toConsiderableSurprisingLimitedAdequate难题★★★★★3．The word ―principal‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toMajorLikelyWell protectedDistinct5．The word ―trappings‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toConditionsProblemsInfluencesDecorationsThe paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings.TPO 5.1 Minerals and Plantssoil N o’-to-rious-ly 重音在前面deficient nutrientstolerate depletionharvesting discolorationstems Phosphorusfacilitates omitmisted overabundancesodium heavy metalscadmium mercuryaluminum; copperzinc hyperaccumulatorshundredfold Tenfoldamassed herbsshrubs contaminatedabandoned mine runoffrelocated compoundsexcavation reburialremediation 例句1. The crops are suffering from deficient rain.2. They compete with beneficial vegetation for space nutrients and water.3. Using short easily recognized words facilitates navigation with minimal conscious reading.4. The windows misted blurring the stark streetlight...5. Their money increased a hundredfold.6. More than 100,000 people could fall ill after drinking contaminated water.7. Runoff is the overflow of water from the land and into a body of water. The water can overflow into a stream, a river, or even anocean. It's caused when the soil can no longer hold any more water.8. That plant has been relocated.9. Honey is basically a compound of water, two types of sugar, vitamins and enzymes.10. A contractor was hired to drain the reservoir and to excavate soil from one area for replacement with clay.11. Electrokinetic remediation is an environment-friendly and highly efficient in-situ（修复）technique.TPO 词汇原题2. The word exhibit in the passage is closest in meaning tofight offshowcausespread7. The word suspended in the passage is closest in meaning togrownprotectedspread outhung9. The word afford in the passage is closest in meaning toofferpreventincreaseremoveTPO原文翻译1. This scenario begins with the planting of hyper accumulating species2. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at acost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial,the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils.TPO 5.2 The Origin of the Pacific Island PeoplePacific Speculation encountered absencelinguistic mutually exclusive devised Variously deprecated implicitlyColonize Inferred 中文Drifted anthropology archaeology Prevailing winds currents. domesticated plants marginal conditions prerequisites cultivated possessed Voyage marooned unknown waters derived undisputed1. Critics of the project speculate about how many hospitals could be built instead...2. Did you encounter anyone in the building?...3. He has devised a scheme for making money.4. Selection is normally a mutually exclusive operation.5. The prevailing wind here is from the south-west.6. domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions,7. The ability to write is a supreme test of linguistic competence.8. Farmers cultivate their farms with cows.9. They believed she was possessed by devils.10. She escaped her family and shipped on a voyage to Australia.11. Anna's strength is derived from her parents and her sisters12. the undisputed fact that he had broken the law.13. He deprecated the low quality of entrants to the profession14. What can be inferred from it?TPO 5.2 阅读词汇原题2. By stating that the theories are mutually exclusive the author means that if one of the theories is true, then all the others must be falsethe differences between the theories are unimportanttaken together, the theories cover all possibilitiesthe theories support each other3. The word overwhelming in the passage is closest in meaning to powerfulfavorablecurrentreasonable6. The word implements in the passage is closest in meaning toskillstoolsopportunitiespractices10. The word undisputed in the passage is closest in meaning to mysteriousunexpectedacknowledgedsignificant原文翻译：Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised.The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization ofthe Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing,and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place,domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.TPO 6.1 Powering the Industrial Revolutiondramatic harnessingreign of George Ⅲdroughtexploited cylinderpiston vacuumvastly embodiedcould not be employed condenserreciprocating cutting its fuel consumptiona mil-len-nium and a half 发音Coal gasrival grew accustomedgaslit charcoalfurnaces raw materialsretained monopolymerely canalsingredients1. Turkey plans to harness the waters of the Euphrates River for big hydro-electric power projects.2. ...Queen Victoria, Britain's longest reigning monarch (君主).3. So you feel that your skills have never been fully appreciated （认可）or exploited?4. expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder5. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles （原文）6. Cassette recorders cannot rival the sound quality of CDs...TPO 6.1 阅读词汇原题utilizedrecognizedexaminedfully understood4. The word vastly in the passage is closet in meaning toquicklyultimatelygreatlyinitially8. The phrase grew accustomed to in the passage is closest in meaning to began to preferwanted to havebecame used toinsisted on9. The word retained in the passage is closest in meaning togainedestablishedprofited frommaintainedTPO 6.2 William Smithblacksmith Rudimentary 联想记忆surveying fossilsapprenticed roamed 例句/原文Canal excavating 发音例句/原文Sur-ve-yor 发音重音在前catalogsteam locomotive endured 例句best courses for the canals sediments TPO原文outcrop temporal sequence 联想记忆/拓展newly dug canal succession TPO原文mail coachesQuartzstratapatternemergingJurassic连线练习：Excavate seriesSuccession RegisterCatalog digTemporal time句子翻译练习：1. He had only a rudimentary knowledge of French.2. fossils over two million years old3. They're roaming around the country shooting at anything that moves...4. They are excavating a tunnel through the hill.TPO 6.2 阅读原题词汇thoroughstrictbasicoccasionalcarefullyquicklyfrequentlyobviouslyIn 1815 he published the first modern geological map ―A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Par t of Scotland‖, a map so meticulously researched that itcan still be used today.vanisheddevelopedvariedsurvivedpossiblyabsolutelysurprisinglynearlyTPO 7.1 The Geologic History of the MediterraneanGeologic organisms 英英中文例句geologists wiped out 英英中文例句Mediterranean Drilling 英英中文例句aboard in the course of 中文例句oceanographic Pe-cu-li-a-ri-ties 英英中文例句发音abruptly straits 英英中文例句Sediment Pre-ci-pi-ta-ted 英英中文例句seafloor Sa-li-ni-ty 中文发音basin spectacularly 英英中文例句hypothesis1. Joe's other peculiarity was that he was constantly munching（咀嚼）hard candy.2. The amoeba（变形虫）is a very simple organism.3. Many of her movies had been spectacularly successful.4. This last payment will wipe out your debt to me.5. I drilled five holes at equal distance.6. The subject cropped up（出现）in the course of conversation.7. A cool breeze（冷风）caused a precipitate drop in the temperature.8. I don't think we should make precipitate decisions...TPO 7.1 阅读词汇原题1．The word “objective”in the passage is closest in meaning to achievementrequirementpurposefeature8. T he word ―scores‖ in the passage is closest in meaning tomemberslarge numberspopulationsdifferent typesIncreasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species.11. The word ―Turbulent‖ in the p assage is closest in meaning tofreshdeepviolenttemperateTPO 7.2 Ancient Rome and Greeceterritorial Ce-ment 发音英英中文例句legions utterly 英英中文例句phenomenon obsession 英英中文例句Rural life assembled 英英中文例句infinitely undeniable 英英中文例句imitator Im-pe-ra-tive 英英中文例句mere disgust 英英中文例句s-pe-cu-la-tive predisposed 英英中文例句sensibilities derivative 英英中文例句英英中文例句1. One of the most important properties of a work team is cohesiveness.2. Mr. Kennet has a rather peculiar sense of humor...3. ...a mixture of wet sand and cement.4. The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless.5. I don't understand television's current obsession with cookery programmes.6. The pupils assembled in the school hall.7. He had undeniable charm.8. It is absolutely imperative that we finish by next week.9. He disgusted many with his boorish（粗鲁的）behaviour.TPO 7.2 阅读词汇原题3. The phrase ―obsession with‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to thinking aboutfixation oninterest inattitude toward6. The word ―fostered‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to acceptedcombinedintroducedencouraged难题★★★★★In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to thestability which rural life engenders（产生）,fostered the Roman virtues（美德、品质）:gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas,a sense of devotion to family and country,and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.11. The word ―spheres‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to abilitiesareascombinationsmodelsThe Roman genius was projected intonew spheres—especially into those of law,military organization, administration, and engineering.TPO 8.1 The Rise of Teotihuacánextensive circumstantially 英英中文例句irrigation eliminated 英英中文例句millennium commodity 英英中文例句foresighted exotic 英英中文例句eruptions tourism 英英中文例句lava necessitate 老词汇obsidian coerce 英英中文例句arose elite 英英中文例句predominant 英英中文例句Prosperousflourish1. If you think you may be allergic to a food or drink, eliminate it from your diet.2. The boy showed ingenuity in making toys.3. There are some exotic words in English language.4. You can't coerce her into obedience.5. The area is heavily dependent on tourism.6. Commodity prices remain stable and there are plenty of goods on the market.7. The predominant feature of his character was pride.8. Disagreement arose about exactly how to plan the show.阅读TPO 8.1 The Rise of Teotihuacán词汇原题1. The word massive in the passage is closest in meaning to ancientcarefullyvery largecarefully protected3. The word pinpoint in the passage is closest in meaning to identify preciselymake an argument fordescribeunderstand4. The word ingenuity in the passage is closest in meaning to ambitionsincerityfaithcleverness8. The word predominant in the passage is closest in meaning to most aggressivemost productiveprincipalearliest。