新托福TPO19阅读原文及译文(一)

THE ROMAN ARMY’S IMPACT ON BRITAIN1. 原文in的部分是非主要成分，结构是军队呆在blabla，并且有影响，所以答案是A。

B将原文的非重要成分awake，C将原文的非主要成分fortification变成了主要部分，改变了句子结构，都错；D的economic strength原文没说，错2. 以area和most influence做关键词定位至第四句，说军队一直驻扎的地方，其影响最深远，所以答案是C，作为军事基地的地方。

B和D都明显不靠谱，A的conquer first最先占领并不一定是一直驻扎，军事基地才是3. 以local population做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说军事驻扎剥夺了当地人参加政府的权力，使发展停滞，种下仇恨的种子，然后又说这种仇恨使军事驻扎持续，所以正确答案是B。

A和C原文没说，D与原文相反4. suppress镇压，压制，所以stop by force是正确答案。

从单词本身看，press是压，前缀表示加强，所以这个单词一定跟压这个意思相关，A与压完全无关，所以不对。

原文说仇恨的种子种下，使得军队必须留下怎样反抗，B警告和C避免反抗明显不足，D强力停止，镇压是正确答案5. friction摩擦，所以正确答案是B冲突。

原文说当没有训练或者战事的时候，部队的人必须忙起来，否则就会成为什么的源头A反抗和D犯罪都太过了，军队不可能只要没事做就反抗或者犯罪，neglect完全不靠谱6. 修辞目的题，修辞点所在句子只是单纯说出例子，所以不是答案，往前看，前面这句话上题已经读过，说士兵必须有事做，否则就会闹事儿，紧接着就给出343名士兵做着做那，所以343名士兵做事是士兵必须有事做的一个例子，所以答案是B7. entitle赋予权力，授权，所以正确答案是A。

原句说当地人与军人之间有不正式的婚约，紧接着解释说直到AD 197法律才怎么样他们结婚，既然之前都是不正式的，也就是后来的应该是法律允许的，猜出允许之意，答案是A，B承担得起C鼓励D要求都不靠谱8. 以goods and services做关键词定位至第三句，说远方来的人满足了士兵对于商品和服务的需求，正确答案是D。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO19(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:The Roman Army's Impact on Britain托福阅读原文【1】In the late nineteenth century, ecology began to grow into an independent science from its roots in natural history and plant geography. The emphasis of this new "community ecology" was on the composition and structure of communities consisting of different species. In the early twentieth century, the American ecologist Frederic Clements pointed out that a succession of plant communities would develop after a disturbance such as a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire. An abandoned field, for instance, will be invaded successively by herbaceous plants (plants with little or no woody tissue), shrubs, and trees, eventually becoming a forest. Light-loving species are always among the first invaders, while shade-tolerant species appear later in the succession. 【2】Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes.【3】The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements andearly ecologists, is likewise not predictable or of uniform composition. There is usually a good deal of turnover in species composition, even in a mature community. The nature of the climax is influenced by the same factors that influenced succession. Nevertheless, mature natural environments are usually in equilibrium. They change relatively little through time unless the environment itself changes.【4】For Clements, the climax was a "superorganism," an organic entity. Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements' characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed a misleading metaphor. An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax plant formation. Many authors prefer the term "association" to the term "community" in order to stress the looseness of the interaction.【5】Even less fortunate was the extension of this type of thinking to include animals as well as plants. This resulted in the "biome," a combination of coexisting flora and fauna. Though it is true that many animals are strictly associated with certain plants, it is misleading to speak of a "spruce-moose biome," for example, because there is no internal cohesion to their association as in an organism. The spruce community isnot substantially affected by either the presence or absence of moose. Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose. The opposition to the Clementsian concept of plant ecology was initiated by Herbert Gleason, soon joined by various other ecologists. Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species and that therefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies of individual plant species.【6】With "climax," "biome," "superorganism," and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment. Eventually, the energy-transforming role of such a system was emphasized. Ecosystems thus involve the circulation, transformation, and accumulation of energy and matter through the medium of living things and their activities. The ecologist is concerned primarily with the quantities of matter and energy that pass through a given ecosystem, and with the rates at which they do so.【7】Although the ecosystem concept was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s, it is no longer the dominant paradigm. Gleason's arguments against climax and biome are largely valid against ecosystems as well. Furthermore, the number of interactions is so great that they are difficultto analyze, even with the help of large computers. Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants. Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is a criticism of Clements’view of succession?A.The principles of succession are more lawlike than Clements thought they are.B.More evidence is needed to establish Clements’ predictions about succession.C.The details of succession are affected by random processes.D.Many of the factors that determine which plants will grow in an environment, such as the nature of the soil and the exposure to sun, do not change at all.2.The word “substantiated” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.confirmed.B.noticed.C.defined.D.publicized.3.Th e word “trend” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.probability.B.picture.wlike regularity.D.tendency.4.The word “likewise” in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.sometimes.B.similarly.C.apparently.D.consequently.5.The word “legitimately” in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning tomonly.B.broadly.C.properly.D.officially.6.According to paragraph 4, why do many authors prefer the term“association” to “community” when describing a climax plan t formation?A.Because the term “association” does not suggest the presence of a tight network involving interactive communication.B.Because the term “association” indicates that the grouping is not necessarily beneficial to all members.C.Because the ter m “community” indicates continuing dynamic development that a climax formation does not have.D.Because the term “community” suggests an organization that has been designed for a specific purpose.7.In paragraph 5, the author challenges the idea of a “biome” by noting thatA.there are usually no very strong connections among the plants and animals living in a place.B.plants and animals respond in the same way to the same circumstances.C.particular combinations of flora and fauna do not generally come about purely by chance.D.some animals are dependent on specific kinds of plants for food.8.Why does the author make the statement, “Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose”in para graph 5 ?A.To highlight a fact whose significance the ecologist Herbert Gleason had missed.B.To propose the idea that a spruce forest is by itself a superorganism.C.To emphasize that moose are not limited to a single kind of environment.D.To criticize the idea of a spruce-moose biome.9.The word “initiated”in paragraph 5 in the passage is closest in meaning toA.approved.B.identified.C.started.D.foreseen.10.According to paragraph 5, Gleason’s opposition to the Clementsian views of plant ecology was based on the claim that plant species grow in places whereA.they can enter into mutually beneficial relationships with other species.B.conditions suit them, regardless of whether particular other species are present.C.habitats are available for a wide variety of plant and animal species.D.their requirements are met, and those of most other species are not.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 6)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Unlike the terms “climax”, “biome,” and “superorganism,” which refer to the particular association of plants and animals at a given location, the term “ecosystem” refers specificall y to the physical factors within an environment.B.The terms “climax,” “biome,” “superorganism,” and “ecosystem” all refer to the system of plants and animals in an associated environment, but some are more controversial than others.C.When the older terms of ecology became too technical, they were replaced by the more popular and more widely used term “ecosystem.”D.The term “ecosystem” gradually replaced discredited terms for the combination of a physical environment and the plants and animals living together in it.12.According to paragraph 6, what did ecologists mainly study when the ecosystem concept was the dominant paradigm?A.The physical factors present in different environments.B.The typical activities of animals and the effect of those activities on plants.C.The rates at which ecosystems changed from one kind to another.D.The flow of energy and matter through ecosystems.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit ? They may be more interested in researching, for example, theadaptations that some aquatic animals undergo to survive in dry desert environments.Paragraph 7: Although the ecosystem concept was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s, it is no longer the dominant paradigm. ■【A】Gleason's arguments against climax and biome are largely valid against ecosystems as well. ■【B】Furthermore, the number of interactions is so great that they are difficult to analyze, even with the help of large computers. Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants. ■【C】Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provied below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The study of the combination of plant species that inhabit a particular locality became a scientific discipline toward the end of the nineteenth century.A.Areas that are recovering from serious disturbances like volcaniceruptions and heavy floods provide special opportunities to observe the development of plant communities.B.Whether a given species will be found in a given ecosystem strongly depends on what other species it would interact with in that ecosystem.puter-aided studies of entire system of associated organisms together with their environment provide a solid basis for current studies of specific ecological problems.D.According to the earliest theories of ecology, the development of plant communities proceeds in lawlike fashion and results in stable climax communities.E.The idea of associations of plants and animals that function as “superorganisms” was later rejected by biologists who saw no strong evidence in support of that idea.F.The once popular idea of communities as integrated ecosystems has been largely rejected by modern ecologists, who are more interested in problems involving behavior and adaptations.托福阅读答案1.本段较短，可以快速扫完，也可以用人名和succession做关键词定位至最后一句，说很多因素都可以影响succession，所以正确答案是C。

2021年托福阅读真题第19篇Circadian and …Circadian and Circannian RhythmsCertain mammalian behaviors serve to promote the survival of the individual. One striking aspect of animal behavior is the rhythmic, or cyclic, pattern of activity. Some species are active at night(nocturnal) and some during the day(diurnal); others are active primarily at dawn and dusk. The activity periods tend to be at regular intervals. The time of emergence of a particular species of bat may differ by no more than two or three minutes night after night. Animals also exhibit other kinds of cyclic behavior. The timing of reproduction is cyclic, and in some mammals, such as some rodents and bats, daily or seasonal shifts occur between highly active and torpid states. Migratory movements are also cyclic. Daily activity rhythms, those based on a 24-hour cycle, are termed circadian rhythms and are better understood than other types of rhythms.Circadian rhythms differ markedly from one species to another. Most mammals are nocturnal, but even in two nocturnal species there are contrasts between the patterns of activity. In general, small mammals that are especially vulnerable to predation, such as rodents, tend to be nocturnal, whereas less vulnerable species, such as manyungulates(mammals with hooves), may be active during the day. The activity cycles of carnivores seem to be geared to the circadian cycles of their prey or to the period when hunting is most rewarding.Circadian rhythms are also influenced by interactions between species with similar environmental needs. In some cases, competition between species is reduced or eliminated because their activity cycles are out of phase. Two species of fishing bats, both of which feed over water, avoid interfering with one another partly by foraging at different times of the night and also by eating different prey. Clearly. the circadian rhythm of an animal is part of its total adaptation to its particular mode of life and environment and has evolved just as have the form and structure of its body parts.The question of whether circadian cycles are endogenous (internally controlled) or exogenous(ultimately regulated by external stimuli) has occupied the attention of many biologists. Clearly, some strong endogenous control is present in many species. As an example, careful work on the flying squirrel showed that even under constant environmental conditions, including continuous darkness flying squirrels maintained regular activity periods that deviated only around two minutes from the mean value (average) for activity periods under natural conditions. When a laboratory animal whose circadian cycle is not in phase with the natural 24-hour light-dark cycle is again exposed to normal day and night conditions, its cycle rapidly shifts and becomes synchronized; that is, it becomes adjusted and locked to the 24-hour cycle. Studies using large outdoor enclosures indicated that circadian activity of root voles, though notaffected by weather conditions, followed a rhythm based on the Moon. Circadian cycles and other animal behaviors are regulated by intricate and as yet poorly understood interactions between endogenous and exogenous factors.As might be expected if circadian cycles are adaptive, they often shift seasonally and depend on an animal's ability to track some environmental variable, such as light or temperature. Attending the seasonal changes in environmental temperatures are changing metabolic demands put on small mammals, and some shifts in circadian rhythms may allow the animals to avoid activity during times of most intense temperature stress. Three types of seasonal changes in circadian rhythms were reported by researchers for small mammals in Canada: overall decreased winter activity changes in percentage of nocturnal and diurnal activity, and changes in peak daily activity. Seasonal shifts in activity probably result in a considerable saving of energy. Although less studied than circadian rhythms, circannian rhythms play an equally prominent role in the lives of some mammals Among vertebrates, such vital activities as breeding, migration, and hibernation are phased on an annual cycle or a circannian rhythm. A circannian rhythm is an endogenous cycle that has a length of approximately one year. Circannian rhythm is a major key to the survival of some Temperate Zone and Arctic mammals. According to researchers, these rhythms allow an organism to anticipate, and thus prepare for, a future annually occurring environmental condition such as cold weather, drought, food scarcity. or optimal breeding time.the rhythm also ensures some flexibility of response to cyclic environments that may differ markedly from year to year.1.Certain mammalian behaviors serve to promote the survival of the individual. One striking aspect of animal behavior is the rhythmic, or cyclic, pattern of activity. Some species are active at night(nocturnal) and someduring the day(diurnal); others are active primarily at dawn and dusk. The activity periods tend to be at regular intervals. The time of emergence of a particular species of bat may differ by no more than two or three minutes night after night. Animals also exhibit other kinds of cyclic behavior. The timing of reproduction is cyclic, and in some mammals, such as some rodents and bats, daily or seasonal shifts occur between highly active and torpid states. Migratory movements are also cyclic. Daily activity rhythms, those based on a 24-hour cycle, are termed circadian rhythms and are better understood than other types of rhythms.2.Certain mammalian behaviors serve to promote the survival of the individual. One striking aspect of animal behavior is the rhythmic, or cyclic, pattern of activity. Some species are active at night(nocturnal) and some during the day(diurnal); others are active primarily at dawn and dusk. The activity periods tend to be at regular intervals. The time of emergence of a particular species of bat may differ by no more than two or three minutes night after night. Animals also exhibit other kinds of cyclic behavior. The timing of reproduction is cyclic, and in some mammals, such as some rodents and bats, daily or seasonal shifts occur between highly active and torpid states. Migratory movements are also cyclic. Daily activity rhythms,those based on a 24-hour cycle, are termed circadian rhythms and are better understood than other types of rhythms.3.Circadian rhythms differ markedly from one species to another. Most mammals are nocturnal, but even in two nocturnal species there are contrasts between the patterns of activity. In general, small mammals that are especially vulnerable to predation, such as rodents, tend to be nocturnal, whereas less vulnerable species, such as manyungulates(mammals with hooves), may be active during the day. The activity cycles of carnivores seem to be geared to the circadian cycles of their prey or to the period when hunting is most rewarding.4.Circadian rhythms are also influenced by interactions between species with similar environmental needs. In some cases, competition between species is reduced or eliminated because their activity cycles are out ofphase. Two species of fishing bats, both of which feed over water, avoid interfering with one another partly by foraging at different times of the night and also by eating different prey. Clearly. the circadian rhythm of an animal is part of its total adaptation to its particular mode of life and environment and has evolved just as have the form and structure of its body parts.5.The question of whether circadian cycles are endogenous (internally controlled) or exogenous(ultimately regulated by external stimuli) has occupied the attention of many biologists. Clearly, some strong endogenous control is present in many species. As an example, careful work on the flying squirrel showed that even under constant environmental conditions, including continuous darkness flying squirrels maintained regular activity periods that deviated only around two minutes from the mean value (average) for activity periods under natural conditions. When a laboratory animal whose circadian cycle is not in phase with the natural 24-hour light-dark cycle is again exposed to normal day and night conditions, its cycle rapidly shifts and becomes synchronized; that is, it becomes adjusted and locked to the 24-hour cycle. Studies using large outdoor enclosures indicated that circadian activity of root voles, though notaffected by weather conditions, followed a rhythm based on the Moon. Circadian cycles and other animal behaviors are regulated by intricate and as yet poorly understood interactions between endogenous and exogenous factors.6.As might be expected if circadian cycles are adaptive, they often shift seasonally and depend on an animal's ability to track some environmental variable, such as light or temperature. Attending the seasonal changes in environmental temperatures are changing metabolic demands put on small mammals, and some shifts in circadian rhythms may allow the animals to avoid activity during times of most intense temperature stress. Three types of seasonal changes in circadian rhythms were reported by researchers for small mammals in Canada: overall decreased winter activity changes in percentage of nocturnal and diurnal activity, and changes in peak daily activity. Seasonal shifts in activity probably result in a considerable saving of energy. Although less studied than circadian rhythms, circannian rhythms play an equally prominent role in the lives of some mammals Among vertebrates, such vital activities as breeding, migration, and hibernation are phased on an annual cycle or a circannian rhythm. A circannian rhythm is an endogenous cycle that has a length of approximately one year. Circannian rhythm is a major key to the survival of some Temperate Zone and Arctic mammals. According to researchers, these rhythms allow an organism to anticipate, and thus prepare for, a future annually occurring environmental condition such as cold weather, drought, food scarcity. or optimal breeding time.the rhythm also ensures some flexibility of response to cyclic environments that may differ markedly from year to year.7.As might be expected if circadian cycles are adaptive, they often shift seasonally and depend on an animal's ability to track some environmental variable, such as light or temperature. Attending the seasonal changes in environmental temperatures are changing metabolic demands put on small mammals, and some shifts in circadian rhythms may allow the animals to avoid activity during times of most intense temperature stress. Three types of seasonal changes in circadian rhythms were reported by researchers for small mammals in Canada: overall decreased winter activity changes in percentage of nocturnal and diurnal activity, and changes in peak daily activity. Seasonal shifts in activity probably result in a considerable saving of energy. Although less studied than circadian rhythms, circannian rhythms play an equally prominent role in the lives of some mammals Among vertebrates, such vital activities as breeding, migration, and hibernation are phased on an annual cycle or a circannian rhythm. A circannian rhythm is an endogenous cycle that has a length of approximately one year. Circannian rhythm is a major key to the survival of some Temperate Zone and Arctic mammals. According to researchers, these rhythms allow an organism to anticipate, and thus prepare for, a future annually occurring environmental condition such as cold weather, drought, food scarcity. or optimal breeding time.the rhythm also ensures some flexibility of response to cyclic environments that may differ markedly from year to year.8.As might be expected if circadian cycles are adaptive, they often shift seasonally and depend on an animal's ability to track some environmental variable, such as light or temperature. Attending the seasonal changes in environmental temperatures are changing metabolic demands put on small mammals, and some shifts in circadian rhythms may allow the animals to avoid activity during times of most intense temperature stress. Three types of seasonal changes in circadian rhythms were reported by researchers for small mammals in Canada: overall decreased winter activity changes in percentage of nocturnal and diurnal activity, and changes in peak daily activity. Seasonal shifts in activity probably result in a considerable saving of energy. Although less studied than circadian rhythms, circannian rhythms play an equally prominent role in the lives of some mammals Among vertebrates, such vital activities as breeding, migration, and hibernation are phased on an annual cycle or a circannian rhythm. A circannian rhythm is an endogenous cycle that has a length of approximately one year. Circannian rhythm is a major key to the survival of some Temperate Zone and Arctic mammals. According to researchers, these rhythms allow an organism to anticipate, and thus prepare for, a future annually occurring environmental condition such as cold weather, drought, food scarcity. or optimal breeding time.the rhythm also ensures some flexibility of response to cyclic environments that may differ markedly from year to year.9.The question of whether circadian cycles are endogenous (internally controlled) or exogenous(ultimately regulated by external stimuli) has occupied the attention of many biologists. Clearly, some strong endogenous control is present in many species.⬛As an example, careful work on the flying squirrel showed that even under constant environmental conditions, including continuous darkness flying squirrels maintained regular activity periods that deviated only around two minutes from the mean value (average) for activity periods under natural conditions. ⬛When a laboratory animal whose circadian cycle is not in phase with the natural 24-hour light-dark cycle is again exposed to normal day and night conditions, its cycle rapidly shifts and becomes synchronized; that is, it becomes adjusted and locked to the 24-hour cycle. ⬛Studies using large outdoor enclosures indicated that circadian activity of root voles, though not affected by weather conditions, followed a rhythm based on the Moon.⬛Circadian cycles and other animal behaviors are regulated by intricate and as yet poorly understood interactions between endogenous and exogenous factors.10.1.A2.B3.D4.A5.A6.D7.A8.AB9.C10.CDF。

托福阅读答案1.回到原文“accumulations of earth and loose rock …” 文中的意思是指的泥土的积累，形成叫moraines的物质，而泥土的积累其实就可以看做是沉淀，比如三角洲就是泥土的积累或者说是沉淀出来的，所以选D。

2.根据“A heterogeneous group consists of many different types of things or people.” 所以答案选B。

3.第二句“Agassiz visited many places …”第三句“In all these diverse regions, …”第四句“In flatplains country, he saw moraines…that remained him of the terminal moraines found at the endof valley glaciers in the Alps.”意思是：在平原乡村，他看到的moraines让他想起了在阿尔卑斯冰山谷末端找到的terminal moraines。

首先他去过很多地方，都发现了冰川侵蚀和沉淀的迹象，然后他在flat plains 发现的moraines让他想起了在Alps发现的moraines，这证明在不同地方发现了类似甚至同样的物质，所以只有B符合。

选项A错，地质差异比较扯；选项C错，肯定不是Alps的地质研究；选项D错，并没有什么regionaldifference,这是原文并没有提到的，所以不能选。

4.回原文“…regions that enjoy temperate climates…”直译过来应该是：享受温带气候的地区。

Resemble 肯定不对，因为确实就是温带气候，不用类似于。

Expect 期望也不对，本来就是何必期望呢？dominate支配也不对，支配温带气候实在是从语义上说不过去，最后只有experience经历是可以说的过去的，一个享受温带气候的地区当然就经历这么一个温带的气候，所以选A。

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO19ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO19ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡The Roman Army's Impact on Britain¡¡¡¡In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.¡¡¡¡Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally[1] a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.¡¡¡¡Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.¡¡¡¡The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenshipon retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), with a peak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area. Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.¡¡¡¡This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1: In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO19ÔĶÁPassage1ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.¡¡¡¡O Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their presence。

2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 19试题及答案PASSAGE 19The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export.Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.(B) The evolution of cities in North America(C) Trade between North American and European cities(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.2. The word "they" in line 4 refers to(A) North American colonies(B) cities(C) centuries(D) town economies3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?(A) Their economic success(B) The type of merchandise they exported(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements(D) The pace of their development4. The word "accordingly" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) as usual(B) in contrast(C) to some degree(D) for that reason5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to(A) an abundance of natural resources(B) financial support from colonial governments(C) proximity to parts of Europe(D) a favorable climate6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?(A) Manufacturing equipment(B) Capital goods(C) Consumer goods(D) Raw materials7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the(A) location of the plantations(B) access of plantation owners to shipping(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern cities were(A) more prosperous(B) smaller(C) less economically self-sufficient(D) tied less closely to England than to France9. The word "recorded" in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) imagined(B) discovered(C) documented(D) planned10. The word "drawing" in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) attracting(B) employing(C) instructing(D) representing11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms(D) increased migration from northern states to southern statesANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 19 BBDDC DCBCA C。

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Succession, Climax, and EcosystemsIn the late nineteenth century, ecology began to grow into an independent science from its roots in natural history and plant geography. The emphasis of this new "community ecology" was on the composition and structure of communities consisting of different species. In the early twentieth century, the American ecologist Frederic Clements pointed out that a succession of plant communities would develop after a disturbance such as a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire. An abandoned field, for instance, will be invaded successively by herbaceous plants (plants with little or no woody tissue, shrubs, and trees, eventually becoming a forest. Light-loving species are always among the first invaders, while shade-tolerant species appear later in the succession.Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes.The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early ecologists, is likewise not predictable or of uniform composition. There is usually a good deal of turnover in species composition, even in a mature community. The nature of the climax is influenced by the same factors that influenced succession. Nevertheless, mature natural environments are usually in equilibrium. They change relatively little through time unless the environment itself changes.For Clements, the climax was a "superorganism," an organic entity. Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements' characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed a misleading metaphor. An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax plant formation. Many authors prefer the term "association" to the term "community" in order to stress the looseness of the interaction.上述内容就是小编为大家准备的托福阅读模考软件TPO19文本+解析的部分内容,但是仅仅只是部分内容,大家可以点击下载按钮进行免费的下载,希望本资料对大家的备考有帮助。

Q1正确答案：A解析：高亮部分的主干意思是：大量军队驻扎在新省份，并对英国产生重大影响。

所以A正确。

in the wake of 意为“随着”，与awaken意义不同，B偷换概念，错误；C将原文的非主要成分camps, fortification变成了主要部分，改变了句子结构，意义也错误；D选项错在经济只是影响的一方面，不是全部，这里以偏概全了。

Q2正确答案：C解析：以area和most influence做关键词定位至第一段第四句，提到军队一直驻扎的地方，其影响最深远，所以答案是C，作为军事基地的地方。

AB都没提到，D与第三句相反。

Q3正确答案：B解析：以local population做关键词定位至第一段倒数第二句和最后一句，提到军事驻扎剥夺了当地人参加政府的权力，使发展停滞，种下仇恨的种子，然后又说军队只好继续驻扎，镇压叛乱、组织政府，所以正确答案是B。

A和C原文未提及，D与原文相反。

Q4正确答案：D解析：suppress“镇压，压制”，所以D stop by force是正确答案。

Q5正确答案：B解析：friction“摩擦”，所以正确答案是B “冲突”。

Q6正确答案：B解析：修辞目的题，修辞点所在句子只是单纯说出例子，所以不是答案，往前看，前面提到士兵必须有事做，否则就会闹事儿，后面再给出343名士兵从事工作的例子，所以是用例子来印证前面的观点，对应B选项。

Q7正确答案：A解析：entitle to“赋予权力，授权”，所以正确答案是A。

原句提到当地人与军人之间有不正式的婚约，紧接着解释直到AD 197年法律才_____他们结婚，既然之前都是不正式的，说明后来的应该是法律允许的，猜出“允许”之意，答案是A，B“承担得起”C“鼓励”D“要求”都不合文意。

Q8正确答案：D解析：这题最好用排除法做。

A与第三段第二句相反，原文是说在fort gates之外形成了繁荣经济，而不是within the fort；B偷换概念，原文第三句说的是有部分贸易是旅商完成的，而不是most；C信息未在原文体现，未提是否是士兵放假时去周边购买。

托福阅读笔记TPO19：罗马军队对不列颠的影响TPO19 The Roman Army's Impact On Britain文章题材：社会学科——罗马军队对不列颠的影响常见词汇：social ['səuʃəl] adj. 社会的，社交的n. 社交聚会stimulating adj. 刺激的，令人兴奋的indicate ['indikeit] v. 显示，象征，指示v. 指明，表明proficient [prə'fiʃənt] adj. 熟练的，精通的participation [pɑ:.tisi'peiʃən] n. 参加，参与impact ['impækt,im'pækt] n. 冲击(力), 冲突，影响(力)transfer [træns'fə:] n. 迁移，移动，换车v. 转移，调转，调任inevitably [in'evitəbli] adv. 不可避免地discontent [diskən'tent] n. 不满adj. 不满的content n 内容;满足adj 满意的vt 使满足entitle [in'taitl] vt. 取名为，使有权利易错题解析：Paragraph 1: In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in localgovernment, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their presence had a strong influence.○The new Roman province of Britain seemed to awaken in the first century A.D as the local economy improved.○Camps, fortifications, and economic change contributed to the Roman conquest of Britain.○With the conquest of Britain by Roman troops, the Roman Empire gained considerable economic strength.题型：句子简化题。

DISCOVERING THE ICE AGES1.accumulation沉积，聚集，所以答案是D的deposit。

从单词本身看，cumul表示沉积，ac无实际意义，仅表示加强，ate动词词尾，所以整个词就是沉积之意。

原句说在平原国家，他看到了moraine，后面的括号是用来解释什么是morain的，morain是冰积石，所以自然答案是D，不知道的话原文也说形成于冰川边缘的松散的石头和土的什么，下句说沉积在那儿的沙石和粘土，解释了morain，A标记，信号B片，张和C类型都不靠谱2.heterogeneous异质的，所以正确答案是varied多变的。

原文说什么样的物质使他相信这些东西是冰川起源的，括号内说了沙、石和粘土，因为括号是解释前文的，猜出前面应该是有多种物质，A剩下C熟悉D 分层都不对3.人名多次出现，所以单纯使用人名作为关键词不好，配合glacial冰川做关键词。

总共出现两次次，第一次是第一句介绍这个人，与答案无关；第二次是说这个人在不同的地方都发现了冰蚀和沉积痕迹，所以答案是B。

D的regional difference说反；A的geologicdifference原文没说，C答非所问4.enjoy享受，经历，所以experience正确。

enjoy大家都认识，是喜欢，享受的意思，答案当中只有experience靠谱。

原文说A和其他地质学家使大众相信极地大陆冰川从极地扩展到了现在怎么样温带的地方，既然是扩展，大概就应该到现在是温带的地方，所以A正确，B像C期待D占优势都不靠谱5.此题关键词不好找，所以排除法较好。

A的last ice age做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说last glaciation的沉积时间，往下看就看到美国东海岸，所以沉积的地区是能确定的，不选；B的date做关键词定位至倒数第三句，说现在知道了冰川的年龄，根据时间对比，也就是以前不知道，恰恰是答案，所以B正确；C的composition成分做关键词定位至最后一句，说drift是morain，所以成分是知道的；D的how far south做关键词定位至第二句的temperate climate，所以D也是错的6.以warm-climate plant fossils做关键词定位至第三句，但这句没说结论是什么，往下看，下句说这些土壤是冰川后退的证据，所以正确答案是B。

【托福写作备考】TPO19综合写作文本与解析TPO 19首先来看综合写作的阅读材料：Many consumers ignore commercial advertisements. In response, advertisingcompanies have started using a new tactic, calling “buzzing.” The advertisershire people - buzzers - who personally promote (buzz) products to people theyknow or meet. The key part is that the buzzers do not reveal that they are beingpaid to promote anything. They behave as though they were just spontaneouslypraising a product during normal conversation. Buzzing has generated a lot ofcontroversy, and many critics would like to see it banned.中文：很多消费者都无视商业广告。

为了应对这种情况，广告公司开始采取一种名为”托儿”的新策略。

广告公司雇佣托儿，让他们向他们认识的或者遇见的人推荐产品。

这种策略的关键是托儿是会隐藏他们受雇佣来推荐产品这一事实的。

他们表现出他们只是在日常的交流中无意地推荐某种产品。

这种营销方式引来了很多争议，而许多批评家希望能够禁止这种方式。

First, the critics complain that consumers should know whether a personpraising a product is being paid to praise the product. Knowing this makes a bigdifference: we expect the truth from people who we believe do not have anymotive for misleading us. But with buzzing what you hear is just paidadvertising, which may well give a person incorrect information about the buzzedproduct.中文：首先，批评家认为消费者有权利知道向他推荐产品的人是否是有报酬的。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO19综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO19综合写作阅读原文文本： Many consumers ignore commercial advertisements. In response, advertising companies have started using a new tactic, called “buzzing." The advertisers hire people,buzzers,who personally promote (buzz) products to people they know or meet. The key part is that the buzzers do not reveal that they are being paid to promote anything. They behave as though they were just spontaneously praising a product during normal conversation. Buzzing has generated a lot of controversy, and many critics would like to see it banned. First, the critics complain that consumers should know whether a person praising a product is being paid to praise the product. Knowing this makes a big difference: we expect the truth from people who we believe do not have any motive for misleading us. But with buzzing what you hear is just paid advertising, which may well give a person incorrect information about the buzzed product. Second, since buzzers pretend they are just private individuals, consumers listen to their endorsements less critically than they should. With advertisements in print or on TV, the consumer is on guard for questionable claims or empty descriptions such as "new and improved." But when consumers do not know they are being lobbied, they may accept claims they would otherwise be suspicious of. This may suit the manufacturers, but it could really harm consumers. And worst of all is the harmful effect that buzzing is likely to have on social relationships. Once we become aware that people we meet socially may be buzzers with a hidden agenda, we will become less trustful of people in general. So buzzing will result in the spread of mistrust and the expectation of dishonesty. 托福TPO19综合写作听力原文文本： Hi, my name is Bill. Um, I was talking your professor in the subway about the great phone service that I was using. And it turned out we're both interested in marketing. So he asked me to talk in his marketing classes. You see, I am a buzzer, part time, you know. During the day, I'm a student just like you. Now, I read that piece attacking buzzing, it is really misleading. How would it describe buzzing leading a lot, and gives a wrong impression?First, it makes it sound like buzzers don't tell the truth about the products they're buzzing. That's not true. How buzzing works this. Companies find people who use their products and who really think product is good. So buzzing is not like ordinary advertisement where an actress is paid to read some lies. Um, yes, I get paid for telling you what I am thinking, but you get the truth from buzzers. I really do think my phone service is great. That is why the company hired me.Second, the reading makes it seem that when a buzzer talks to someone, the person believes whatever they hear from the buzzer. Not true. In fact, the opposite is true. People talk to ask a lot of questions about the products I buzz, that is about the price, service and how long I used the product. If I don't have good answers,they won't buy the products.Finally, if you believe what you read, buzzing will destroy civilization, that is stupid. If a product is bad, the company can't recruit buzzers. So what you get from a buzzer is not only sincere but is likely to be about a good product. If you try the phone service I use, you're gonna love it. So people who try buzzed products are going to have a good experience. So end up being more trustful and open up to people. 托福TPO19综合写作满分范文1： As stated in the reading, many critics would like buzzing to be banned. Yet a buzzer Bill, dissenting from those critics, argues for buzzing in three aspects. First, he contends that the point made in the reading, that buzzers don’t tell the truth, is not true. Buzzers, he explains, although they are paid by companies, are actually previous users having enjoyed the product and willing to share their real thoughts with us. Second, he argues against buzzers’ role in misleading consumers as illustrated in the reading, by saying that consumers remain clear and skeptical when being buzzed. They question about details such as price, service and the buzzer’s familiarity before drawing their final decision according to the responses. Third, about the harmful effects imposed by buzzing on civilization mentioned in the reading, he indicates that buzzers are only employed to promote worthy products they ever used to leave consumers a nice experience, as a result of which buzzing benefits social relationships. 托福TPO19综合写作满分范文2： In the passage the author describes three ways to address the decline of Torreya. However, the professor doubts the passage by stating that none of the three ways will work. To begin with, the professor points out that the first option mentioned in the passage, reestablishing Torreya, will not succeed. Why? Because many areas within Florida’s microclimate region are turning drier for either global warming, or the disappearing wetlands. Consequently, this region fails to meet the condition Torreya needs to survive. Additionally, the professor claims that the second option, relocating Torreya, will definitely result in vain. To illustrate this argument the example of another tree, which was moved to a new environment and then quickly spread to kill off other plant species, including some already endangered ones, is introduced. Finally, the professor argues against the third option in the reading, preserving Torreya in research centers. The population of Torreya, she explains, has to be genetically diverse in order to resist diseases. Nevertheless, research centers, different from the wild, are not capable of maintaining such a size. For all the above analysis, the solutions in the reading lose their values. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO19综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福TPO19阅读原文题目答案解析-Succession,Climax,andEcosystemsThe McMillan PlanAs the city approached its centennial; there was a call to develop a comprehensive park system for the As early as 1898, a committee was formed to meet with President William McKinley to propose the erection of a monument to commemorate the centennial of the A joint committee formed by Congress held its first meeting in February 1900 with Senator James McMillan of Michigan as chairman, and Charles Moore as At the same time, plans were put forward for the development of a Mall which would include the newly reclaimed Potomac As the bureaucracy planned for the centennial, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) joined the AIA leaders envisioned the nation's capital as the perfect place for the group to express the ideals of the City Beautiful movement promoted by the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in The architect of this pivotal fair designed Beaux Arts Classical architecture in a grand and ordered civicWhen the Senate Commission was formed in 1901 to explore and plan the design of the city, the project then encompassed the historic The illustrious committee was comprised of Daniel Burnham, a visionary of the World's Columbian Exposition, as well as landscape architectFrederick Law Olmsted, , architect Charles , and sculptor Augustus Foremost in the minds of these men was the amazing foresight and genius of Pierre L' The committee lamented the fragmented Mall marred by a railroad station and focused upon restoring it to the uninterrupted greensward envisioned by L' In total, the forward-looking plans made by the McMillan Commission called for: re-landscaping the ceremonial core, consisting of the Capitol Grounds and Mall, including new extensions west and south of the Washington Monument; consolidating city railways and alleviating at-grade crossings; clearing slums; designing a coordinated municipal office complex in the triangle formed by Pennsylvanian Avenue, 15th Street, and the Mall, and establishing a comprehensive recreation and park system that would preserve the ring of Civil War fortifications around theTo protect the new goals introduced by the McMillan study, the AIA appealed to President Theodore Roosevelt to form a fine arts Established by Congress in 1910 during the Taft Administration, the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) was created as a consulting organization to the government on the design of bridges, parks, paintings, and other artistic matters; an executive order later that year added the design review of all publicInfluenced by the designs of several European cities and 18th century gardens such as France's Palace of Versailles, the plan of Washington, DCwas symbolic and innovative for the new Only limited changes were made to the historic city-bounded by Florida Avenue on the north and the waterways on the east, west and south-until after the Civil The foremost manipulation of L’Enfant plan began in the 19th century, and was codified in 1901 when the McMillan Commission directed urban improvements that resulted in the most elegant example of City Beautiful tenets in the L’Enfant plan was magnified and expanded during the early decades of the 20th century with the reclamation of land for waterfront parks, parkways, an improved Mall and new monuments and Two hundred years since its design, the integrity of the plan of Washington is largely unimpaired-boasting a legal enforced height restriction, landscaped parks, wide avenues, and open space allowing intended Constant vigilance is needed by the agencies responsible for design review, it their charge to continue the vision of L'。

罗马军队对不列颠的影响在公元一世纪罗马帝国成功征服不列颠之后，派驻了大量军队驻守在这片新省区，他们对不列颠的军事有着重要的影响，同时对当地经济也产生了可观的影响。

评估军队对人口数量的影响要从士兵在国家内不均匀的分配开始讲起，那些很快就并入帝国的地区基本就不再受军队的影响。

而那些保留军队的地区，军队的存在产生了重大的影响。

军事基地需要当地的土地，另外士兵们打仗用的牲畜也需要在军事基地和领地内喂养和训练，这些都需要当地去承担。

军事规定也强行剥夺了本地领导者参与政府的机会，因而社会的发展收到了阻碍，不满的情绪开始蔓延。

这就意味着军队不得不维持对反叛的高压政策以及承担组织政府的责任。

因为罗马军队有着强大的消费潜力，经济交流就显得的非常重要。

在当地，一个军事基地有两种影响，一方面大量的人口需要食物和其他的供给，这其中肯定会有一部分会来自后方补给，但是有些东西势必要从本地征用。

尽管这些商品可以强征，但是军队会给予报酬，这些都会刺激当地经济的发展。

另一方面当没有战争时，士兵们需要干活，否则他们就会成为摩擦和叛变的潜在根源。

一块标着4月25日的写字板讲述了一个基地内243名士兵干着诸如做鞋，造房子，操作炉子，挖坑和铸铅之类的工作。

这样的活动对当地有着显著的影响，特别是基础设施的建设如道路，这些道路能够通往较远的地区。

每一个士兵都会有报酬，但是在那些经济欠发达地区花不了那么多的钱。

所以这些多余的钱迅速刺激起了基地外的经济，一些服务需求和商品需求毫无疑问的会有那些来自外地的人来完成，当然本地人也会卷入到这个新的经济体系中。

士兵中出现了非法婚姻，这种婚姻直到公元197年才得到了法律的承认，从而在这些军事基地周围发展出一些全新的社会群体。

这些定居地就像城镇一样，成为了工匠和生意人的聚集地。

在本地人里面，作为一个服役于军团辅助机构的男性可以在退休时得到世袭罗马公民的地位。

这样的人就是从这些驻地中特别招募而来，并且不列颠的招募规模特别的大。

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托福TPO19独立写作题目原文： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to be well-informed, a person must get information from many different news resources. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 托福TPO19独立写作满分范文： In modern society, media was almost everywhere. At the beginning of one day, I read a newspaper when eating breakfast. On the mass transportation to office, I listen to radio programs until the subway arrive my destination. A high school boy next to me is playing an I-phone, and people on the bus read books, journals, and magazines.I usually skimp newspapers and magazines when passing by a convenient store. Actually, there are too many sources providing information. I take advantage of them every day, but I still do not feel well-informed, because there is too much information filling into my thinking. So that is the reason why I disagree with the statement that a person must get information from various news sources to be well-informed. First of all, there are too many sources, and most of them give segment information. The segment information might be misleading our judgment. For example, the weather reports on channels always have different opinions. Sometimes a programs says there would be rain tomorrow with 30 percentage raining rate, the other provided that it would be cloudy tomorrow and possible a sunny day. Their forecasts are different and might be true. Unfortunately, people are more likely to get all of them, which made us harder to make a decision for tomorrow’s plan. Hence, people get information from different sources might mislead their judgment and be more difficult to be well-informed. Second, if the people have many sources for information, they will have no time to be well-informed, because they must spend more time integrating them. For example, when I was in the university, I did a study on earth quake and tsunami. I gathered the information from textbooks, national geographic magazines, and discovery channel, as well as the internet. I spent many time organizing these information, and got different knowledge from different media. From the textbook, I knew causes of earth quake and its relationship with tsunami. Then, from the discovery channel, I learned the nascent point of view from well-known researchers. I also had the various theories on the internet and finally found they were partially obsolete. After I gathered all the information, I found that to integrate them into a study was reallya task, since there was too much information. As a result, I needed more time to be well-informed, and I would rather to take a geological class about the topic. In sum, there are too many sources providing information. We could spend a lot of time to absorb it all, but the information might be different from different sources. This might make us misleading and lose our judgment. In addition, information from different sources might be too diverged to merge. With that, we have to spend more time on organization. Therefore, many different news sources are appropriate for a person who wants to be well-informed. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO19独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

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TPO 19 Conversation 1Student：Hi, professor Handerson. That was a really interesting lecture in class today.Professor：Thanks, Tom. Yeah, animals’ use of deception, ways they play tricks on other animals, that’s a fascinating area. One we are really just starting to understand.Student：Yeah, you know, selective adaptations over time are one thing. Oh, like, non-poisonous butterflies, that have come to look like poisonous ones. But the idea that animals of the same species intentionally deceive each other, I have never heard that before.Professor：Right, like, there are male frogs who lower their voices and end up sounding bigger than they really are.Student：So they do that to keep other frogs from invading their territory ?Professor：Right, bigger frogs have deeper voices, so if a smaller frog can imitate that deep voice. Well ...Student：Yeah, I can see how that might do the trick. But, anyway, what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory. Well, I know a little bit about it, but I am not clear about its use in biology.Professor：Yeah, it is fairly new to biology. Basically, it uses math to predict what an individual would do under certain circumstances. But for example, a buisness sells, oh computer, say, and they want to sell their computers to a big university. But there is another company bidding too. So, what should they do?Student：Well, try to offer the lowest price so they can compete, but still make money.Professor：Right, they are competing, like a game, like the frogs. There are risks with pricing too high, the other company might get the sale, there is also the number and types of computers to consider. Each company has to find a balance between the cost and benefits. Well, game theory creates mathematical models that analyze different conditions like this to predict outcomes.Student：Ok, I get that. But how does it apply to animals ?Professor：Well, you know, if you are interested in this topic, it would be perfect for your term paper.Student：The literature review ?Professor：Yeah, find three journal articles about this or another topic that interests you and discuss them. If there is a confict in the conclusions or something, that would be important to discuss.Student：Well, from what I have looked at dealing with game theory, I can’t say I understand much of the statistics end.Professor：Well, I can point you to some that presents fairly basic studies, that don’t assume much background knowledge. You’ll just need to answer a few specific questions: What was the researchers’ hypothesis? What did they want to find out? And how did they conduct their research? An then the conclusions they came to. Learning to interpret these statistics will come later.学生：你好，汉德森教授!今天你的课真的是太精彩了!教授：谢谢，汤姆。