国外垃圾分类情况(word文档良心出品)

全球垃圾分类的现状与趋势近年来，随着全球人口的不断增长和城市化进程的加速推进，垃圾污染问题愈发严重。

为了解决这一问题，全球各国纷纷开始推行垃圾分类的政策和措施。

本文将探讨全球垃圾分类的现状与趋势。

一、全球垃圾分类的现状1. 垃圾分类在发达国家的实施情况发达国家在垃圾分类方面取得了较为显著的成就。

这些国家通过制定相关法律法规和政策，鼓励居民进行垃圾分类，并建立了相应的垃圾处理设施。

例如，德国实施了“绿色点”计划，通过建立回收站点实现垃圾的分类回收；日本开展了“3R”（减少、回收、再利用）活动，强调垃圾资源化利用的重要性。

2. 垃圾分类在发展中国家的挑战与机遇相比发达国家，发展中国家在垃圾分类方面面临着较大的挑战。

由于发展水平和教育程度不同，国内城乡居民对垃圾分类的认知和参与度差异较大。

而垃圾分类的成功实施需要政府、企业和社会各界的共同努力。

然而，随着城市化进程的加速，发展中国家拥有巨大的潜力和机遇，通过借鉴发达国家的经验和技术，逐步推行垃圾分类将成为未来的发展趋势。

二、全球垃圾分类的趋势1. 科技的应用随着科技的不断发展，新的科技手段被应用到垃圾分类中。

例如，人工智能和机器学习技术可以通过图像识别等方法将垃圾进行自动分类和分拣，提高垃圾处理效率。

另外，智能垃圾桶的出现也能够提供实时的垃圾分类指导和反馈，引导居民正确投放垃圾。

2. 资源回收与再利用全球资源的稀缺性日益凸显，垃圾分类的一个重要目标是实现资源的回收与再利用。

通过将已经分类好的垃圾进行再加工，可以生产出再生资源或能源，减少对原材料的依赖。

例如，废纸可以再生为纸张，废塑料可以再生为塑料制品，废物利用的技术不断发展，对环境保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。

3. 教育的推广垃圾分类的实施需要广泛的参与和支持，而教育则是其中至关重要的一环。

全球各国应加大对垃圾分类知识的普及宣传，提高居民的环保意识，使垃圾分类成为居民的自觉行为。

通过学校和社区的教育活动，提高垃圾分类的认知度，培养居民的环保责任感和习惯，进一步推动垃圾分类工作的顺利进行。

第三大题Chapter 81.How is the American population distributed?The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country. The great plains have a comparatively small po pulation .the south also has a population of almost 57.5million. the west is not densely popul ated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los Angeles and san Francisco . it has about 2 0% of the nation’s population.2.Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ?The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were wil ling to work for very low wages .this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs away from them . this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942.Chapter 91.Why did American change its policy and enter world war II?Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countr ies were wining the war and it might threaten America’s security and interests . it began to pr ovide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Ja panese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.2.What were Nixon’s well-known contributions during his presidency?a) brought the Vietnam war to a closeb)reestablishing U.S. relations with chinac) negotiating the firststrategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union .3.What were the contents of Reagan’s economic program?Reagan’s economic program called for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in or der to encourage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be el iminated so as to reduce the federal government’s role in the day-to-day operation of busine ss.Chapter 101.What are the two characteristics of the U.S. constitution?One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the central government and the powers of state governments are specified.2.What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old , a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent . a representative should be at least 25 years old and a U.S. ci tizen for no less than seven years.3.What are the major powers of the supreme court?a)to interpret lawsb) to hear appeals from any federal court cases;c)to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or national lawsd)may declare a law unconstitutionale) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional.4.What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms of political opinions?The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and empha size full employment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rights laws , a strong so cial security system which gives enterprises a greater freedom and demand that the govern ment control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose complete govern ment social programs and free choice of abortion they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.Chapter 111.What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America?During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew . a va riety of specialized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regi onal patterns of development in America had become clear.2.How did the civil war affect the American economy?After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable . nor thern industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surged ahe ad.3.Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not only adv ance its own economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relations hip with other nations.Chapter 121.How does an American university choose its applicants?a)their high school records;b) recommendations from their high school teachers;c) the impression they make during interviews at the university;d) their scores on the SAT.2.What functions do American higher education institutions perform?Higher education institutions in the united states have three functions: teaching , research and public service , and each has its own emphasis with regard to its function .3.What similarities do four famous university share?They all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successfu l or influential in some areas such as politics, arts and business.4.What are the origins of thanksgiving day?Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the new world , in 1 620,the mayflower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebrati on to thank god and the native Americans.第四大题Chapter 81．Why is the United States regarded as a”melting pot” and a ”salad bowl” ?The United States is not merely a nation,but a nation of nations.The immigrants came in wa ves,including the Europeans,the Africans and the Asians.Therefore,America is described as a"melting pot"where various racial and ethnic groups are assimilate into American culture.Rece ntly,America has been called a"salad bowl"in that people of difference races and ethnic group s mix harmoniously,but at the same time keep their distinct culture and customs.2．What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multicultural society?The best possible way to help assimilation in a multicultural society is to be open and tolera nt toward different cultures.People from different racial and ethnic backgrounds should respe ct each other.Society should create opportunities to help immigrants become assimilated.At t he same time the immigrants should keep their own language,customs and religion,contributi ng to the diversity of a multicultural society.Chapter 91.What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black African slaves to manage their plantations and they regarded the slaves as their property.In the North,with the develo pment of industry,there was a growing demand for free labor.What’s more,the Northerners d emanded a law to protect tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads.But the Southerners were against it and advocated free trade so as to purchase ch eaper goods from foreign countries.The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.2.What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?During the two World Wars,America remained neutral in the early stage.However, America ns continued their profitable trade with the warring countries.Therefore,they not only retained their military forces,but also accumulated great wealth.When America entered the wars,it was almost at the end of the wars.By sharing the fruit of victory with other allies, America grea tly strengthened its power and became a powerful country by the end of World War II.Chapter 101.How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas about the Americanelection?Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for preside ncy.To win a presidential election,a candidate has to spend millions of dollars,travel all over the country to make speeches and debate on television with the rival.The general election is technically divided into two stages.During the first stage,presidential electors for each state will be chosen.In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President.Since the second stage isonly a kind of formality,everyone knows who will be the next President an soon as the first st age is over.I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaigns.And, the election cannot solve the social and economic problems of the U.S. as some candidates do not keep their word after they become President.2.What was President Eisenhowers foreign policy and what were the consequences ?President Eisenhower made vigorous efforts to wage the Cold War.He placed new emphasis on developing nuclear strength to prevent the outbreak of war.He also frequently authorized the CIA to undertake secret interventions to overthrow unfriendly governments or protect reli able anti-communist leaders whose power was threatened.The CIA helped topple the govern ments of Iran and Guatemala,but it suffered an embarrassing failure in Indonesia.In addition,E isenhower used U.S.power and prestige to help create a non-communist government in South Vietnam,which brought disastrous long-term consequences to the United States.Chapter 111.How did the U.S constitution lay the groundwork for American’s economic development ?The U.S.Constitution,as an economic charter,established that the entire nation was a unified or "common"market.There were no tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce.It provided thatthe federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws,create money and regulate its value,fix standards of weight s and measures,establish post office and roads,and fix rules governing patents and copyrights.The last-mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of "intellectual propert y",a matter that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the late 20thce ntury.2.Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in America's economic development.The government has always played an active and important role in America’s economic dev elopment.In the early 1930s,thr United States suffered the worst economic depression in Ame rican history.President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal to tackle the financial crisis.Beside s,he set up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission to help those in desperate need and tried to relieve the serious problems of the jobless.At the end of 1970s, the American eco nomy again suffered a recession.The Reagan administration combated inflation by controlling government spending deficit,cutting taxes and raising interest rates.Both policies mentioned a bove helped to set the country’s economic development on its right course,In all,the interven tion of the government has ensured that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people.It has prevented flagrant abuses of the system,dampened the effects of inflation andstimulated economic growth.Chapter 121.What are the ideals that guide the American educational system?The first ideal is that as many people as possible should receive as much education as possi ble .The second ideal is that of ptoducing a society that is totally literate and of local control .The third ideal is that scholars and students should work to discover new information or conc eive new ways to understand what is already known .2.How does America carry out multicultural education?American schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many ethnic cultures.Curre nt textbooks incorporate a variety of ethnic individuals who have achieved success.Struggle fo r equality are vividly depicted,and past racism is bluntly acknowledged.Cultural pluralism is now generally recognized as the organizing principle of education.Schools at all levels offer stud ents opportunities to learn about different cultures.。

各国垃圾分类情况（优秀范文五篇）第一篇：各国垃圾分类情况六下品德与社会各国垃圾分类情况●日本：日本是世界上人均垃圾生产量较少的国家，每年只有410公斤；同时，也是世界上生活垃圾分类回收做得最好的国家之一。

在日本，每户家庭的墙上都贴有两张时刻表，一张是电车时刻表，另一张就是垃圾回收时间表，因为一周7天中每天收的垃圾种类都不一样。

每年12月份，日本的每一家住户都会收到一张来年的特殊“年历”：每月的日期都用黄、绿等不同的颜色来标注，每一种颜色代表哪一天可以扔哪种垃圾。

在日本，市民如违反规定乱扔垃圾，就是违反了《废弃处臵法》，会被警察拘捕并课以3万至5万日元的罚款。

垃圾分类投放已经成为日本民众家庭生活中的一部分，即使没人监督也会自觉执行，所以，被罚款的现象也并不常见。

●美国：美国政府鼓励民众把可回收垃圾分拣出来，为此还发放专门的垃圾桶，而放臵生活垃圾的垃圾桶则需要自己购买，或者按照与垃圾公司的合同由垃圾公司提供。

同时，小区或者个人跟垃圾处理公司签订合同，每月支付一定的费用，垃圾由垃圾公司收走。

算下来，一户普通家庭每月为了废水和固体垃圾而交的费用大约有五六十美元。

经历几乎整整一代人的努力，美国大大小小的城镇都已经实现了垃圾分类。

据了解，经过家庭的分类处理，美国垃圾的最终走向是：回收利用占50%，填埋占40%，焚烧占10%。

●瑞士：瑞士各州垃圾分类标准不断更新、细化，分类越来越详尽，垃圾分类细致到必须出版一本专门小册子的程度。

如苏黎世州政府颁发的垃圾分类手册厚达108页，内容详细，应有尽有。

有关部门会发放垃圾分类宣传册，还有漂亮的挂历，上面标出了不同地区对不同类型垃圾的回收时间。

瑞士的大部分城市对生活垃圾分类回收采取定额收费制度，个人处理垃圾必须使用在超市购买的专门垃圾袋，如果不用，就没人会运走这些垃圾。

如果乱扔，则会面临罚款，最高可达到200瑞士法郎。

●德国：德国利用4种颜色的垃圾桶或储藏容器，实现垃圾的分类收集和分开处理。

国外的垃圾分类情况
国外的垃圾分类情况
日本
初到日本的外国人，都会对其叹为观止的垃圾分类所折服。

瞥其一斑，日本的垃圾分类有以下几大特点。

一是分类精细，回收及时。

最大分类有可燃物、不可燃物、资源类、粗大类，有害类，这几类再细分为若干子项目，每个子项目又可分为孙项目，以此类推。

可燃类：简单讲就是可以燃烧的--但不包括塑料，橡胶制片，一般剩菜剩饭，和一些可燃的生活垃圾都属于可燃垃圾。

资源类：报纸，书籍，塑料饮料瓶，玻璃饮料瓶
不可燃类：废旧小家电衣物，玩具，陶瓷制品，铁质容器。

粗大类：大的家具，大型电器，自行车。

有害类：电池、医用垃圾、对人身体有害的物质。

前几年横滨市把垃圾类别由原来的五类更细分为十类，并给每个市民发了长达27页的手册，其条款有518项之多。

试看几例：口红属可燃物，但用完的口红管属小金属物；水壶属金属物，但12英寸以下属小金属物，12英寸以上则属大废弃物；袜子，若为一只属可燃物，若为两只并且没被穿破、左右脚搭配则属旧衣料；领带也属旧衣料，但前提是洗过、晾干。

不过，这与德岛县上胜町相比，那就是小巫见大巫了。

该町已把垃圾细分到44类，并计划到2020年实现零垃圾的目标。

在回收方面，有的社区摆放着一排分类垃圾箱，有的没有垃圾箱而是规定在每周特定时间把特定垃圾袋放在特定地点，由专人及时拉走。

如在东京都港区，每周三、六上午收可燃垃圾，周一上午收不可燃垃圾，周二上午收资源垃圾。

很多社区规定早8点之前扔垃圾，有的则放宽到中午，但都是当天就拉走，不致污染环境或引来害虫和乌鸦。

二是管理到位，措施得当。

形考任务3（第十章至第十三章）任务说明：本次形考任务包含填空题（22道，共20分），选择题（15道，共20分），判断题（15道，共20分），计算题（3道，共10分），问答题（3道，共30分）。

任务要求：下载任务附件，作答后再上传，由教师评分。

任务成绩：本次形考任务成绩占形成性考核成绩的20%，任务附件中题目是百分制。

教师在平台中录入的成绩=百分制成绩*20%一、填空题（22道，共20分）1．国内生产总值的计算方法主要有支出法、收入法以及部门法。

2．GDP－折旧＝国内生产净值。

3．名义国内生产总值是指按当年价格计算的国内生产总值。

4．物价水平普遍而持续的上升称为通货膨胀。

5．长期中的失业是指自然失业，短期中的失业是指周期性失业。

6．经济增长的源泉是资源的增加，核心是技术进步。

7．生产一单位产量所需要的资本量被称为资本---产量比率。

8．根据新古典经济增长模型，决定经济增长的因素是资本的增加、劳动的增加和技术进步。

9．根据货币数量论，在长期中通货膨胀发生的惟一原因是货币量增加。

10．摩擦性失业是经济中由于正常的劳动力流动而引起的失业。

11．效率工资是指企业支付给工人的高于市场均衡工资的工资。

12．总需求曲线是一条向右下方倾斜的曲线，短期总供给曲线是一条向右上方倾斜的线。

13．在影响总需求的财产效应、利率效应和汇率效应中，利率效应最重要。

14．在短期，价格的粘性引起物价与总供给同方向变动。

15．根据总需求－总供给模型，总供给不变时，总需求减少，均衡的国内生产总值减少，物价水平下降。

16．平均消费倾向与平均储蓄倾向之和等于 1 ，边际消费倾向与边际储蓄倾向之和等于 1 。

17．消费函数图中的45°线表示在这条线上任何一点都是收入等于消费，在简单的凯恩斯主义模型中，45°线上表示任何一点都是总支出等于总供给。

18．净现值是指一笔投资未来所带来的收益的现值与现在投入的资金现值的差额。

19．加速原理表明投资的变动取决于产量变动率。

国科发计字[2000]544号科技查新规范2000-12-08发布2001-01-01实施中华人民共和国科学技术部 发 布为了加强对科技查新（以下简称查新）的管理，规范查新活动，保证查新的公正性、 准确性和独立性，维护查新有关各方的合法权益，制定本规范。

本规范由13部分组成： 第1部分——基本术语，对查新活动中所使用的基本术语进行了定义。

第2部分——基本原则，规定了查新活动应当遵循“自愿”、“依法查新”和“独立、 客观、公正”的基本原则。

第3部分——查新委托人，规定了查新委托人的义务、行为规范、权利和法律责任。

第4部分——查新机构，规定了查新机构的受理、行为规范、查新收费以及法律责 任。

第5部分——查新合同，规定了订立和履行查新合同的基本原则，查新合同的基本 内容、形式与要求。

第6部分——查新人员，规定了查新机构在委派查新员和审核员时应当遵循的回避 原则，查新员和审核员应当具备的条件，查新员、审核员的职责和查新人员的责任。

第7部分——查新咨询专家，规定了查新咨询专家应当具备的条件，选择查新咨询 专家的原则，查新咨询专家的行为规范、职责与责任。

第8部分——检索，规定了检索年限；介绍了检索方法的选择、检索策略的制定、 检索结果的检验和调整。

第9部分——查新报告，规定了查新报告应当包括的内容及要求。

第10部分——查新争议，规定了解决查新合同争议的原则和方法。

第11部分——档案，规定了查新档案应当包括的基本内容；给出了查新档案管理的 基本要求。

第12部分——查新程序，规定了处理查新业务的程序：查新委托和受理、检索准备、 选择检索工具、确定检索方法和途径、查找、完成查新报告、提交查新报告、文件归档。

第13部分——附则。

建议不了解查新业务流程的读者，先阅读第12部分，再从第1部分开始阅读；熟悉 查新工作的读者，可从第2部分开始阅读；对于关注查新机构责任的机构负责人，可重点 阅读第4、5、10部分；对于查新委托人，可重点阅读第3、5、10部分；对于从事查新业 务的人员，可重点阅读第2、4、5、6、9、12部分；对于查新咨询专家，可重点阅读第7 部分；对于查新档案管理人员，可重点阅读第11部分。

国内外生活垃圾分类现状及分选技术国内外生活垃圾分类现状生活垃圾是指人们在日常生活中或为日常生活提供服务的活动中产生的固体废物以及法律、行政法规规定视为城市生活垃圾的固体废物。

城市生活垃圾主要包括居民生活垃圾、集市贸易与商业垃圾、公共场所垃圾、街道清扫垃圾及学校、企事业单位生活垃圾等。

改革开放以来,随着经济的持续高速发展与城市化的迅速扩大,中国在超过美国后成为世界头号生活垃圾生产国。

由此带来的生活垃圾任意堆放、大量侵占土地、环境污染严重、资源大量浪费等问题,己成为影响环境保护和可持续发展的重要因素。

由于城市生活垃圾是多种废弃物的混合体,无沦是采取卫生填埋、堆肥,还是采取焚烧的处置技术方式,通过生活垃圾分类改变垃圾的混杂性是实现生活垃圾分类处置、处理的资源化、减量化、无害化的重要前提。

在生活垃圾分类方面,西方发达国家经过半个多世纪的研究和经验积累,己经形成了各自完整的分类体系,并取得了显著成效,对我国生活垃圾分类有着重要参考意义。

在德国80%的居民参与生活垃圾源头分类,德国的生活垃圾分类起步于20世纪70年代,到90年代玻璃的同收量己达到其产生量的50%,纸张的同收量己达到其产生量的41%,塑料的同收量己达到其产生量的5%,纸板的同收量己达到其产生量的三分之一:85%的美国人参与街道资源化利用的废物收集工作:加拿大也是在20世纪70年代就己经开始进行城市生活垃圾的分类同收,并形成了一套完整有效的垃圾分类同收系统:瑞士、奥地利人保护环境是非常自觉的,他们不需要任何“环境卫生条例”来约束,其生活垃圾分类自觉执行:我国的近邻日本是生活垃圾分类做得最好的国家之一,其国民是生活垃圾分类的主体,其生活垃圾分类教育是“从娃娃抓起”的,目前己经形成一套完整的生活垃圾分类法律体系和分类后的垃圾分类处理处置体系。

无沦后期生活垃圾处理工艺路线焚烧、生化处理、填埋的技术如何纯熟过硬,实施如何严密合规,如果没有前端的有效分类,就都无法有序进行。