Social Security numberFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA Social Security card issued by the Railroad Retirement Board in 1943 to a now deceasedperson.In the United States, a Social Security number(SSN) is a nine-digit number issued to U.S.citizens, permanent residents, and temporary (working) residents under section 205(c)(2) of the Social Security Act, codified as 42 U.S.C.§405(c)(2). The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration, an independent agency of the United States government.Although its primary purpose is to track individuals for Social Security purposes,[1]the Social Security number has become a de facto national identification number for taxation and other purposes.[2]A Social Security number may be obtained by applying on Form SS-5, Application for A SocialSecurity Number Card.[3]Contents[hide]∙ 1 History∙ 2 Purpose and use∙ 2.1 Non-universal status∙ 2.2 Use required for federal tax purposes∙ 3 Types of Social Security cards∙ 4 Identity theft∙ 5 Structure∙ 5.1 Exhaustion and re-use∙ 5.2 Valid SSNs∙ 6 SSNs invalidated by use in advertising∙7 See also∙8 References∙9 External linksHistory[edit]Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program. Within three months, 25 million numbers were issued.[4]On November 24, 1936, 1,074 of the nation's 45,000 post offices were designated "typingcenters" to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington, D.C. On December 1, 1936, as part of the publicity campaign for the new program, Joseph L. Fay of the Social Security Administration selected a record from the top of the first stack of 1,000 records and announced that the first Social Security number in history was assigned to John David Sweeney, Jr., of New Rochelle, New York.[5][6]Before 1986, people often did not obtain a Social Security number until the age of about 14, since the numbers were used for income tracking purposes, and those under that age seldom had substantial income.[7]The Tax Reform Act of 1986required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a taxdeduction.[8]Before this act, parents claiming tax deductions were on the honor system not to lie about the number of children they supported. During the first year, this anti-fraud change resulted in seven million fewer minor dependents being claimed. The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents.[9]By 1990, the threshold was lowered to 1 year old,[10]and is now required regardless of the child's age. Since then, parents have often applied for Social Security numbers for their children soon after birth; today, it can be done on the application for a birth certificate.[11]Purpose and use[edit]The original purpose of this number was to track individuals' accounts within the Social Security program. It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the United States, although rare errors occur where duplicates do exist. As numbers are now assigned by the central issuing office of the SSA, it is unlikely that duplication will ever occur again. A few duplicationsdid occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices and (originally) Post Offices.Employee, patient, student, and credit records are sometimes indexed by Social Security number. The U.S. Armed Forces has used the Social Security number as an identification number for the Army and Air Force since July 1, 1969, the Navy and Marine Corps since January 1, 1972, and the Coast Guard since October 1, 1974.[12]Previously, the United States military used a much more complicated system of service numbers.Non-universal status[edit]An old Social Security card with the "not for identification" messageSocial Security was originally a universal tax, but when Medicare was passed in 1965, objecting religious groups in existence prior to 1951 were allowed to opt out of the system.[13]Because of this, not every American is part of the Social Security program, and not everyone has a number. However, a social security number is required for parents to claim their children as dependents for federal income tax purposes,[11]and the Internal Revenue Service requires all corporations to obtain SSNs (or alternative identifying numbers) from their employees, as described below. The Old Order Amish have fought to prevent universal Social Security by overturning rules such as a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license.[14]Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number and card for identification.[15]Since nearly everyone in the United States now has an SSN, it became convenient to use it anyway and the message wasremoved.[16]Since then, Social Security numbers have become de facto national identificationnumbers.[2]Although some people do not have an SSN assigned to them, it is becoming increasingly difficult to engage in legitimate financial activities such as applying for a loan or a bank account without one.[17]While the government cannot require an individual to disclose his SSN without a legal basis, companies may refuse to provide service to an individual who does not provide an SSN.[18][19]The card on which an SSN is issued is still not suitable for primary identification as it has no photograph, no physical description and no birth date. All it does is confirm that a particular number has been issued to a particular name. Instead, a driver'slicense or state ID card is used as an identification for adults.Use required for federal tax purposes[edit]Internal Revenue Code section 6109(d) provides: “The social security account number issued to an individual for purposes of section 205(c)(2)(A) of the Social Security Act [codified as 42U.S.C.§405(c)(2)(A)] shall, except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary [of the Treasury or his delegate], be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title [the Internal Revenue Code, title 26 of the United States Code].”[20] The Internal Revenue Code also provides, when required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary [of the Treasury or his delegate]:1.Inclusion in returns: Any person required under the authority of this title to make a return,statement, or other document shall include in such return, statement, or other document such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing proper identification of such person.2.Furnishing number to other persons: Any person with respect to whom a return,statement, or other document is required under the authority of this title to be made by another person or whose identifying number is required to be shown on a return of another person shall furnish to such other person such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing his proper identification.[21]According to U.S. Treasury regulations, any person who, after October 31, 1962, works as an employee for wages subject to Social Security taxes, Medicare taxes, or U.S. federal income tax withholdings is required to apply for "an account number" using "Form SS-5."[22]A taxpayer who is not eligible to have a Social Security number must obtain analternative Taxpayer Identification Number.Types of Social Security cards[edit]Three different types of Social Security cards are issued. The most common type contains the cardholder's name and number. Such cards are issued to U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents. There are also two restricted types of Social Security cards:∙One reads "not valid for employment." Such cards cannot be used as proof of work authorization, and are not acceptable as a List C document on the I-9 form.∙The other reads "valid for work only with DHS authorization." These cards are issued to people who have temporary work authorization in the U.S. They can satisfy the I-9 requirement, if they are accompanied by a work authorization card.In 2004 Congress passed The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act; parts of which mandated that the Social Security Administration redesign the Social Security Number (SSN) Card to prevent forgery. From April 2006 through August, 2007, Social Security Administration(SSA) and Government Printing Office(GPO) employees were assigned to redesign the Social Security Number Card to the specifications of the Interagency Task Force created by the Commissioner of Social Security in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security.The new SSN card design utilizes both covert and overt security features created by the SSA and GPO design teams.Identity theft[edit]Many citizens and privacy advocates are concerned about the disclosure and processing of Social Security numbers. Furthermore, researchers at Carnegie Mellon University have demonstrated an algorithm that uses publicly available personal information to reconstruct a given SSN.[23]The SSN is frequently used by those involved in identity theft, since it is interconnected with so many other forms of identification, and because people asking for it treat it as an authenticator. Financial institutions generally require an SSN to set up bank accounts, credit cards, and loans—partly because they assume that no one except the person it was issued to knows it. Exacerbating the problem of using the social security number as an identifier is the fact that the social security card contains no biometric identifiers of any sort, making it essentially impossible to tell whether a person using a certain SSN truly belongs to someone without relying on other documentation (which may itself have been falsely procured through use of the fraudulent SSN). Congress has proposed federal laws that restricts the use of SSNs for identification and bans their use for a number of commercial purposes—e.g., rental applications.[24]The Internal Revenue Service(IRS) offers alternatives to SSNs in some places where providing untrusted parties with identification numbers is essential. Tax return preparers must obtain and use a Preparer Tax Identification Number(PTIN) to include on their client's tax returns (as part of signature requirements). Day care services have tax benefits, and even a sole proprietor should give parents an EIN (employer identification number) to use on their tax return.The Social Security Administration has suggested that, if asked to provide his or her Social Security number, a citizen should ask which law requires its use.[25]In accordance with §7213 of the 9/11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004and 20 C.F.R.422.103(e)(2), the number of replacement Social Security cards per person is generally limited to three per calendar year and ten in a lifetime.[25]Identity confusion has also occurred due to the use of local Social Security Numbers by the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau, whose numbers overlap with those of residents of New Hampshire and Maine.[26]Structure[edit]The Social Security number is a nine-digit number in the format "AAA-GG-SSSS".[27]The number is divided into three parts.The Area Number, the first three digits, is assigned by geographical region. Prior to 1973, cards were issued in local Social Security offices around the country and the Area Number represented the office code where the card was issued. This did not necessarily have to be in the area where the applicant lived, since a person could apply for their card in any Social Security office. Since 1973, when SSA began assigning SSNs and issuing cards centrally from Baltimore, the area number assigned has been based on the ZIP code in the mailing address provided on the application for the original Social Security card. The applicant's mailing address does not have to be the same as their place of residence. Thus, the Area Number does not necessarily representthe State of residence of the applicant regardless of whether the card was issued prior to, or after, 1973. List of Social Security Area Numbers for Each State.Generally, numbers were assigned beginning in the northeast and moving south and westward, so that people on the East Coast had the lowest numbers and those on the West Coast had the highest numbers. As the areas assigned to a locality are exhausted, new areas from the pool are assigned, so some states have noncontiguous groups of numbers.The middle two digits are the Group Number. The Group Numbers range from 01 to 99. However, they are not assigned in consecutive order. For administrative reasons, group numbers are issued in the following order:[28]1.ODD numbers from 01 through 09.2.EVEN numbers from 10 through 98.3.EVEN numbers from 02 through 08.4.ODD numbers from 11 through 99.As an example, Group Number 98 is issued before 11.The last four digits are Serial Numbers. They represent a straight numerical sequence of digits from 0001 to 9999 within the group.On June 25, 2011, the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to "SSNrandomization".[29]SSN randomization affects the SSN assignment process in the following ways:1.It eliminates the geographical significance of the first three digits of the SSN, previouslyreferred to as the Area Number, by no longer allocating the Area Numbers for assignment to individuals in specific states.2.It eliminates the significance of the highest Group Number and, as a result, the HighGroup List is frozen in time and can be used for validation of only those SSNs issued prior to the randomization implementation date (see section “Valid SSNs”).3.Previously unassigned Area Numbers have been introduced for assignment excludingArea Numbers 000, 666 and 900–999.Note: Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers(ITINs) are issued by the Internal Revenue Service(IRS), so they are not affected by this SSA change.Exhaustion and re-use[edit]The Social Security Administration does not reuse social security numbers. It has issued over 450 million since the start of the program, and at a use rate of about 5.5 million per year it says it has enough to last several generations without reuse or changing the number of digits.[30]Valid SSNs[edit]Prior to June 25, 2011, a valid SSN could not have an area number between 734 and 749, or above 772, the highest area number the Social Security Administration has allocated. Effective June 25, 2011, the SSA assigns SSNs randomly and allows for the assignment of area numbers between 734 and 749 and above 772 through the 800s.[31]This should not be confused with Tax Identification Numbers, which include additional area numbers.[32]Some special numbers are never allocated:∙Numbers with all zeros in any digit group (000-##-####, ###-00-####, ###-##-0000).[33][34]∙Numbers with 666 or 900-999 (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) in the first digit group.[33]Until 2011, the SSA published the last group number used for each area number.[35]Since group numbers were allocated in a regular pattern, it was possible to identify an unissued SSN that contained an invalid group number. Now numbers are assigned randomly, and fraudulent SSNs are not easily detectable with publicly available information. Many online services, however, provide SSN validation.Unlike many similar numbers, no check digit is included.SSNs invalidated by use in advertising[edit]The promotional Social Security card as distributed by the F.W. Woolworth CompanySSNs used in advertising have rendered those numbers invalid. One famous instance of this occurred in 1938 when the E. H. Ferree Company in Lockport, New York, decided to promote its product by showing how a Social Security card would fit into its wallets. A sample card, used for display purposes, was placed in each wallet, which was sold by Woolworth and other department stores across the country. The wallet manufacturer's vice president and treasurer Douglas Patterson thought it would be clever to use the actual SSN of his secretary, Hilda Schrader Whitcher.Even though the card was printed in red (the real card is printed in blue) and had "Specimen" printed across the front, many people used the SSN. The Social Security Administration's account of the incident also claims that the fake card was half the size of a real card, despite a miniaturecard's being useless for its purpose and despite Whitcher's holding two cards of apparently identical size in the accompanying photograph. Over time, the number that appeared(078-05-1120) has been claimed by a total of over 40,000 people as their own.[36]The SSA initiated an advertising campaign stating that it was incorrect to use the number. (Hilda Whitcher was issued a new SSN.) However, the number was found to be in use by 12 individuals as late as 1977.[36]More recently, Todd Davis distributed his SSN in advertisements for hiscompany's LifeLock identity theft protection service, which led to him being the victim of identity theft over a dozen times.[37Social Security (United States)In the United States, Social Security is primarily the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance(OASDI) federal program.[1] The original Social Security Act (1935)[2] and the current version of the Act, as amended,[3] encompass several social welfare and social insurance programs. Social Security is funded through payroll taxes called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) or Self Employed Contributions Act Tax (SECA). Tax deposits are collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and are formally entrusted to the FederalOld-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund, or the Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund which make up the Social Security Trust Funds.[4] With a few exceptions, all salaried income, up to an amount specifically determined by law (see tax rate table below) has an FICA or SECA tax collected on it. All income over said amount is not taxed, for 2015 the maximum amount of taxable earnings is $118,500.[5]With few exceptions, all legal residents working in the United States now have an individual Social Security number. Indeed, nearly all working (and manynon-working) residents since Social Security's 1935 inception have had a Social Security number, because it is required to do a wide range of things including paying the IRS and getting a job.In 2013, the total Social Security expenditures were $1.3 trillion, 8.4% of the $16.3 trillion GNP (2013) and 37% of the Federal expenditures of $3.684 trillion.[6][7] Income derived from Social Security is currently estimated to keep roughly 20% of all Americans, age 65 or older, above the Federally defined poverty level.[8] The Social Security Administration is headquarteredin Woodlawn,Maryland, just west of Baltimore.IN CASE OF LOST Social Security number CARDThe Social Security Online website recommends that you take the following steps when you lose your Social Security card:Step 1: File a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission. You can call 1-877-ID-THEFT or 1-877-438-4338 to file a formal complaint over the phone and learn more about how the FTC is fighting back against identity theft by reading the guides and materials on their website.Step 2: File a complaint online with the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3). This organization is committed to helping victims of cyber crime and will send the case to a law enforcement or regulatory agency when necessary.Step 3: Contact the Internal Revenue Service Identity Protection Unit by calling 1-800-908-4490 so that the Social Security number attached to your tax return isn’t being misused.After you have filed a complaint, it’s also a good idea to monitor your credit report, bank statements and credit card statements to check for suspicious activity. If you see anything suspicious, contact your bank or creditor immediately to authorize a “freeze”on your account until you have more information.Lost or Stolen U.S. PassportsIf your passport has been lost or stolen, it should be reportedimmediately to help protect yourself against identity theft and to prevent someone else from using the passport.Report Your Lost or Stolen Passport OnlineIf you reported your passport lost or stolen online and did not receive a confirmation email, you may call the National Passport Information Center at 1-877-487-2778 to verify the passport has been entered into the Consular Lost or Stolen Passport database.You may now electronically submit form DS-64 to report your passport lost or stolen! Simply click the icon below to get started.After clicking on the above link, you will be directed to a secure portal. Navigate to the tab labeled "Report Lost or Stolen" and click "Submit". You will be asked to enter personal information and information regarding your lost or stolen passport.Once you submit the form online, you will receive an email acknowledging the receipt of your request. A couple days later, you will receive an email (or letter by mail, if you chose that option) confirming that your passport was entered into our Consular Lost and Stolen Database.To replace a lost or stolen passportIf you are in the United States and are traveling in 2 weeks or less:Make an appointment to apply in person at a Passport Agency or Center to replace your passport in 8 business days or less (based on need, some restrictions apply).You must submit Form DS-11 in person to the agency.If you already reported your lost or stolen passport online, you will not need to fill out a paper form. (Unless you apply at an agency within 48 hours of submitting the online report).If you are in the United States and are not traveling within 2 weeks:∙You must submit Form DS-11 in person at an authorized Passport Application Acceptance Facility.∙If you already reported your lost or stolen passport online, you will not need to fill out a paper form. (Unless you apply at an agency within 48 hours of submitting the online report).MOREOther ways to report a lost or stolen passportIn addition to electronically submitting form DS-64 to report your passport lost or stolen, you may also:∙Call us toll free at 1-877-487-2778 (TTY 1-888-874-7793), or∙Complete, sign, and mail Form DS-64 to the address on the formIf you find another person's lost U.S. passport, please mail it in a sturdy envelope to:U.S. Department of StateLaw Enforcement Liaison DivisionConsular Lost and Stolen Passport Unit (CLASP)CA/PPT/S/L/LE/CP44132 Mercure CirclePO Box 1227Sterling, VA 20166-1227Fax: (202) 485-6555IMPORTANT NOTES∙Passports reported lost or stolen are invalidated and can no longer be used for travel.∙If your passport is recovered after it has been reported lost or stolen, please submit it to the address listed on the back of Form DS-64. When you submit it, if requested - we will cancel it and return it to you. If not requested, it will be destroyed.∙Once a passport is reported lost or stolen, it cannot be re-validated or used to apply fora renewal passport. Please seeRenew a Passport for more information.To Cancel the Passport of a Deceased RelativeThe Department of State recommends that a family member or executor of a deceased passport bearer return the passport for cancelation. The passport will be returned after it is canceled.Please submit the valid passport, acertified copy of the death certificate, and a letter requesting the cancelation and return (or destruction) of the passport to:U.S. Department of StateConsular Lost and Stolen Passport Unit (CLASP)CA/PPT/S/L/LE/CP44132 Mercure CircleP.O. Box 1227Sterling, VA 20166-1227To Report the Non-Receipt of a Passport After MailingIf the Online Passport Status System or the National Passport Information Center has indicated that your newly issued passport has been mailed out, but you have not received it after ten business days, you should contact the National Passport Information Center to report thenon-receipt of the passport. If you do not report the non-receipt of your passport within 90 days from the date the passport was issued, you will be required to reapply and pay all applicable fees.更换丢失或被盗的标识（ID）卡国家颁发的身份证明如果你的驾驶执照或国家颁发的身份证（ID）卡于近日丢失或被盗，请与国家机动车机构。
