数学建模-历年考题cumcm2000b

管道订购与运输问题1 问题重述2 基本假设(1)只考虑订购费用和运输费用，不考虑装卸等其它费用． (2)钢管单价与订购量、订购次数、订购日期无关．(3)订购汁划是指对每个厂商的定货数量；运输方案是指具有如下属性的一批记录：管道区间，供应厂商，具体运输路线．(4)将每一单位的管道所在地看成一个需求点，向一单位管道的所在地运输钢管即为向一个点运输钢管．3 符号说明M ：钢厂总数. n ：单位管道总数.:i S 第i 个钢厂 :i S 第i 个钢厂的产量上限。

:i p 第i 个钢厂单位钢管的销售价 i A 管道线上第i 个站点。

i d 管道线上第i 个单位管道的位置。

F ：总费用。

:ij C 从钢厂(1,2,,)i S i m =到点(1,2,,)j d j n =的最低单位费用。

4 问题的简化求 S AP 矩阵的基本思路是图的最短路算法 . 由于铁路的运输费用与线路的长度不是线性关系 ,必须对铁路网做一些预处理才能套用图的标准最短路算法 . 下面叙述求 S AP 矩阵的过程:1.利用图的标准最短路算法 ,从铁路网络得出图中任两个点之间的最短路径表 T (如果两个点之间不连通 ,认为它们之间的最短路长度为+ ∞ ) .2.利用题中的铁路运价表将 T 中的每个元素 (即最短距离 )转化为运输费用 ,将运输费用表记为 C.3.将公路的长度换算为运输费用 ,由公路路程图 (包括要沿线铺设管道的公路 )得出公路费用图 G,若 i, j 不连通 ,则令 Gij = + ∞ .4.对于任一组 ( i , j)∈ { 1,… n }× { 1,… m } 如果 Cij <+ ∞ ,且小于 Gij ,那么就在公路费用图中加一条边. 即令 Gij = min{Cij , Gij } .5.利用图的标准最短路算法 ,求公路费用图中任一个 S 点到任一个 A 点的最小费用路径 ,得出 S AP 矩阵. 如表 1所示:SAP 矩阵A123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 S1 170716031402986 380 205 31 212 642 920 960 1060 1212 1280 14202 215720531902 1716 1110 955 860 712 1142 1420 1460 1560 1712 1780 19203 230722032002 1816 1210 1055 960 862 482 820 860 960 1112 1180 13204 260725032352 2166 1560 1405 1310 1162 842 620 510 610 762 830 9705 255724532252 2066 1460 1305 1210 1112 792 570 330 510 712 730 8706 265725532352 2166 1560 1405 1310 1212 842 620 510 450 262 110 2807 275726532452 2266 1660 1505 1410 1312 992 760 660 560 382 260 205问题分析运输费用等价转换法则：按单位运费相等原则将任意两点间的最短铁路线转换为公路 线．对于铁路线上的任意两点,i j V V ，用F1oyd 算法找出两点间最短铁路路线的长度ij L 查铁路运价表求得ij L ，对应的铁路单位运费ij f ;又设与该段铁路等费用的公路长度为ij l ，则：0.1ij ij f l =⨯由此，我们就在,i j V V 之间用一条等价的公路线来代替,i j V V 间的最短铁路线．如果,i j V V 之间原来就有公路，就选择新旧公路中较短的一条．这样，我们就把铁路运输网络转换成了公路运输网络．销价等价转换法则：按单位费用相等将任意钢厂的单位销价转换为公路单位运价．对于钢厂S i 的销售单价P i ，我们可以虚设一条公路线，连接钢厂S i 及另一虚拟钢厂'i s ，其长度为i l ，并且满足0.1i i l p =⨯；从而将钢厂的销售单价转换成公路运输单价，而新钢厂'i s 的销售价为0.将铁路和销价转换为公路的过程可以由计算机编程实现． 通过上述的分析，我们可以将原问题化为一个相对简单的产量未定的运输问题，利用115A A 到之间的管道距离和钢厂和站点之间的公路距离建立一个产量未定的运输问题的模型．但是由于1215,A A A ,并不能代表所有的实际需求点(实际需求点是n 个单位管道)，因此，我们可以用F1oyd 算法进一步算出7个钢厂到所有实际的n 个需求点(对于问题一，n ＝5171;对于问题三，n ＝5903)的最短路径，并由此得出一个具有7个供应点、n 个需求点的产址未定的运输模型．6 模型的建立产量未定的运输模型根据假设4，我们可以将每一单位的管道看成一个需求点，向一单位管道的所在地运输钢管即为向一个点运输钢管．对每个点，我们可以根据该点的位置和最短等价公路距离，求出各钢厂与该点之间最小单位运输费用ij C (销价已经归人运输费用之中了)．设总共有m 个供应点(钢厂)，n 个需求点，我们就可以得到一个产量未定的运输模型：有m 个供应点、n 个需求点，每个供应点的供应量{0}{500,}i i u s ∈；每个需求点需要1单位，运输单价矩阵为C ，求使得总运输费用最小的运输方案．其数学规划模型： 11minmnij ij i j F C x ===∑∑11{0}{500,}1,2,,..11,2,01nij i j mij i ij x S i ms tx j n x ==⎧∈=⎪⎪⎪==⎨⎪⎪=⎪⎪⎩∑∑或其中： 1112112n m m mn C C C C CC C ⎛⎫⎪=⎪ ⎪⎝⎭为单位费用矩阵 1112112n m m mn x x x X x x x⎛⎫⎪=⎪ ⎪⎝⎭为决策矩阵，也为0-1矩阵 代码如下7 模型的求解对于本题，上述0-1规划规模宏大，现有的一些算法不能胜任，我们必须具体问题具体分析，结合本题实际情况，寻找行之有效的算法．(1)初始方案的改进的最小元素法和改进的伏格尔法 *改进的最小元素法改进的最小元素法又称为贪婪法或瞎子爬山法，它的宗旨是每一步都取当前的最优值算法步骤为，对费用矩阵C 作n 次下列循环：①C 中找一个最小值ij C ； ②令1;ij x =③C 的第j 的所有数据改为+∞；④如果1nij i j x s ==∑，第i 个供应点的供应量已达上限，将C 的第i 行数据全改为+∞。

2000 Mathemat ical Contest in ModelingThe ProblemsProblem A: Air traffic ControlProblem B: Radio Channel AssignmentsProblem A Air traffic ControlDedicated to the memory of Dr. Robert Machol, former chief scientist of the Federal Aviation AgencyTo improve safety and reduce air traffic controller workload, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is considering adding software to the air traffic control system that would automatically detect potential aircraft flight path conflicts and alert the controller. To that end, an analyst at the FAA has posed the following problems.Requirement A: Given two airplanes flying in space, when should the air traffic controller consider the objects to be too close and to require intervention?Requirement B: An airspace sector is the section of three-dimensional airspace that one air traffic controller controls. Given any airspace sector, how do we measure how complex it is from an air traffic workload perspective? To what extent is complexity determined by the number of aircraft simultaneously passing through that sector (1) at any one instant? (2) during any given interval of time?(3) during a particular time of day? How does the number of potential conflicts arising during those periods affect complexity?Does the presence of additional software tools to automatically predict conflicts and alert the controller reduce or add to this complexity?In addition to the guidelines for your report, write a summary (no more than two pages) that the FAA analyst can present to Jane Garvey, the FAA Administrator, to defend your conclusions.Problem BRadio Channel AssignmentsWe seek to model the assignment of radio channels to a symmetric network of transmitter locations over a large planar area, so as to avoid interference. One basic approach is to partition the region into regular hexagons in a grid (honeycomb-style), as shown in Figure 1, where a transmitter is located at the center of each hexagon.Figure 1An interval of the frequency spectrum is to be allotted for transmitter frequencies. The interval will be divided into regularly spaced channels, which we represent by integers 1, 2, 3, ... . Each transmitter will be assigned one positive integer channel. The same channel can be used at many locations, provided that interference from nearby transmitters is avoided. Our goal is to minimize the width of the interval in the frequency spectrum that is needed to assign channels subject to some constraints. This is achieved with the concept of a span. The span is the minimum, over all assignments satisfying the constraints, of the largest channel used at any location. It is not required that every channel smaller than the span be used in an assignment that attains the span.Let s be the length of a side of one of the hexagons. We concentrate on the case that there are two levels of interference.Requirement A: There are several constraints on frequency assignments. First, no two transmitters within distance 4s of each other can be given the same channel. Second, due to spectral spreading, transmitters within distance 2s of each other must not be given the same or adjacent channels: Their channels must differ by at least 2. Under these constraints, what can we say about the span in,Requirement B: Repeat Requirement A, assuming the grid in the example spreads arbitrarily far in all directions.Requirement C: Repeat Requirements A and B, except assume now more generally that channels for transmitters within distance 2s differ by at least some given integer k, while those at distance at most 4s must still differ by at least one. What can we say about the span and about efficient strategies for designing assignments, as a function of k?Requirement D: Consider generalizations of the problem, such as several levels of interference or irregular transmitter placements. What other factors may be important to consider?Requirement E: Write an article (no more than 2 pages) for the local newspaper explaining your findings.2001Problem A: Choosing a Bicycle WheelCyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles. The two basic types of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid dis k (see Figure 1) The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic. A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.Professional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used. The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition, and other considerations. The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for a given course.Figure 1: A solid wheel is shown on the left and a spoked wheel is shown on theright.The director sportif needs specific information to help make a decision and has asked your team to accomplish the tasks listed below. For each of the tasks assume that the same s poked wheel will always be used on the front but there is a choice of wheels for the rear.Task 1. Provide a table giving the wind speed at which the power required for a solid rear wheel is less than for a spoked rear wheel. The table should include the windspeeds for different road grades starting from zero percent to ten percent in onepercent increments. (Road grade is defined to be the ratio of the total rise of a hilldivided by the length of the road. If the hill is viewed as a triangle, the grade is the sine of the angle at the bottom of the hill.) A rider starts at the bottom of the hill at a speed of 45 kph, and the deceleration of the rider is proportional to the road grade. A riderwill lose about 8 kph for a five percent grade over 100 meters.∙Task 2. Provide an example of how the table could be used for a specific time trial course.∙Task 3. Determine if the table is an adequate means for deciding on the wheel configuration and offer other suggestions as to how to make this decision.Problem B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)Evacuating the coast of South Carolina ahead of the predicted landfall of Hurricane Floyd in 1999 led to a monumental traffic jam. Traffic slowed to a standstill on Interstate I-26, which is the principal route going inland from Charleston to the relatively safe haven of Columbia in the center of the state. What is normally an easy two-hour drive took up to 18 hours to complete. Many cars simply ran out of gas along the way. Fortunately, Floyd turned north a nd spared the state this time, but the public outcry is forcing state officials to find ways to avoid a repeat of this traffic nightmare.The principal proposal put forth to deal with this problem is the reversal of traffic on I-26, so that both sides, including the coastal-bound lanes, have traffic headed inland from Charleston to Columbia. Plans to carry this out have been prepared (and posted on the Web) by the South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division. Traffic reversal on principal roads leading i nland from Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head is also planned.A simplified map of South Carolina is shown. Charleston has approximately 500,000 people, Myrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are spread out along the rest of the coastal strip. (More accurate data, if sought, are widely available.)The interstates have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three. Columbia, another metro area of around 500,000 people, does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees (including some coming from farther north by other routes), so some traffic continues outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg; on I-77 north to Charlotte; and on I-20 east to Atlanta. In 1999, traffic leaving Columbia going northwest was moving only very slowly. Construct a model for the problem to investigate what strategies may reduce the congestion observed in 1999. Here are the questions that need to be addressed:1.Under what conditions does the plan for turning the two coastal-bound lanes of I-26into two lanes of Columbia-bound traffic, essentially turning the entire I-26 intoone-way traffic, significantly improve evacuation traffic flow?2.In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the state's entire coastal region was ordered.Would the evacuation traffic flow improve under an alternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhaps county-by-county over some time period consistent with thepattern of how hurricanes affect the coast?3.Several smaller highways besides I-26 extend inland from the coast. Under whatconditions would it improve evacuation flow to turn around traffic on these?4.What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish more temporary shelters inColumbia, to reduce the traffic leaving Columbia?5.In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats, campers, andmotor homes. Many drove all of their cars. Under what conditions should there berestrictions on vehicle types or numbers of vehicles brought in order to guaranteetimely evacuation?6.It has been suggested that in 1999 some of the coastal residents of Georgia and Florida,who were fleeing the earlier predicted landfalls of Hurricane Floyd to the south, came up I-95 and compounded the traffic problems. How big an impact can they have on the evacuation traffic flow? Clearly identify what measures of performance are used tocompare strategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed twopages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies.Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.2002 Mathemat ical Contest in ModelingThe ProblemsProblem AAuthors: Tjalling YpmaTit le: Wind and WatersprayAn ornamental fountain in a large open plaza surrounded by buildings squirts water high into the air. On gusty days, the wind blows spray from the fountain onto passersby. The water-flow from the fountain is controlled by a mechanism linked to an anemometer (which measures wind speed and direction) located on top of an adjacent building. The objective of this control is to provide passersby with an acceptable balance between an attractive spectacle and a soaking: The harder the wind blows, the lower the water volume and height to which the water is squirted, hence the less spray falls outside the pool area.Your task is to devise an algorithm which uses data provided by the anemometer to adjust the water-flow from the fountain as the wind conditions change.Problem BAuthors: Bill Fox and Rich WestTit le: Airline OverbookingYou're all packed and ready to go on a trip to visit your best friend in New York City. After you check in at the ticket counter, the airline clerk announces that your flight has been overbooked. Passengers need to check in immediately to determine if they still have a seat.Historically, airlines know that only a certain percentage of passengers who have made reservations on a particular flight will actually take that flight. Consequently, most airlines overbook-that is, they take more reservations than the capacity of the aircraft. Occasionally, more passengers will want to take a flight than the capacity of the plane leading to one or more passengers being bumped and thus unable to take the flight for which they had reservations.Airlines deal with bumped passengers in various ways. Some are given nothing, some are booked on later flights on other airlines, and some are given some kind of cash or airline ticket incentive.Consider the overbooking issue in light of the current situa tion:Less flights by airlines from point A to point BHeightened security at and around airportsPassengers' fearLoss of billions of dollars in revenue by airlines to dateBuild a mathematical model that examines the effects that different overbooking schemes have on the revenue received by an airline company in order to find an optimal overbooking strategy,i.e., the number of people by which an airline should overbook a particular flight so that the company's revenue is maximized. Insure that your model reflects the issues above, and consider alternatives for handling "bumped" passengers. Additionally, write a short memorandum to the airline's CEO summarizing your findings and analysis.2003 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: The Stunt PersonAn exciting action scene in a m ovie is going to be filmed, and you are the stunt coordinator! A stunt person on a m otorcycle will jump over an elephant and land in a pile of cardboard boxes to cushion their fall. You need to protect the stunt person, and also use relatively few cardboard boxes (lower cost, not seen by cam era, etc.).Your job is to:∙determine what size boxes to use∙determine how many boxes to use∙determine how the boxes will be stacked∙determine if any modifications to the boxes would help∙generalize to different combined weights (stunt person & motorcycle) and different jump heightsNote that, in "Tomorrow Never Dies", the Jam es Bond character on a m otorcycle jumps over a helicopter.PROBLEM B: G amma Knife Treat ment PlanningStereotactic radiosurgery delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation to a radiographically well-defined, sm all intracranial 3D brain tum or without delivering any significant fraction of the prescribed dose to the surrounding brain tissue. Three modalities are commonly used in this area; they are the gamma knife unit, heavy charged particle beam s, and external high-energy photon beams from linear accelerators.The gamma knife unit delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation emanating from201 cobalt-60 unit sources through a heavy helmet. All 201 beams simultaneously intersect at the isocenter, resulting in a spherical (approximately) dose distribution at the effective dose levels. Irradiating the isocenter to deliver dose is termed a “shot.” Shots can be represented as diff erent spheres. Four interchangeable outer collimator helmets with beam channel diameters of 4, 8, 14,and 18 mm are available for irradiating different size volumes. For a target volum e larger than one shot, m ultiple shots can be used to cover the entire t arget. In practice, m ost target volum es are treated with 1 to 15 shots. The target volum e is a bounded, three-dimensional digital image that usually consists of m illions of points.The goal of radiosurgery is to deplete tum or cells while preserving norma l structures. Since there are physical limitations and biological uncertainties involved in this therapy process, a treatm ent plan needs to account for all those limitations and uncertainties. In general, an optimal treat m ent plan is designed to m eet the following requirements.1.Minimize the dose gradient across the target volume.2.Match specified isodose contours to the target volumes.3.Match specified dose-volume constraints of the target and critical organ.4.Minimize the integral dose to the entire volume of normal tissues or organs.5.Constrain dose to specified normal tissue points below tolerance doses.6.Minimize the maximum dose to critical volumes.In gamma unit treatm ent planning, we have the following constraints:1.Prohibit shots from protruding outside the target.2.Prohibit shots from overlapping (to avoid hot spots).3.Cover the target volume with effective dosage as much as possible. But at least 90% ofthe target volume must be covered by shots.e as few shots as possible.Your tasks are to formulate the optim al treat m ent planning for a gamma knife unit as a sphere-packing problem, and propose an algorithm to find a solution. While designing your algorithm, you must keep in mind that your algorithm must be reasonably efficient.2003 ICM ProblemPROBLEM C:To view and print problem C, you will need to have the Adobe Acrobat Reader installed in your Web browser. Downloading and installing acrobat is simple, safe, and only takes a few minutes. Download Acrobat Here.2004 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Are Fingerprints Unique?It is a commonplace belief that the thumbprint of every human who has ever lived is different. Develop and analyze a model that will allow you to assess the probability that this is true. Compare the odds (that you found in this problem) of misidentification by fingerprint evidence against the odds of misidentification by DNA evidence.PROBLEM B: A Faster QuickPass System"QuickPass" systems are increasingly appearing to reduce people's time waiting in line, whether it is at tollbooths, amusement parks, or elsewhere. Consider the design of a QuickPass system for an amusement park. The amusement park has experimented by offering QuickPasses for several popular rides as a test. The idea is that for certain popular rides you can go to a kiosk near that ride and insert your daily park entrance ticket, and out will come a slip that states that you can return to that ride at a specific time later. For example, you insert your daily park entrance ticket at 1:15 pm, and the QuickPass states that you can come back between 3:30 and 4:30 pm when you can use your slip to enter a second, and presumably much shorter, line that will get you to the ride faster. To prevent people from obtaining QuickPasses for several rides at once, the QuickPass machines allow you to have only one active QuickPass at a time.You have been hired as one of several competing consultants to improve the operation of QuickPass. Customers have been complaining about some anomalies in the test system. For example, customers observed that in one instance QuickPasses were being offered for a return time as long as 4 hours later. A short time later on the same ride, the QuickPasses were given for times only an hour or so later. In some instances, the lines for people with Quickpasses are nearly as long and slow as the regular lines.The problem then is to propose and test schemes for issuing QuickPasses in order to increase people's enjoyment of the amusement park. Part of the problem is to determine what criteria to use in evaluating alternative schemes. Include in your report a non-technical summary for amusement park executives who must choose between alternatives from competing consultants.2005 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Flood PlanningLake Murray in central South Carolina is formed by a large earthen dam, which was completed in1930 for power production. Model the flooding downstream in the event there is a catastrophic earthquake that breaches the dam.Two particular questions:Rawls Creek is a year-round stream that flows into the Saluda River a short distance downriver from the dam. How much flooding will occur in Rawls Creek from a dam failure, and how far back will it extend?Could the flood be so massive downstream that water would reach up to the S.C. State Capitol Building, which is on a hill overlooking the Congaree River?PROBLEM B: TollboothsHeavily-traveled toll roads such as the Garden State Parkway , Interstate 95, and so forth, are multi-lane divided highways that are interrupted at intervals by toll plazas. Because collecting tolls is usually unpopular, it is desirable to minimize motorist annoyance by limiting the amount of traffic disruption caused by the toll plazas. Commonly, a much larger number of tollbooths is provided than the number of travel lanes entering the toll plaza. Upon entering the toll plaza, the flow of vehicles fans out to the larger number of tollbooths, and when leaving the toll plaza, the flow of vehicles is required to squeeze back down to a number of travel lanes equal to the number of travel lanes before the toll plaza. Consequently, when traffic is heavy, congestion increases upon departure from the toll plaza. When traffic is very heavy, congestion also builds at the entry to the toll plaza because of the time required for each vehicle to pay the toll.Make a model to help you determine the optimal number of tollbooths to deploy in a barrier-toll plaza. Explicitly consider the scenario where there is exactly one tollbooth per incoming travel lane. Under what conditions is this more or less effective than the current practice? Note that the definition of "optimal" is up to you to determine.2006 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Posit ioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for Irrigat ionThere are a wide variety of techniques available for irrigating a field. The technologies range from advanced drip systems to periodic flooding. One of the systems that is used on smaller ranches is the use of "hand move" irrigation systems. Lightweight aluminum pipes with sprinkler heads are put in place across fields, and they are moved by hand at periodic intervals to insure that the whole field receives an adequate amount of water. This type of irrigation sys tem is cheaper and easier to maintain than other systems. It is also flexible, allowing for use on a wide variety of fields and crops. The disadvantage is that it requires a great deal of time and effort to move and set up the equipment at regular intervals.Given that this type of irrigation system is to be used, how can it be configured to minimize the amount of time required to irrigate a field that is 80 meters by 30 meters? For this task you are asked to find an algorithm to determine how to irrigate the rectangular field that minimizes the amount of time required by a rancher to maintain the irrigation system. One pipe set is used in the field. Y ou should determine the number of sprinklers and the spacing between sprinklers, and you should find a sch edule to move the pipes, including where to move them.A pipe set consists of a number of pipes that can be connected together in a straight line. Each pipe has a 10 cm inner diameter with rotating spray nozzles that have a 0.6 cm inner diameter. When pu t together the resulting pipe is 20 meters long. At the water source, the pressure is 420 Kilo- Pascal’s and has a flow rate of 150 liters per minute. No part of the field should receive more than 0.75 cm per hour of water, and each part of the field should receive at least 2 centimeters of water every 4 days. The total amount of water should be applied as uniformly as possiblePROBLEM B: Wheel Chair Access at AirportsOne of the frustrations with air travel is the need to fly through multiple airports, and each stop generally requires each traveler to change to a different airplane. This can be especially difficult for people who are not able to easily walk to a different flight's waiting area. One of the ways that an airline can make the transition easier is to provide a wheel chair and an escort to those people who ask for help. It is generally known well in advance which passengers require help, but it is not uncommon to receive notice when a passenger first registers at the airport. In rare instances an airline may not receive notice from a passenger until just prior to landing.Airlines are under constant pressure to keep their costs down. Wheel chairs wear out and are expensive and require maintenance. There is also a cost for making the escorts available. Moreover, wheel chairs and their escorts must be constantly moved around the airport so that they are available to people when their flight lands. In some large airports the time required to move across the airport is nontrivial. The wheel chairs must be stored somewhere, but space is expensive and severely limited in an airport terminal. Also, wheel chairs left in high traffic areas represent a liability risk as people try to move around them. Finally, one of the biggest costs is the cost of holding a plane if someone must wait for an escort and becomes late for their flight. The latter cost is especially troubling because it can affect the airline's average flight delay which can lead to fewer ticket sales as potential customers may choose to avoid an airline.Epsilon Airlines has decided to ask a third party to help them obtain a detailed analysis of the issues and costs of keeping and maintaining wheel chairs and escorts available for passengers. The airline needs to find a way to schedule the movement of wheel chairs throughout each day in a cost effective way. They also need to find and define the costs for budget planning in both the short and long term.Epsilon Airlines has asked your consultant group to put together a bid to help them solve their problem. Your bid should include an overview and analysis of the situation to help them decide if you fully understand their problem. They require a detailed description of an algorithm that you would like to implement which can determine where the escorts and wheel chairs should be and how they should move throughout each day. The goal is to keep the total costs as low as possible. Your bid is one of many that the airline will consider. You must make a strong case as to why your solution is the best and show that it will be able to handle a wide range of airports under a variety of circumstances.Your bid should also include examples of how the algorithm would work for a large (at least 4 concourses), a medium (at least two concourses), and a small airport (one concourse) under high and low traffic loads. You should determine all potential costs and balance their respective weights. Finally, as populations begin to include a higher percentage of older people who have more time to travel but may require more aid, your report should include projections of potential costs and needs in the future with recommendations to meet future needs.2007 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: G errymanderingThe United States Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall be composed of some number (currently 435) of individuals who are elected from each state in proportion to the state’s population relative to that of the country as a whole. While this provides a way of determining how many representatives each state will have, it says nothing about how the district represented by a particular representative shall be determined geographically. This oversight has led to egregious (at least some people think so, usually not the incumbent) district shapes that look “un natural” by some standards.Hence the following question: Suppose you were given the opportunity to draw congressional districts for a state. How would you do so as a purely “baseline” exercise to create the “simplest” shapes for all the districts in a state? The rules include only that each district in the state must contain the same population. The definition of “simple” is up to you; but you need to make a convincing argument to voters in the state that your solution is fair. As an application of your method, draw geographically simple congressional districts for the state of New Y ork.PROBLEM B: The Airplane Seat ing ProblemAirlines are free to seat passengers waiting to board an aircraft in any order whatsoever. It has become customary to seat passengers with special needs first, followed by first-class passengers (who sit at the front of the plane). Then coach and business-class passengers are seated by groups of rows, beginning with the row at the back of the plane and proceeding forward.Apart from consideration of the passengers’ wait time, from the airline’s point of view, time is money, and boarding time is best minimized. The plane makes money for the airline only when it is in motion, and long boarding times limit the number of trips that a plane can make in a day.The development of larger planes, such as the Airbus A380 (800 passengers), accentuate the problem of minimizing boarding (and deboarding) time.Devise and compare procedures for boarding and deboarding planes with varying numbers of passengers: small (85–210), midsize (210–330), and large (450–800).Prepare an executive summary, not to exceed two single-spaced pages, in which you set out your conclusions to an audience of airline executives, gate agents, and flight crews.Note: The 2 page executive summary is to be included IN ADDITION to the reports required by the contest guidelines.An article appeared in the NY Times Nov 14, 2006 addressing procedures currently being followed and the importance to the airline of finding better solutions. The article can be seen at: http://travel2.nyt /2006/11/14/business/14boarding.ht ml2008 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Take a Bat hConsider the effects on land from the melting of the north polar ice cap due to the predicted increase in global temperatures. Specifically, model the effects on the coast of Florida every ten years for the next 50 years due to the melting, with particular attention given to large metropolitan areas. Propose appropriate responses to deal with this. A careful discussion of the data used is an important part of the answer.PROBLEM B: Creat ing Sudoku PuzzlesDevelop an algorithm to construct Sudoku puzzles of varying difficulty. Develop metrics to define a difficulty level. The algorithm and metrics should be extensible to a varying number of difficulty levels. You should illustrate the algorithm with at least 4 difficulty levels. Your algorithm should guarantee a unique solution. Analyze the complexity of your algorithm. Your objective should be to minimize the complexity of the algorithm and meet the above requirements.2009 MCM Problems。

历届美国数学建模竞赛赛题, 1985－2006AMCM1985问题-A 动物群体的管理AMCM1985问题-B 战购物资储备的管理AMCM1986问题-A 水道测量数据AMCM1986问题-B 应急设施的位置AMCM1987问题-A 盐的存贮AMCM1987问题-B 停车场AMCM1988问题-A 确定毒品走私船的位置AMCM1988问题-B 两辆铁路平板车的装货问题AMCM1989问题-A 蠓的分类AMCM1989问题-B 飞机排队AMCM1990问题-A 药物在脑内的分布AMCM1990问题-B 扫雪问题AMCM1991问题-A 估计水塔的水流量AMCM1992问题-A 空中交通控制雷达的功率问题AMCM1992问题-B 应急电力修复系统的修复计划AMCM1993问题-A 加速餐厅剩菜堆肥的生成AMCM1993问题-B 倒煤台的操作方案AMCM1994问题-A 住宅的保温AMCM1994问题-B 计算机网络的最短传输时间AMCM1995问题-A 单一螺旋线AMCM1995问题-B A1uacha Balaclava学院AMCM1996问题-A 噪音场中潜艇的探测AMCM1996问题-B 竞赛评判问题AMCM1997问题-A Velociraptor(疾走龙属)问题AMCM1997问题-B为取得富有成果的讨论怎样搭配与会成员AMCM1998问题-A 磁共振成像扫描仪AMCM1998问题-B 成绩给分的通胀AMCM1999问题-A 大碰撞AMCM1999问题-B “非法”聚会AMCM1999问题- C 大地污染AMCM2000问题-A空间交通管制AMCM2000问题-B: 无线电信道分配AMCM2000问题-C：大象群落的兴衰AMCM2001问题- A: 选择自行车车轮AMCM2001问题-B：逃避飓风怒吼（一场恶风…）AMCM2001问题-C我们的水系-不确定的前景AMCM2002问题-A风和喷水池AMCM2002问题-B航空公司超员订票AMCM2002问题-C蜥蜴问题AMCM2003问题-A: 特技演员AMCM2003问题-C航空行李的扫描对策AMCM2004问题-A：指纹是独一无二的吗？AMCM2004问题-B：更快的快通系统AMCM2004问题-C：安全与否？AMCM2005问题-A：.水灾计划AMCM2005问题-B：TollboothsAMCM2005问题-C：.Nonrenewable ResourcesAMCM2006问题-A：用于灌溉的自动洒水器的安置和移动调度AMCM2006问题-B：通过机场的轮椅AMCM2006问题-C：在与HIV/爱滋病的战斗中的交易AMCM85问题-A 动物群体的管理在一个资源有限，即有限的食物、空间、水等等的环境里发现天然存在的动物群体。

管道订购与运输问题1 问题重述2 基本假设(1)只考虑订购费用和运输费用，不考虑装卸等其它费用． (2)钢管单价与订购量、订购次数、订购日期无关．(3)订购汁划是指对每个厂商的定货数量；运输方案是指具有如下属性的一批记录：管道区间，供应厂商，具体运输路线．(4)将每一单位的管道所在地看成一个需求点，向一单位管道的所在地运输钢管即为向一个点运输钢管．3 符号说明M ：钢厂总数. n ：单位管道总数.:i S 第i 个钢厂 :i S 第i 个钢厂的产量上限。

:i p 第i 个钢厂单位钢管的销售价 i A 管道线上第i 个站点。

i d 管道线上第i 个单位管道的位置。

F ：总费用。

:ij C 从钢厂(1,2,,)i S i m =到点(1,2,,)j d j n =的最低单位费用。

4 问题的简化求 S AP 矩阵的基本思路是图的最短路算法 . 由于铁路的运输费用与线路的长度不是线性关系 ,必须对铁路网做一些预处理才能套用图的标准最短路算法 . 下面叙述求 S AP 矩阵的过程:1.利用图的标准最短路算法 ,从铁路网络得出图中任两个点之间的最短路径表 T (如果两个点之间不连通 ,认为它们之间的最短路长度为+ ∞ ) .2.利用题中的铁路运价表将 T 中的每个元素 (即最短距离 )转化为运输费用 ,将运输费用表记为 C.3.将公路的长度换算为运输费用 ,由公路路程图 (包括要沿线铺设管道的公路 )得出公路费用图 G,若 i, j 不连通 ,则令 Gij = + ∞ .4.对于任一组 ( i , j)∈ { 1,… n }× { 1,… m } 如果 Cij <+ ∞ ,且小于 Gij ,那么就在公路费用图中加一条边. 即令 Gij = min{Cij , Gij } .5.利用图的标准最短路算法 ,求公路费用图中任一个 S 点到任一个 A 点的最小费用路径 ,得出 S AP 矩阵. 如表 1所示:SAP 矩阵A123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 S1 170716031402986 380 205 31 212 642 920 960 1060 1212 1280 14202 215720531902 1716 1110 955 860 712 1142 1420 1460 1560 1712 1780 19203 230722032002 1816 1210 1055 960 862 482 820 860 960 1112 1180 13204 260725032352 2166 1560 1405 1310 1162 842 620 510 610 762 830 9705 255724532252 2066 1460 1305 1210 1112 792 570 330 510 712 730 8706 265725532352 2166 1560 1405 1310 1212 842 620 510 450 262 110 2807 275726532452 2266 1660 1505 1410 1312 992 760 660 560 382 260 205问题分析运输费用等价转换法则：按单位运费相等原则将任意两点间的最短铁路线转换为公路 线．对于铁路线上的任意两点,i j V V ，用F1oyd 算法找出两点间最短铁路路线的长度ij L 查铁路运价表求得ij L ，对应的铁路单位运费ij f ;又设与该段铁路等费用的公路长度为ij l ，则：0.1ij ij f l =⨯由此，我们就在,i j V V 之间用一条等价的公路线来代替,i j V V 间的最短铁路线．如果,i j V V 之间原来就有公路，就选择新旧公路中较短的一条．这样，我们就把铁路运输网络转换成了公路运输网络．销价等价转换法则：按单位费用相等将任意钢厂的单位销价转换为公路单位运价．对于钢厂S i 的销售单价P i ，我们可以虚设一条公路线，连接钢厂S i 及另一虚拟钢厂'i s ，其长度为i l ，并且满足0.1i i l p =⨯；从而将钢厂的销售单价转换成公路运输单价，而新钢厂'i s 的销售价为0.将铁路和销价转换为公路的过程可以由计算机编程实现． 通过上述的分析，我们可以将原问题化为一个相对简单的产量未定的运输问题，利用115A A 到之间的管道距离和钢厂和站点之间的公路距离建立一个产量未定的运输问题的模型．但是由于1215,A A A ,并不能代表所有的实际需求点(实际需求点是n 个单位管道)，因此，我们可以用F1oyd 算法进一步算出7个钢厂到所有实际的n 个需求点(对于问题一，n ＝5171;对于问题三，n ＝5903)的最短路径，并由此得出一个具有7个供应点、n 个需求点的产址未定的运输模型．6 模型的建立产量未定的运输模型根据假设4，我们可以将每一单位的管道看成一个需求点，向一单位管道的所在地运输钢管即为向一个点运输钢管．对每个点，我们可以根据该点的位置和最短等价公路距离，求出各钢厂与该点之间最小单位运输费用ij C (销价已经归人运输费用之中了)．设总共有m 个供应点(钢厂)，n 个需求点，我们就可以得到一个产量未定的运输模型：有m 个供应点、n 个需求点，每个供应点的供应量{0}{500,}i i u s ∈；每个需求点需要1单位，运输单价矩阵为C ，求使得总运输费用最小的运输方案．其数学规划模型： 11minmnij ij i j F C x ===∑∑11{0}{500,}1,2,,..11,2,01nij i j mij i ij x S i ms tx j n x ==⎧∈=⎪⎪⎪==⎨⎪⎪=⎪⎪⎩∑∑或其中： 1112112n m m mn C C C C CC C ⎛⎫⎪=⎪ ⎪⎝⎭为单位费用矩阵 1112112n m m mn x x x X x x x ⎛⎫⎪=⎪ ⎪⎝⎭为决策矩阵，也为0-1矩阵 代码如下7 模型的求解对于本题，上述0-1规划规模宏大，现有的一些算法不能胜任，我们必须具体问题具体分析，结合本题实际情况，寻找行之有效的算法．(1)初始方案的改进的最小元素法和改进的伏格尔法 *改进的最小元素法改进的最小元素法又称为贪婪法或瞎子爬山法，它的宗旨是每一步都取当前的最优值算法步骤为，对费用矩阵C 作n 次下列循环：①C 中找一个最小值ij C ； ②令1;ij x =③C 的第j 的所有数据改为+∞；④如果1nij i j x s ==∑，第i 个供应点的供应量已达上限，将C 的第i 行数据全改为+∞。

全国数学建模大赛历年题目分析以及参赛成功方法数学建模竞赛的赛题分析1. CUMCM历年赛题简析2. “彩票中的数学”问题3. 长江水质的评估、预测与控制问题4. 煤矿瓦斯和煤尘的监测与控制问题5. 其他几个数学建模的问题数学建模竞赛的规模越来越大,水平越来越高；竞赛的水平主要体现在赛题水平；赛题的水平主要体现：（１）综合性、实用性、创新性、即时性等；（２）多种解题方法的创造性、灵活性、开放性等；（３）海量数据的复杂性、数学模型的多样性、求解结果的不唯一性等。

纵览16年的本科组32个题目(专科组13个)，从问题的实际意义、解决问题的方法和题型三个方面作一些简单的分析。

一、CUMCM历年赛题的简析1. CUMCM 的历年赛题浏览：1992年:(Ａ)作物生长的施肥效果问题(北理工：叶其孝）(B)化学试验室的实验数据分解问题（复旦：谭永基）1993年:(Ａ)通讯中非线性交调的频率设计问题（北大:谢衷洁）(Ｂ)足球甲级联赛排名问题（清华：蔡大用）1994年:(Ａ)山区修建公路的设计造价问题（西电大：何大可）(Ｂ)锁具的制造、销售和装箱问题（复旦:谭永基等）1995年:(Ａ)飞机的安全飞行管理调度问题（复旦:谭永基等）(Ｂ)天车与冶炼炉的作业调度问题（浙大:刘祥官等）一、CUMCM历年赛题的简析1. CUMCM 的历年赛题浏览：1996年:(A)最优捕鱼策略问题（北师大：刘来福）(B)节水洗衣机的程序设计问题（重大：付鹂）1997年:(A)零件参数优化设计问题（清华：姜启源）(B)金刚石截断切割问题（复旦：谭永基等）1998年:(A)投资的收益和风险问题（浙大：陈淑平）(B)灾情的巡视路线问题（上海海运学院:丁颂康）1999年:(A)自动化机床控制管理问题（北大：孙山泽）(B)地质堪探钻井布局问题（郑州大学：林诒勋）(C)煤矸石堆积问题（太原理工大学：贾晓峰）一、CUMCM历年赛题的简析1.CUMCM 的历年赛题浏览：2000年:(A)DNA序列的分类问题（北工大：孟大志）(B)钢管的订购和运输问题（武大：费甫生）(C)飞越北极问题（复旦：谭永基）(D)空洞探测问题（东北电力学院：关信）2001年:(A)三维血管的重建问题（浙大：汪国昭）(B)公交车的优化调度问题（清华：谭泽光）(C)基金使用计划问题（东南大学：陈恩水）2002年:(A)汽车车灯的优化设计问题（复旦:谭永基等）(B)彩票中的数学问题（信息工程大学：韩中庚）(D) 球队的赛程安排问题（清华大学：姜启源）一、CUMCM历年赛题的简析1.CUMCM 的历年赛题浏览2003年:(A)SARS的传播问题（集体）(B)露天矿生产的车辆安排问题（吉林大：方沛辰）(D)抢渡长江问题（华中农大：殷建肃）2004年:(A)奥运会临时超市网点设计问题(北工大：孟大志)(B)电力市场的输电阻塞管理问题(浙大:刘康生）(C)酒后开车问题（清华大学：姜启源）(D)公务员的招聘问题（信息工程大学：韩中庚）2005年:(A)长江水质的评价与预测问题（信息工大:韩中庚）(B)DVD在线租赁问题（清华大学：谢金星等）(C) 雨量预报方法的评价问题（复旦：谭永基）一、CUMCM历年赛题的简析1.CUMCM 的历年赛题浏览2006年:(A)出版社的资源管理问题（北工大:孟大志）(B)艾滋病疗法的评价及预测问题（天大：边馥萍）(C)易拉罐形状和尺寸的设计问题（北理工：叶其孝）(D)煤矿瓦斯和煤尘的监测与控制问题（信息工程大学：韩中庚）2007年:(A)中国人口增长预测问题（清华大学:唐云）(B)“乘公交，看奥运”问题（吉大：方沛辰，国防科大：吴孟达）(C)“手机套餐”优惠几何问题(信息工程大学:韩中庚)(D)体能测试时间的安排问题(首都师大:刘雨林)一、CUMCM历年赛题的简析一、CUMCM历年赛题的简析1.CUMCM 的历年赛题浏览2001年夏令营三个题:(A)三峡工程高坡开挖优化设计(三峡大学:李建林等）(B)城市交通拥阻的分析与治理(北京理工大学:叶其孝）(C)乳房癌的诊断问题（复旦大学:谭永基）2006年夏令营三个题:(A)教材出版业的市场调查、评估和预测方法问题（北工大:孟大志）(B)铁路大提速下的京沪线列车调度问题（信息工程大学:韩中庚）(C)旅游需求的预测预报问题（北京理工：叶其孝）2、从问题的实际意义分析32个问题从实际意义分析大体上可分为：工业、农业、工程设计、交通运输、经济管理、生物医学和社会事业等七个大类。

2000 Mathematical Contest in ModelingThe ProblemsProblem A: Air traffic ControlProblem B: Radio Channel AssignmentsProblem A Air traffic ControlDedicated to the memory of Dr. Robert Machol, former chief scientist of the Federal Aviation AgencyTo improve safety and reduce air traffic controller workload, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is considering adding software to the air traffic control system that would automatically detect potential aircraft flight path conflicts and alert the controller. To that end, an analyst at the FAA has posed the following problems.Requirement A: Given two airplanes flying in space, when should the air traffic controller consider the objects to be too close and to require intervention?Requirement B: An airspace sector is the section of three-dimensional airspace that one air traffic controller controls. Given any airspace sector, how do we measure how complex it is from an air traffic workload perspective? To what extent is complexity determined by the number of aircraft simultaneously passing through that sector (1) at any one instant? (2) during any given interval of time?(3) during a particular time of day? How does the number of potential conflicts arising during those periods affect complexity?Does the presence of additional software tools to automatically predict conflicts and alert the controller reduce or add to this complexity?In addition to the guidelines for your report, write a summary (no more than two pages) that the FAA analyst can present to Jane Garvey, the FAA Administrator, to defend your conclusions.Problem BRadio Channel AssignmentsWe seek to model the assignment of radio channels to a symmetric network of transmitter locations over a large planar area, so as to avoid interference. One basic approach is to partition the region into regular hexagons in a grid (honeycomb-style), as shown in Figure 1, where a transmitter is located at the center of each hexagon.Figure 1An interval of the frequency spectrum is to be allotted for transmitter frequencies. The interval will be divided into regularly spaced channels, which we represent by integers 1, 2, 3, ... . Each transmitter will be assigned one positive integer channel. The same channel can be used at many locations, provided that interference from nearby transmitters is avoided. Our goal is to minimize the width of the interval in the frequency spectrum that is needed to assign channels subject to some constraints. This is achieved with the concept of a span. The span is the minimum, over all assignments satisfying the constraints, of the largest channel used at any location. It is not required that every channel smaller than the span be used in an assignment that attains the span.Let s be the length of a side of one of the hexagons. We concentrate on the case that there are two levels of interference.Requirement A: There are several constraints on frequency assignments. First, no two transmitters within distance 4s of each other can be given the same channel. Second, due to spectral spreading, transmitters within distance 2s of each other must not be given the same or adjacent channels: Their channels must differ by at least 2. Under these constraints, what can we say about the span in,Requirement B: Repeat Requirement A, assuming the grid in the example spreads arbitrarily far in all directions.Requirement C: Repeat Requirements A and B, except assume now more generally that channels for transmitters within distance 2s differ by at least some given integer k, while those at distance at most 4s must still differ by at least one. What can we say about the span and about efficient strategies for designing assignments, as a function of k?Requirement D: Consider generalizations of the problem, such as several levels of interference or irregular transmitter placements. What other factors may be important to consider?Requirement E: Write an article (no more than 2 pages) for the local newspaper explaining your findings.2001 Mathematical Contest in ModelingThe ProblemsProblem A: Choosing a Bicycle WheelProblem B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)Problem A: Choosing a Bicycle WheelCyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles. The two basic types of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid disk (see Figure 1) The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic. A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.Professional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used. The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition, and other considerations. The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for a given course.Figure 1: A solid wheel is shown on the left and a spoked wheel is shown on theright.The director sportif needs specific information to help make a decision and has asked your team to accomplish the tasks listed below. For each of the tasks assume that the same spoked wheel will always be used on the front but there is a choice of wheels for the rear.∙Task 1. Provide a table giving the wind speed at which the power required for a solid rear wheel is less than for a spoked rear wheel. The table should include the windspeeds for different road grades starting from zero percent to ten percent in onepercent increments. (Road grade is defined to be the ratio of the total rise of a hilldivided by the length of the road. If the hill is viewed as a triangle, the grade is the sine of the angle at the bottom of the hill.) A rider starts at the bottom of the hill at a speed of 45 kph, and the deceleration of the rider is proportional to the road grade. A riderwill lose about 8 kph for a five percent grade over 100 meters.∙Task 2. Provide an example of how the table could be used for a specific time trial course.∙Task 3. Determine if the table is an adequate means for deciding on the wheel configuration and offer other suggestions as to how to make this decision.Problem B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)Evacuating the coast of South Carolina ahead of the predicted landfall of Hurricane Floyd in 1999 led to a monumental traffic jam. Traffic slowed to a standstill on Interstate I-26, which is the principal route going inland from Charleston to the relatively safe haven of Columbia in the center of the state. What is normally an easy two-hour drive took up to 18 hours to complete. Many cars simply ran out of gas along the way. Fortunately, Floyd turned north and spared the state this time, but the public outcry is forcing state officials to find ways to avoid a repeat of this traffic nightmare.The principal proposal put forth to deal with this problem is the reversal of traffic on I-26, so that both sides, including the coastal-bound lanes, have traffic headed inland from Charleston to Columbia. Plans to carry this out have been prepared (and posted on the Web) by the South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division. Traffic reversal on principal roads leading inland from Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head is also planned.A simplified map of South Carolina is shown. Charleston has approximately 500,000 people, Myrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are spread out along the rest of the coastal strip. (More accurate data, if sought, are widely available.)The interstates have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three. Columbia, another metro area of around 500,000 people, does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees (including some coming from farther north by other routes), so some traffic continues outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg; on I-77 north to Charlotte; and on I-20 east to Atlanta. In 1999, traffic leaving Columbia going northwest was moving only very slowly. Construct a model for the problem to investigate what strategies may reduce the congestion observed in 1999. Here are the questions that need to be addressed:1.Under what conditions does the plan for turning the two coastal-bound lanes of I-26into two lanes of Columbia-bound traffic, essentially turning the entire I-26 intoone-way traffic, significantly improve evacuation traffic flow?2.In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the state's entire coastal region was ordered.Would the evacuation traffic flow improve under an alternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhaps county-by-county over some time period consistent with thepattern of how hurricanes affect the coast?3.Several smaller highways besides I-26 extend inland from the coast. Under whatconditions would it improve evacuation flow to turn around traffic on these?4.What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish more temporary shelters inColumbia, to reduce the traffic leaving Columbia?5.In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats, campers, andmotor homes. Many drove all of their cars. Under what conditions should there berestrictions on vehicle types or numbers of vehicles brought in order to guaranteetimely evacuation?6.It has been suggested that in 1999 some of the coastal residents of Georgia and Florida,who were fleeing the earlier predicted landfalls of Hurricane Floyd to the south, came up I-95 and compounded the traffic problems. How big an impact can they have on the evacuation traffic flow?Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to comparestrategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies.Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.2002 Mathematical Contest in ModelingThe ProblemsProblem AAuthors: Tjalling YpmaTitle: Wind and WatersprayAn ornamental fountain in a large open plaza surrounded by buildings squirts water high into the air. On gusty days, the wind blows spray from the fountain onto passersby. The water-flow from the fountain is controlled by a mechanism linked to an anemometer (which measures wind speed and direction) located on top of an adjacent building. The objective of this control is to provide passersby with an acceptable balance between an attractive spectacle and a soaking: The harder the wind blows, the lower the water volume and height to which the water is squirted, hence the less spray falls outside the pool area.Your task is to devise an algorithm which uses data provided by the anemometer to adjust the water-flow from the fountain as the wind conditions change.Authors: Bill Fox and Rich WestTitle: Airline OverbookingYou're all packed and ready to go on a trip to visit your best friend in New York City. After you check in at the ticket counter, the airline clerk announces that your flight has been overbooked. Passengers need to check in immediately to determine if they still have a seat.Historically, airlines know that only a certain percentage of passengers who have made reservations on a particular flight will actually take that flight. Consequently, most airlines overbook-that is, they take more reservations than the capacity of the aircraft. Occasionally, more passengers will want to take a flight than the capacity of the plane leading to one or more passengers being bumped and thus unable to take the flight for which they had reservations.Airlines deal with bumped passengers in various ways. Some are given nothing, some are booked on later flights on other airlines, and some are given some kind of cash or airline ticket incentive.Consider the overbooking issue in light of the current situation:Less flights by airlines from point A to point BHeightened security at and around airportsPassengers' fearLoss of billions of dollars in revenue by airlines to dateBuild a mathematical model that examines the effects that different overbooking schemes have on the revenue received by an airline company in order to find an optimal overbooking strategy, i.e., the number of people by which an airline should overbook a particular flight so that the company's revenue is maximized. Insure that your model reflects the issues above, and consider alternatives for handling "bumped" passengers. Additionally, write a short memorandum to the airline's CEO summarizing your findings and analysis.2003 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: The Stunt PersonAn exciting action scene in a movie is going to be filmed, and you are the stunt coordinator! A stunt person on a motorcycle will jump over an elephant and land in a pile of cardboard boxes to cushion their fall. You need to protect the stunt person, and also use relatively few cardboard boxes (lower cost, not seen by camera, etc.).∙determine what size boxes to use∙determine how many boxes to use∙determine how the boxes will be stacked∙determine if any modifications to the boxes would help∙generalize to different combined weights (stunt person & motorcycle) and different jump heightsNote that, in "Tomorrow Never Dies", the James Bond character on a motorcycle jumps over a helicopter.PROBLEM B: Gamma Knife Treatment PlanningStereotactic radiosurgery delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation to a radiographically well-defined, small intracranial 3D brain tumor without delivering any significant fraction of the prescribed dose to the surrounding brain tissue. Three modalities are commonly used in this area; they are the gamma knife unit, heavy charged particle beams, and external high-energy photon beams from linear accelerators.The gamma knife unit delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation emanating from 201 cobalt-60 unit sources through a heavy helmet. All 201 beams simultaneously intersect at the isocenter, resulting in a spherical (approximately) dose distribution at the effective dose levels. Irradiating the isocenter to deliver dose is termed a “shot.” Shots can be represented as different spheres. Four interchangeable outer collimator helmets with beam channel diameters of 4, 8, 14, and 18 mm are available for irradiating different size volumes. For a target volume larger than one shot, multiple shots can be used to cover the entire target. In practice, most target volumes are treated with 1 to 15 shots. The target volume is a bounded, three-dimensional digital image that usually consists of millions of points.The goal of radiosurgery is to deplete tumor cells while preserving normal structures. Since there are physical limitations and biological uncertainties involved in this therapy process, a treatment plan needs to account for all those limitations and uncertainties. In general, an optimal treatment plan is designed to meet the following requirements.1.Minimize the dose gradient across the target volume.2.Match specified isodose contours to the target volumes.3.Match specified dose-volume constraints of the target and critical organ.4.Minimize the integral dose to the entire volume of normal tissues or organs.5.Constrain dose to specified normal tissue points below tolerance doses.6.Minimize the maximum dose to critical volumes.In gamma unit treatment planning, we have the following constraints:1.Prohibit shots from protruding outside the target.2.Prohibit shots from overlapping (to avoid hot spots).3.Cover the target volume with effective dosage as much as possible. But at least 90% ofthe target volume must be covered by shots.e as few shots as possible.Your tasks are to formulate the optimal treatment planning for a gamma knife unit as a sphere-packing problem, and propose an algorithm to find a solution. While designing your algorithm, you must keep in mind that your algorithm must be reasonably efficient.2004 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Are Fingerprints Unique?It is a commonplace belief that the thumbprint of every human who has ever lived is different. Develop and analyze a model that will allow you to assess the probability that this is true. Compare the odds (that you found in this problem) of misidentification by fingerprint evidence against the odds of misidentification by DNA evidence.PROBLEM B: A Faster QuickPass System"QuickPass" systems are increasingly appearing to reduce people's time waiting in line, whether it is at tollbooths, amusement parks, or elsewhere. Consider the design of a QuickPass system for an amusement park. The amusement park has experimented by offering QuickPasses for several popular rides as a test. The idea is that for certain popular rides you can go to a kiosk near that ride and insert your daily park entrance ticket, and out will come a slip that states that you can return to that ride at a specific time later. For example, you insert your daily park entrance ticket at 1:15 pm, and the QuickPass states that you can come back between 3:30 and 4:30 pm when you can use your slip to enter a second, and presumably much shorter, line that will get you to the ride faster. To prevent people from obtaining QuickPasses for several rides at once, the QuickPass machines allow you to have only one active QuickPass at a time.You have been hired as one of several competing consultants to improve the operation of QuickPass. Customers have been complaining about some anomalies in the test system. For example, customers observed that in one instance QuickPasses were being offered for a return time as long as 4 hours later. A short time later on the same ride, the QuickPasses were given for times only an hour or so later. In some instances, the lines for people with Quickpasses are nearly as long and slow as the regular lines.The problem then is to propose and test schemes for issuing QuickPasses in order to increase people's enjoyment of the amusement park. Part of the problem is to determine what criteria to use in evaluating alternative schemes. Include in your report a non-technical summary for amusement park executives who must choose between alternatives from competing consultants.2005 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Flood PlanningLake Murray in central South Carolina is formed by a large earthen dam, which was completed in 1930 for power production. Model the flooding downstream in the event there is a catastrophic earthquake that breaches the dam.Two particular questions:Rawls Creek is a year-round stream that flows into the Saluda River a short distance downriver from the dam. How much flooding will occur in Rawls Creek from a dam failure, and how far back will it extend?Could the flood be so massive downstream that water would reach up to the S.C. State Capitol Building, which is on a hill overlooking the Congaree River?PROBLEM B: TollboothsHeavily-traveled toll roads such as the Garden State Parkway , Interstate 95, and so forth, are multi-lane divided highways that are interrupted at intervals by toll plazas. Because collecting tolls is usually unpopular, it is desirable to minimize motorist annoyance by limiting the amount of traffic disruption caused by the toll plazas. Commonly, a much larger number of tollbooths is provided than the number of travel lanes entering the toll plaza. Upon entering the toll plaza, the flow of vehicles fans out to the larger number of tollbooths, and when leaving the toll plaza,the flow of vehicles is required to squeeze back down to a number of travel lanes equal to the number of travel lanes before the toll plaza. Consequently, when traffic is heavy, congestion increases upon departure from the toll plaza. When traffic is very heavy, congestion also builds at the entry to the toll plaza because of the time required for each vehicle to pay the toll.Make a model to help you determine the optimal number of tollbooths to deploy in a barrier-toll plaza. Explicitly consider the scenario where there is exactly one tollbooth per incoming travel lane. Under what conditions is this more or less effective than the current practice? Note that the definition of "optimal" is up to you to determine.2005 ICM ProblemPROBLEM C: Nonrenewable ResourcesSelect a vital nonrenewable or exhaustible resource (water, mineral, energy, food, etc.) for which your team can find appropriate world-wide historic data on its endowment, discovery, annual consumption, and price.The modeling tasks are:ing the endowment, discoveries, and consumption data, model the depletion ordegradation of the commodity over a long horizon using resource modeling principles.2.Adjust the model to account for future economic, demographic, political andenvironmental factors. Be sure to reveal the details of your model, provide visualizations of the model’s output, and explain limitations of the model.3.Create a fair, practical "harvesting/management" policy that may include economicincentives or disincentives, which sustain the usage over a long period of time while avoiding severe disruption of consumption, degradation or rapid exhaustion of the resource.4.Develop a "security" policy that protects the resource against theft, misuse, disruption,and unnecessary degradation or destruction of the resource. Other issues that may need to be addressed are political and security management alternatives associated with these policies.5.Develop policies to control any short- or long-term "environmental effects" of theharvesting. Be sure to include issues such as pollutants, increased susceptibility to natural disasters, waste handling and storage, and other factors you deem appropriate.pare this resource with any other alternatives for its purpose. What new science ortechnologies could be developed to mitigate the use and potential exhaustion of this resource? Develop a research policy to advance these new areas2006 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for IrrigationThere are a wide variety of techniques available for irrigating a field. The technologies range from advanced drip systems to periodic flooding. One of the systems that is used on smaller ranches is the use of "hand move" irrigation systems. Lightweight aluminum pipes with sprinkler heads are put in place across fields, and they are moved by hand at periodic intervals to insure that the whole field receives an adequate amount of water. This type of irrigation system is cheaper and easier to maintain than other systems. It is also flexible, allowing for use on a wide variety of fields and crops. The disadvantage is that it requires a great deal of time and effort to move and set up the equipment at regular intervals.Given that this type of irrigation system is to be used, how can it be configured to minimize the amount of time required to irrigate a field that is 80 meters by 30 meters? For this task you are asked to find an algorithm to determine how to irrigate the rectangular field that minimizes the amount of time required by a rancher to maintain the irrigation system. One pipe set is used in the field. You should determine the number of sprinklers and the spacing between sprinklers, and you should find a schedule to move the pipes, including where to move them.A pipe set consists of a number of pipes that can be connected together in a straight line. Each pipe has a 10 cm inner diameter with rotating spray nozzles that have a 0.6 cm inner diameter. When put together the resulting pipe is 20 meters long. At the water source, the pressure is 420 Kilo- Pascal's and has a flow rate of 150 liters per minute. No part of the field should receive more than 0.75 cm per hour of water, and each part of the field should receive at least 2 centimeters of water every 4 days. The total amount of water should be applied as uniformly as possiblePROBLEM B: Wheel Chair Access at AirportsOne of the frustrations with air travel is the need to fly through multiple airports, and each stop generally requires each traveler to change to a different airplane. This can be especially difficult for people who are not able to easily walk to a different flight's waiting area. One of the ways that an airline can make the transition easier is to provide a wheel chair and an escort to those people who ask for help. It is generally known well in advance which passengers require help, but it is not uncommon to receive notice when a passenger first registers at the airport. In rare instances an airline may not receive notice from a passenger until just prior to landing.Airlines are under constant pressure to keep their costs down. Wheel chairs wear out and are expensive and require maintenance. There is also a cost for making the escorts available. Moreover, wheel chairs and their escorts must be constantly moved around the airport so that they are available to people when their flight lands. In some large airports the time required to move across the airport is nontrivial. The wheel chairs must be stored somewhere, but space is expensive and severely limited in an airport terminal. Also, wheel chairs left in high traffic areas represent a liability risk as people try to move around them. Finally, one of the biggest costs is the cost of holding a plane if someone must wait for an escort and becomes late for their flight. The latter cost is especially troubling because it can affect the airline's average flight delay which can lead to fewer ticket sales as potential customers may choose to avoid an airline.Epsilon Airlines has decided to ask a third party to help them obtain a detailed analysis of the issues and costs of keeping and maintaining wheel chairs and escorts available for passengers. The airline needs to find a way to schedule the movement of wheel chairs throughout each day in a cost effective way. They also need to find and define the costs for budget planning in both the short and long term.Epsilon Airlines has asked your consultant group to put together a bid to help them solve their problem. Your bid should include an overview and analysis of the situation to help them decide if you fully understand their problem. They require a detailed description of an algorithm that you would like to implement which can determine where the escorts and wheel chairs should be and how they should move throughout each day. The goal is to keep the total costs as low as possible. Your bid is one of many that the airline will consider. You must make a strong case as to why your solution is the best and show that it will be able to handle a wide range of airports under a variety of circumstances.Your bid should also include examples of how the algorithm would work for a large (at least 4 concourses), a medium (at least two concourses), and a small airport (one concourse) under high and low traffic loads. You should determine all potential costs and balance their respective weights. Finally, as populations begin to include a higher percentage of older people who have more time to travel but may require more aid, your report should include projections of potential costs and needs in the future with recommendations to meet future needs.2007 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: GerrymanderingThe United States Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall be composed of some number (currently 435) of individuals who are elected from each state in proportion to the state's population relative to that of the country as a whole. While this provides a way of determining how many representatives each state will have, it says nothing about how the district represented by a particular representative shall be determined geographically. This oversight has led to egregious (at least some people think so, usually not the incumbent) district shapes that look "unnatural" by some standards.Hence the following question: Suppose you were given the opportunity to draw congressional districts for a state. How would you do so as a purely "baseline" exercise to create the "simplest" shapes for all the districts in a state? The rules include only that each district in the state must contain the same population. The definition of "simple" is up to you; but you need to make a convincing argument to voters in the state that your solution is fair. As an application of your method, draw geographically simple congressional districts for the state of New York.PROBLEM B: The Airplane Seating ProblemAirlines are free to seat passengers waiting to board an aircraft in any order whatsoever. It has become customary to seat passengers with special needs first, followed by first-class passengers (who sit at the front of the plane). Then coach and business-class passengers are seated by groups of rows, beginning with the row at the back of the plane and proceeding forward.Apart from consideration of the passengers' wait time, from the airline's point of view, time is money, and boarding time is best minimized. The plane makes money for the airline only when it is in motion, and long boarding times limit the number of trips that a plane can make in a day.The development of larger planes, such as the Airbus A380 (800 passengers), accentuate the problem of minimizing boarding (and deboarding) time.Devise and compare procedures for boarding and deboarding planes with varying numbers of passengers: small (85-210), midsize (210-330), and large (450-800).。

2000网易杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛题目A题 DNA序列分类2000年6月，人类基因组计划中DNA全序列草图完成，预计2001年可以完成精确的全序列图，此后人类将拥有一本记录着自身生老病死及遗传进化的全部信息的“天书”。

这本大自然写成的“天书”是由4个字符A，T，C，G按一定顺序排成的长约30亿的序列，其中没有“断句”也没有标点符号，除了这4个字符表示4种碱基以外，人们对它包含的“内容”知之甚少，难以读懂。

破译这部世界上最巨量信息的“天书”是二十一世纪最重要的任务之一。

在这个目标中，研究DNA全序列具有什么结构，由这4个字符排成的看似随机的序列中隐藏着什么规律，又是解读这部天书的基础，是生物信息学（Bioinformatics）最重要的课题之一。

虽然人类对这部“天书”知之甚少，但也发现了DNA序列中的一些规律性和结构。

例如，在全序列中有一些是用于编码蛋白质的序列片段，即由这4个字符组成的64种不同的3字符串，其中大多数用于编码构成蛋白质的20种氨基酸。

又例如，在不用于编码蛋白质的序列片段中，A和T的含量特别多些，于是以某些碱基特别丰富作为特征去研究DNA序列的结构也取得了一些结果。

此外，利用统计的方法还发现序列的某些片段之间具有相关性，等等。

这些发现让人们相信，DNA序列中存在着局部的和全局性的结构，充分发掘序列的结构对理解DNA全序列是十分有意义的。

目前在这项研究中最普通的思想是省略序列的某些细节，突出特征，然后将其表示成适当的数学对象。

这种被称为粗粒化和模型化的方法往往有助于研究规律性和结构。

作为研究DNA序列的结构的尝试，提出以下对序列集合进行分类的问题：1）下面有20个已知类别的人工制造的序列（见下页），其中序列标号1—10 为A类，11-20为B类。

请从中提取特征，构造分类方法，并用这些已知类别的序列，衡量你的方法是否足够好。

然后用你认为满意的方法，对另外20个未标明类别的人工序列（标号21—40）进行分类，把结果用序号（按从小到大的顺序）标明它们的类别（无法分类的不写入）：A类； B类。