法律英语讲座之十一 美国刑事诉讼法(中)

36谈美国刑事诉讼法，不可避免地就要谈到陪审团制度。

陪审团制度是英美法系的重要组成部分，也是诉讼体系中非常有特色的一部分，这种制度对美国的民主生活1和司法体系有着深远的影响。

笔者本期将专门对这一制度以及与其有关的法律英语内容作一个介绍。

陪审团一般分为两类：小陪审团（pet it j ur y ）和大陪审团（gr and j ur y ）。

(一)小陪审团（peti t j ur y ）美国小陪审团一般由12人组成，人少的话则规定由6人组成即可。

小陪审团在民事和刑事案件中都有采用。

下面是一段对小陪审团的介绍：Incri m inal cases it s taskis t odeter m ine punishable gui lt,andi t usual lydoes sow ithli ttle cr itici sm .Its positi onas a bul w arkof liberty,a pr otector against executi ve oppression,and as a m ode of l esseningthe r igor s of overlystrictlegislationissecure.T he civi l j ury's taskis generallytodet erm ine li abilit ytopaym oneydam ages.It i snotew or thy,how ever,that theci vil juryis not now andnever hasbeenusedinequit ycases,althougha few states pr ovide for equi tyjurytrial s inverylim i tedci rcum stances.刑事案件中小陪审团的主要任务是判定当事人是否犯有应受惩罚的罪行，其所起的作用通常很少受到非议。

34第十讲的内容中我们了解了美国刑事诉讼法中的基本原则——“正当程序”原则。

那么所谓的“正当程序”在美国刑事诉讼制度中究竟包括了哪些程序步骤呢？本期笔者准备就这一问题和读者好好探讨一下。

请注意，这可是相当有意思的话题，因为说不定你会发现许多平时在欧美影视作品中耳熟能详但又似懂非懂的法律名词哦。

刑事诉讼制度的具体步骤一般来说，犯罪嫌疑人从被逮捕到受到起诉确认罪行所经历的步骤有：１．　Ａｒｒｅｓｔ（逮捕）Ｏｎｃｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｕｓｐｅｃｔ　ｈａｓ　ｂｅｅｎ　ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ，　ｔｈｅ　ｐｏｌｉｃｅ　ｍａｙ　ｍａｋｅ　ａｎ　ａｒｒｅｓｔ　ｉｆ　ｔｈｅｙ　ｏｂｔａｉｎ　ａｎ　ａｒｒｅｓｔ　ｗａｒｒａｎｔ　ｆｒｏｍａ　ｍａｇｉｓｔｒａｔｅ　ｏｒ　ｐｏｓｓｅｓｓ　ｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ　ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｆａｃｔｓ　ａｎｄ　ｃｉｒｃｕｍｓｔａｎｃｅｓ　ｔｏ　ｌｅａｄ　ａ　ｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｅ　ｐｅｒｓｏｎ　ｔｏｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｕｓｐｅｃｔ　ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｄ　ｏｒ　ｉｓ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ　ｏｆ　ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｉｎｇ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｒｉｍｅ．一旦犯罪嫌疑人被确认，如满足以下情形警察就可以对其实施逮捕，即：警方得到治安法官的逮捕证；警方掌握的充分的事实依据已可使任何一个理智人认定犯罪嫌疑人正在或已经实施了犯罪。

那么，如果警方抓错了人，这又叫做什么呢？Ｉｆ　ｙｏｕ　ｈａｖｅ　ｂｅｅｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ　ｏｆ　ａｎ　ａｒｒｅｓｔ　ｂｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｐｏｌｉｃｅ　ｏｒ　ｏｔｈｅｒ　ｓｔａｔｅ　ｏｒ　ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ　ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ　ｗｈｉｃｈ　ｔｏｏｋ　ｐｌａｃｅｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ　ｐｒｏｂａｂｌｅ　ｃａｕｓｅ，　ｉｎ　ｂａｄ　ｆａｉｔｈ　ｏｒ　ｉｆ　ｓｏｍｅｏｎｅ　ｄｅｐｒｉｖｅｄ　ｙｏｕ　ｏｆ　ｙｏｕｒ　ｌｉｂｅｒｔｙ，　ｙｏｕ　ｍａｙ　ｂｅ　ａｂｌｅ　ｔｏ　ｍａｋｅａ　ｃｌａｉｍ　ａｎｄ　ｒｅｃｏｖｅｒ　ｄａｍａｇｅｓ，　ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ　ａｔｔｏｒｎｅｙ＇ｓ　ｆｅｅｓ　ａｎｄ　ｃｏｓｔｓ．　Ｙｏｕｒ　ｒｉｇｈｔｓ　ａｒｅ　ｓａｆｅｇｕａｒｄｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｂｏｔｈ　ｔｈｅＵｎｉｔｅｄ　Ｓｔａｔｅｓ　Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｓｔａｔｅ　ｃｏｍｍｏｎ　ｌａｗ．　Ｆａｌｓｅ　ｉｍｐｒｉｓｏｎｍｅｎｔ　ｉｓ　ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ　ａｌｌｅｇｅｄ　ｂｙ　ａ　ｐｅｒｓｏｎ　ｗｈｏｆｅｅｌｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｈｅ　ｏｒ　ｓｈｅ　ｗａｓ　ｕｎｌａｗｆｕｌｌｙ　ａｒｒｅｓｔｅｄ．　Ｉｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｐｏｌｉｃｅ　ｄｉｄ　ｎｏｔ　ｈａｖｅ　＂ｐｒｏｂａｂｌｅ　ｃａｕｓｅ＂　ｔｏ　ａｒｒｅｓｔ　ｙｏｕ，　ｙｏｕｃａｎ　ｓｕｅ　ｆｏｒ　ｆａｌｓｅ　ｉｍｐｒｉｓｏｎｍｅｎｔ．如果警察或其他州或联邦官员无合理原因、违反规定对你实行逮捕，或者有人非法剥夺你的自由，你可以提起诉讼，要求赔偿损失（包括要求对方支付律师费和其他费用）。

第1篇一、引言美国刑事案件法律体系复杂，涉及众多法律条文和程序。

本文将从美国刑事案件的定义、犯罪分类、侦查程序、起诉程序、审判程序、刑罚制度等方面进行概述。

二、美国刑事案件的定义在美国，刑事案件是指违反联邦或州法律，侵犯社会公共利益的行为。

这些行为可能包括谋杀、抢劫、盗窃、毒品交易等。

刑事案件的当事人被称为被告人，而控告被告人的人或机构被称为检察官。

三、犯罪分类美国刑事案件主要分为重罪和轻罪两大类。

1. 重罪：指对社会危害性较大的犯罪，如谋杀、强奸、抢劫等。

重罪的刑罚通常较为严厉，可能包括长期监禁或死刑。

2. 轻罪：指对社会危害性较小的犯罪，如盗窃、欺诈、交通违规等。

轻罪的刑罚相对较轻，可能包括罚款、社区服务或短期监禁。

四、侦查程序1. 现场勘查：警察到达犯罪现场后，对现场进行勘查，收集证据，寻找目击证人。

2. 询问证人：警察对目击者、嫌疑人进行询问，了解案件情况。

3. 抓捕嫌疑人：根据调查情况，警察可以逮捕嫌疑人，并将其带至警局接受审讯。

4. 侦查终结：经过调查取证，侦查机关认为案件事实清楚，证据确凿，可以终结侦查。

五、起诉程序1. 起诉决定：侦查机关将案件移送至检察院，由检察官决定是否对嫌疑人提起公诉。

2. 起诉书：检察官向法院提交起诉书，明确指控嫌疑人的犯罪事实。

3. 检察官出庭支持公诉：在审判过程中，检察官代表国家出庭支持公诉，对嫌疑人进行指控。

六、审判程序1. 逮捕令：法院根据起诉书，签发逮捕令，将嫌疑人逮捕归案。

2. 审前听证：法院对嫌疑人进行审前听证，确定是否批准保释。

3. 审判：法院依法对案件进行审判，根据证据和事实，作出判决。

4. 上诉：对一审判决不服的当事人可以向上一级法院提起上诉。

七、刑罚制度1. 惩罚原则：美国刑罚制度以惩罚和改造相结合为原则，旨在使罪犯认识到自己的错误，重新融入社会。

2. 刑罚种类：美国刑罚种类繁多，包括罚金、监禁、社区服务、缓刑、假释等。

3. 刑罚执行：根据判决结果，法院将刑罚交由相关机构执行。

法律英语学习| 美国刑诉程序（3）前两期，为大家介绍了了美国刑事诉讼程序的（1）逮捕程序，（2）案件开始程序，（3）提审程序。

（4）提审程序后，（5）庭审程序，以及（6）庭审时间的设置。

本期继续介绍美国刑事诉讼程序的（7）审判程序，（8）判决程序以及（9）上诉程序。

（7）审判如何进行？在审判开始之前，律师会参与选择陪审团。

选择陪审团的过程称为“voir dire”。

在此过程中，双方的律师都会问讯候选陪审员，以确保陪审员公平公正。

在律师出示证据和证人之前，双方均有权就此案作出开场陈述（opening statements）。

在审判期间，律师通过证人证明其所看到或知道的事情，来提供证据。

在提出所有证据之后，律师们会作出结论。

最后，陪审团决定被告是否有罪或无罪。

陪审团必须超出合理怀疑范围外认定被告有罪。

（8）判决程序如果陪审团认定被告无罪，则称其为“无罪释放(acquittal)”，被告将被释放，并且将永远不得因同一罪行再次受审，这被称为“双重审判风险(double jeopardy)”。

认定无罪与认定清白不同，无罪只是意味着陪审团并不相信被告在超出合理怀疑范围外是有罪的。

逮捕和无罪释放仍将在被告的个人记录中保留。

如果被告被错误地逮捕和指控，并且想要将逮捕从记录中删除，则必须在法官面前举行听证会以确定被告清白。

证明清白往往比提出对罪名的合理怀疑要困难得多。

如果被告被判有罪，被告将被判刑。

（9）审判后——上诉程序如果被告人在审判之后被判有罪，则有权提出上诉。

上诉可以有很多原因，但上诉也非常困难，所以必须咨询律师。

申诉也有重要的截止日期。

如果错过截止日期，上诉很可能会被驳回。

• 对于轻罪案件，必须在判决或命令发出之日起30天内提交上诉书。

• 对于重罪案件，必须在判决或命令发出之日起60天内提交上诉书。

当事人只能在以下情况下提出上诉：1. 当事人认为审判中没有足够的证据来证明判决是正确的；2. 当事人认为审判期间或之前存在法律上的错误导致错案。

法律英语学习| 美国刑诉程序（2）写在前面：本文详述美国刑事诉讼的全过程，篇幅较长，故分三期为大家呈现。

上一期，带大家了解了美国刑事诉讼程序的（1）逮捕程序，（2）案件开始程序，（3）提审程序。

本期继续介绍（4）提审后程序，（5）庭审程序，以及（6）庭审时间的设置。

（4）提审程序后在轻罪案件（misdemeanor）中，如果被告在提审之后审判之前，提出无罪辩护：检方和被告方将会交换信息，该环节被称为“调查取证(discovery)”。

被告可能会被限制其能够接触到的信息，但通常律师不会。

这是因为法律要求律师在准备辩护时保护证人的身份，以使证人不会受到威胁。

任何一方都可以提出审前动议，包括撤诉动议、驳回案件、或禁止在审判中使用某些证据。

被告的异议可以转为有罪或无异议。

控辩双方可以交涉如何在不经审判的情况下解决案件。

在重罪案件（felony）中，提审过后，如果案件没有得到解决或被驳回，法官会举行初步听证会。

在初步听证会上，法官将决定是否有足够的证据表明被告犯下了罪行，使被告必须出庭受审。

如果法官判定有足够的证据，检察官将提交一份名为“信息表”的文件。

然后，根据信息表，被告将第二次被提审。

之后，被告进入认罪协议或审判程序。

审判前：• 检方和被告方将会交换信息。

这被称为“调查取证(discovery)”。

• 任何一方都可以提出审前动议，包括撤诉动议、驳回案件、或禁止在审判中使用某些证据。

• 被告的异议可以转为有罪或无异议。

• 控辩双方可以交涉如何在不经审判的情况下解决案件。

（5）庭审程序刑事案件中的被告（违规除外）有权让陪审团判定其有罪或无罪。

因此，在审判之前，被告需要决定是否由陪审团审判（陪审团来决定）或法庭审判（法官来判决）。

通常情况下，被告会选择陪审团审判，因为他们希望陪审团来听取证据，并以此判定他们是否有罪。

但有时也可能会出现辩护律师建议在没有陪审团的情况下进行法庭审判的情况。

被控犯罪的每个人在被判有罪之前，即在审判中被证明有罪或在审判前认罪，在法律上都被认定是无罪的。

中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法（英文版）Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of ChinaCriminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China - 1996(Adopted by the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on July 1, 1979, and amended pursuant to the Decision on Amending the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China adopted by the Fourth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress on March 17, 1996)ContentsPart One General ProvisionsChapter I Tasks and Fundamental PrinciplesChapter II JurisdictionChapter III WithdrawalChapter IV Defense and RepresentationChapter V EvidenceChapter VI Compulsory MeasuresChapter VII Incidental Civil ActionsChapter VIII Time Periods and ServiceChapter IX Other ProvisionsPart Two Filing a Case, Investigation and Initiation of Public ProsecutionChapter I Filing a CaseChapter II InvestigationSection 1 General RulesSection 2 Interrogation of Crime SuspectsSection 3 Questioning of the WitnessesSection 4 Inquest and ExaminationSection 5 SearchSection 6 Seizure of Material Evidence and Documentary EvidenceSection 7 Expert EvaluationSection 8 Wanted OrdersSection 9 Conclusion of InvestigationSection 10 Investigations of Cases Directly Accepted by the People's ProcuratoratesChapter III Initiation of Public ProsecutionPart Three TrialChapter I Trial OrganizationsChapter II Procedure of First InstanceSection 1 Cases of Public ProsecutionSection 2 Cases of Private ProsecutionSection 3 Summary ProcedureChapter III Procedure of Second InstanceChapter IV Procedure for Review of Death SentenceChapter V Procedure for Trial SupervisionPart Four ExectionPart One General ProvisionsChapter I Tasks and Fundamental PrinciplesArticle 1Pursuant to the Constitution and for the purposes of guaranteeing the correct operation of the Criminal Law, punishing crime, protecting the public, safeguarding the security of the State and the public safety of society, and ensuring the socialist order, this Law is enacted.()Article 2The tasks of the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China shall be: to ensure accurate and prompt ascertainment of the facts of crimes, to correctly apply laws, to punish criminal offenders, to guarantee any innocent person from criminal prosecution, to educate citizens to voluntarily observe the law and actively struggle against criminal acts, so as to uphold the socialist legal system, to protect the citizens' rights of person, rights over their property, democratic rights and other rights, and to guarantee the smooth progress of the socialist modernization.()Article 3The public security organs shall be responsible for the investigation, detention, execution of arrests and pre-trial examination in connection with criminal cases. The people's procuratorates shall be responsible for the procuratorial work, the approving of arrests, and the investigation and initiation of public prosecution in connection with cases accepted directly by them. The people's courts shall be responsible for the trial. No other organ, organization or person shall have the rightto exercise such powers, unless the laws otherwise provide.()The people's courts, people's procuratorates and public security organs must, in conducting criminal proceedings, strictly adhere to this Law and the relevant provisions of other laws.()Article 4Subject to the provisions of the law, the State security organs shall handle criminal cases endangering the State security and exercise the same functions and powers as the public security organs.()Article 5The people's courts shall exercise independently the judicial powers as prescribed by the laws, the people's procuratorates shall exercise independently the procuratorial powers as prescribed by the laws, and they shall be free from any interference from any administrative organ, social organization or person.()Article 6The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs must, in conducting criminal proceedings, rely on the masses, stand on facts and under the laws. The law applies equally to all citizens, and no privilege whatsoever is permissible before the laws.()Article 7The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall, in conducting criminal proceedings, divide their functions and responsibilities, coordinate their efforts and check each other so as to ensure the correct and effective enforcement of the law.()Article 8The people's procuratorates shall exercise legal supervision over criminal proceedings according to law.()Article 9Citizens of any nationality shall have the right to use their respective native spoken and written language in the proceedings. The people's court, the people's procuratorate or the public security organ shall provide translations for any party to the proceedings who is not familiar with the local spoken or written language commonly used.()In a place where people of a minority nationality live in a concentrated community or where a number of nationalities co-inhabit, hearings shall be conducted in the spoken language commonly used in the said place, and judgments, notices and other documents shall be issued in the written language commonly used in the said place.()Article 10The people's courts shall, in trying cases, adopt the system whereby the second instance is final.()Article 11All hearings in the people's courts shall be public, unless this Law provides otherwise. The defendants shall have the right to have access to defense, and the people's courts shall be obliged to guarantee their access to defense.()Article 12Prior to a judgment rendered by the people's court according to law, no one may be convicted of guilty.()Article 13The people's courts shall, in trying cases, adopt the system of people's assessors taking part in trials in accordance with this Law.()Article 14The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall guarantee the rights to action for participants in the proceedings as they are so entitled according to law.()With regard to cases of crimes committed by minors under 18 years old, the legal representatives of the crime suspects and defendants may be notified to be present at the time of interrogation and trial.()Participants in proceedings shall have the right to file charges against judicial, procuratorial and investigating personnel whose acts have infringed upon the citizens' rights to action or have caused personal insult thereto.()Article 15Under any of the following circumstances, no criminal responsibility shall be investigated, or the case shall be dismissed if the criminal responsibility has already been investigated, or no prosecution shall be initiated, or the trial shall be arrested, or innocence shall be declared:1. where the circumstance is obviously minor, has caused no serious harm and shall not be deemed as a crime;2. where the time limitation for criminal prosecution of the crime has expired;3. where exemption of criminal punishment has been granted by a special amnesty order;4. where no complaint has been filed or the complaint has been withdrawn if the crime is to bedealt with only upon complaint according to the Criminal Law;5. where the crime suspect or defendant is deceased; or6. where exemption from investigation for criminal responsibility is so provided for by the law.()Article 16The provisions of this Law shall apply to foreigners who commit crimes for which criminal responsibility should be investigated.()With regard to foreigners with diplomatic privileges and immunities who commit crimes for which criminal responsibility should be investigated, such cases shall be settled by means of diplomatic channels.()Article 17Pursuant to international treaties to which the People's Republic of China has accredited or joined, or according to the principle of reciprocity, the judicial organs of our country and judicial organs of foreign countries may request from each other for criminal judicial assistance.()Chapter II JurisdictionArticle 18Criminal cases shall be investigated by the public security organs, unless the law otherwise provides.()The people's procuratorate shall file a case for investigation of a crime of embezzlement and bribery, crime of dereliction of duty by a State functionary, crime infringing upon the citizen's right of the person committed by a State functionary by abusing his power as illegal detention, extorting confessions by torture, reprisal and calumniation or illegal search, or crime infringing upon citizen's democratic right. With regard to any other serious criminal case committed by a State functionary by abusing his power, if it is necessary for the people's procuratorate to take cognizance of directly, the people's procuratorate may file the case for investigation upon the decision of the people's procuratorate at or above the provincial level.()Private cases shall be accepted by the people's courts directly.()Article 19The basic people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first instance over ordinary criminal cases, with the exception of those falling under the jurisdiction of the people's courts at higher levels as provided for by this Law.()Article 20The intermediate people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first instance over the following criminal cases:1. counter-revolutionary cases and cases jeopardizing the State security;2. ordinary criminal cases punishable by life imprisonment or the death sentence; and3. criminal cases in which the offenders are foreigners.()Article 21The high people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first instance over major criminal cases that are of significance to an entire province (or municipality directly under the Central Government or autonomous region).()Article 22The Supreme People's Court shall have jurisdiction as the court of first instance over major criminal cases that are of significance to the whole country.()Article 23A people's court at the higher level may, when necessary, try a criminal case over which a people's court at the lower level shall have jurisdiction as the court of first instance; A people's court at the lower level which considers the circumstances of a criminal case of first instance to be major or complex and considers it to be appropriate to be tried by a people's court at the higher level may request that the case be transferred to the people's court at the next higher level for trial.()Article 24A criminal case shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court in the place where the crime was committed. If it is more appropriate for the people's court in the place where the defendant resides to try the case, that court may have jurisdiction over the case.()Article 25A criminal case under the jurisdiction of several people's courts at the same level shall be tried by the people's court that first accepted it. The case may, when necessary, be transferred to the people's court in the principal place where the crime was committed for trial.()Article 26A people's court at the higher level may appoint a people's court at the lower level to try a case over which jurisdiction is unclear, and may also instruct a people's court at the lower level to transfer the case to another people's court for trial.()Article 27The jurisdiction over cases in special people's courts shall be laid down separately.()Chapter III WithdrawalArticle 28Under any of the following circumstances, a member of the judicial, procuratorial or investigating personnel shall voluntarily withdraw from the case, and any party concerned and its legal representative shall have the right to demand his withdrawal:1. if he is a party to the case or a near relative of the party to the case;2. if he himself or his near relative has an interest in the case;3. if he has served as a witness, expert witness, defender or agent in the case; or4. if he has any other relations with any party to the case that could affect the fair handling of the case.()Article 29No member of the judicial, procuratorial and investigating personnel may accept any treat or gift from the parties and persons entrusted by the parties, and meet, in violation of regulations, any party or any person entrusted by the party.()Any member of the judicial, procuratorial or investigating personnel who violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, shall be investigated his legal responsibilities according to law. Any party and its legal representative shall have the right to demand his withdrawal.()Article 30The withdrawal of a member of the judicial, procuratorial and investigating personnel shall be decided respectively by the president of a court, the chief procurator or the person in charge of the public security organ; the withdrawal of the president of a court shall be decided by the judicial committee of the court; and the withdrawal of the chief procurator or the person in charge of the public security organ shall be decided by the procuratorial committee of the people's procuratorate at the same level.()Prior to a withdrawal decision made on an investigating personnel, he may not suspend the investigations into the case.()If a decision is made to reject the request for withdrawal, the party concerned or its legal representative may apply for one reconsideration.()Article 31The provisions of Articles 28, 29 and 30 of this Law shall also apply to court clerks, interpreters and expert witnesses.()Chapter IV Defense and RepresentationArticle 32In addition to exercising the right to defend himself, a crime suspect or defendant also may entrust one or two persons as his defender(s). The following persons may be entrusted to serve as defenders:1. lawyers;2. persons recommended by the people's organization or the unit to which the crime suspect or defendant belongs; and3. guardians and relatives and friends of crime suspects and defendants.()Persons still serving their criminal sentences or being deprived of or being restricted their freedom of the person according to law may not serve as defenders.()Article 33With regard to the case of public prosecution, the crime suspect shall have the right to appoint his defender as of the day on which the case is transferred for examination and prosecution. As for private cases, the defendants shall have the right to appoint their defendants at any time.()The people's procuratorate shall, within three days from the day on which the case files for examination and prosecution are received, inform the crime suspect his right to appoint the defender. The people's court shall, within three days from the day on which they decide to accept the private case, notify the defendant his right to appoint the defender.()Article 34With regard to a case in which the public prosecutor appears before the court to conduct a public prosecution, if the defendant has not yet entrusted any defender due to financial difficulty or any other reasons, the people's court may appoint a lawyer undertaking the duty of legal aid to provide defense thereto.()If a defendant is blind, deaf or mute, or is a minor, and has not entrusted a defender, the people's court shall designate a lawyer undertaking the duty of legal aid to provide defense thereto.()If a defendant could be sentenced to death, but has not entrusted a defender, the people's court shall designate a lawyer undertaking the duty of legal aid to provide defense thereto.()Article 35The responsibility of the defender shall be: to present, according to facts and the law, materials and opinions to prove the innocence or pettiness of the crime of the crime suspect or the defendant, or to prove to mitigate or exempt his criminal responsibility, and to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the crime suspect and the defendant.()Article 36A defense lawyer may, from the day on which the people's procuratorate begins to examine and prosecute the case, consult, make abstracts of or reproduce the indictment and technical appraisal materials of the case, may meet and correspond with the crime suspect in custody. Any other defender, with permission of the people's procuratorate, also may consult, make abstracts of or reproduce the aforesaid materials, and meet and correspond with the crime suspect in custody.()A defense lawyer may, from the day on which the people's court accepts to hear the case, consult, make abstracts of or reproduce the materials of the facts of the crime charged against in the case, may meet and correspond with the defendant in custody. Any other defender, with permission of the people's court, also may consult, make abstracts of or reproduce the aforesaid materials, and meet and correspond with the defendant in custody.()Article 37A defense lawyer may, with the consent of the witness or any other unit or person concerned, gather therefrom materials related to the case, also may apply to the people's procuratorate or people's court to gather therefrom and order for evidence, or apply to the people's court to notify the witness to appear before the court to testify.()A defense lawyer, with permission of the people procuratorate or the people's court and with the consent of the victim or his near relative and the consent of the witnesses provided by the victim, may gather therefrom materials related to the case.()Article 38A defense lawyer or any other defender may not help a crime suspect or defendant to collude to make his confessions tally, or to conceal, destroy or make false evidence, may not coerce or induce the witness to change his testimony or to make false testimony or to conduct any act that interrupts the prosecution activities of the judicial organ.()If any person violates a provision of the preceding paragraph, legal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.()Article 39In the course of trial, a defendant may refuse to have his defender continue to defend him, and also may entrust his defense to another defender.()Article 40A victim and his legal representative or near relative of a public prosecution case and the partiesand their legal representatives of incidental civil proceedings shall have the right to entrust agents ad litem from the day on which the case is transferred for examination and prosecution. A private prosecutor and his legal representative of a private prosecution case and the parties and their legal representatives of incidental civil proceedings shall have the right to entrust their agents ad litem at any time.()The people's procuratorate shall, within three days from the day on which the case files for examination and prosecution are received, notify the victim and his legal representative or near relative and the parties and their legal representatives of incidental civil proceedings their rights to entrust agents ad litem. The people's court shall, within three days from the day on which it decides to accept the private case, notify the private prosecutor and his legal representative and the parties and their legal representatives of incidental civil proceedings their rights to entrust agents ad litem.()Article 41The entrustment of agents ad litem shall be governed with the reference to the provisions of Article 32 of this Law.()Chapter V EvidenceArticle 42All facts that prove the true circumstances of a case shall be evidence.()Evidence includes the following seven categories:1. material or documentary evidence;2. testimony of witnesses;3. statements of victims;4. statements and apologia of the crime suspects and defendants;5. conclusions of expert witnesses;6. written records of inquests and examination; and7. video and audio materials.()Any of the above-listed evidences must be verified to be true before it can be used as the basis for settling the case.()Article 43Judicial, procuratorial and investigating personnel must, in accordance with the statutoryprocedures, gather various kinds of evidences that can be used to prove the guilt or innocence of crime suspects and defendants and the gravity of the crimes. It shall be strictly forbidden to extort confessions by torture or to collect evidences by coercion, inducement, deceit or any other unlawful means. It must be guaranteed that all citizens who are involved in a case or who have information about the case to objectively and fully provide evidence, and with the exception of special circumstances, they may be brought in to assist the investigations.()Article 44Warrants of arrest submitted for approval by the public security organs, the bills of prosecution by the people's procuratorates and judgments rendered by the people's courts must be faithful to facts. Any one who intentionally conceals facts shall be investigated for responsibility.()Article 45The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall have the power to gather and obtain evidences from relevant units and persons. Units and persons involved shall provide evidence truthfully.()Evidences involving State secrets shall be kept confidential.()Any one who falsifies, conceals or destroys an evidence, regardless of which side of a case he belongs to, must be investigated and brought before the law.()Article 46In settling any case, stress and emphasis must be given to evidences, investigation and study, and oral confessions shall not be readily depended on. Any defendant cannot be found guilty and sentenced to criminal punishment if there is only his statement but no other evidence to support; Notwithstanding, a defendant still may be found guilty and sentenced to criminal punishment if evidences are sufficient and reliable, even without his statement.()Article 47The testimony of witnesses must be questioned and cross-examined in the courtroom by the public prosecutor, the victim, the defendant and the defenders, should the testimonies of witnesses of all sides have been heard and verified can they be used as the basis for settling the case. If the court finds through investigation that a witness has intentionally given false testimony or concealed a criminal evidence, it shall deal with the matter according to law.()Article 48Every person who has information about a case shall have the duty to testify.()Persons with physical or mental defects, minors who cannot distinguish right from wrong or persons who cannot properly express themselves shall be disqualified as witnesses.()Article 49The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall guarantee the safety of witnesses and their near relatives.()Where a threat, insult, beating or revenge committed against the witness or his near relative constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law; if the circumstance is not yet subjected to criminal punishment, a penalty of public security management may be meted out thereto according to law.()Chapter VI Compulsory MeasuresArticle 50The people's court, the people's procuratorate and the public security organ may, in light of the circumstances of a case, issue a warrant to compel the appearance of the crime suspect or defendant, release him upon bail pending trial or subject him to residential surveillance.()Article 51Under any of the following circumstances, the people's court, the people's procuratorate and the public security organ may subject the crime suspect or defendant to release upon bail pending trial or to residential surveillance:1. if he could be sentenced to punishment of control, criminal detention or could be subjected to accessory punishment separately; or2. if a sentence at or above termed imprisonment could be meted out thereto and the adoption of the release upon bail pending trial or residential surveillance would not likely cause the occurrence of a social danger.()The release upon bail pending trial and residential surveillance shall be executed by the public security organ.()Article 52Crime suspects and defendants already taken into custody, their legal representatives and near relatives shall have the right to apply for their release upon bail pending trial.()Article 53When a people's court, people's procuratorate and public security organ decide to grant the release upon bail pending trial to a crime suspect or defendant, they shall order him to provide a guarantor or deposit a security.()Article 54A guarantor must satisfy the following requirements:1. being not related to the present case;2. being capable of executing the obligation and responsibility under the guarantee;3. enjoying political rights, and freedom of the person not being restricted; and4. having a permanent domicile and regular income.()Article 55A guarantor must be under the following duties:1. supervising the guaranteed in observing the provisions of Article 56 of this Law;2. reporting without delay to the executing organ when he finds that the guaranteed is likely to commit or has already committed an act in violation of a provision of Article 56 of this Law.()Where the guaranteed has an act in violation of a provision of Article 56 of this Law, but the guarantor fails to make a prompt report, a fine shall be imposed on the guarantor, if a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.()Article 56A crime suspect or defendant being released upon bail pending trial must observe the following provisions:1. may not leave the city or county in which he resides without approval of the executing organ;2. shall appear before the court whenever being summoned;3. may not interrupt in any manner the witness to testify; and4. may not destroy or falsify any evidence or collude to make confession tally.()If a crime suspect or defendant being released upon bail pending trial violates a provision of the preceding paragraph and has already deposited a security, the security shall be confiscated, and in light of different circumstances, he shall be instructed to write a statement of repentance, deposit a security or provide a guarantor again, or be subject to residential surveillance or be arrested. If the crime suspect or defendant did not violate the provisions of the preceding paragraph during the period of release upon bail pending trial, the security shall be returned when the period ends.()Article 57A crime suspect or defendant being placed under residential surveillance must observe the following provisions:1. may not leave the residence without approval of the executing organ, or may not leave the designated residence without approval if he does not have a permanent domicile;2. may not meet any other person without approval of the executing organ;3. shall appear before the court whenever being summoned;4. may not interrupt in any manner the witness to testify; and5. may not destroy or falsify any evidence or collude to make confession tally.()A crime suspect or defendant being placed under residential surveillance who violates a provision of the preceding paragraph shall be arrested under a serious circumstance.()Article 58The maximum period for release upon bail pending trial granted by the people's court, people's procuratorate and public security organ may not exceed 12 months, and the maximum period for residential surveillance may not exceed six months.()During the period of release upon bail pending trial or residential surveillance, the investigations, prosecution and trial of the case may not be suspended. If it has been found that no criminal responsibility shall be investigated or the time limit for release upon bail pending trial or residential surveillance has expired, it shall be discharged promptly. In that case the person being released upon bail pending trial or placed under residential surveillance as well as the relevant units shall be promptly notified thereof.()Article 59An arrest of a crime suspect or a defendant must be approved by a people's procuratorate or decided by a people's court, and shall be executed by a public security organ.()Article 60When facts prove that a crime suspect or defendant has committed a crime and he could be sentenced to a criminal punishment of not less imprisonment, and if such measures as releasing upon bail pending trial or placing under residential surveillance would not be sufficient to prevent the occurrence of danger to society and an arrest is necessary, the crime suspect or defendant shall be arrested without delay according to law.()A crime suspect or defendant being arrested who is suffering from serious illness or is a pregnant woman or a woman breast-feeding her own baby may be allowed to be subjected to such measures as release upon bail pending trial or residential surveillance.()Article 61Under any of the following circumstances, a public security organ may initially detain an active。

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law …在一切刑事訴訟中，被告應享受下列之權利：發生罪案之州或區域之公正陪審團予以迅速之公開審判，其區域當以法律先確定之；Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333 (1966), was a United States Supreme Court case that examined the rights of freedom of the press （新聞自由）as outlined in the 1st Amendment when weighed against a defendant…s right to a fair trial （受公平審判權）as required by the 6th Amendment.After suffering a trial court conviction（定罪）of second-degree murder（二級謀殺）for the bludgeoning （棍棒毆打的）death of his pregnant（懷孕的）wife, Sam Sheppard challenged the verdict（陪審團裁定）as the product of an unfair trial（不公正審判）.Sheppard, who maintained his innocence（無辜）of the crime, alleged that the trial judge failed to protect him from the massive, widespread, and prejudicial（有偏見的）publicity（公開宣揚）that attended（出席、伴隨）his prosecution（起訴）.陪審團宣告無罪Once acquitted（宣告無罪）, a defendant may not be retried（重新審判）for the same offense（同一犯罪行為）: “A verdict（陪審團裁定）of acquittal（宣告無罪）, although not followed by any judgment（法院判決）, is a bar to a subsequent prosecution for the same offense.“ Acquittal by a jury is generally final and cannot be appealed（上訴）by the prosecution（檢方）.法院自己判無罪An acquittal in a trial by judge (bench trial) is also generally not appealable by the prosecution（檢方）. A trial judge may normally enter an acquittal if he deems the evidence insufficient for conviction（不足以定罪）. If the judge makes this ruling before the jury reaches its verdict, the judge…s determination is final. If, however, the judge overrules（推翻）a conviction by the jury, the prosecution may appeal to have the conviction reinstated（恢復）證據不足撤銷定罪If a defendant appeals a conviction and is successful in having it overturned（推翻）, they are subject to retrial（接受重審）.An exception arises if the verdict is overturned on the grounds of evidentiary insufficiency（證據不足）, rather than on the grounds of procedural faults（程序錯誤）.不同罪名Another exception arises in cases of conviction for lesser offenses（較輕罪名）. If a defendant charged with murder in the first degree（一級謀殺）is convicted for murder in the second degree, and later the jury…s conviction is overturned on procedural grounds, the defendant may be retried for second degree but not firstdegree murder; the jury, by convicting the defendant of second degree murder, is deemed to have implicitly（暗示）acquitted them of first degree murder.同一犯罪De fendants may not more than once be placed in jeopardy for the “same offense”（同一犯罪行為）. Sometimes, however, the same conduct may violate different statutes. The defendant had first been convicted of operating an automobile without the owner…s consent, and l ater of stealing（偷竊）the same automobile. The Supreme Court concluded that the same evidence was necessary to prove both offenses, and that in effect there was only one offense. Therefore, it overturned the second conviction.審判無效mistrialMistrials（審判無效）are generally not covered by the double jeopardy clause. If a judge dismisses the case or concludes the trial without deciding the facts in the defendant's favor (for example, by dismissing the case on procedural grounds), the case is a mistrial and may normally be retried.Furthermore, if a jury cannot reach a verdict（陪審團無法達成裁定）, the judge may declare a mistrial and order a retrial. When the defendant moves for（提議）a mistrial, there is no bar to retrial, even if the prosecutor or judge caused the error that forms the basis of the motion.雙重主權The clause, it has been held, does not prevent separate trials by different governments, and the state and federal governments are considered “separate sovereigns”（不同主權）. Therefore, one may be prosecuted for a crime in a state court, and prosecuted for the same crime in another state, a foreign country, or (most commonly) in a federal court.球隊隊員強暴啦啦隊員In March 2006 Crystal Gail Mangum, an African American student at North Carolina Central University who worked as a stripper（脫衣舞女）,dancer and escort（儀隊）, falsely accused three white Duke University students, members of the Duke Blue Devils men…s lacrosse（曲棍球）team, of raping her at a party held at the house of two team's captains in Durham, North Carolina on March 13, 2006.DNA檢測Shortly after the party, the prosecution ordered 46 of the 47 team members to provide DNA samples.On Monday, April 10, 2006, it was revealed that DNA testing had failed to connect any of the 46 tested members of the Duke University men's lacrosse team.照片指認問題During the photo identifications（照片指認）, Mangum was told that she would be viewing Duke University lacrosse players who attended the party, and was asked if she remembered seeing them at the party and in what capacity.this was essentially a “multiple-choice test（複選題）in which there were no wrong answers",… "[t]he officer was telling the witness that all are suspects, and say, in effect, 'Pick three.'U.S. Department of Justice guidelines suggest to include at least five non-suspectfiller photos for each suspect included撤回起訴On April 11, 2007, North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper dropped（撤回）all charges and declared the three players innocent（無辜）. Cooper stated that the charged players –Reade Seligmann, Collin Finnerty, and David Evans –were victims of a “tragic rush to accuse.”（急於指控之悲劇）檢察官被除名That June, Nifong was disbarred for “dishonesty（不誠實）, fraud（詐欺）, deceit （欺騙）and misrepresentation（不實陳述）”, making Nifong the first prosecutor in North Carolina history to lose his law license（證照）based on actions in a case. Nifong was found guilty of criminal contempt（藐視）and served one day in jail. Mangum never faced any charges for her false accusations as Cooper declined to prosecute her.法律倫理“Legal ethics” （法律倫理）in the United States is generally understood to primarily apply to lawyers, while codes of professional responsibility（專門職業人員責任）also apply in a derivative sense (indirectly) to non-lawyers who work with lawyers, such as paralegals（律師助理、法務）or private investigators（私人調查員）.美國律師公會職業行為規則The American Bar Association （美國律師公會）has promulgated（公布）the Model Rules of Professional Conduct （職業行為模範規則）which, while formally only a recommendation by a private body, have been influential in many jurisdictions.各州州法自行規定律師執業守則In the United States, the practice of law is regulated by the governments of the individual states and territories（領域）.Each state or territory has a code of professional conduct dictating rules of ethics. These may be adopted by the respective state legislatures and/or judicial systems.各州懲戒權Every town in the United States has a regulatory（管制性）body (usually called a state bar association) that polices（維持）lawyer conduct. When lawyers are licensed （被許可）to practice(職業) in a state, those lawyers subject themselves to this authority. Overall responsibility often lies with the highest court in a state (such as state supreme court).懲戒Lawyers who fail to comply with（遵守）local rules of ethics may be subjected to discipline（懲戒）ranging from private (non-public) reprimand（訓斥）to disbarment （取消資格）.。

----------------------- Page 1----------------------- ----------------------- Page 2-----------------------外国刑事诉讼法典系列美国联邦刑事诉讼规则和证据规则卞建林译----------------------- Page 3-----------------------序一切事物只有互相比较才能见差别长短，只有互相借鉴才能促发展进步。

法制建设也是如此。

中国法制建设，包括中国刑事诉讼法制的改革和健全，既要立足中国国情，不断总结自己的经验，也应当研究外国的法制建设情况，借鉴他们的经验，以奏 "他山之石，可以攻玉"之效。

正因为如此，由我主持的《中国政法大学刑事法律研究中心》，在原来《刑事诉讼制度改革研究》课题组工作的基础上，继续对若干西方国家的刑事诉讼法典组织翻译出版，《美国联邦刑事诉讼规则和证据规则》就是其中之一。

我们感谢卞建林博士对这部法典的翻译付出了辛勤的劳动。

由于美国的联邦刑事诉讼规则和证据规则规定得比较原则，比较简明，不象大陆法系国家成文的刑事诉讼法典那样系统全面，为了使读者概括了解这两部规则，我们请他对美国的刑事诉讼制度和证据制度作一简介。

卞建林博士曾于１９９３年８月至１９９４年８月作为访问学者在美国纽约大学法学院进修一年，对美国刑事诉讼制度和证据制度有比较系统的研究，相信他的介绍定会有助于读者对美国刑事司法制度的了解。

最后，我们感谢美国福特基金会对《美国联邦刑事诉讼----------------------- Page 4-----------------------规则和证据规则》的出版予以资助。

陈光中１９９６年１月----------------------- Page 5-----------------------目录１目录美国刑事诉讼简介................................................ （１）联邦刑事诉讼规则 ............................................. （３５）第一章范围、目的和结构 ................................. （３５）第１条范围 ............................................. （３５）第２条目的和结构 .................................... （３５）第二章预备诉讼 ............................................. （３６）第３条控告 ............................................. （３６）第４条根据控告签发逮捕令或传票 ............... （３６）第５条在治安法官前初次聆讯 ..................... （３７）第５．１条预备审查.................................... （３９）第三章大陪审团起诉书和检察官起诉书 ......... （４１）第６条大陪审团 ....................................... （４１）第７条大陪审团起诉书和检察官起诉书 ......... （４５）第８条共同犯罪和共同被告 ........................ （４７）第９条根据大陪审团起诉书或检察官起诉书签发逮捕令或传票 .................. （４７）第四章传讯和准备审判 .................................... （５０）----------------------- Page 6-----------------------２目录第１０条传讯............................................. （５０）第１１条答辩............................................. （５０）第１２条审判前的书状和申请；辩护和异议...... （５４）第１２．１条通知不在犯罪现场 ..................... （５６）第１２．２条通知作精神病辩护或者专家关于被告人精神状况的证词 ........................ （５８）第１２．３条通知以公共权利为由辩护 ............ （５９）第１３条将大陪审团起诉书或检察官起诉书合并审理....................................... （６０）第１４条将可能有不公正影响的共同诉讼分开....................................... （６１）第１５条证据保全....................................... （６１）第１６条透露和审查.................................... （６３）第１７条传票............................................. （６７）第１７．１条庭审前会议 .............................. （６９）第五章审判地点 ............................................. （７０）第１８条起诉和审判地点.............................. （７０）第１９条（已废除）.................................... （７０）第２０条为答辩和判刑而移送........................ （７０）第２１条为审判而移送................................. （７１）第２２条申请移送的时间.............................. （７２）第六章审判 ................................................... （７３）第２３条陪审团审判或法庭审判..................... （７３）----------------------- Page 7-----------------------目录３第２４条审判陪审员.................................... （７４）第２５条法官；无资格................................. （７５）第２６条作证............................................. （７５）第２６．１条确定外国法律 ........................... （７５）第２６．２条提供证人陈述 ........................... （７６）第２７条官方记录的证明.............................. （７７）第２８条译员............................................. （７７）第２９条申请宣判无罪................................. （７７）第２９．１条终结辩论 ................................. （７９）第３０条指示............................................. （７９）第３１条裁决............................................. （７９）第七章判决 ................................................... （８１）第３２条课刑和判决.................................... （８１）第３２．１条撤消或变更缓刑或监视释放 ......... （８５）第３３条重新审判....................................... （８６）第３４条阻止审判....................................... （８６）第３５条纠正课刑....................................... （８６）第３６条文字错误....................................... （８７）第八章上诉（已废除） .................................... （８８）第３７条提起上诉；申请调卷令（已废除）...... （８８）第３８条延期执行....................................... （８８）第３９条上诉监督（已废除）........................ （８９）第九章补充诉讼和特别诉讼 .............................. （９０）----------------------- Page 8-----------------------４目录第４０条提交另一地区................................. （９０）第４１条搜查和扣押.................................... （９１）第４２条刑事藐视法庭（罪）........................ （９６）第十章一般规定 ............................................. （９７）第４３条被告人到庭.................................... （９７）第４４条获得律师和被指定律师的权利............ （９８）第４５条期间............................................. （９８）第４６条从监狱释放 ................................. （１００）第４７条申请 .......................................... （１０２）第４８条撤消 .......................................... （１０２）第４９条文件的送达和存档 ........................ （１０２）第５０条案件日程表；及时处理的计划 ......... （１０４）第５１条不必要的例外 .............................. （１０４）第５２条无害错误和明显错误 ..................... （１０４）第５３条法庭内行为规则 ........................... （１０４）第５４条适用范围和例外 ........................... （１０５）第５５条记录 .......................................... （１０７）第５６条法院和书记官 .............................. （１０８）第５７条地区法院制定规则 ........................ （１０８）第５８条轻罪和其他轻微犯罪的程序 ............ （１０８）第５９条生效日期 .................................... （１１３）第６０条标题 .......................................... （１１３）联邦证规则...................................................... （１１４）----------------------- Page 9-----------------------目录５第一章一般规定............................................. （１１５）第１０１条适用范围....................................... （１１５）第１０２条目的和结构.................................... （１１５）第１０３条关于证据的裁定.............................. （１１５）（）错误裁定的后果.................................... （１１５）ａ（１）异议................................................... （１１５）（２）提供证明............................................. （１１６）（）关于提供证据和裁定的记录 .................. （１１６）ｂ（）陪审团审理.......................................... （１１６）ｃ（）显见错误 .......................................... （１１６）ｄ第１０４条初步询问....................................... （１１６）（）关于可采性的一般询问........................... （１１６）ａ（）以事实为条件的相关性 ........................ （１１６）ｂ（）陪审团审理.......................................... （１１６）ｃ（）被告人作证 ....................................... （１１７）ｄ（）重要性和可信性.................................... （１１７）ｅ第１０５条有限的可采性................................. （１１７）第１０６条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分....................................... （１１７）第二章司法认知............................................. （１１８）第２０１条关于裁判事实的司法认知.................. （１１８）（）适用范围............................................. （１１８）ａ（）事实种类 .......................................... （１１８）ｂ----------------------- Page 10-----------------------６目录）任意采用............................................. （１１８）（ｃ（）强制采用 .......................................... （１１８）ｄ（）被听证的机会....................................... （１１８）ｅ（）采用司法认知的时间.............................. （１１８）ｆ（）指示陪审团 ....................................... （１１８）ｇ第三章民事诉讼中的推定................................. （１２０）第３０１条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定............... （１２０）第３０２条民事诉讼中州法的适用性.................. （１２０）第四章相关性及其限制.................................... （１２１）第４０１条 "相关证据"的定义........................ （１２１）第４０２条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳................................. （１２１）第４０３条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据... （１２１）第４０４条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪.............................. （１２１）（）品格证据的一般规定.............................. （１２１）ａ（１）被告人的品格....................................... （１２２）（２）被害人的品格....................................... （１２２）（３）证人的品格.......................................... （１２２）（）其他犯罪、错误或行为 ........................ （１２２）ｂ第４０５条证明品格的方法.............................. （１２２）（）名声或评价.......................................... （１２２）ａ----------------------- Page 11-----------------------目录７（）特定行为实例 .................................... （１２２）ｂ第４０６条习惯；日常工作.............................. （１２３）第４０７条随后的补救措施.............................. （１２３）第４０８条和解和要求和解.............................. （１２３）第４０９条支付医疗或类似费用........................ （１２３）第４１０条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳....................................... （１２４）第４１１条责任保险....................................... （１２４）第４１２条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关....................................... （１２５）第五章特权................................................... （１２７）第５０１条一般规则....................................... （１２７）第六章证人................................................... （１２８）第６０１条关于证人能力的一般规则.................. （１２８）第６０２条缺乏亲身体验................................. （１２８）第６０３条宣誓或郑重声明.............................. （１２８）第６０４条译员............................................. （１２８）第６０５条法官作为证人的能力........................ （１２９）第６０６条陪审员作为证人的能力..................... （１２９）（）参加审理 .......................................... （１２９）ａ（）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查 ...... （１２９）ｂ第６０７条谁可以提出质疑.............................. （１２９）第６０８条关于证人品格和行为的证据............... （１２９）----------------------- Page 12-----------------------８目录）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据 ............ （１２９）（ａ（）行为的具体实例 ................................. （１３０）ｂ第６０９条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑............... （１３０）（）一般规则 .......................................... （１３０）ａ（）时间限制 .......................................... （１３１）ｂ（）赦免、撤消或证明恢复名誉的效果 ......... （１３１）ｃ（）未成年人的裁判 ................................. （１３２）ｄ（）上诉未决 .......................................... （１３２）ｅ第６１０条宗教信仰或主张.............................. （１３２）第６１１条询问和举证的方式和次序.................. （１３２）（）法庭控制 .......................................... （１３２）ａ（）交叉询问的范围 ................................. （１３２）ｂ（）诱导性问题 ....................................... （１３３）ｃ第６１２条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆.................. （１３３）第６１３条证人先前的陈述.............................. （１３４）（）就证人先前的陈述进行询问 .................. （１３４）ａ（）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据 ...... （１３４）ｂ第６１４条法庭传唤和询问证人........................ （１３４）（）法庭传唤证人 .................................... （１３４）ａ（）法庭询问 .......................................... （１３４）ｂ（）异议 ................................................ （１３４）ｃ第６１５条排除证人....................................... （１３４）第七章意见证据和专家证词.............................. （１３６）----------------------- Page 13-----------------------目录９第７０１条一般证人的意见证词........................ （１３６）第７０２条专家证词....................................... （１３６）第７０３条专家意见证词的基础........................ （１３６）第７０４条关于最终争议的意见........................ （１３６）第７０５条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据...... （１３７）第７０６条法庭指定专家................................. （１３７）（）指定 ................................................ （１３７）ａ（）补偿 ................................................ （１３７）ｂ（）将指定公开 ....................................... （１３８）ｃ（）当事人自己选择专家 ........................... （１３８）ｄ第八章传闻证据............................................. （１３９）第８０１条定义............................................. （１３９）（）陈述 ................................................ （１３９）ａ（）陈述者 ............................................. （１３９）ｂ（）传闻................................................... （１３９）ｃ（）不是传闻的陈述 ................................. （１３９）ｄ（１）证人的先前陈述.................................... （１３９）（２）为对立当事人承认................................. （１３９）第８０２条传闻证据规则.............................. （１４０）第８０３条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关紧要.................................... （１４０）（１）表达感觉印象....................................... （１４０）（２）刺激的发泄.......................................... （１４０）----------------------- Page 14-----------------------１０目录（３）当事存在的精神、感情或身体状态............ （１４０）（４）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述............... （１４１）（５）被记录的回忆....................................... （１４１）（６）关于日常行为、活动的记录..................... （１４１）（７）在第（６）项规定的记录中缺乏记载 ......... （１４１）（８）公共记录或报告.................................... （１４１）（９）重要统计资料....................................... （１４２）（１０）缺乏公共记录或没有记载 ..................... （１４２）（１１）宗教组织的记录 ................................. （１４２）（１２）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明 ........................ （１４３）（１３）家庭记录 .......................................... （１４３）（１４）反映财产利益的文件记录 ..................... （１４３）（１５）文件中反映财产利益的陈述 .................. （１４３）（１６）在陈年文件中的陈述 ........................... （１４３）（１７）市场报告，商业出版物 ........................ （１４４）（１８）学术论文 .......................................... （１４４）（１９）关于个人或家庭历史的名声 .................. （１４４）（２０）关于边界和一般历史的名声 .................. （１４４）（２１）性格方面的名声 ................................. （１４４）（２２）先前定罪的判决 ................................. （１４５）（２３）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决 .................................... （１４５）（２４）其他例外 .......................................... （１４５）----------------------- Page 15-----------------------目录１１第８０４条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证....................................... （１４５）（）不能出庭的定义.................................... （１４５）ａ（）传闻证据的例外 .................................（１４６）ｂ（１）先前证词............................................. （１４６）（２）临终陈述............................................. （１４６）（３）对己不利的陈述.................................... （１４７）（４）关于个人或家史的陈述........................... （１４７）（５）其他例外............................................. （１４７）第８０５条传闻中的传闻................................. （１４８）第８０６条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性............... （１４８）第九章鉴定和辨认.......................................... （１４９）第９０１条要求鉴定或辨认.............................. （１４９）（）一般规定............................................. （１４９）ａ（）说明 ................................................ （１４９）ｂ（１）具有知识的人的证明.............................. （１４９）（２）对笔迹的非专家意见.............................. （１４９）（３）由审判者或专家证人进行比较.................. （１４９）（４）与众不同的特征或类似品质..................... （１４９）（５）声音辨认............................................. （１４９）（６）声音通话............................................. （１４９）（７）公共记录或报告.................................... （１５０）（８）陈年文件或数据汇编.............................. （１５０）----------------------- Page 16-----------------------１２目录（９）过程或系统.......................................... （１５０）（１０）法律或规则规定的方法 ........................ （１５０）第９０２条自我鉴定....................................... （１５０）（１）国内盖有印章的公文.............................. （１５１）（２）国内未盖印章的公文.............................. （１５１）（３）外国公文............................................. （１５１）（４）经证实的公共记录的副本........................ （１５１）（５）官方出版物.......................................... （１５１）（６）报纸和期刊.......................................... （１５２）（７）商品注册或类似标记.............................. （１５２）（８）被承认的文件....................................... （１５２）（９）商业票据和相关文件.............................. （１５２）（１０）根据国会立法推定 .............................. （１５２）第９０３条不必要有补强证人证词..................... （１５２）第十章文字、录音和照相的内容........................ （１５３）第１００１条定义 .................................... （１５３）（１）文字和录音.......................................... （１５３）（２）照相................................................... （１５３）（３）原件................................................... （１５３）（４）复制品................................................ （１５３）第１００２条要求原件 .................................... （１５３）第１００３条复制品的可采性 ........................... （１５４）第１００４条其他关于内容的证据的可采性 ... （１５４）----------------------- Page 17-----------------------目录１３（１）原件遗失或毁坏.................................... （１５４）（２）原件无法获得....................................... （１５４）（３）原件在对方掌握中................................. （１５４）（４）附属事项............................................. （１５４）第１００５条公共记录 .................................... （１５４）第１００６条摘要 .......................................... （１５５）第１００７条当事人的证词或书面承认 ............... （１５５）第１００８条法庭和陪审团的职能 ..................... （１５５）第十一章综合规则.......................................... （１５６）第１１０１条规则的适用性 .............................. （１５６）（）法院和治安法院.................................... （１５６）ａ（）诉讼范围 .......................................... （１５６）ｂ（）关于特权的规则.................................... （１５６）ｃ（）不适用规则的情况 .............................. （１５６）ｄ（）部分适用的规则.................................... （１５７）ｅ第１１０２条修改 .......................................... （１５８）第１１０３条标题 .......................................... （１５８）----------------------- Page 18-----------------------美国联邦刑事诉讼规则和证据规则１美国刑事诉讼简介在法律传统上，美国源自英国普通法系，实行判例制度，没有系统成文的刑事诉讼法典。

双语法律百科美国刑事案件的司法程序The judicial process in a criminal case differs from a civil case in several important ways. At the beginning of a federal criminal case, the principal actors are the U.S. attorney (the prosecutor) and the grand jury. The U.S. attorney represents the United States in most court proceedings, including all criminal prosecutions. The grand jury reviews evidence presented by the U.S. attorney and decides whether there is sufficient evidence to require a defendant to stand trial.在美国，刑事案件的司法程序与民事案件在多个重要⽅⾯有所不同。

在联邦刑事案件开始之初，主要参与者是美国律师（检察官）和陪审团。

在⼤多数法院程序，包括所有刑事诉讼中，美国律师均代表美国政府。

⼤陪审团审查美国律师提供的证据，并确定是否有⾜够的证据要求被告进⾏审判。

After a person is arrested, a pretrial services or probation officer of the court immediately interviews the defendant and conducts an investigation of the defendant's background. The information obtained by the pretrial services or probation office will be used to help a judge decide whether to release the defendant into the community before trial, and whether to impose conditions of release. At an initial appearance, a judge advises the defendant of the charges filed, considers whether the defendant should be held in jail until trial, and determines whether there is probable cause to believe that an offense has been committed and the defendant has committed it. Defendants who are unable to afford counsel are advised of their right to a court-appointed attorney. The court may appoint either a federal public defender or a private attorney who has agreed to accept such appointments from the court. In either type of appointment, the attorney will be paid by the court from funds appropriated by Congress. Defendants released into the community before trial may be required to obey certain restrictions, such as home confinement or drug testing, and to make periodic reports to a pretrial services officer to ensure appearance at trial.某⼈被捕后，法院的审前服务或缓刑监督官⽴即会见被告，并对被告的背景进⾏调查。

第1篇刑事诉讼法是规定国家司法机关在当事人和其他诉讼参与人的参加下，为了追究犯罪、惩罚犯罪人而进行的诉讼活动的法律规范的总称。

不同国家的刑事诉讼法律规定各有特色，以下将概述一些主要国家的刑事诉讼法律规定。

一、美国刑事诉讼法律规定美国刑事诉讼法律体系较为复杂，主要由宪法、联邦法、州法和地方法规组成。

以下是一些主要的美国刑事诉讼法律规定：1. 宪法第四修正案：规定了“不得无理搜查和扣押”，保护公民不受非法搜查和扣押的权利。

2. 宪法第五修正案：规定了“不得自证其罪”，即不得强迫被告人在法庭上自证有罪。

3. 宪法第六修正案：规定了被告人在刑事诉讼中的权利，包括获得公正审判、被告人的辩护权等。

4. 联邦刑事诉讼规则：规定了联邦法院的刑事诉讼程序。

5. 州刑事诉讼法：各州有自己的刑事诉讼法律，但基本原则与联邦法律类似。

二、英国刑事诉讼法律规定英国刑事诉讼法律体系以普通法为主，以下是一些主要的英国刑事诉讼法律规定：1. 《1984年警察与刑事证据法》：规定了警察的搜查权、逮捕权和证据收集程序。

2. 《1994年刑事司法与公共秩序法》：规定了刑事审判程序、被告的权利和证据规则。

3. 《2003年刑事司法法》：对刑事诉讼程序进行了重大改革，包括加强被告人的权利保障。

三、德国刑事诉讼法律规定德国刑事诉讼法律体系以成文法为主，以下是一些主要的德国刑事诉讼法律规定：1. 《德国刑事诉讼法》：规定了刑事诉讼的基本原则、程序和证据规则。

2. 《德国宪法》：规定了公民在刑事诉讼中的基本权利，如公正审判权、辩护权等。

3. 《德国刑法》：规定了犯罪的构成要件、刑罚等。

四、法国刑事诉讼法律规定法国刑事诉讼法律体系以成文法为主，以下是一些主要的法国刑事诉讼法律规定：1. 《法国刑事诉讼法典》：规定了刑事诉讼的基本原则、程序和证据规则。

2. 《法国宪法》：规定了公民在刑事诉讼中的基本权利，如公正审判权、辩护权等。

3. 《法国刑法》：规定了犯罪的构成要件、刑罚等。

法律英语学习|美国刑事诉讼程序（1）写在前面：本文详述美国刑事诉讼的全过程，篇幅较长，故分三期为大家呈现。

文末有“彩蛋”~一般说来，美国的刑事诉讼程序可以分为三个阶段：审前程序、审理程序和审后程序。

审前程序(procedure prior to trial)基本包括以下几个步骤：提出控告(complaint)、逮捕(arrest)、在警察局“登记”(booking)、逮捕后在治安法官面前聆讯(appearance before magistrate after arrest)、预审(preliminary examination)或预先听证(preliminary hearing)、审查性审判(examining trial)、正式起诉(filing of accusation or pleadings)、提审(arraignment)、被告人答辩(plea by defendant)。

审理程序(procedure during trial)包括：选定陪审团(“voir dire”，selection of jurors)、开场陈述(opening statements)、起诉方举证(presentation of government’s case)、辩护方举证(presentation of defendant’ s case)、终结辩论(closing arguments)、指示陪审团(instructing the jury)、陪审团评议(jury deliberations)、陪审裁决(conviction or acquittal)。

审后程序(procedure after trial)包括：判刑(sentencing)、上诉(appeal)等。

下面，帮助大家进一步了解一般情况下美国刑事案件的诉讼程序。

（1）逮捕程序当警方逮捕某人(既“被告”)，并将此人关进监狱之后，以下三种情况的其中一种情况将会发生：•如果检察官（通常是地方检察官或市检察官）决定不提出指控，被告将被释放；或•被告被保释(bail)，或承诺会在日后出庭提出保释，而受到获释。

法律英语讲座之十一美国刑事诉讼法(中)
李湛意
【期刊名称】《英语自学》
【年(卷),期】2007(000)004
【摘要】<正>谈美国刑事诉讼法,不可避免地就要谈到陪审团制度。

陪审团制度是英美法系的重要组成部分,也是诉讼体系中非常有特色的一部分,这种制度对美国的民主生活1和司法体系有着深远的影响。

笔者本
【总页数】2页(P36-37)
【作者】李湛意
【作者单位】上海外国语大学法学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】D971.2
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