THE HISTORY OF NATURAL COSMETICS

Unit 1Science is a kind of knowledge which is a very useful tool in solving the technical problems of industry, agriculture, warfare, and medicine. To understand the width and depth to which science can be applied to the material and spiritual problems that confront individuals and nations requires an understanding of what science really is.The word science comes to us from a Latin word, scire, which means “to know”. Then, in a broad sense, science is simply what we know, the total of all human knowledge. But the definition of science as all human knowledge would not be a workable one, for it is obvious that there are different types of knowledge. The kinds differ according to how the knowledge was obtained, and also according to what frame of experience it fits. What we know of the arts, literature, law, religion, and technical know-how, are more or less separate funds of knowledge. They have little to do with what we commonly call science.Science is also called natural science to distinguish it from other branches of learning. Science is concerned with nature, that is, with knowledge of the characteristics and operations of any and all natural things and happenings. Science embraces all of nature, and expresses our best ideas of how natural phenomena are related to each other and are to be formed into what is called the universe.Science has many characteristics, and to understand what science is requires a detailed examination of these properties and peculiarities. A number of writers have asserted that science is really only a metho d—the scientific method. Such a definition is an oversimplification, but it is certain that the science method plays an important role in determining the nature of scientific knowledge.Unit 3Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim is hardly believable. It is almost impossible not to read advertisements these days. Just think what fun they often provide! Imagine what a bus and railway station would be like without advertisements? Would you enjoy gazing helplessly at a bank wall while waiting for a bus or train? Would you like to read a daily paper closely-printed with columns of news? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or newspaper. We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, radio or television stations could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper can enjoy so many programs on air is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price! Another thing we mustn’t forget is the “small ads”which are in virtually every newspaper. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about everything can be accomplished through these columns, for instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death. It’s the advertisement among the advertisements.Unit fourFew great names in music spell as much magic to the average concert-goer as that of Tachaikowsky. In almost every musical from will be found a work of his ranking high inpopularity. And quite deservedly so. Tschaikowsky’s music is filled with a warm humanity and stirring drama. The themes and feeling are easy to grasp. The personal, intimate note is so strong in this music that we find it natural, while listening to the Pathetic Symphony or the Nutcracker Ballet Suite, for example, to share Tschaikowsky’s joys and sorrows. His music seems to take us into his confidence and show us the secret places of his heart. Although Tschaikowsky’s range of moods is wide—from the whimsical play of light fantasy to stormy outcries of anguish—essentially he was a melancholy man, in his music as in his life. Perhaps it is the genuineness of his music in conveying strong emotions and suffering that has drawn millions to his symphonies and concertos. A frank sincerity and warm-heartedness flow from his music. The best of his melodies linger hauntingly in the mind and heart. As long as sincere feeling expressed in sincere artistic from can move the hearts of men, Tschaikowsky’s music will continue to hold a high place in the concert hall and opera house.Only Beethoven and Mozart can rival Tschaikowsky in the number of compositions in various musical forms that stands out as repertory favorites. Tschaikowsky’s violin concerto is as much a “request”item as Beethoven’s. The Pathetic Symphony ranks with the three or four enduring favorites of the repertory. Tschaikowsky’s Nutcracker ballet is probably the most popular suite of its kind in music.Unit sixEmphasis on “practicalities” is being characterized by the subordination of the social sciences to the natural sciences. History is seen not as essential experience to be transmitted to new generations, but as abstractions that carry stale odors. Art is regarded as something that calls for indulgence or patronage and that has no place among the practical realities. Political science is viewed more as a specialized subject for people who want to go into politics than as an opportunity for citizens to develop a knowledgeable relationship with the systems by which human societies are governed. Finally, literature and philosophy are assigned the role of intellectual adornments that have nothing to do with “genuine” education.Noting is more valuable for anyone who has had a professional or vocational education than to be able to deal with abstractions or complexities, or to feel comfortable with subtleties of thought or language, or to think logically. The doctor who knows only about disease is at a disadvantage compared with the doctor who knows at least as much about people as he does about pathological organisms. For the technologist, the engineering of co-operation can be just as important as the engineering of moving parts.The social sciences would be expandable only if the human past never existed or had noting to tell us about the present; if thought processes were irrelevant to the achievement of purpose; if creativity was beyond the human mind and had nothing to do with the joy of living; if human relationships were random aspects of life; if human beings never had to cope with panic or pain, or if they never had to anticipate the connection between cause and effect; if all the mysteries of mind and nature were fully probed.Unit sevenWe live in a materialistic society and are nurtured from our earliest years to be acquisitive. Our possessions—“mine” and“yours” —are clearly labeled from early childhood. When we grow oldenough to earn a living, it does not surprise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn. However, it not only in affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets.Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheels of the industry must be kept turning. Built-in obsolescence provides the means: goods are made to be discarded. You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere, for example, to a bigger wage packet. The demand for hi-tech personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and “fringe benefits” are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the “brain drain”, the phenomena in which highly skilled people offer their service to the highest bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor, poorer.Unit elevenWe all associate colors with feeling and attitudes. In politics dark blue often means “tradition” and red means “social change”. But blue can also mean sadness, and white is often for purity, although in China white is worn for funerals, and red is used to express the joy of a wedding. In Western Europe white is worn at weddings and black for funerals. Advertisers are aware of the importance of selecting colors according to the way people react to them. Soap powders come in white and light blue packets (clean and cold, like ice); cereals often come in brown packets (like wheat fields), but cosmetics never come in brown jars (dirty.).Where do these ideas come from? Max Luscher from the University of Geneva believes that in the beginning life was dictated by two factors beyond our control: night and day. Night brought passivity, and a general slowing down of metabolism; day brought with it the possibility of action, and increase in the metabolic rate, thus providing us with energy and initiative. Dark blue, therefore, is the color of quiet and passivity, bright yellow the color of hope and activity.In prehistoric times, activity as rule took one of two forms: either we were hunting and attacking, or we were being hunted and defending ourselves against attack. Attack is universally represented by the color red; self-preservation by its complement green.。

雅思写作动物医药实验话题解析为了让大家对雅思写作中动物医药实验这类话题能够得心应手，下面小编给大家整理了一些此类话题的相关解析。

雅思写作话题素材:动物医药实验1. Animals are sometimes used in order to assess the effect of medicines and cosmetics on humans, but to what extent are they j necessary?动物通常被用于测试人类医药和化妆品的效果，在多大程度上言他们是必要的?2. The most common argument against such experiments is that they are cruel.反对这种实验最常用的论据是他们太残酷了。

3. Cruelty suggests that the animals used in the experiments undergo some kind of pain, discomfort or deformity.残酷意味着这些实验中用到的动物需要承受一些痛苦，不适，或者变成残疾。

4. This is understandably upsetting to many, who imagine the rabbit, mouse or frog that they cared for as a child having to endure such things.对于那些把饲养的小动物如兔子，老鼠或青蛙视为小孩子一样照料的人们来说，听到这些动物要遭受这样的痛苦，感到悲痛是可以理解的。

5. The fewer cosmetic products people use, the fewer animals they have to slaughter.人们用的化妆产品越少，屠杀的动物也会越少。

6. I do not think of a single item of toiletry which would justify pain or death to an animal.我想不出任何一种化妆用品能证明动物(在实验中)经受的痛苦甚至死亡是有合理的。

成都2024年10版小学五年级下册英语第五单元期末试卷[含答案]考试时间：80分钟（总分:120）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、What is 5 × 2?A. 7B. 10C. 12D. 8答案：B2、填空题：The ________ (生态影响监测) keeps track of changes.3、听力题：The chipmunk stores food in its _______.4、听力题：The cat chases after a _____ moving toy.5、What do you call a house made of ice?A. IglooB. CabinC. TentD. Lodge6、听力题：The __________ can provide important insights into Earth's history.7、听力题：We have a _____ (聚会) for New Year’s Eve.8、What is the name of the famous American park located in the western USA?A. YellowstoneB. YosemiteC. Grand CanyonD. Zion答案: A9、填空题：A ________ (植物研究中心) promotes innovation.10、填空题：My classmate is . (我的同班同学是。

)11、填空题：The _______ (Berlin Wall) was built to separate East and West Berlin.12、What do you call a person who writes books?a. Authorb. Editorc. Publisherd. Reader答案:A13、选择题：What do we call the study of human societies and cultures?A. SociologyB. AnthropologyC. PsychologyD. Archaeology14、填空题：The ______ (比例) of sunlight to shade can affect plant growth.15、填空题：The _____ (气候) affects which plants can grow in an area.16、听力题：I love my _____ (家人).17、听力题：The ________ (chicken) lays eggs.18、选择题：What do we call the animal known for its long trunk?A. RhinoB. GiraffeC. ElephantD. Hippo19、听力题：My brother has a ______ (new) bike.20、填空题：The _______ (Cuban Missile Crisis) brought the world close to nuclear war in 1962.21、选择题：What is the capital of Saudi Arabia?A. RiyadhB. JeddahC. MeccaD. Medina22、填空题：The _______ (小刺猬) rolls into a ball when it feels scared.23、填空题：My sister is a __________ (设计师).24、填空题：The ________ (树叶) change colors in autumn and fall to the ground.25、What is the capital city of Egypt?A. CairoB. GizaC. AlexandriaD. Luxor26、填空题：The _______ (Prohibition) era in the US lasted from 1920 to 1933.27、填空题：My favorite fruit is ________ (樱桃) in the spring.28、What is the largest mammal in the world?a. Elephantb. Blue Whalec. Giraffed. Hippopotamus答案:B29、Which animal is known for its ability to change colors?A. ChameleonB. DogC. CatD. Horse答案:A30、听力题：The sun is ______ (bright) during the day.31、What is the opposite of 'hard'?A. ToughB. SoftC. FirmD. Solid答案:B32、What do we call the force that pulls objects toward the Earth?A. MagnetismB. FrictionC. GravityD. Inertia答案: C. Gravity33、填空题：The first modern democracy was established in ________ (雅典).34、填空题：A ________ (河流) can change its course over time.35、填空题：I enjoy watching ______ (电影) that tell inspiring stories.36、填空题：I like to paint ______ pictures.37、Which gas is most abundant in the Earth's atmosphere?A. OxygenB. NitrogenC. Carbon DioxideD. Hydrogen答案:B38、听力题：My dad is very ________.39、听力题：The law of definite proportions states that a compound contains the same elements in the same ______.The first person to invent the printing press was ______ (古腾堡).41、填空题：My __________ (玩具名) has many __________ (名词) to choose from.42、听力题：A _______ can help to demonstrate the principles of electricity.43、填空题：The lizard sits on a _______ (热的) rock.44、填空题：The ________ was a famous treaty that brought about peace.45、听力题：The sun is ___ in the sky. (bright)46、What do you call a large area of water surrounded by land?A. SeaB. OceanC. LakeD. Pond答案:C47、听力题：I have a ___ of cheese. (piece)48、What is the main characteristic of a red giant star?A. Small SizeB. High TemperatureC. Large SizeD. Low Brightness49、填空题：My dad is a __________ (生意人).50、填空题：A _____ (药用植物) can treat various ailments.51、听力题：The main element in organic compounds is ______.52、填空题：My uncle is a great .My cousin is a great ____ (chef).54、填空题：My favorite toy is one that challenges my mind. (玩具名称)55、听力题：She loves to read ________.56、听力题：The __________ is famous for its wildlife reserves.57、填空题：The dog is ________ (忠实).58、What is the term for the distance between the Earth and the Sun?A. Astronomical UnitB. Light-YearC. ParsecsD. Miles59、填空题：I have a pet _____ that loves to play fetch.60、填空题：My _______ (蜗牛) is very slow and steady.61、填空题：The first human to orbit the Earth was ________ (尤里·加加林).62、听力题：The boy has a cool ________.63、填空题：The _____ (花朵开放) signals the arrival of spring.64、听力题：__________ are often used in cosmetics and personal care products.65、填空题：We visit the ______ (艺术家工作室) to see creations.66、What type of animal is a frog?A. MammalB. ReptileC. BirdD. Amphibian答案: D. Amphibian67、填空题：The __________ is a major river system in South America. (亚马逊河)68、What is the opposite of open?A. CloseB. ShutC. BlockD. Both A and B答案:D69、听力题：The main gas released during combustion is ______.70、What is the capital of Cyprus?A. NicosiaB. LimassolC. LarnacaD. Paphos答案:A. Nicosia71、How many sides does a triangle have?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5答案:B72、听力题：The chemical symbol for nickel is ______.73、选择题：What do we call the outer layer of the Earth?A. CoreB. MantleC. CrustD. Atmosphere74、填空题：I enjoy learning about different ______ (文化) and traditions.75、听力题：The Earth revolves around the sun in an _______ orbit.76、What is a common pet that purrs?A. DogB. CatC. RabbitD. Parrot答案:B77、听力题：I have a ______ of colorful markers. (set)78、听力题：The playground has a big ________.79、What do you call a type of dance that is fast and upbeat?A. JazzB. Hip-hopC. SalsaD. All of the above答案:D80、听力题：The chemical symbol for hafnium is ______.81、What is the largest land animal?A. GiraffeB. ElephantC. HippopotamusD. Rhino答案:B82、What is the capital of Turkey?A. IstanbulB. AnkaraC. AntalyaD. Izmir答案: B83、填空题：Recognizing the seasons can help you plan your ______ effectively. (认识到季节可以帮助你有效地规划园艺活动。

广东外语外贸大学2004年硕士研究生入学考试英语语言文学及外国语言与应用语言学水平考试试卷Ⅰ. Cloze (20%)Fill in each blank with the words given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.The problem which the learner 1 in handling the meanings of such complex expressions (and those of the more numerous two-word combinations) are well known He may have 2 of understanding or interpretation(especially when the form of an expression is a poor guide to its meaning). He may have trouble in 3 accurately between various meanings of the “same” item-those of put out, for 4 ,or take in. And again, he may need help in distinguishing 5 expressions which are related in form (of level off and level up) 6 not necessarily in meaning. Among the features we have included in the dictionary to help the student deal with such problems 7 the regular listing in entries of “collocating” words. We can consider briefly the special advantages of this guidance here.The collocates of an expression are the particular words 8 are commonly combined with it to form sentences. 9 the words which regularly appear (as subjects) in the same sentences as bring to blows, for example, are disagreement, difference and rivalry and among those habitually associated (as direct objects) with bring to attention are troops, platoon, company. The learner normally becomes 10 of these word associations, or collocations, one by one through meeting them in books or hearing them in conversation, and as one association builds 11 another he gradually develops a firm understanding of the meanings of bring to blows and bring to attention. The advantage of bringing together a number of these associated words in one place—as in the entries shown just below—is that the student is 12 aware of several at the same time. As a 13 the learning process can be greatly speeded up. Another advantage, of course, is that the student can make up sentences of his own on the 14 of the collocates recorded in such entries, so strengthening. still more his grasp on the meanings of the headphrases themselves.Illustrative sentences in dictionary entries can 15 much the same purpose as lists of collocates. 16 the illustrations are carefully chosen, they too will contain words that are characteristically and unambiguously 17 with the headphrases, which help to develop the learner’s understanding of their meaning.18 collocates and examples have different and complementary parts to play in the definition of meaning. In a list of collocates some of the more important 19 to our understanding of an expression are abstracted form their real contexts and presented in a highly condensed form. In illustrations, various kinds of information-highly condensed form. In illustrations, various kinds of information grammatical and stylistic as 20 as lexical-are combined in actual instances of language use, though the most important clues to meaning may be rather thinly spread.Ⅱ.Proof-reading and Error Correction(30%)The following passage contains FIFTEEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error.In each case, only one word is involved. You should correct it in the following way. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in theblank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “A” signand write the word youFor an unnecessary word, believe .to be missing' in the blank provided atthe end of the line. cross out the unnecessary wordwith a slash "/" and put the word in the blankprovided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen A art museum wants a new exhibit,[1] anIt never buys things in finished form and hangs them on the wall.[2] neverWhen a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it.[3] exhibitWhy do some new products succeed, bringing millionsof dollars to innovative companies, but others fail, 1.with great losses? The answer is not simple, andcertainly we cannot say that "good" products succeedwhile "bad" products fail. Many products that functionwell and seem to meet consumer needs have fallenby the wayside. Sometimes, virtual identical products 2.exist in the market at the same time with one emerged 3.as profitable while the other fails. Mc Neal Laboratories'Tylenol has become success as an aspirin substitute, 4.yet Bristol-Meyers went into the test market at aboutthe same time with Neotrend, also a substitute to aspirin, 5.that quickly failed. 6.The nature of the product is a factor in their success 7.or failure, but the important point is the consumer'sperception of the products need-satisfying ability. 8.Any new product conception should be aimed atmeeting any customer need, and the introductory 9.promotion should seek to communicate that need-satisfying quality and motivate the customer try the 10.product. Often, attitude change is involved, and, in theextreme, changes in life-style may be seeked. 11.Here the company walks a tightrope. A new productis more probable to be successful if it represents a 12. truly novel way of solving, a customer problem, butthis very newness, if carried too far, may ask the customerto learn new behavior patterns. The customer will make thechange if the perceived benefit is sufficient, but inertia isstrong and consumers will often not go to the effort that isrequired. During the late sixties and early seventiesBristol-Meyers met new product failures that exemplify 13. both of these problems. In 1967 and 1968 the companyentered into the market with a $ 5 million advertising 14. campaign for Fact toothpaste, and an $11 millioncampaign to promote Resolve. Both products failed quickly,--not because they wouldn't work or because there was 15.no consumer need, but apparently because consumersjust could see no reason to shift from an alreadysatisfactory product to a different one that promised nonew benefit.III. Gap-filling (40%)Fill in the following blanks with the CORRECT WORD or CORRECT FORM of the words given according to the MEANINGS of the sentences. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.Exampleprolong, refuse, delay, postpone, lengthenI hope the of the appointment will not cause you much inconvenience. The correct answer is postponement.1. ally, league, unionUnder the military command of Ahmad Shah Mausood, a faction leader with Rabbani, government forces continued tohold much of Kabul late in the year, but fighting continued in the area.2. obligation, liability, responsibilityMembership in the United Nations is open to all peace-loving states which accept the of the Charter3. prospectus, brochure, catalogue., pamphlet, leafletThe tells buyers how to identify fraudulent sellers andhow to cope with false claims on grading, certification, appreciation,and value.4. alter, convert, transform, varyA single genetic could allow the sunflower to convert some of itsoleic acid to ricinoleic acid, an extremely versatile oil that has numerousindustrial uses, including the manufacture of plastics, nylon, cosmetics, andlubricants.5. affection, emotion., feeling, sentimentAnna Roe of New York City stated that there are vocationally successful personswho are well-adjusted socially and yet who. show, according to tests, more or lesssevere disabilities.6. genius, gift, talentWith costs of educating handicapped children increasing, advocates of bettereducationfor children began demanding more financial support.7. celebrate, commemorate, inaugurate, representOn October 14, President Eisenhower's birthdate, the U.S. Post Office Departmentissueda stamp.8. career, profession, occupation, employmentThe problem of injury and sickness received a good deal of publicityand attention this year.9. criticism, mark, review, opinionCritics gave good to the movie featuring Julia Roberts and Hugh Grant,which was a box-office hit all over the world.10. hedge, dyke. wall. moat. fenceThe castle was surrounded by a , which nowadays contained only occasionalrainwater.11. propose, agreement, suggest, adviceIn September, Constitutional Affairs Minister Joe Clark unveiled new aimed at satisfying Quebec's demands for federal reform.12. rare, scarce, scant, inadequateWith wartime food largely over in the United States, the return topeacetime methods in food exporting from this country will be quick or slow inproportion to the rate at which normal production and trade revive throughout theworld. Meantime, world relief requirements along with the continuance of worldshortages in items such as fats and oils and sugar delay the abandonment of thecontrols.13. cure, heal, remedy, treatSuch high levels of unemployment compelled measures in their view, andso deep a recession called for some economic stimulation.14. individual, personal, privateAlthough all humans share the same set of genes, can inherit differentforms of a given gene, making each person genetically unique.15. common, general. popularAs Peres's personal continued to rise in public opinion pollsfollowing the completion of Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon, bitter exchangesover Taba and West Bank settlement policy became increasingly common.16. just, fair, impartialIn this letter to Angelina, Sarah .enumerates the legal womensuffered in the 1830s and compares the plight of women in theUnited States to thatof slaves.17. prolong, extend, lengthen, enlargeAs he hasn't sorted -out his business in the UK, he intends to apply for a/an of his passport.18. exert, conduct, impose, implementOn April 1st the long delayed of the United Nations' plan for peaceand decolonization in South West Africa (Namibia), embodied in Security Councilresolution 435 (1978), finally began.19. crease, crumple, wrinkle, pleatDermatologists have been swamped with people seeking what they believe is theclosest thing to the fountain of youth: the anti-acne prescription skin creamRetin-A, known generically as tretinoin and chemically related to Accutane. AJanuary report in The Journal of the American Medical Association said that Retin-Adiminished small and other aging changes caused by sun exposure.20. cunning, sly. crafty, shrewdThe Sino-Japanese peace pact was preceded in May by the opening of diplomaticrelations between China and the oil-rich Middle Eastern state of Oman. And it was immediately followed by the Premier's unprecedented 12-day visit to Romania, Yugoslavia, and Iran—a trip timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary ofthe Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.IV. Reading Comprehension (60%)In this section, there are six reading passages followed by a total of thirtymultiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then mark your answerson your ANSWER SHEET.Text A15 Killed by Rebel Bomb in KashmirSRINAGAR, India--At least 15 people were killed when a car bomb exploded incentral Srinagar at midday Monday, witnesses said. Five of the dead appeared to besoldiers, they said. Officials at a government-run hospital said that 20 peoplewere admitted with wounds and that three were in surgery. One of the wounded diedupon arrival at the hospital.A caller identifying himself as a member of Hizbul Mujahidin, a pro-Pakistangroup, contacted several news agencies to claim responsibility for the attack.Hizbul Mujahidin is the most powerful rebel group favoring a merger with Pakistan.Other groups want independence from Indian rule.The bomb went off in a car near a police station and outside a branch of the government-owned State Bank of India, where Indian soldiers fighting the separatist insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir gather at the beginning of every month to collect their pay.Witness said an army truck was parked in the vicinity when the bomb went off. Three cars and five scooters' were destroyed in the blast.Witnesses said that two of the victims were women and that five others wore military uniforms. Some of the corpses were badly mutilated.Security forces arrived quickly and carried off the bodies. The police cordonedoff the area, fearing another attack.The blast was preceded by a grenade attack a few blocks away that appeared to have been a diversionary measure.The explosion was near Ahdoo's, one of the only hotels left open in the city. The hotel is full of foreign journalists covering the Kashmir hostage crisis, which entered its third month Monday.Four Westerners have been held hostage by guerrillas in the Kashmir Valley since July 4. A fifth hostage, Hans Christian Ostroe of Norway, was found beheaded ina remote region Aug. 13.The guerrillas have said they will kill the remaining hostages unless the Indian government releases 15 jailed separatists.1. claimed responsibility for the attack.A. A rebel groupB. An Indian groupC. A member of Hizbul MujahidinD. A pro-Indian group2. The bomb went off outside a bank branch where Indian soldiers gather to.A. fight the rebelsB. protect the bankC. fight the separatist insurgencyD. collect their pay3. Witnesses said that two of the victims wereA. children and that five others wore military uniformsB. women and that five others were probably soldiersC. women and that five others were childrenD. women and that five others were workers4. PoliceA. withdrew from the areaB. kept people at a distance from the area by means of a cordonC. cleaned the areaD. examined the area5. The blast was preceded by a grenade attack a few blocks away that appearedto .A. have turned people's attention away from the place where a bomb was exploded laterB. have drawn people's attention to the place where a bomb was exploded laterC. have been an entertaining measureD. have been a visionary plotText BBehave Like Your Actions Reflect on All ChineseBy the 1870s the easygoing cordiality that greeted the first Chinese in America had been replaced by an ugly resentment that often boiled into virulence. Racism and economic fear led many Westerners to believe that .the Chinese, who were willing to work cheap, were stealing their jobs ....Legal persecution took the form of taxes and statutes aimed at their livelihood, their customs and even their looks. Chinese families had to pay special taxes. Their children were barred from local public schools. A San Francisco ordinance, vetoed by the mayor at the last moment, would have required that the queues of Chinese jail inmates be cut off. Other harassments include laws making it illegal to carry baskets suspended from poles while walking on sidewalks, as Chinese laundrymen did, or to rent rooms with less than 500 cubic feet of space per person, as most Chinese had to do. The courts even prohibited Chinese from giving testimony in cases that involved whites.By 1880 Chinese immigrants represented only 0.002 percent of the population, yet the "Chinese Question"—which boiled down to finding ways to keep them out--had become a major national issue ....The Chinese responded to prejudice and persecution in two ways. First, they created an insulated society-within-a-society that needed little from the dominant culture. Second, they displayed a stoic willingness to persevere, and to take without complaint or resistance whatever America dished out.6. The first Chinese immigrants to the U.S. .A. were welcomedB. far outnumbered other minoritiesC. arrived in the 1870sD. were met with hostility7. The author believes that in the later part of the 19th century, Chinese immigrants received .A. adequate housingB. national acceptanceC. equal educationD. unfair treatment8. A San Francisco ordinance, by the mayor at the last moment, required that the queues of Chinese jail inmates be cut off.A. suggestedB. rejectedC. supportedD. urged9. Which of the following is not the Chinese response to prejudice and persecution?A. to create an insulated society-within-a-societyB. to show a stoic willingness to persevereC. to show strong protestD. to take whatever America gave without complaint or resistance10. From the passage we can tell that many Americans were fearful because they found the Chinese were .A. an inferior peopleB. willing to work for low payC. lazy and stupidD. impossible to understandText CThree weeks ago, a story we published put us in the middle of a controversy. It was hardly the first time that has happened, but this instance-suggested an opportunity for more than usual colloquy in the letters pages. So for this occasion and others like it, we have revived a section of TIME called Forum, which begins on page 28, concerns our cover subject thisweek—the Nation of Islam and its leader, Louis Parrakhan.The decision to pursue an in-depth investigation of this subject was prompted by the anti-Semitic and otherwise racist speech that Farrakhan's aide, Khallid Muhammad, gave at Kean College in New Jersey. The story was newsworthy in large part because it came just as some mainstream black groups were attempting to form a constructive alliance with Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam. News of the speech loosed a flash flood of reportage and commentary on the subject, at that time we began the kind of weeks-long investigation a cover story like this one requires. At the same time, we published an article on one telling aspect of the larger story: the fact that some black leaders were offended when whites called on them to denounce racism in other black leaders while seeming to ignore offensive remarks by whites--as, for example, Senator Ernest Hoolings, who had some time before made a supposedly joking reference to an African delegation as cannibals. The larger issue was that blacks feel they should be presumed to abhor anti-Semitism and other forms of racism without having to say no, and that they resent the attempt by whites to script their views, behavior or alliances.The story raised interesting and important points, and it clearly struck a nerve. The reaction was instantaneous and strong, most of it coming from white and Jewish readers. Some argued that our story was opinion masquerading as fact. Some people, both white and black, said that crediting white pressure for the denunciations of Farrakhan was condescending, that it deprived black leaders of credit for what was simply principled behavior. Some readers also felt that to concentrate on this issue was to minimize or downplay the virulence of Muhammad's speech. Andthere was a general view among our critics that no amount of good works by the Nation of Islam could justify any black leader's toleration of, not to mention alliance with, such a racist organization.The issues raised by the story's critics are important. Still, this much must be said: Muhammad's speech was wholly disreputable and vile, and I believe our story made that clear. Our focus, however, was not on black racism but on the perception of a subtle form of white racism--the sense among some back leaders that, as the story put it, "some whites feel a need to make all black leaders speak out whenever one black says something stupid." That this feeling of grievance exists is not just TIME's opinion. It is fact.11.We can infer that the author of the article is .A. a readerB. a criticC. a racistD. editor of TIME12. The purpose of TIME FORUM is .A. to present opinions on issues of importanceB. to carry views on present issuesC. to stir peopleD. to cause a sensation13. This article focuses on the problem of .A. racismB. whitesC. blacksD. Jews14. The author's opinion of Muhammad's speech is .A. sympatheticB. favourableC. unfavourableD. not known15. It can be seen that the story published by the TIME aroused reaction amongthe readers.A. noB. immediate and strongC. slow but strongD. everlasting and strongText DShylock on the Beach"When I direct Shakespeare," theatrical innovator Peter Sellars once said, "the first thing I do is go to the text for cuts. I go through to find the' passages that are real heavy, that really are not needed, places where the language has become obscure, the places where there is a bizarre detour." And then? "I take those moments, those elements, and I make them the centerpiece, the core of the production." In the sober matter of staging Shakespeare, such audaciousness is hard toresist--though a lot of Chicago theatre-goers have been able to. Typically, a third of the people who have been showing up at the Goodman Theatre to see Sellars' ingenious reworking of The Merchant of Venice have been walking out before the evening is over. It's no mystery why: the evening isn’t over for nearly four hours. Beyond that, the production pretty much upends everything the audience has come to expect from one of Shakespeare's most troubling but reliable entertaining comedies. The play has been transplanted from the teeming, multicultural world of 15th century Venice, Italy, to the teeming, multicultural world of 1994 Venice Beach, California, where Sellars lives when he isn't setting Don Giovanni in Spanish Harlem, putting King Lear in a Lincoln Continental or deconstructing other classic plays and operas. Shylock, along with theplay's other Jews, is black. Antonio, the merchant of the title, and his kinsmen are Latinos. Portia, the wealthy maiden being wooed by Antonio's friend Bassanio, is Asian. But the racial shuffling is just one of Sellars' liberties. The stage is furnished with little but office furniture, while video screens simulcast the actors in close-up during their monologues, (and, in between, display seemingly unrelated Southern California scene, form gardens and swimming pools to the L. A. riots). Cries of anguish come from the clowns, and the playfully romantic final scene, in which Portia teases Bassanio for giving away her ring to the lawyer she played in disguise, is reimagined as the darkest, most poisonously unsettling passage in the play. Some of this seems to be sheer perversity, but the real shock. of Sellars' production is how well it works both theatrically and thematically. The racial casting, for instance, is a brilliant way of defusing the play's anti-Semitisrn---turning it into a metaphor for prejudice and materialism in all its forms. Paul Butler is a hardhearted ghetto businessman who, even when he is humiliated at the end, never loses his cool or stoops for pity.' Wrongheaded and tortuous as this Merchant sometimes is, the updating is witty and apt. The "news of the Rialto" becomes fodder for a pair of gossip reporters on a happy-talk TV newscast. Shylock's trial is presided over by a mumbling, superannuated judge who could have stepped right out of Court TV. With a few exceptions--Elaine Tse's overwrought Portia, for instance--the actors strike a nice balance between Shakespeare's poetry and Sellars' stunt driving. For the rest of us, it's a wild ride.16. The passage mainly deals with .A. the staging of Shakespeare's Merchant of VeniceB. Peter Sellars who is an innovative director.C. people's dislike of the newly performed Merchant of VeniceD. The Merchant of Venice adapted by Sellars17. When directing Shakespeare, Sellars usuallyA. cuts the original text shortB. abrid ges the original textC. deletes and changes the original textD. omits some parts of the original text18. Sellars' The Merchant of VeniceA. satisfies the audience's expectationB. is popular with Chicago theatre-goersC. is not favored by the audienceD. is too short in time19. The play isA. relocated in. the teeming, multicultural world of 15th century Venice ItalyB. relocated in the modem world--Venice Beach, California, in1994C. C. transplanted to the teeming, multicultural world of 15th centuryVenice ItalyD. originally located in the modem world--Venice Beach, California20. Which of the following statement is NOT tree?A. The director's interpretation of Shakespeare's work is witty and aptB. The director's reworking of Shakespeare is awkward and meaninglessC. The adapted play, for some people, is a wild rideD. The adapted play is wrongheaded and tortuousText EResearchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brain's physical deterioration. It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to ner.q9n. Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage. "That may seem like bad news," said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allowsm people to withstand more brain-tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down.The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the "reserve" hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain tissue to spare.Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women ages 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrinkage of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal."Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage," Coffey said. "People Lose (on average) 2.5 percent decade starting at adulthood.There is, however, a "remarkable range" of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain-tissue loss throughout adulthood.In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. Themore-educated can withstand greater loss.Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid, he greater the cortical shrinkage. Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related o the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from firstgrade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.For example, Coffey's team reported, among subjects of the same sex and similar age and skull size, those with 16 years of education had 8 percent to 10 percent more cerebrospinal fluid compared with those who had four years of schooling. Of course, achieving a particular education level is not the definitive measure of someone's mental capacity. And, said Coffey, education can be "a proxy for many things". More-educated people, he noted, are olden less likely to have habits, such as smoking, that harm overall health. But Coffey said that his team's findings suggest that like the body, the brain benefits from exercise. "The question is whether by continuing to exercise the brain we can forestall the effects of (brain shrinkage)," he said. "My hunch is that we can."According to Coffey, people should strive throughout life to keep their brains alert by exposing themselves to new experiences. Travelling is one way to stimulate the brain, he said; a less adventuresome way is to do crossword puzzles."A hot topic down the road," Coffey said, will be whether education even late in life has a protective effect against mental decline.Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage. 21. According to this passage, all of the following factors could not account for cortical shrinkage.A. ageB. educationC. healthD. exercise22. Which of the following statements is true?A. The brain of an adult person shrinks 2.5% every 10 years.B. The cerebrospinal fluid of a person with 8 years of education may haveincreased by 17.7 millimeters.C. The cerebrospinal fluid of a person with 16 years of education may increase by 10%.D. The brain of an aged person shrinks 5% every 10 years.23. According to Coffey's research, the brain may benefit fromA. runningB. playing chessC. swimmingD. playing football.24. From this passage, we can conclude thatA. education is beneficial to mental development.B. education protects the brain from shrinking.C. education has a protective effect against mental decline.。

介绍化妆品英语作文Title: The World of Cosmetics: Enhancing Beauty with a Touch of Art。

In the ever-evolving world of beauty, cosmetics play a pivotal role in enhancing natural features and creating desired appearances. These products, ranging from skincareto makeup, are not merely tools to transform the outer self; they are also expressions of individuality and self-care.The history of cosmetics dates back thousands of years, with ancient civilizations using natural ingredients like minerals, plants, and animal fats to enhance their appearance. Today, the cosmetics industry has evolved intoa multi-billion dollar global enterprise, offering a wide array of products that cater to diverse needs and preferences.At the core of any cosmetics routine lies skincare. Products like cleansers, toners, moisturizers, andsunscreens are essential for maintaining healthy skin. These formulations are designed to cleanse the skin of impurities, balance its pH levels, hydrate it, and protect it from harmful UV rays. With advancements in science and technology, skincare products are now formulated with active ingredients that can target specific skin concerns, such as acne, wrinkles, or pigmentation.Once the skin is properly cared for, makeup comes into play. From foundations and concealers to eyeshadows and lipsticks, makeup products are used to accentuate features, create illusions, and enhance overall appearance. The range of colors,。

扬州东关街的英语导游词扬州东关街位于江苏省扬州市，是扬州城里最具有代表性的一条历史老街。

它东至古运输河边，西至国庆路，全长1122米。

接下来是我为大家整理的关于扬州东关街的英语导游词，便利大家阅读与鉴赏!扬州东关街的英语导游词1Yangzhou Dongguan Street, located in Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, is the most representative historical street in Yangzhou city. It is 1122 meters long, reaching Guyun River in the East and Guoqing road in the West. Dongguan Street used to be not only the main road of water and land transportation in Yangzhou, but also the center of Commerce, handicraft industry and religious culture.The market is prosperous, and there are many businesses in the market. Lu Chen Hang, youmi Fang, Xianyu hang, Baxian hang, Guaguo hang, Zhumu hang nearly 101. There are some time-honored shops on Dongguan Street, such as simii soy sauce garden which opened in 1817, Xie Fuchun Xiangfen shop in 1830, pan Guanghe hardware shop in 1862, Xia Guangsheng tofu shop in 1901, Chen Tongxing shoes shop in 1909, qiandachang paper shop in 1912, zhentaichang Xiangfen shop in 1923, Zhang Hongxing pawnshop in 1936, Qingfeng tea shop in 1938, and xiliuchun tea house in 1940 Fengnan store, lingdaxing tea store in 1945, Fuji pawnshop in 1946, Zhou Guangxing hat store, Hengmao Youmastore, Shuntai South store, hengtaixiang color store, zhudeji flour store, etc.Dongguan Street is the center of Yangzhou handicraft industry. The front shop and the back shop are all over the street, such as fan Shunxing umbrella shop, Cao Shunxing laopu, sun Zhuchen lacquer workshop, yuantaixiang sugar shop, Sun Ji jade workshop, Dong Hou and socks factory. Closely connected with Dongguan Street is the ancient street area of dongquanmen. The two streets have been combined to plan, renovate and develop together. In addition to the time-honored shops, there are also many historic sites and cultural relics: Yipu, wangshixiaoyuan, Geyuan, a national key cultural relics protection unit, Guangling academy, Anding academy, Yidong school, Wudang palace in Ming Dynasty, zhunti temple in Ming Dynasty, etc.扬州东关街的英语导游词2Yangzhou people often say: lane by lane, lane by lane, lane by lane, lane by lane. It can be seen that Yangzhou is a city of alleys. There are more than 500 alleys in the old urban area of more than ten square kilometers in Yangzhou. The Dongguan Street we are visiting today is one of the most representative historical streets. It reaches the ancient canal in the East and Guoqing road in the west, and is located in the northeast corner of the ancient city of Yangzhou. It is about 1010 meters long and five meters wide. The streets are all paved with long stones. It is the CBD ofthe ancient city of Yangzhou, that is, the business circle of the central city. Because the street from west to east straight to the gate of Dongguan, it is called Dongguan Street. Dongguan city gate, formerly known as Lijin gate, was where ancient Lijin ferry was located. Later Lijin gate was renamed Dongguan gate, and Lijin ferry was renamed Dongguan ancient ferry.Culture is the soul of Yangzhou City, and the ancient city is the root of history and culture. Well, Dongguan Street has arrived. Streets and alleys are the pulse of the ancient cultural city. Please take your belongings with you and get off with me to walk into the pulse of the ancient Yangzhou city.We all say at home by mother, go out by Wall. So todays tour route is also against the wall. Why? Because Dongguan Street is a fishbone street system, if it is not against the wall, it is likely to cross into history. Walking into Dongguan Street, you can see the antique scene of the market. Dongguan Street is a commercial street in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so if you go ahead, you will find many time-honored brands in Dongguan Street.In 20xx, the Ministry of Commerce of the peoples Republic of China recognized the first batch of Chinese time-honored brands. Two of them were selected in this street, one was Sanhe Simi pickles, the other was Xie Fuchun cosmetics. Sanhe brand and Simi brand series of pickles arewell-known traditional products with four characteristics of fresh, sweet, crisp and tender. They are well-known all over the world and sell well at home and abroad. Once won the highest prize of pickles -- the national silver award, it is the outstanding product of Yangzhou pickles. If you like to eat, you can also buy some in Dongguan Street to eat with breakfast. In addition to pickles, Yangzhous famous snacks should not be missed here. What we smell now is the stinky tofu, which is so smelly and fragrant that you will never forget to return. Lets talk about the crispy yellow bridge pancakes, including crab roe, wild vegetables, meat floss, ham You can choose from all kinds of flavors.After eating, lets take a look at the daily necessities of Yangzhou people. The most famous is three knives. They are barbers knife, pedicures knife and kitchen knife, which not only refers to Yangzhous good knife edge, but also reflects the prosperity of Yangzhous three major service industries. In other words, these three knives also represent three major service industries: Barber knife represents hairdressing and beauty industry, pedicure knife represents pedicure and bath industry, and kitchen knife represents catering service industry. When you go to Yangzhou, you can eat well, have a good time, and also enjoy shaving and taking a bath, which has become a typical portrayal of coming to Yangzhou to enjoy life in the past three hundred years. Yangzhou is also famous for lacquerware, ranging from handicrafts to mobile phonependant, which shows the wisdom of Yangzhou people.Now we are looking at the Xie Fuchun cosmetics store that female friends are most concerned about. It is the oldest existing cosmetics enterprise in China. In 1915, Xie Fuchun cosmetics, together with Maotai liquor, won the grand prize of Panama International Exposition of the United States, and was recently rated as 300 national key protected brands. Beauties cant do without dressing up. Of course, they cant do without cosmetics. Xie Fuchuns traditional products, such as duck egg powder, ice musk oil and incense pieces, are known as Xie Fuchuns three wonders. It is often said that Suzhou Rouge Yangzhou powder. Xie Fuchuns fragrance powder is made of natural pearl powder, which is very natural and mild. It is not like adding too many chemical components in current skin care products.In fact, as a tourist attraction, the residential buildings in Dongguan Street are also worth seeing. They have not changed their original rhythm of life because of the development of tourism. From them, we can feel the historical flavor of the ancient city of Yangzhou. Walking slowly in Dongguan Street, sometimes passers-by rush, or walk, or bicycle. We can have a look at the real life of Yangzhou people and listen to what they are saying and doing. The residents of Yangzhou are simple and hospitable. They often take the initiative to greet you and even guide you enthusiastically.Well, now that we all know something about Dongguan Street, lets give you an hour to really feel the thick history and splendid culture of Dongguan Street. Remember to go out against the wall Oh!扬州东关街的英语导游词3Hello, tourists,Im your tour guide today. My name is __. I come from __× travel agency. Im very happy to serve you. I hope my service can bring you relaxation and happiness. On my right hand side is our driver, Master Wang, who has been driving for many years, so you can rest assured to enjoy the beautiful scenery outside the window and listen to the warm explanation I brought to you. Today, Im going to take you to visit the ancient fireworks lane with the most Yangzhou style. Now its still a long way from our destination, Dongguan Street. Let me briefly introduce our historic ancient city Yangzhou.Yangzhou is a proud city with a history of 2500 years. This thousand year old city has experienced many changes. The prosperity of Han Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Ming and Qing Dynasties make this ancient city show infinite charm. Todays Yangzhou is still elegant. It is one of the first batch of famous historical and cultural cities of the State Council and Chinas excellent tourist city. It won the China Habitat Environment Award in 20xx and the UN Habitat Award city in 20xx. There are so many beautiful halos on the top of your head. The beautiful scenery ofYangzhou will surely make your trip worthwhile. You dont want to go when you come!Yangzhous delicious, fun, good-looking, needless to say, many have long been famous. First of all, there are many scenic spots in Yangzhou, such as the picturesque thin West Lake, the first famous garden in the late Qing Dynasty, he garden, one of the four famous gardens, and so on. Yangzhou also has many special delicacies, such as Yangzhou fried rice, boiled dried silk, Fuchun steamed buns and so on, which can make you have a good time in Yangzhou. Water in the morning, water in the evening is the most vivid summary of Yangzhou peoples life. In addition, there are three knives in Yangzhou, which are barbers knife, pedicures knife and kitchen knife It also reflects the prosperity of Yangzhous three major service industries. In other words, these three knives also represent three major service industries: Barber knife represents hairdressing and beauty industry, pedicure knife represents pedicure and bath industry, and kitchen knife represents catering service industry. When you go to Yangzhou, you can eat well, have a good time, and also enjoy shaving and taking a bath, which has become a typical portrayal of coming to Yangzhou to enjoy life in the past three hundred years.Every city has its own most beautiful side, Yangzhous ancient lane can also be regarded as the most beautiful side of Yangzhou, Yangzhou people often say: lane to lane, lane to lane, lane to lane, lane to lane.There are more than 500 lanes in the old city of Yangzhou, which is more than ten square kilometers. The size of an alley can not be measured by its length, but by its depth. So there is a saying that wine is not afraid of deep alley. In the prosperous history of Yangzhou, the depth of the alley is also a symbol of the height of the door. At the end of the quiet alley, there must be a deep courtyard of rich businessmen and famous families. The Dongguan Street we are visiting today is one of the most representative historic streets in Yangzhou city. It extends to the ancient canal in the East and Guoqing road in the west, with a total length of 1122 meters. The streets are paved with long stones. It is the CBD (central city business circle) of the ancient city of Yangzhou, and also a significant embodiment of the context of our famous city of Yangzhou. This street is not only the hub of water and land transportation in the ancient city of Yangzhou, but also the center of Commerce, handicraft industry and religious and cultural activities. From the excavation and research of JIEKOU Dongmen site in Tang and Song Dynasties, it can be seen that Dongguan Street was the east-west axis in the past dynasties, with prosperous market wells and numerous businesses. According to the research of Yangzhou literature and history experts, this is the description of Du Mus poem in the Tang Dynasty: its better to roll a bead curtain on Yangzhou road when the spring breeze is ten li.. In the Qing Dynasty, salt merchants in Yangzhou, one of Chinas four majormerchants, took Dongguan Street as their preferred place to live,A large number of salt merchants houses and garden villas are concentrated here. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Yangzhous modern industry and Commerce began to enlighten, and Dongguan Street became the birthplace of many time-honored commercial houses. Dongguan Street has a relatively complete Ming and Qing architectural complex and fishbone street system, maintaining and following the traditional features of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are more than 50 historic sites in the street, such as the former residences of celebrities, salt merchants houses, temples and gardens, ancient trees and wells, etc. this diversified and dynamic spatial pattern of river, city and street reflects the unique charm of the canal city in the south of the Yangtze River.Well, now that Dongguan Street has arrived, please take your valuables with you and get off with me to feel the atmosphere of the times brought by the old street!Walking into Dongguan Street, you can see the antique scene of the market. Go on, you will find many time-honored brands in Dongguan Street. In 20xx, the Ministry of Commerce of the peoples Republic of China identified the first batch of Chinese time-honored brands. Two time-honored brands were selected in this street. One was Sanhe Simi pickles produced by Simi soy sauce garden, which was founded in 1817,and the other was Xie Fuchun cosmetics produced by Xie Fuchun Xiangfen shop, which was founded in 1830.Sanhe brand and Simi brand series pickles are well-known traditional special products with four characteristics of fresh, sweet, crisp and tender. They are famous all over the world and sell well at home and abroad. The main varieties of Sanhe Simei pickles include milk cucumber, Baota vegetable, luobotou, tender ginger, sweet pickled melon, fragrant cabbage, assorted vegetables, Royal Longxu, etc. This series of pickles are made of Yangzhou line melon, which has light green skin, thick meat, thin skin, few crisp seeds, slim melon shape and uniform thickness. The finished product has delicious taste and unique aroma of milk cucumber. It has won the highest prize of pickles -- National Silver Award. It is the outstanding product of Yangzhou pickles. If you like to eat, you can also buy some in Dongguan Street to eat with breakfast.Dear tourists, what we are seeing now is Xie Fuchun cosmetics store. In 1915, Xie Fuchun cosmetics, together with Maotai liquor, won the grand prize of Panama International Exposition of the United States, and was recently rated as 300 national key protected brands. Xie Fuchun is also the oldest existing cosmetics enterprise in China. Beauties cant do without dressing up. Of course, they cant do without cosmetics. Xie Fuchuns traditional products, such as duck egg powder, ice musk oil and incense pieces, are known as Xie Fuchuns three wonders. It is often saidthat Suzhou Rouge Yangzhou powder. Xie Fuchuns fragrance powder is made of natural pearl powder, stone powder, rice powder and soybean powder specially processed by Shaobo paste powder workshop, and egg white in a certain proportion. Combined with the season, he chooses fresh flowers such as brandy, jasmine, pearl orchid and rose, plus appropriate amount of borneol and musk, and adopts fresh flower fumigation, ice musk ”All kinds of fragrant powder with flower fragrance and health care function are made by exquisite technology. Ice musk oil uses more than 20 kinds of medicinal materials, such as rhubarb, Pinus tabulaeformis, Angelica dahurica, ginger, Osmanthus fragrans, cinnamon, ice, Platycladus orientalis, rosin, musk, etc. it has the functions of moistening, black hair, descaling, antipruritic, detoxifying, anti-inflammatory, etc. It can not only avoid boils and boils in the sun, but also treat otitis media, scalds and other diseases, so it is very popular, with annual sales of more than 101000 Jin.In addition to Yangzhous special commodities, the folk houses in Dongguan Street are also worth seeing. Most of the dwellings here are the dwellings of ordinary people, and their rhythm of life naturally reveals the historical flavor of the ancient city of Yangzhou. Walking slowly in the old street, sometimes passers-by in a hurry, or walking, or bicycle. If you are interested, you can walk into any alley to see the real life of Yangzhou people and listen to what they are saying and doing. Theresidents of Yangzhou are simple and hospitable. They often take the initiative to greet the tourists and even guide you enthusiastically. Well, now that we all know something about Dongguan Street, lets have an hour to really feel the atmosphere of the times that Dongguan Street brings us!Dear tourists, todays explanation is over. Thank you for your cooperation.I hope you can forgive me for any shortcomings in the process of sightseeing. We will continue to improve in the future. We sincerely welcome you to visit our beautiful Yangzhou again.扬州东关街的英语导游词4Hello, tourists. Im your tour guide today. My name is __. I come from __× travel agency. Im very happy to serve you. I hope my service can bring you relaxation and happiness. On my right hand side is our driver, Master Wang, who has been driving for many years, so you can rest assured to enjoy the beautiful scenery outside the window and listen to the warm explanation I brought to you. Today, Im going to take you to visit the ancient fireworks lane with the most Yangzhou style. Now its still a long way from our destination, Dongguan Street. Let me briefly introduce our historic ancient city Yangzhou.Yangzhou is a city that can make people feel proud. Its history can be traced back to 25__ years. This thousand year old city has experienced many changes. The prosperity of Han Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties,Ming and Qing Dynasties make this ancient city show infinite charm. Todays Yangzhou is still elegant. It is one of the first batch of famous historical and cultural cities of the State Council and excellent tourist cities in China. In __, it won the China Habitat Environment Award and the UN Habitat Award city in __. There are so many beautiful halos on the top of your head. The beautiful scenery of Yangzhou will surely make your trip worthwhile. You dont want to go when you come! Yangzhous delicious, fun, good-looking, needless to say, many have long been famous. First of all, there are many scenic spots in Yangzhou, such as the picturesque thin West Lake, the first famous garden in the late Qing Dynasty, he garden, one of the four famous gardens, and so on. Yangzhou also has many special delicacies, such as Yangzhou fried rice, boiled dried silk, Fuchun steamed buns and so on, which can make you have a good time in Yangzhou. Water in the morning, water in the evening is the most vivid summary of Yangzhou peoples life. In addition, there are three knives in Yangzhou, which are barbers knife, pedicures knife and kitchen knife It also reflects the prosperity of Yangzhous three major service industries. In other words, these three knives also represent three major service industries: Barber knife represents hairdressing and beauty industry, pedicure knife represents pedicure and bath industry, and kitchen knife represents catering service industry. When you go to Yangzhou, you can eat well, have a good time, and alsoenjoy shaving and taking a bath, which has become a typical portrayal of coming to Yangzhou to enjoy life in the past three hundred years.Every city has its own most beautiful side, Yangzhous ancient lane can also be regarded as the most beautiful side of Yangzhou, Yangzhou people often say: lane to lane, lane to lane, lane to lane, lane to lane. There are more than 500 lanes in the old city of Yangzhou, which is more than ten square kilometers. The size of an alley can not be measured by its length, but by its depth. So there is a saying that wine is not afraid of deep alley. In the prosperous history of Yangzhou, the depth of the alley is also a symbol of the height of the door. At the end of the quiet alley, there must be a deep courtyard of rich businessmen and famous families. The Dongguan Street we are visiting today is one of the most representative historic streets in Yangzhou city. It extends to the ancient canal in the East and Guoqing road in the west, with a total length of 1122 meters. The streets are paved with long stones. It is the CBD (central city business circle) of the ancient city of Yangzhou, and also a significant embodiment of the context of our famous city of Yangzhou. This street is not only the hub of water and land transportation in the ancient city of Yangzhou, but also the center of Commerce, handicraft industry and religious and cultural activities. From the excavation and research of JIEKOU Dongmen site in Tang and Song Dynasties, it can be seen that Dongguan Street was the east-west axis in the past dynasties,with prosperous market wells and numerous businesses. According to the research of Yangzhou literature and history experts, this is the description of Du Mus poem in the Tang Dynasty: its better to roll a bead curtain on Yangzhou road when the spring breeze is ten li.. In the Qing Dynasty, salt merchants in Yangzhou, one of the four major merchants in China, took Dongguan Street as the first choice of residence. A large number of salt merchants houses and garden villas are concentrated here. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Yangzhous modern industry and Commerce began to enlighten, and Dongguan Street became the birthplace of many time-honored commercial houses. Dongguan Street has a relatively complete Ming and Qing architectural complex and fishbone street system, maintaining and following the traditional features of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are more than 50 historic sites in the street, such as the former residences of celebrities, salt merchants houses, temples and gardens, ancient trees and wells, etc. this diversified and dynamic spatial pattern of river, city and street reflects the unique charm of the canal city in the south of the Yangtze River.Well, now that Dongguan Street has arrived, please take your valuables with you and get off with me to feel the atmosphere of the times brought by the old street!Walking into Dongguan Street, you can see the antique scene of themarket. Go on, you will find many time-honored brands in Dongguan Street. In __, the Ministry of Commerce of the peoples Republic of China recognized the first batch of Chinese time-honored brands. Two time-honored brands were selected in this street. One was Sanhe Simi pickles produced by Simi soy sauce garden, which was founded in 1817, and the other was Xie Fuchun cosmetics produced by Xie Fuchun Xiangfen shop, which was founded in 1830.Sanhe brand and Simi brand series pickles are well-known traditional special products with four characteristics of fresh, sweet, crisp and tender. They are famous all over the world and sell well at home and abroad. The main varieties of Sanhe Simei pickles include milk cucumber, Baota vegetable, luobotou, tender ginger, sweet pickled melon, fragrant cabbage, assorted vegetables, Royal Longxu, etc. This series of pickles are made of Yangzhou line melon, which has light green skin, thick meat, thin skin, few crisp seeds, slim melon shape and uniform thickness. The finished product has delicious taste and unique aroma of milk cucumber. It has won the highest prize of pickles -- National Silver Award. It is the outstanding product of Yangzhou pickles. If you like to eat, you can also buy some in Dongguan Street to eat with breakfast.扬州东关街的英语导游词5Dongguan Street is the most representative historical street in Yangzhou city. It is 1122 meters long, reaching the Guyun River in the East andGuoqing road in the West. The original road is paved with long slates. This street used to be not only a water and land transportation hub in Yangzhou, but also a commercial, handicraft and religious and cultural center. The market is prosperous, and there are many businesses in the market. Lu Chen Hang, youmi Fang, Xianyu hang, Baxian hang, Guaguo hang, Zhumu hang nearly 101.Dongguan Street is also a food street. There are many famous snacks in Dongguan Street. The best one to eat is Jianhu lotus root powder Yuanzi, which has a history of more than 200 years. Traditionally, glutinous rice flour is used as the raw material for dumplings, while lotus root flour dumplings can be described as unique. Besides lotus root flour as the outer skin, the filling is also very exquisite. It is made of pickled sugar and lard, and then mixed with kumquat cake, walnut kernel, peanut kernel and other fruit materials. Lotus root flour dumplings can be used as both seasonal snacks and banquet delicacies. Its outer layer is smooth, elastic, transparent and dark brown. The filling is sweet and refreshing, and the soup has a strong flavor of osmanthus.There are some time-honored shops on Dongguan Street, such as simii soy sauce garden, Xie Fuchun Xiangfen shop in 1830, pan Guanghe hardware shop in 1862, Xia Guangsheng tofu shop in 1901, Chen Tongxing shoes shop in 1909, qiandachang paper shop in 1912, zhentaichang Xiangfen shop in 1923, Zhang Hongxing pawnshop in 1936,Qingfeng tea shop in 1938, siliuchun tea house in 1940 and 194 Xiefeng South store in 1946, lingdaxing tea store in 1945, Fuji pawnshop in 1946, Zhou Guangxing hat store, Hengmao Youma store, Shuntai South store, hengtaixiang color store, zhudeji flour store, etc. This is the center of Yangzhou handicraft industry. The front shop and the back shop are all over the street, such as fan Shunxing umbrella shop, Cao Shunxing laopu, sun Zhuchen lacquerware workshop, yuantaixiang sugar shop, Sun Ji jade workshop, Dong Hou and socks factory.扬州东关街的英语导游词。

The 22 Immutable Laws of BrandingHow to build a Product or Service into a World-Class BrandBy: Al Ries and Laura RiesSummary by Jon Strande (EMAIL: jstrande@ BLOG: Business Evolutionist)1. The law of expansion – The power of the brand is inversely proportional to its scope. Expanding your brandwill diminish your power and weaken your image.2. The law of contraction – A brand becomes stronger when you narrow its focus. Every small town in Americahas a coffee shop. So, what can you find in a coffee shop? Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner. Pancakes, Muffins, Hot Dogs, Hamburgers, sandwiches, pie, ice cream, and, of course, coffee. What did Howard Schultz do? In an incredible burst of business creativity, he opened a coffee shop that specialized in, of all things, coffee:Starbucks.3. The law of publicity – The birth of a brand is achieved with publicity, not advertising. Anita Roddick createdthe Body Shop in 1976 around the concept of “natural” cosmetics, made of pure ingredients, not tested on animals, and kind to both the environment and the people indigenous to the communities in which the products originated. With virtually no advertising, but with massive amounts of publicity, the Body Shop has become a powerful global brand.4. The law of advertising – Once born, a brand needs advertising to stay healthy. A consistent theme ofGoodyear advertising over the years has been “#1 in tires”. So who makes the best tires? “It must beGoodyear,” thinks the consumer. “It’s the leader”. Advertising may not pay for itself, but if you’re the leader, advertising will make you competitor pay through the nose for competing with you.5. The law of the word – A brand should strive to own a word in the mind of the consumer. Federal expressbecame successful by being the first air cargo carrier to narrow its focus to overnight delivery, thereby owning the word “overnight” in the mind of the air cargo user. FedEx has become synonymous with overnight delivery.Even better is for you product to own the category word: Kleenex, Xerox, Jell-O, Band-Aid, etc.6. The law of credentials – The crucial ingredient in the success of any brand is its claim to authenticity. In1942, Coca-Cola launched an advertising program called “The only thing like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola itself. It’s the real thing.” In 1970 it reprised the “real thing” slogan for about a year. Most people prefer to wait for a table at a restaurant that is crowded, rather than eat in an empty one. If this place were really good (goes the thinking), there would be a line out the door.7. The law of quality – Quality is important, but brands are not built by quality alone. Rolex has become thebest-known and best-selling brand of expensive watch. Does quality have anything to do with it? Probably not.Does Rolex make high quality watches? Probably. Does it matter? Probably not. Does a Rolex keep better time than a Timex? Are you sure? Does Mercedes have fewer mechanical problems than a Cadillac? Does Hertz have better service than Alamo? Does Coca-Cola taste better than Pepsi? Most people think so because Coke outsells Pepsi. Yet in taste tests most people prefer the taste of Pepsi. To build a quality brand you need to narrow the focus and combine that narrow focus with a better name and a higher price.8. The law of the category – A leading brand should promote the category, not the brand. You have to launchthe brand in such a way as to create the perception that “that brand” was the first, the leader, the pioneer, and the original. Invariably, you should use one of these words to describe your brands. What was the market for home delivered pizza before Domino’s? What was the market for in-line skates before Rollerblade?9. The law of the name – In the long run a brand is nothing more than a name. One of the world’s mostpowerful brands, Xerox demonstrates many of the important laws of branding, including being the first in a new category (plain paper copier) with a short, unique name. Yet when Xerox tried to put its powerful copier name on computers, the result was billions in losses.10. The law of extensions – The easiest way to destroy a brand is to put its name on everything. With apowerful marketing campaign, Miller High Life was rapidly gaining on market leader Budweiser (it got within20% of the king of beers.) Then Miller introduced a bevy of line-extension brands that stopped Miller High Lifecold. More than 90% of all new products introduced in the U.S. grocery and drug trade are line extensions.Which is the major reason that stores are choked with brands (1,300 shampoos, 200 cereals, 250 soft drinks).Scanner data indicates that many of those line extensions (at least in supermarkets) sit on the shelf and gatherdust. Research from Kroger supermarkets in Columbus, Ohio, found that of the average 23,000 items in the store, 6,700 sold in a day, 13,600 sold in a month, and 17,500 sold in a month, leaving 5,500 that sold nothingin an entire month. If the market is moving out from under you, stay where you are and launch a secondbrand. If its not, stay where you are and continue to build your brand.11. The law of fellowship – In order to build the category, a brand should welcome other brands. One of thebest locations to for a number-two is right across the street from the leader. The best place for a PlanetHollywood is right across the street from its biggest competitor, Hard Rock Café. Both brands will benefit.12. The law of the generic – One of the fastest routes to failure is giving your brand a generic name.Blockbuster is a great name for a video rental store whereas General Video Store is not.13. The law of the company – Brands are brands. Companies are companies. There is a difference. Does theTide brand need the endorsement of the company name Proctor & Gamble? Probably not. Will a corporate endorsement hurt the brand? Probably not. Corporate endorsements are primarily for the trade, not for the consumer? The brand itself should be the focus of your attention. If you have to use the company name, use it.But do so in a decidedly secondary way.14. The law of sub brands – What branding builds, sub-branding can destroy. Holiday Inn has become a mega-brand with the launch of sub-brands like Holiday Inn Express, Holiday Inn Select, Holiday Inn Sun SpreeResorts, and Holiday Inn Garden Court. This sub-branding is eroding the core brand. Think simple, like yourcustomer and your brand will become more successful.15. The law of siblings – There is a time and a place to launch a second brand. When Honda wanted tointroduce an expensive car, it didn’t call it Honda Ultra. It developed a new brand called Acura, which became abig success. As a matter of fact, Acura quickly became the largest selling imported luxury car in America.16. The law of shape – A brands logotype should be designed to fit the eyes. Both eyes. A customer sees theworld through two horizontally mounted eyes peering out of his or her head. It’s like looking out the windshieldof an automobile. For maximum visual impact, a logotype should have roughly the same shape as a windshield,roughly two and one-fourth units wide and one unit high. The Avis logotype is almost perfect in shape. TheArby’s logotype is much too vertical.17. The law of color – A brand should use a color that is the opposite of its major competitor. What color is aTiffany & Co. box? It’s that distinctive robin’s-egg blue. All Tiffany boxes are blue. If Tiffany had used a varietyof colors for its boxes, it would have lost a marvelous opportunity to reinforce the brand name with a distinctivecolor. White = purity. Black = luxury. Blue = Leadership. Purple = Royalty. Green = environment and health.18. The law of borders – There are no barriers to global branding. A brand should know no boundaries. Thereare issues with English translations of words and slogans that you have to deal with: The Coors beer tag line;“Turn it loose”, in Spanish becomes “Suffer from diarrhea”. The Perdue Slogan, “It takes a strong man to makea tender chicken” translated into Spanish means: “It takes an aroused man to make a chicken affectionate”.19. The law of consistency – A brand is not built overnight. Success is measured in decades, not years. BMWhas been the ultimate driving machine to 25 years. What’s even more remarkable is the fact that BMW retained its strategy even though the brand was driven through 3 different advertising agencies. A change of agencies usually signals the end of a brands consistency. Rome wasn’t built in a day. Neither is a brand of Romanocheese.20. The law of change – Brands can be changed, but only infrequently and only very carefully.21. The law of mortality – No brand will live forever. Euthanasia is often the best solution. Film photography isbeing replaced by digital photography. But Kodak refuses to face that reality. Instead, it is trying to save its brand by using the Kodak name on its digital products. It’s sad. Companies are willing to spend millions to save an old brand, yet they resist spending pennies to create a new one.22. The law of singularity – The most important aspect of a brand is its single-mindedness. Volvo has beenselling safety for some 35 years. In the process, the brand has become the largest-selling European luxury car.In the past decade, Volvo has sold 849,348 cars in America, ahead of BMW (804,348) and Mercedes (770, 089). What’s a brand? A singular idea or concept that you own inside the mind of the consumer. It’s as simple and as difficult as that.。

健康的化妆品英文名词解释In recent years, the popularity of cosmetic products has skyrocketed. People around the world are becoming more conscious of their appearance and actively seek out products that enhance their beauty. However, with the growing concern for health and wellness, the demand for healthy and natural cosmetics has been on the rise. In this article, we will explore the concept of healthy cosmetics and provide explanation for commonly used English terms in the industry.1. Natural CosmeticsNatural cosmetics refer to products made from ingredients derived from nature, such as plants, minerals, and even some animal byproducts. These ingredients are often sourced and processed using methods that do not involve harsh chemicals or synthetic additives. Natural cosmetics aim to provide consumers with a healthier alternative to traditional beauty products, as they generally contain fewer harmful substances.Common English terms in natural cosmetics:- Organic: This term refers to cosmetic products that are made from organically grown ingredients, which means they are produced without the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), synthetic fertilizers, or pesticides. Organic cosmetics are regulated by certification standards to ensure their authenticity.- Vegan: Vegan cosmetics are formulated without any animal-derived ingredients or byproducts. They are suitable for individuals who follow a vegan lifestyle or those who prioritize cruelty-free products. Vegan cosmetics often bear a certification label to guarantee their adherence to strict guidelines.- Cruelty-free: Cruelty-free cosmetics are products that have not been tested on animals. This term assures consumers that the manufacturing and testing processes of the product have not involved any animal cruelty or harm.2. Clean BeautyAnother term that has gained popularity in recent years is "clean beauty." Clean beauty refers to cosmetics that are made with ingredients that are not harmful to human health or the environment. These products are free from potentially harmful chemicals, such as parabens, sulfates, phthalates, and synthetic fragrances.Notable English terms in clean beauty:- Non-toxic: Non-toxic cosmetics are formulated without any ingredients that are known to cause harm to human health. These products avoid chemicals that have been linked to allergies, irritation, hormone disruption, or other adverse effects.- Transparent labeling: Companies that practice transparent labeling provide detailed information about their products, including the complete list of ingredients and any potential concerns associated with their use. This allows consumers to make informed decisions about the products they purchase.3. Sustainable BeautySustainable beauty is a concept that focuses on the environmental impact of the beauty industry. It promotes the use of ingredients and packaging materials that are eco-friendly and have minimal impact on the planet.Important English terms in sustainable beauty:- Biodegradable: Biodegradable cosmetics are formulated to break down naturally over time and do not leave harmful residues in the environment. This term emphasizes the product's ability to reduce waste and pollution after use.- Zero-waste: Zero-waste cosmetics strive to create minimal waste throughout their entire life cycle, from production to consumer use. This may include refillable packaging, reusable containers, and responsible manufacturing processes that limit waste generation.- Upcycling: Upcycling refers to the practice of transforming waste materials into new and useful products. In the beauty industry, upcycling may involve repurposing leftover ingredients or packaging materials to reduce waste.In conclusion, as the demand for healthy and natural products continues to grow, the cosmetics industry is evolving to meet these needs. Understanding the English terms related to healthy cosmetics, such as natural, organic, vegan, cruelty-free, clean beauty, non-toxic, transparent labeling, sustainable beauty, biodegradable, zero-waste, and upcycling, empowers consumers to make informed choices and prioritize their well-being.。

Vitamins ---- Translation1. Researchers found that the level of vitamin C stored in the body of the victim with a common cold fell drastically and was close to the level of people suffering from scurvy.2. Minor degrees of vitamin C deficiency are common, though outright scurvy only occur when the diet is markedly deficient in fresh fruits and vegetables.3. Vitamins are organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet or injected into the body to maintain health.4. Vitamins produce no energy but play an essential role in the transformation of energy and in the regulation of metabolism.5. Vitamins are classified/distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, such as vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B-complex.6. Vitamins and minerals are found in small amounts and are needed in minute quantities, as compared with the other nutrients.7. The diseases which develop from the absence of vitamins are known as vitamin deficiency diseases. For example, a lack of vitamin A brings about night blindness; a deficiency of vitamin D results in rickets.8. Some vitamins are soluble in fats whereas others are soluble in water. They are, therefore, termed fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins respectively.9. In addition to the general nutrients, another two groups of nutrients, vitamins and inorganic, or mineral, salts are also required by the body.10. M ost nutrients contain more than one nutrient, but no single food contains all the nutrients in the amounts you need.食物抗癌1. O verwhelming statistical evidence shows that smokers are more likely to develop cancer of the lung, throat, and tongue than are non-smokers.2. F ruits and vegetables are chock-full of a variety of antioxidants which can snuff out oxygen free radicals, substances that are thought to make cells more susceptible to cancer.3. A well-balanced diet will give your body various nutrients of vitamins, minerals, proteins, starches, and sugars that it needs to operate smoothly.4. T he risk of lung cancer is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked each day--the higher the number, the higher the risk.5. E ven smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by a daily portion of carrots, spinach or any other vegetables and fruits.6. S ome studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer.7. F urther studies will be necessary before the link between lung cancer and carotene can be firmly established.8. A nimal studies show that garlic blocks carcinogens that have been linked to colon and stomach cancer.9. A diet of more fruits and vegetables will undoubtedly play a major role in reducing cancer incidence as well as the number of deaths caused by the disease.10.Beta-carotene not only has a direct toxic effect on tumor cells, but also reduces the growth of lung-cancer cells and altered the proteins needed for tumors to grow.化学与物质----Translation1. B riefly speaking, a scientist differs from an artist mainly in that a scientist not only interprets the outer world, but also tries to transform it into a better one.2. S cience begins with necessity, curiosity, and questions about the unexplained phenomena in nature.3. T he ways in which an element or a compound combines or reacts with other things are its chemical properties.4. T he chemist is interested in the composition and properties of substances and the transformations they undergo during a chemical reaction.5. I t is very easy to fall into the habit of taking some painkiller when there is any slight pain.6. T he delicate operations performed by surgeons today would not be possible without anesthetics.7. T oday it is generally recognised that the human body is a chemical factory in which countless complex chemical and physicalchanges are constantly taking place.8. T he substance salt is composed of the metal sodium and the corrosive gas chlorine, but its chemical properties are quite different from those of sodium and chlorine.9. C hemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the administration of chemical substances which kill or prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms within the body.10.Substances that lessen pain but do not affect other sensations are called pain relieving drugs.麻醉药Translation1. It is not many years since a man who had to have an operation felt all its pain.2. I t is attributable to the discovery of anesthetics that surgeons can now perform all kinds of operations without causing pain.3. S pinal anesthesia produces excellent anesthesia and relaxation for the performance of many operations on the lower parts of the body.4. T he exact mechanism in which the general anesthetic drugs exert their effect on the brain is still unknown, although many theories have been proposed.5. T he introduction of anesthetics to surgery has made possible much more delicate and lengthy operations, thus greatly extending the field of surgery.6. N arcotics are applied to those drugs which are sedative in their action upon the body but which also produce insensibility to pain.7. C ontrary to what one might think, it’s only 50 years or so since penicillin, the antibiotic once regarded as the wonder drug, came into being.8. S cientists point out that since the sedative action of a drug results from its effect on the nerves, it must possess solubility in the fluids of the body which surround the nerves.9. A n anesthetic must be volatile if it is to be administered through oral inhalation, while those which can be administered through the rectum or injected into the spine do not have to be volatile.10.In spite of the danger of a patient’s contracting pneumonia after the use of ether as an anesthetic, ether is still widely em ployed because the anesthesia it produces is one of deep relaxation.绿色药房-草药Translation1. T he plant kingdom was once man’s only pharmacy. Yet when you enter a modern chemist’s shop today, you can hardly find a sign of the use of plants in medicine.2. T oday the number of plants used in medicine has decreased, but hidden away in many pills, capsules, and medicine bottles are the active chemicals originally found in the plant kingdom.3. S ome chemicals which plants make may be poisonous, others may be chemicals that are extremely valuable to us as medicines.4. D uring the many thousands of years that man has been on the earth, he has been trying out various plants that grew around him.5. T here has existed for many years mistrust, suspicion or hostility between the orthodox and the herbal practitioner which threatens the possibility of a good working relationship.6. W hen one considers the therapeutic impact of quinine, it is evident how great is the debt of medicine to plant-derived drugs.7. H owever, the past few decades have witnessed an obvious diminution in the number of plant-derived drugs introduced into medicine.8. T he legacy of traditional Chinese medicine is a treasure house with an inexhaustible supply of new potential drugs which is to be explored with an introduction of new approaches.9. H ad pharmacological approaches not been introduced into the investigation of Vinca rosea, the discovery of vincalcukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10.Western practitioners find it difficult to believe that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could still be capable of curing it.Natural Products1. One of the oldest of human activities is the study of plants and animals, particularly as sources of food.2.From the earliest times man had to distinguish between those plants which were poisonous and those which were not and there graduall y developed a knowledge of natural drugs.3. As late as the beginning of the present century pharmacognosy had developed mainly on the botanical side, being particularly concerned with the description and identification of drugs.4.Undoubtedly the plant kingdom still holds many species of plants containing substances of medical value which have yet to be discover ed.5. As a result of modern isolation and pharmacological testing procedures, new plant drugs usually find their way into medicine as purified substances.6. Many of the botanical, chemical and physical techniques employed in pharmacognosy are also applicable to the analysis of other comm odities, such as foods, spices and cosmetics.7. While pharmacognosy has been generally studied for practical purposes and may thus be called an applied science it has played an imp ortant role in the development of the pure sciences.8. Recent phytochemical examination of plants which have a suitable history of use in folklore for the treatment of cancer has, indeed, oft en resulted in the isolation of principles with antitumour activity.9. The growth of knowledge of biochemistry and physiology, which led to the concept of the chemical control of biological processes, has been of particular importance for pharmacology.10. Primitive man depended on preventive use of nature’s stock of plants and herbs to avoid disease and to maintain health and vigor.有机化学Translation1. The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. When coal is burned in a furnace it combines with oxygen to give carbon dioxide, a new substance with different composition and properties from coal and oxygen.8. Many specific chemical reactions are important because of the energy which they use or supply.9. In the study of organic chemistry, students are expected to use familiar symbols which are constructed into two- or three-dimensional molecular formulas.10.From the food we eat, the clothes we wear to the buildings we live in, all have been fashioned to a considerable extent by organic chemistry.新药研制1 Translation1. F ormerly, drugs were extracted from natural plants and animal sources, and therapeutic use was based on traditional experience.2. D rug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical, etc..3. T hough it’s the most satisfying in the development of new drugs, the approach is expensive and there is no guarantee of succe ss.4. W hen a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though the risk to any individual is small.5. M ost drugs have a safe upper limit of dosage; beyond this toxic effects may be expected to occur.6. P enicillin, one of the most powerful killers of bacteria was discovered quite by accident by Alexander Fleming.7. P harmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desired profile of action in model system.8. T he increase in knowledge of biochemical mechanisms results in a more rational approach to the development of new drugs.9. E xtensive formal toxicological tests are required before a new drug can be used on patients.10.Chemists and biologists have now attached great importance to such fields of research as molecular biology and biochemicalpharmacology.新药研制2 Translation1. T he rationale for the development of new drugs should be provide better drugs; better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2. T he representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been specially trained to promote his particular new product.3. O nly after animal studies have proved efficacy can clinical evaluation of new drugs be undertaken.4. N ew drug evaluation in man can be divided into four phases each of which should be conducted under strict supervision.5. A dose-ranging study should only be performed on volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6. D ose-ranging studies should only be performed under medical supervision, as there exist some possible risks during the test.7. L arge scale clinical trials in Phase 3 are to establish new drug’s profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.8. T he expensive cost in drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical manufacturer, which justifiably expects to recoup it when the product is finally marketed.9. I nformation about the new drug published in well-established journals is more reliable than that offered by the medical representative whose livelihood depends on the ability to promote the product.10.Heavy investment in promotion has not simply led to the use of undistinguished new drugs, but to a higher cost of the drugs as well.药理学范畴Translation1. T he science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists.2. P harmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science.3. P harmacologists should not only understand the normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.4. P roperly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy the race.5. D uring the first part of the twentieth century there have been enormous strides in the field of pharmacology.6. M an continues to strive, not only for a longer life span, but for a healthier one as well.7. W ith the frequent use of more than one therapeutic agent by a patient, particularly the elderly, drug interactions that result in toxicity are likely events.8. T he clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.9. M ost of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemicals, the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly decreased.10.As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, pathology, etc..良药滥用-----Translation1. A lthough the development of antibiotics has been of incalculable benefit to mankind, it has also given rise to serious complications.2. T he widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the natural evolution of strains of disease germs which are resistant to such medications.3. A new multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, now prevalent in the world, causes serious infections that may not respond to chemotherapy.4. S ome antibiotics are effective against a large range of microorganisms, they are, therefore, known as broad-spectrum antibiotics.5. S ome drugs may not cause physical dependence, or addiction, but many persons do become habituated to their use.6. D rug abuse is thought of as the misuse of drugs potentially harmful to the individual user or to society.7. M any persons, believing that antibiotics can cure any disease, press their doctors for a dose of penicillin for such virus ailment as influenza.8. A ddiction is the body’s continued need for drug s because of their physiological effects after they are first taken.9. I n comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are much less widely known.10.Antibiotics are used so carelessly around the world that they are creating a new health threat to mankind.抗癌的食物（全文翻译）现在饮食开始被考虑作为抵抗癌症的主要武器。

女生化妆品英语作文英文回答：Cosmetics: An Art of Enhancing Beauty.Cosmetics, often referred to as makeup, have been an integral part of human civilization for centuries. From the ancient Egyptians to the modern era, people have sought to use cosmetics to enhance their appearance, express their creativity, and conform to societal beauty standards.Types of Cosmetics.The world of cosmetics is vast and diverse, encompassing a wide range of products designed to beautify various aspects of the face and body. Some common types of cosmetics include:Base Makeup: This category includes products such as foundation, concealer, and powder, which are used to createan even complexion and cover up imperfections.Eye Makeup: Eye makeup products enhance the eyes and create a variety of looks. These include eyeshadow, eyeliner, mascara, and false eyelashes.Lip Makeup: Lipstick, lip gloss, and lip liner are used to define and color the lips, adding a pop of color or creating a subtle, natural look.Skincare Cosmetics: While not strictly considered makeup, skincare products play a crucial role in enhancing the appearance of the skin. They include moisturizers, serums, and masks, which nourish, protect, and rejuvenate the skin.Body Cosmetics: Body cosmetics, such as body lotion, body scrubs, and sunscreens, enhance the appearance and health of the body's skin.Benefits of Cosmetics.Cosmetics offer numerous benefits, both physical and psychological:Enhanced Appearance: Cosmetics can help individuals improve their physical appearance by concealing flaws, enhancing features, and creating a more polished look.Self-Expression: Makeup can serve as a tool for self-expression, allowing individuals to experiment with different looks and showcase their creativity.Confidence Boost: Wearing makeup can boost self-confidence and make individuals feel more attractive and positive about themselves.Cultural Significance: Cosmetics have cultural significance in many societies, symbolizing beauty, social status, and even religious practices.Fashion Accessory: Cosmetics can be used as a fashion accessory to complement different outfits and styles.Cosmetics Industry.The cosmetics industry is a multi-billion-dollar enterprise that continues to grow year after year. It is driven by advancements in technology, the emergence of new ingredients, and the increasing demand for beauty products. The industry includes a myriad of companies, from established brands to niche startups, that cater to diverse customer needs and preferences.Conclusion.Cosmetics have played a significant role in human history, enhancing beauty, fostering self-expression, and impacting cultural norms. The industry continues to evolve, offering an ever-increasing range of products to meet the growing demand for enhancing and personalizing one's appearance.中文回答：化妆品，提升美丽的艺术。