2018年河南师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题试题试卷

2015年河南师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题(总分100,考试时间120分钟)V ocabulary and GrammarDirections: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that **pletes the sentence.1. The plans for the new office and apartment building were ________ a few weeks ago.A. drawn to recedeB. drawn outC. drawn upD. drawn in2. TV, if properly used, can ________ a child‟s imagination.A. stimulateB. arouseC. inciteD. arise3. Those battered old trousers of his are a ________ joke to all his friends.A. steadyB. standingC. stableD. persisting4. We wondered how the information was ________ to the press before it was officially announced.A. droppedB. seepedC. leakedD. dripped5. As you can see, this is a highly ________ computer system.A. intelligibleB. absorbingC. harmonizedD. sophisticated6. It‟s widely known that first aid is________ important and you can save lives if the right action is taken.A. terriblyB. hardlyC. scarcelyD. rarely7.  ________ they sometimes swim alone, dolphins usually congregate in large groups, often numbering in the hundreds.A. WhyB. AlthoughC. EvenD. Nevertheless8. Louisa May Alcott published her first book, Flower Fables, ________ of fairy tales,in 1854.A. which a collectionB. a collection wasC. a collectionD. in which a collection9. Copper ________ used by humans and is second only to iron in its utility through the ages.A. the first metalB. was the first metalC. the first metal thatD. being the first metal10. Shoddy goods at the exhibition will be sold at a reduced rate on a ________ bases.A. moneyB. changeC. dollarD. cash11. The students are allowed to take only such books ________ really necessary.A. as areB. as they areC. as whenD. as if12. ________ his parents‟ objections, he would have become an artist.A. It had not been forB. Hadn‟t it been forC. Had it not been forD. If had not been for13. Under no circumstances ________ to sell the land.A. will agreeB. they will agreeC. will agree theyD. will they agree14. It suddenly ________ on me that I had turned to the wrong person for help.A. dawnedB. occurredC. happenedD. known15. During his next race, in the last 100 meters he________ power and was beaten.A. came out ofB. ran out ofC. became out ofD. went out of16. Writing has given her a broader ________ on human nature.A. prospectB. aspectC. perspectiveD. interpretation17. Cars are involved in many accidents, and they ________ heart disease.A. contribute toB. attribute toC. tribute toD. result from18. Because he did a very poor job and came up with bad results, his boss felt that he hadn‟t ________his responsibilities.A. lived up toB. put up withC. looked forward toD. gone in for19. The bad news deprived them________ the hope that there was a safe and socially approved road to success and happiness.A. fromB. withC. aboutD. of20. Barnes ________ to involuntary manslaughter, and on May 29, 1981, a judge gave him three years in prison.A. pleaded guiltB. admitted guiltC. pleaded guiltyD. admitted guilty21. The early chill of approaching winter mingles with the ________ warmth of summer so that on dry days the air becomes alive.A. remainingB. delayingC. loiteringD. lingering22. I‟m afraid that cloth with a loose ________ will not wash well.A. shapeB. textureC. materialD. structure23. One of the problems our government has to deal with is the ________ of the growing number of plastic containers.A. dissolutionB. disposalC. disappearanceD. disposition24. The tap is ________ because it needs a new washer.A. dribblingB. rippingC. runningD. dripping25. Has he changed his mind again? I wish he‟d at least be ________.A. persistentB. consistentC. constantD. compatible26. She obviously had no ________ of discouraging the individual growth and self-respect of the students.A. desireB. intentionC. ambitionD. willingness27. We are not sure why she didn‟t go into the advanced class, but we ________ she failed the English Proficiency Test.A. predictB. deduceC. induceD. suspect28. The unfair criticism left Norman quite ________ with anger.A. spellboundB. speechlessC. silentD. mute29. The zoo attendant opened the cage and tried hard to ________ the tigers back in.A. pacifyB. reassureC. induceD. coax30. As a rule, Dad is generous, but as a businessman, he usually drives a hard ________.A. negotiationB. dealC. bargainD. agreementReading ComprehensionSection 1Directions: Read the following passages and then choose the best answer in each of the questions following them.Passage AWhich is safer—staying at home, traveling to work on public transport, or working in the office? Surprisingly, each of these carries the same risk, which is very low. However, what about **pared to working in the chemical industry? Unfortunately, the former is 65 times riskier than the latter! In fact, the accident rate of workers in the chemical industry is less than that of almost any of human activity, and almost as safe as staying at home.The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause death to those living nearby. It is this which makes chemical accidents so newsworthy. Fortunately, they are extremely rare. The most famous ones happened at Texas City (1947), Flixborough (1974), Seveso (1976), Pemex (1984) and Bhopal(1984).Some of these are always in the minds of the people even though the loss of life was small. No one died at Seveso, and only 28 workers at Flixborough. The worst accident of all was Bhopal, where up to 3,000 were killed. The Texas City explosion of fertilizer killed 552. The Pemex fire at a storage plant for natural gas in the suburbs of Mexico City took 542 lives, just a month before the unfortunate event at Bhopal.Some experts have discussed these accidents and used each accident to illustrate a particular danger. Thus the Texas City explosion was caused by tons of ammonium nitrate（硝酸铵）,which is safe unless stored in great quantity. The Flixborough fireball was the fault of management, which took risks to keep production going during essential repairs. The Seveso accident shows what happens if the local authorities lack knowledge of the danger on their doorstep. When the poisonous gas drifted over the town, local leaders were incapable of taking effective action. The Pemex fire was made worse by an overloaded site in an overcrowded suburb. The fire set off a chain reaction on exploding storage tanks. Yet, by a miracle, the two largest tanks did not explode. Had these caught fire, then 3,000 strong rescue team and fire fighters would all have died.31. Which of the following statements is true?A. Working at the office is safer than staying at home.B. Travelling to work on public transport is safer than working at the office.C. Staying at home is safer than working in the chemical industry.D. Working in the chemical industry is safer than traveling by air.32. Chemical accidents are usually important enough to be reported as news because ________.A. they are very rareB. they often cause loss of lifeC. they always occur in big citiesD. they arouse the interest of all the readers33. According to passage, the chemical accident that caused by the fault of management happened at ________.A. Texas cityB. FlixboroughC. SevesoD. Mexico City34. From the passage we know that ammonium nitrate is a kind of ________.A. natural gas, which can easily catch fireB. fertilizer, which can‟t be stored in a great quantityC. poisonous substance, which can‟t be used in overcrowded areasD. fuel, which is stored in large tanks35. From the discussion among some experts we may conclude that ________.A. to avoid any accidents we should not repair the facilities in chemical industryB. the local authorities should not be concerned with the production of the chemical industryC. all these accidents could have been avoided or controlled if effective measure had been takenD. natural gas stored in very large tanks is always safePassage BWhat we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poetry, art, or mathematics during pregnancy seem utterly impossible. How could such **plex influences pass from the mother to the child? There is no connection between their nervous systems.Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly. An emotional shock to the mother will affect her child, because it changes the activity of her glands and so the chemistry her blood. Any chemical change in the m other‟s blood will affect the child for better or worse. But we cannot see how a looking for mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar liking or genius in the child.In our discussion of instincts we saw that there was reason to believe that whatever we inherit must be of some very simple sort rather than **plicated or very definite kind of behavior. It is certain that no one inherits knowledge of mathematics. It may be, however, that children inherit more or less of a rather general ability that we may call intelligence. If very intelligent children become deeply interested in mathematics, they will probably make a success of that study.As for musical ability, it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of the hands or the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to learn the movements a musician must execute,and particularly vigorous emotions. If these factors are all organized around music, the child may become a musician. The same factors, in other circumstance might be organized about some other center of interest.The rich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry. The capable fingers might develop skill in surgery. It is not the knowledge of music that is inherited, then nor even the love of it, but a certain bodily structure that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical knowledge and skill. Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other undertaking may be decided entirely by forces in the environment in which a child grows up.36. Which of the following statements is not true?A. Some mothers try to influence their unborn children by studying art and other subjects during their pregnancy.B. It is utterly impossible for us to learn anything about prenatal development.C. The blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly.D. There are no connection between mother‟s nervous systems and her unborn child‟s.37. A mother will affect her unborn baby on the condition that ________.A. she is emotionally shockedB. she has a good knowledge of inheritanceC. she takes part in all kind of activitiesD. she sticks to studying38. According to the passage, a child may inherit ________.A. everything from his motherB. knowledge of mathematicsC. a rather general ability that we call intelligenceD. her mother‟s musical ability39. If a child inherits something from his mother, such as an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of the hands or of the vocal organs, he will ________.A. surely become musicianB. mostly become a poetC. possibly become a teacherD. become a musician on the condition that all these factors are organized around music40. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Role of Inheritance.B. An Unborn Child.C. Function of instincts.D. Inherited Talents.Section 2Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and forma. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of “trash talk”. The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the **mon talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society‟s moral catastrophes, yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments of other people‟s lives.Live Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction, the show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual‟s quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your workweek, to getting to know your pared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a “final word”. He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show‟s main target audiences are middle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and stability to deal with life‟s tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18- to 21-year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show‟s exploitation.While the two sh ows are as different as night and day, both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.41. What do you think of the Jerry Springer and the Oprah **pared with other TV talk shows? List some words to support yourselves.42. What kinds of characteristics are contained in Jerry Springer talks and Oprah Winfrey talks respectively?43. Why are Jerry Springer talks and Oprah Winfrey talks so popular?If you want to know why Denmark is the world‟s leader in wind power, start with a three-hour car trip from the capital Copenhagen—mind the bicyclists—to the small town of Lem on the far west coast of Jutland. You‟ll fell it as you cross the 6.8 km—long Great Belt Bridge: Denmark‟s bountiful wind, so fierce even on a calm summer‟s day that it threatens to shove your car into the waves below. But wind itself is only part of the reason. In Lem, workers in factories the size of aircraft hangers build the wind turbines sold by Vestas, the **pany that has emerged as the industry‟s top manufacturer around the globe. The work is both gross and fine; employees weld together massive curved sheets of steel to make central shafts as tall as a 14-story building, and assemble engine housings that hold some 18,000 separate parts. Most impressive are the turbine‟s blades, which scoop the wind with each sweeping revolution. As smooth as an Olympic swimsuit and honed to aerodynamic perfection, each blade weighs in at 7,000 kg, and they‟re what help make vestas‟ turbines the best in the world. “The blade is where the secret is,” says Erik Therkelsen, a vestas executive. “I f we can make a turbine, it‟s sold.”But technology, like the wind itself, is just one more part of the reason for Denmark‟s dominance. In the end, it happened because Denmark had the political and public will to decide that it wanted to be a leader—and to follow through. Beginning in 1979, the government began a determined programme of subsidies and loan guarantees to build up its wind industry. Copenhagen covered 30% of investment costs, and guarantees loans for large turbine exporters such as Vestas. It also mandated that utilities purchase wind energy at a preferential price—thus guaranteeing investors a customer base. Energy taxes were channeled into research centers, where engineers crafted designs that would eventually produce cutting-edge giants like Vestas‟ 3-magawatt (MW) V90 turbine.As a result, wind turbines now dot Denmark. The country gets more than 19% of its electricity from the breeze (Spain and Portugal, the next highest countries, get about 10%) and **panies control one-third of the global wind market, earning billions in exports and creating a national champion from scratch. “They were out early in driving renewables, and that gave them the chance to be a technology leader and a job-creation leader,” says Jake Schmidt, international climate policy director for the New York City-based Natural Resources Defense Council. “They have always been one or two steps ahead of others.”The challenge now for Denmark is to help the rest of the world catch up. Beyond wind, the country (pop. 5.5 million) is a world leader in energy efficiency, getting more GDP per watt than any other member of the E.U. Carbon emissions are down 13.3% from 1990 levels and total energy consumption has barely moved, even as Denmark‟s eco nomy continued to grow at a healthy clip. With Copenhagen set to host all-important U.N. climate change talks in December—where the world hopes for a successor to the expiring Kyoto Protocol—and the global recession beginning to hit environmental plans in capitals everywhere, Denmark‟s example couldn‟t be more timely. “We‟ll try to make Denmark a showroom,” says Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen. “You can reduce energy use and carbon emission, and achieve economic growth.&rd quo;It‟s tempting to assume that Denmark is innately green, with the kind of Scandinavian good conscience that has made it such apleasant global citizen since, oh, the whole Viking thing. But the country‟s policies were actually born from a different emotion, one now in common currency: fear. When the 1973 oil crisis hit, 90% of Denmark‟s energy came from petroleum, almost all of it imported. Buffeted by the same supply shocks that hit the rest of the developed world, Denmark launched a rapid drive for energy conservation, to the point of introducing car-free Sundays and asking business to switch off lights during closing hours. Eventually the Mideast oil started flowing again, and the Danes themselves began enjoying the benefits of the petroleum and natural gas in their slice of the North Sea. It was enough to make them more than self-sufficient. But unlike most other countries, Denmark never forgot the lessons of 1973, and kept driving for greater energy efficiency and a more diversified energy supply. The Danish parliament raised taxes on energy to encourage conservation and established subsidies and standard to support more efficient buildings. “It all started out without any regard for the climate or the environment,” says Svend Auken, the former head of Denmark‟s opposition Social Democrat Party and the architect of the country‟s environmental policies in the 1990s. “But today there‟s a consensus that we need to build renewable power.”To the rest of the world, Denmark has the power of its example, showing that you can stay rich and grow green at the same time. “Denmark has proven that acting on climate can be a positive experience, not just painful,” says NRDC‟s Schmidt. The real pain **e from failing to follow in their footsteps.44. What does the author mean by “Denmark‟s example couldn‟t be more timely”?45. According to the passage, what is the origination of Denmark‟s energy-saving policies? Writing46. For this part, you are required to write a composition of about 400 words entitled “Say No to Chinese in English Class”.。

2018年翻译硕士考研英语练习题及答案I. V ocabulary and grammar (30’)Multiple choicesDirections: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. Thousands of people turned out into the streets to _________ against the local authorities’ decision to build a highway across the field.A. contradictB. reformC. counterD. protest2. The majority of nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a _________.A. minorityB. scarcityC. rarityD. minimum3. Professor Johnson’s retirement _______ from next January.A. carries into effectB. takes effectC. has effectD. puts into effect4. The president explained that the purpose of taxation was to ________ government spending.A. financeB. expandC. enlargeD. budget5. The heat in summer is no less _________ here in this mountain region.A. concentratedB. extensiveC. intenseD. intensive6. Taking photographs is strictly ________ here, as it may damage the precious cave paintings.A. forbiddenB. rejectedC. excludedD. denied7. Mr. Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will _________.A. pull backB. pull upC. pull throughD. pull out8. Since the early nineties, the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand, always-available products and services that suit the customer’s _________ rather than the company’s.A. benefitB. availabilityC. suitabilityD. convenience9. The priest made the ________ of the cross when he entered the church.A. markB. signalC. signD. gesture10. This spacious room is ________ furnished with just a few articles in it.A. lightlyB. sparselyC. hardlyD. rarely11. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.A. would beB. will have beenC. wasD. were12. With some men dressing down and some other men flaunting their looks, it is really hard to tell they are gay or _________.A. straightB. homosexualC. beautifulD. sad13. His remarks were ________ annoy everybody at the meeting.A. so as toB. such as toC. such toD. as much as to14. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday.A. will comeB. was comingC. had been comingD. came15. _________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.A. I was and always will beB. I have to be and always will beC. I had been and always will beD. I have been and always will be16. Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful, we will have to install _________ solar heating device in our home.A. some type ofB. some types of aC. some type of aD. some types of17. I went there in 1984, and that was the only occasion when I ________ the journey in exactly two days.A. must takeB. must have madeC. was able to makeD. could make18. I know he failed his last test, but really he’s _________ stupid.A. something butB. anything butC. nothing butD. not but19. Do you know Tim’s brother? He is _________ than Tim.A. much more sportsmanB. more of a sportsmanC. more of sportsmanD. more a sportsman20. That was not the first time he ________ us. I think it’s high time we ________ strong actions against him.A. betrayed… takeB. had betrayed… tookC. has betrayed… tookD. has betrayed… takeII. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AThe Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Governments financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always hadbragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nati on’s symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”1. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant toA. maintain the present status among the nations.B. reduce legislative powers of England.C. create a better state of equality among the nations.D. grant more say to all the nations in the union.2. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph meansA. separatist.B. conventional.C. feudal.D. political3. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. people’s desire for devolution.B. locals’ turnout for the voting.C. powers of the legislative body.D. status of the national language.4. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?A. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight.5. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed isA. people’s mentality.B. pop culture.C. town’s appearance.D. possibilities for the people.Passage BThe miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food, warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labor unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands, many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in decline. Labor-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans realized that Socia l Security won’t provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k) is that it puts most of the responsibility for a pe rson’s economic fate back on the employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s worth when the employee retires.Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold. Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed pla n administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to.But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their 401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away fro m guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a 20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.6. Why does the author say at the beginnin g “The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history…”?A. Because the company has gone bankrupt.B. Because such events would never happen again.C. Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.D. Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.7. According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change inA. people’s outlook on life.B. people’s life styles.C. people’s living standard.D. people’s social values.8. Changes in pension schemes were also part ofA. the corporate lay-offs.B. the government cuts in welfare spending.C. the economic restructuring.D. the warning power of labors unions.9. Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly becauseA. the 401(k) made them responsible for their own future.B. Enron offered to add company stock to their investment.C. their employers intended to cut back on pension spending.D. Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan.10. Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?A. The 401(k) assets should be placed in more than one investment option.B. Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.C. Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.D. Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.Section 2 Answering questions (20’)Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions 1～3For 40 years the sight of thousands of youngsters striding across the open moorland has been as much an annual fixture as spring itself. But the 2,400 school pupils who join the grueling Dartmoor Ten Tors Challenge next Saturday may be among the last to take part in the May tradition. The trek faces growing criticism from environmentalists who fear that the presence of so many walkers on one weekend threatens the survival of some of Dartmoor’s internationally rare bird species.The Ten Tors Challenge takes place in the middle of the breeding season, when the slightest disturbance can jeopardize birds’ chances of reproducing successfully. Experts at the RSPB and the Dartmoor National Park Authority fear that the walkers could frighten birds and even crush eggs. They are now calling for the event to be moved to the autumn, when the breeding season is over and chicks should be well established. Organisers of the event, which is led by about 400 Territorial Army volunteers, say moving it would be impractical for several reasons and would mean pupils could not train properly for the 55-mile trek. Dartmoor is home to 10 rare species of ground-nesting birds, including golden plovers, dunlins and lapwings. In some cases, species are either down to their last two pairs on the moor or are facing a nationwide decline.Emma Parkin, South-west spokeswoman for the PASPB, took part in the challenge as a schoolgirl. She said the society had no objections to the event itself but simply wanted it moved to another time of year. “It is a wonderful activity for the children who take part bu t, having thousands of people walking past in one weekend when birds are breeding is hardly ideal,” she said. “We would prefer it to take place after the breeding and nesting season is over. There is a risk of destruction and disturbance. If the walkers put a foot in the wrong place they can crush the eggs and if there is sufficient disturbance the birds might abandon the nest.” Helen Booker, an RSPB upland conservation officer, said there was no research into the scale of the damage but there was little do ubt the walk was detrimental. “If people are tramping past continually it can harm the chances of successful nesting. There is also the fear of direct trampling of eggs.” A spokesman for the Dartmoor National Park Authority said the breeding season on the moor lasted from earlyMarch to mid-July, and the Ten Tors Challenge created the potential for disturbance for March, when participants start training.To move the event to the autumn was difficult because children would be on holiday during the training period. There was a possibility that some schools in the Southwest move to a four-term year in 2004, “but until then any change was unlikely. The authority last surveyed bird life on Dartmoor two year ago and if the next survey showed any further decline, it would increase pressure to move the Challenge,” he said.Major Mike Pether, secretary of the army committee that organises the Challenge, said the event could be moved if there was the popular will. “The Ten Tors has been running for 42 years and it has always been at this time of the year. It is almost in tablets of stone but that’s not to say we won’t consider moving if there is a consensus in favour. However, although the RSPB would like it moved, 75 per cent of the people who take part want it to stay as it is,” he said. Major Pether said the trek could not be moved to earlier in the year because it would conflict with the lambing season, most of the children were on holiday in the summer, and the winter weather was too harsh.Datmoor National Park occupies some 54 sq km of hills topped by granite outcrops known as “Tors” with the highest Tor-capped hill reaching 621m. The valleys and dips between the hills are often sites of bogs to snare the unwary hiker. The moor has long been used by the British Army as a training and firing range. The origin of the event stretches back to 1959 when three Army officers exercising on the moor thought it would provide a challenge for civilians as well as soldiers. In the first year 203 youngsters took up the challenges. Since then teams, depending on age and ability, face hikes of 35, 45 or 55 miles between 10 nominated Tors over two days. They are expected to carry everything they need to survive.1. What is the Ten Tors Challenge? Give a brief introduction of its location and history.2. Why is it suggested that the event be moved to the autumn or other seasons?3. What are the difficulties if the event is moved to the autumn or other seasons?Questions 4～5Mike and Adam Hurewitz grew up together on Long Island, in the suburbs of New York City. They were very close, even for brothers. So when Adam’s liver started failing, Mike offered to give him half of his. The operation saved Adam’s life. But Mike, who went into the hospital in seemingly excellent health, developed a complication—perhaps a blood colt—and died last week. He was 57. Mike Hurewitz’s death has prompted a lot of soul searching in the transplant community. Was it a tragic fluke or a sign that transplant surgery has reached some kind of ethical limit? The Mount Sinai Medical Center, the New York City hospital where the complex double operation was performed, has put on hold its adult living donor liver transplant program, pending a review of Hurewitz’s death. Mount Sinai has performed about 100 such operation s in the past three years.A 1-in-100 risk of dying may not seem like bad odds, but there’s more to this ethical dilemma than a simple ratio. The first and most sacred rule of medicine is to do no harm. “For a normal healthy person a mortality rate 1% is h ard to justify,” says Dr. John Fung, chief of transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. “If the rate stays at 1%, it’s just not going to be accepted.” On the other hand, there’s an acute shortage of traditional donor organs from people who have died in accidents or suffered fatal heart attacks. If family members fullyunderstand the risks and are willing to proceed, is there any reason to stand in their way? Indeed, a recent survey showed that most people will accept a mortality rate for living organ donors as high as 20%. The odds, thankfully, aren’t nearly that bad. For kidney donors, for example, the risk ranges from 1 in 2, 500 to 1 in 4, 000 for a healthy volunteer. That helps explain why nearly 40% of kidney transplants in the U.S. come from living donors.The operation to transplant a liver, however, is a lot trickier than one to transplant a kidney. Not only is the liver packed with blood vessels, but it also makes lots of proteins that need to be produced in the right ratios for the body to survive. When organs from the recently deceased are used, the surgeon gets to pick which part of the donated liver looks the best and to take as much of it as needed. Assuming all goes well, a healthy liver can grow back whatever portion of the organ is missing, sometimes within a month.A living-donor transplant works particularly well when an adult donates a modest portion of the liver to a child. Usually only the left lobe of the organ is required, leading to a mortality rate for living-donors in the neighborhood of 1 in 500 to 1 in 1, 000. But when the recipient is another adult, as much as 60% of the donor’s liver has to be removed. “There really is very little margin for error,” says Dr. Fung. By way of analogy, he suggests, think of a tree. “An adult-to-child living-donor transplant is like cutting off a limb. With an adult-to-adult transplant, you’re splitting the trunk in half and trying to keep both halves alive.”Even if a potential donor understand and accepts these risks, that doesn’t necessarily mean the operation should proceed. All sorts of subtle pressures can be brought to bear on such a decision, says Dr. Mark Siegler, director of the MacLean for Clinical Medical Ethics at the University of Chicago. “Sometimes the sicker the pa tient, the greater the pressure and the more willing the donor will be to accept risks.” If you feel you can’t say no, is your decision truly voluntary? And if not, is it the medical community’s responsibility to save you from your own best intentions?Transplant centers have developed screening programs to ensure that living donors fully understand the nature of their decision. But unexamined, for the most part, is the larger issue of just how much a volunteer should be allowed to sacrifice to save another human being. So far, we seem to be saying some risk is acceptable, although we’re still vaguer about where the cutoff should be. There will always be family members like Mike Hurewitz who are heroically prepared to make the ultimate sacrifice for a loved one. What the medical profession and society must decide is if it’s appropriate to let them do so.4. Describe in your own words the liver transplant between the two brothers Mike and Adam.5. What is the major issue raised in the article?III. Writing (30’)Some people see education simply as going to school or college, or as a means to secure good jobs; other people view education as a lifelong process. In your opinion, how important is education to people in the modern society?Write a composition of about 400 words on your view of the topic.翻译硕士英语模练习参考答案I. V ocabulary and grammar (30’)1-10 DABAC ACDDB11-20 AABBD ACBBCII. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)1. C2. A3. D4. B5. A6. D7. A8. C9. B 10. BSection 2 Answe ring questions (20’)Key points1. located in Dartmoor Park/with 54 sq km of hills covered by “Tors”/an event starting from 1959/young people walking over a distance of 55-mile trek in two days/in Spring (May)/ a kind of outdoor physical training2. enviro nmentalism/threatening of some “internationally rare bird species”/breeding season/nesting season/destroying eggs/frightening birds/declining of birds3. if moved to autumn/children “on holiday” during the training period/majority unwilling to change the time/if moved earlier: lambing season/winter: too harsh and cold4. Mike and Adam/one’s liver “failing”, Mike donated half of his liver/Adam survived/Mike, the healthy brother, due to the “complication” developed in the operation, died after the successful transplant5. when there is a risk of donors’ dying from organ transplant between family members/1 in 100 risk/higher or lower/Shall such transplant operations be encouraged?/different viewpoints/heated argumentIII. Writing (30’)Education as a Lifelong ProcessWhen we talk about education, we can easily think of schools, colleges and young people. As a matter of fact, education is so important in modern society that it can be viewed as a lifelong process.Firstly, it’s the requirement of fast-developing society to receive education despite of your age. Our world is changing dramatically with the development of new science and technology. A person who completed his education at school in the 1970s or the 1980s may have encountered new problems when he is working now. The problems might have something to do with his major or other aspects. For example an accountant now must master the skills of accounting through computers, which is a basic tool for him, so he should also learn how to apply his job in a computer no matter how old he is.Secondly, education creates human character and moralities. Through education, youth may learn how to make contributions to the world. And the old may learn new things to enrich their lives. Through education, a healthy person can become stronger and a disabled person can have a new hope on his life. Man can find great pleasure in education.Thirdly, our modem society has provided everyone with the chance to receive education. As long as you wish you could get education by attending night-schools, adult colleges, trainingcenters and even long-distance education through Internet and TV.In a word, knowledge is boundless, and life is limited. So education is a lifelong process.。

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2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一)答案在最后哦～Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A， B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things： child care， friendships, etc。

On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries ahigh 3。

4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution， their brains release oxytocin， a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another。

........................优质文档..........................2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码与名称：244英语适用专业或方向：日语语言文学法语语言文学表考试时间：3小时满分：100分试题编号：A春（必须在答题纸上答题，在试卷上答题无效，答题纸可向监考老师索要）Part I Cloze（每小题1分,共20分）Directions:There are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage.You should write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Even though it was only October,my students were already whispering about Christmas plans.With each passing day everyone became more1waiting for the final school bell.Upon its2everyone would run for their coats and go hone,everyone except David.David was a small boy in ragged clothes.I had often3what kind of home life David had,and what kind of mother could send her son to school dressed so4or the cold winter months,without a coat,boots,or gloves.But something made David5 I can still remember he was always6a smile and willing to help.He always7 after school to straighten chairs and mop the floor.We never talked much.He8 just smile and ask what else he could do,then thank me for letting him stay and slowly9 home.Weeks passed and the10over the coming Christmas grew into restlessness until the last day of 11before the holiday break.I smiled in12as the last of them hurried out the door.Turning around I saw David13standing by my desk.“I have something for you"he said14from behind his back a small box._[5it to me,he said anxiously,"Open it".I took the box from him,thanked him and slowly unwrapped it.I lift the lid and to my16saw nothing I looked at David's smiling face and back into the box and said."The box is nice,David,but it's17.“Oh no,it isn't"said David"It's full of love,my mum told me before she died that love was something you couldn't see or touch unless you know it's there".Tears filled my eves18I looked at the proud dirty race that I had rarely given19to.After that Christmas,David and I became good friends and I never forgot the meaning20the little empty box set on my desk.第1页，共8页1.A.anxious B.courageous C.serious D.cautious2.A.warning B.ringing C.calling D.yelling3.A.scolded B.wondered C.realized D.learned4.A.modestly B.naturally C.inaccurately D.inappropriately5.A.popular B.upset C.special D.funny6.A.expressing B.delivering C.wearing D.sharing7.A.practiced B.wandered C.studied D.stayed8.A.would B.should C.might D.could9.A.aim at B.turn to C.put off D.head for10.A.argument B.excitement C.movement D.program11.A.school B.year cation D.program12.A.relief B.return C.vain D.control13.A.weakly B.sadly C.quietly D.helplessly14.A.searched B.found C.raised D.pulled15.A.Holding B.Handing C.Sending D.Leaving16.A.delight B.expectation C.appreciation D.surprise17.A.cheap B.empty eless D.improper18.A.as B.until C.because D.though19.A.advice B.support C.attention mand20.A.from B.behind C.over D.towardsPart II Reading Comprehension(每小题2分，共40分)Directions:There are4passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage1An English dictionary is the most important thing you will need when learning English.A good dictionary will help you learn hundreds of new words,improve your pronunciation and grammar.When you think of a dictionary,you usually think of a bilingual dictionary,such as an English-German dictionary and a French-English dictionary.There is also another kind of dictionary: an English-English(monolingual)dictionary.Such a dictionary is written only in English.English words are defined or explained in English.English-English dictionaries are better than bilingual dictionaries in that English definitions are real English phrases with grammar and words.There are two kinds of English-English dictionaries:dictionaries for learners and dictionaries for native speakers.Dictionaries for native speakers are used by Americans,Britons,etc.to look up very difficult words,such as tintinnabulation.Dictionaries for learners are used by people who are learning English as a second language.第2页，共8页Dictionaries for native speakers usually have more words than dictionaries for learners,but the definitions are complicated,and there are fewer example sentences.If possible,get a software dictionary instead of a paper one.Software dictionaries let you look up words very quickly.What's more,a computer dictionary has more space than a paper one,so it can give more information or it can present the same information in a clearer way.In many software dictionaries,you can listen to recordings,too.A good dictionary must give example sentences for every word.Example sentences are not just helpful—they are actually more important than definitions.While a definition tells you the meaning of a word and sometimes gives you some grammatical information,example sentences can have more advantages.They let you check if you've understood the definition correctly,show you how to use a word in sentences and program your brain to produce correct English sentences.It is a good idea to have at least two dictionaries:a large one to use at home,and a small one to carry with you.It is an even better idea to have at least two large dictionaries.Two example sentences are better than one.With more examples,you have a more complete picture of how a word is used and you can express more in English better.21.Which of the following statements about dictionaries is NOT true?A.A Chinese-English dictionary is a bilingual dictionary.B.Definitions in bilingual dictionaries are real English phrases with grammar and words.C.English words in English-English dictionaries are defined or explained in English.D.English words in English-English dictionaries are not translated.22.If you are a Chinese college student,and favor as many example sentences as possible to learnEnglish words,what kind of dictionary will be the best choice?A.A large bilingual dictionary for native speakers.B.A large bilingual dictionary for learners.C.A large monolingual dictionary for native speakers.D.A large monolingual dictionary for learners.23.What is the possible meaning of the underlined word l,tintinnabulation"in Paragraph three?A.Difficult.B.Dictionaries for learners.C.Dictionaries for native speakers.D.No hint to reveal its meaning.24.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A.Typing a word on a keyboard is faster than turning pages in a large,heavy dictionary.B.Software dictionaries rather than paper ones can tell you how to pronounce a word.C.A paper dictionary can provide more information than a software one.D.A computer dictionary can present the same information in a clearer way than a paper one.25.Why are example sentences more important than definitions?A.It is not definition but example sentences that can provide some grammatical information.B.Example sentences can help you check whether the definition of a word is correct or not.C.Example sentences can help you learn the usage of a word.第3页，共8页D.Example sentences can program your brain to pronounce English sentences correctly. Passage2“Mind over matter"is an English saying meaning that we can control our bodies with our minds. Now scientists are finding more increasing evidence that our mind can have a great effect on our physical health.Since our mind influences how we feel,its impossible to say that someone is il! just because he feels ili.The influence of the mind on how we feel is the basis of what is known as the placebo effect.A placebo(which is Latin for"I shall please".)is a harmless,inactive substance.Patients are sometimes given placebo pills and begin to feel better because they believe that they have been given real drugs and expect to respond to them.The placebo effect is very strong:research on pain suggests that up to30%of the effect of most painkillers is a placebo effect.So if it's so powerful,why don't doctors use it today?According to Dr.Persaud,they really do.11Al I these things like wearing a white coat,going to a hospital,being scanned have a very strong placebo effect,"he says.26.The English saying"mind over matter"means that.A.sound mind is more important than good healthB.our mind has strong effect on our bodyC.our physical health has nothing to do with our mindD.mental health mainly depends on physical health27.According to the first paragraph,if you feel ill,.A.you don't need to see a doctorB.you are still in good conditionC.it doesn't necessarily mean that you are physically illD.it is obvious that you suffer from a disease28.According to the passage,placebos.A.are real effective pillsB.are not real drugsC.can relieve all kinds of painD.may make patients feel worse29.The placebo effect is based on.A.a response of the body to drugsB.a harmless,inactive substanceC.the constant use of some special drugsD.the influence of our minds on our bodies30.From the passage it can be seen that there will be no placebo effect if a patient.A.is dressed in whiteB.has a physical examC.takes sugar pillsD.sees a doctor第4页，共8页Passage3If you are a male and you are reading this,congratulations:you are a survivor.According to statistics,you are more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a woman,and nine times more likeiy to die of AIDS.Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term,about78years for men in Australia,you will die on average five years before a woman.There are many reasons for this,typically,men take more risks than women and are more likely to drink and smoke but perhaps more importantly,men don't go to the doctor."Men aren't seeing doctors as often as they should,"says Dr.Gullotta,"This is particularly so for the over-40s,when diseases tend to strike.”Gullotta says a healthy man should visit the doctor every year or two.For those over45,it should be at least once a year.Two months ago,Gullotta saw a50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker's cough for a year."When I finally saw him it had already spread and he has since died from lung cancer,"he says,,"Earlier detection and treatment may not have cured him,but it would have prolonged his life. **According to a recent survey,95%of women aged between15and early40s see a doctor once a year,compared to70%of men in the same age group.U A lot of men think they are invincible（不可战胜的）,"Gullotta says."They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think,"Geez,if it couldhappen to him,Then there is the ostrich approach,“some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know,"says Dr.Ross Cartmill."Most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies,"Cartmill says. He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups.''Regular check-ups for men would inevitably place strain(紧张)on the public purse,"Cartmill says."But prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases.Besides,the ultimate cost is far greater：it is called premature death."31.Why does the author congratulate his male readers at the beginning of the passage?A.They are more likely to survive serious diseases today.B.Their average life span has been considerably extended.C.They have lived long enough to read this article.D.They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier life.32.What does the author state is the most important reason men die five years earlier on averagethan women?A.Men drink and smoke much more than women.B.Men don't seek medical care as often as women.C.Men aren't as cautions as women in face of danger.D.Men are more likely to suffer from fatal diseases.第5页，共8页33.Which of the following best completes the sentence—"Geez,if it could happen to him,?(Iine2,para,8)A.it could happen to me,tooB.I should avoid playing golfC.I should consider myself luckyD.it would be a big misfortune34.What does Dr.Ross Cartmill mean by"the ostrich approach"?(line1,Para.9)A.a casual attitude towards one's health conditionsB.a new therapy for certain psychological problemsC.refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involvedD.unwillingness to find out about one's disease because of fear35.What does Cartmill say about regular check-ups for men?A.They may increase public expensesB.They will save money in the long runC.They may cause psychological strains on menD.They will enable men to live as long as womenPassage4A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading.It is remarkable first for what it contains:the range of news from local crime to international politics,from sport to business to fashion to science,and the range of comment and special features（特写）as well,from editorial page to feature articles and interviews to criticism of books,art,theatre and music.A newspaper is even more remarkable for the way one reads it:never completely,never straight through,but always by jumping from here to there,in and not glancing at one piece,reading another article all the way through,reading just a few paragraphs of the next.A good modern newspaper offers variety to attract many different readers,but far more than nay one reader is interested in.What brings this variety together in one place is its topicality（时事性），its immediate relation to what is happening in your world and your locality now,but immediacy and the speed of production that goes with it mean also that much of what papers in a newspaper has no more than transient（短暂的）value.For all these reasons,no two people really read the same paper:what each person does is to put together out of the pages of that day's paper,his own selection and sequence,his own newspaper.For all these reasons,reading newspapers efficiently,which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time,demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.36.A modern newspaper is remarkable for all the following except its.A.wide coverageB.uniform styleC.speed in reporting newsD.popularity37.According to the passage,the reason why no two people really read the"same"newspaper is that第6页，共8页.A.people scan for the news they are interested inB.different people prefer different newspapersC.people are rarely interested in the same kind of newsD.people have different views about what a good newspaper is38.lt can be conclude from the passage that newspaper readers.A.apply reading techniques skillfullyB.jump from one newspaper to anotherC.appreciate the variety of a newspaperually read a newspaper selectively39.A good newspaper offers"a variety"to readers because.A.it tries to serve different readersB.it has to cover things that happen in a certain localityC.readers are difficult to pleaseD.readers like to read different newspapers4O.The best title for this passage would be"A.The Importance of Newspaper TopicalityB.The Characteristics of a Good NewspaperC.The Variety of a Good NewspaperD.Some Suggestions on How to Read a NewspaperPart III Translation（每部分10分,共20分）Section A（10分）Directions:For this section,you are allowed to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on the Answer Sheet.最近在高校毕业生拝业问题上出现一种倾向，这就是毕业生越来越青睐在公司工作，很少人到研究单位。

2018年考研英语翻译真题解析考研英语是一门需要长时间积累的学科，对于备战2022考研的学子们来说，需要大家对历年翻译真题的句子自己先翻译一遍，再仔细分析一遍，今天我们来看2018年的第二个句子。

47.No boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.断句：No boy /who went to a grammar school /could be ignorant /that the drama was a form of literature /which gave glory to Greece and Rome /and might yet bring honor to England.(一)拆分主句和从句----拆分标志：标点和连词，此句没有标点，有连词who, that; which;1. who went to a grammar school2. that the drama was a form of literature3. which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.(二)抓主干，识修饰1. 主干：No boy could be ignorant that宾从2. 修饰：定语从句：who went to a grammar school ，修饰主语boy表语后的宾语从句：that the drama was a form of literature定语从句：which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England，修饰literature(三) 根据翻译技巧确定句意1. 主句属于主系表结构，顺译：没有一个男孩不了解2. 表语后的宾语从句，顺译：戏剧是一种文学形式3. 定语从句，少于8个单词，译到修饰的名词前。

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the followin g text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Wh y do people read ne g ative Internet comments and do other thin g s that will obviousl y be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertaint y, accordin g to a recent stud y in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so stron g that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the Universit y of Chica g o and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students'willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twent y-seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told onl y that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would .8Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fin g ernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgustin g insects.The drive to 10 is deepl y rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, sa y s Christopher Hsee of the Universit y of Chica g o. Curiosity is often considered a g ood instinct -it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance -but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insi g ht that curiosity can drive y ou to do 14 thin g s is a profound one.U呻ealth y curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encoura g ed to 16 how the y would feel after viewin g an unpleasant picture were less likel y to 17 to see such an ima g e. These results su gg est that ima g inin g the 18 of followin g throu g h on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. "Thinkin g about lon g-term 20 is ke y to reducin g the possible ne g ative effects of curiosit y," Hsee sa y s. In other words, don't read online comments.1. A. protect2. A. refuse3. A. hurt4. A. alert5. A. message6. A. remove7. A. When8. A. continue9. A. rather than10. A. discover11. A. pay12. A. lead to13. A. withdrawal14. A. self-reliant15. A. define16. A. overlook17. A. remember18. A. relief19. A. why20. A. consequences Part A Directions: B. resolve C. discuss D. ignoreB. waitC. regretD. seekB. lastC. misleadD. riseB. tieC. treatD. exposeB. reviewC. trialD. concept B. weaken C. interrupt D. deliverB. IfC. ThoughD. UnlessB. happenC. disappearD. changeB. regardless ofC. such asD. owing to B. forgive C. forget D. disagree B. marriage C. schooling D. foodB. rest onC. learn fromD. begin with B. persistence C. inquiry D. diligence B. self-destructive C. self-evident D. self-deceptive B. resist C. replace D. traceB. predictC. designD. concealB. promiseC. chooseD. pretendB. planC. dutyD. outcome B. whether C. where D.howB. investmentsC. strategiesD. limitations Section II Reading ComprehensionRead the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as thou g h he has to justify his efforts to g ive his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of somethin g pioneerin g. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire hi g h school where learnin g is not somethin g of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterl y overwhelmed b y a broken bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learnin g in just about everythin g. Nothin g is necessaril y g ained b y forcin g students to learn g eometry at a graffitied desk stuck with g enerations of discarded chewin g gum. The y can also learn g eometry b y assemblin g a bic y cle.But he's also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Workin g with y our hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiorit y. Schools in the famil y of vocational education "have that stereotype…that it's for kids who can't make it academicall y," he sa y s.On one hand, that viewpoint is a lo g ical product of America's evolution. Manufacturin g is not the economic en g ine that it once was. The job securit y that the US econom y once offered to hi g h school graduates has lar g el y evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and ri g htfull y so.But the headlon g push into bachelor's degrees for all—and the subtle devaluin g of anythin g less—misses an important point: That's not the onl y thin g the American econom y needs. Yes, a bachelor's degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and hi g h-skill manufacturin g. But onl y 44 percent of workers are adequatel y trained.In other words, at a time when the workin g class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishin g, one obvious solution is starin g us in the face. There is a g ap in workin g-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them. Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology Hi g h School is tryin g to fill that g ap.Koziatek's school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlookin g a nation's diversity of g ifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students'lack ofA. practical abilityB. academic trainin gC. pioneerin g spiritD . mechamcal memonzat10n22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who .A. have a stereotyped mindB. h a ve no career mot1vat10nC. are not academicall y successfulD. are financiall y disadvanta g ed23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that hi g h school graduates .A. used to have bi g financial concernsB. used to have more job opportunitiesC. are reluctant to work in manufacturin gD. are entitled to more educational privile g es24. The headlon g push into bachelor's degrees for all .A. helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB. ma y narrow the g ap in workin g-class jobsC. is expected to y ield a better-trained workforceD. indicates the overvaluin g of hi g her education25. The author's attitude toward Koziatek's school can be described asA. supportiveB. tolerantC. disappointedD. cautiousText 2While fossil fuels—coal, oil, gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s ene rgy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.- 5 -26. The word "p lummeting" (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to .A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. nsmg27. According to Paragra p h 3, the use of renewable energy in America .A. is p rogressing notabl yB. is as extensive as in Euro p eC. faces man y challengesD. has p roved to be im p ractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, .A. wind is a widel y used energy sourceB. wind energy has re p laced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy su pp l y29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragra p hs 5&6?A. Its a pp lication has boosted battery storage.B. It is con皿onl y used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous su pp l y is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable ex p loitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last p aragra p h that renewable energy .A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not reall y encouraged b y the US governmentD. is not com p etitive enough with regard to its costText3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital econom y is astonishing­Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocer y chain Whole Foods for $ 13.Sbn, but two y ears ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn't have an y ph y sical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finel y detailed web of its users'friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormousl y revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Ma y's enemies are currentl y plotting? It ma y be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the onl y wa y to address these imbalances of power. But it is clums y. For one thing, it is ver y slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. B y the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it ma y have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced b y new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presentl y interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don't pa y for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who bu y advertising from them -and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product the y're selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the hone y dew the y produce when the y feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives y ield. Ants keep predator y insects awa y from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn't feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. Accordin g to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its .A. di g ital productsB. user informationC. ph y sical assetsD. quality service32. Linkin g phone numbers to Facebook identities ma y .A worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. Accordin g to the author, competition law .A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one le g al solutionD. cannot keep pace with the chan g in g market34. Competition law as presentl y interpreted can hardl y protect Facebook usersbecause .A. the y are not defined as customersB. the y are not financiall y reliableC. the services are g enerall y di g italD. the services are paid for b y advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate .A. a win-win business model between di g ital g iantsB. a typical competition pattern amon g di g ital g iantsC. the benefits provided for di g ital g iants'customersD. the relationship between di g ital g iants and their usersText4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being bus y, Cal Newport, author of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of "deep work" -the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work -be it length y retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a dail y ritual; or taking a "journalistic" approach to seizing moments of deep work when y ou can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the ke y is to determine y our length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends "deep scheduling" to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time. "At an y given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughl y the next month. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting", he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how y ou prioritise y our da y -in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Mess y: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a stud y in the earl y 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthl y goals and stud y activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, da y b y da y.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured dail y plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, the y were wrong: the detailed dail y plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the dail y to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy, we also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, "be lazy"."Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to the brain as vitamin D is to the bod y…[idleness] is, paradoxicall y, necessary to getting an y work done," he argues.Srini Pilla y, an assistant professor of ps y chiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivit y ma y be due to the wa y our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, the y tend to be more efficient."What people don't realise is that in order to complete these tasks the y need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain," sa y s Pilla y.36. The ke y to mastering the art of deep work is to .A. keep to y our focus timeB. list y our immediate tasksC. make specific dail y plansD. seize every minute to work37. The stud y in the earl y 1980s cited b y Harford shows that .A. distractions ma y actuall y increase efficienc yB. dail y schedules are indispensable to stud y ingC. students are hardl y motivated b y monthl y goalsD. detailed plans ma y not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is .A. a desirable mental state for bus y peopleB. a major contributor to ph y sical healthC. an effective wa y to save time and energyD. an essential factor in accomplishing an y work39. Pilla y believes that our brains'shift between being focused and unfocused .A. can result in ps y chological well-beingB. can bring about greater efficienc yC. is aimed at better balance in workD. is driven b y task urgenc y40. This text is mainl y about .A. wa y s to relieve the tension of bus y lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the ke y to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePartBDirections:Read the following text and answer the q uestions b y choosing the most suitable subtitles from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subtitles which y ou do not need to use. Mark y our answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A]Just sa y it[B]Be present[C]Pa y a uni q ue compliment[D]Name, places, things[E]Find the "me too''s[F]Skip the small talk[G]Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when y ou have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation y ou have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every da y: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the securit y guard at the door. Simpl y starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple wa y s that y ou can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.Suppose y ou are in a room with someone y ou don't know and something within ou sa y s "I want to talk with this person"—this is something that mostl y happens ywith all of us. You wanted to sa y something—the first word—but it just won't come out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere. I know the feeling and here is m y advice: just get it out.Just think: what is the worst that could happen? The y won't talk with y ou? Well, the y are not talking with y ou now!I trul y believe that once y ou get that first word out everything else will just flow.So keep it simple: "Hi", "He y"or "Hello"—do the best y ou can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy y ou can, put on a big smile and sa y "Hi".42.It is a problem all of us face; y ou have limited time with the person that y ou want to talk with and y ou want to make this talk memorable.Honestl y, if we got stuck in the rut of "hi", "hello", "how are y ou?" and''what is going on?", y ou will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, y ou'll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if y ou just ask.43.When y ou meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which y ou and that person have in common so that y ou can build the conversation from that point. When y ou start conversation from there and then move outwards, ou'll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.y44.Imagine y ou are pouring y our heart out to someone and the y are just bus y on their phone, and if y ou ask for their attention y ou get the response "I can multitask".So when someone tries to communicate with y ou, just be in that communication wholeheartedl y. Make e y e contact. Trust me, e y e contact is where all the magic happens. When y ou make e y e contact, y ou can feel the conversation.45.You all came into a conversation where y ou first met the person, but after some time y ou ma y have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward! So, remember the little details of the people y ou met or y ou talked with; perhaps the places the y have been to, the places the y want to go, the things the y like, the things the y hate—whatever y ou talk about.When y ou remember such things y ou can automaticall y become investor in their wellbeing. So the y feel a responsibility to y ou to keep that relationship going.That's it. Five amazing wa y s that y ou can make conversation with almost an y one. Every person is a reall y good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write y our translation neatl y on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks "astronaut" but quickl y adds "scientist" to the list and selects it as well. The bo y is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as man y career paths as he likes. And so he reads -everything from enc y clopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionatel y that his parents have to institute a "no reading polic y" at the dinner table.That bo y was Bill Gates, and he hasn't stopped reading y et -not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowada y s, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recentl y, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a y ear. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because the y explain how the world works. "Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore", Gates sa y s.SectionN WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith. Write him an email to1)apologize and explain the situation, and2)suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)PartB48.Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)4.70% 26.80% 向宝店铺：节，乌果考研冷妞服务价格·环境·特色·其他2017年某市消费者选择餐厅时的关注因素。

2018年考研英语(一)真题（word版）2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted hisleadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobsDon't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of . jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the . to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previouseras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The . needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.will be most threatened by automation[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedin the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vagueagreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of itto the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Text 4The . Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $ billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostlyfor employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $ billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emergingconsensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A]. its unbalanced budget.[B] .its rigid management.[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A]. the interference from interest groups.[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolerance.[C] discontent.[D] gratitude.of the following would be the best title for the text[A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] .The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] .The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41. à Cà42. à 43. à F à 44 à 45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.(49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should。

2018年河南师范大学831英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解I. Term Explanation. （10%）Please Explain the Following Two Terms in English.a）Foreignization （5%）b）Functional equivalence （5%）【参考答案】a）It’s a term used by Venuti （1995）to designate the type of translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original” F oreignization actually isn’t a translation, but a kind of transplantation. It aims to k eep the peculiarity of SL’s culture and itself. It tries to constantly remind the reader that the text is not in the original by for example allowing some words and expression to stay in the SL, changing the syntax or in other ways making the reader feel that the text is foreign. Through a foreignized translation text, the TL reader gets to know an exotic atmosphere, a new culture and the characteristics of a foreign language, which can enrich the expressions of their own language and even wipe away the weak points of their culture.b）Functional equivalence is a translation theory put forward by Eugene Nida. It is the core of his translation theory. According to Nida, translating consists reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the sourcelanguage message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.II. English-Chinese Translation （40%）Translate the Underlined Parts into Chinese.Cross-racial hostility is the stepchild of racism. The dynamics of cross-racial hostility are created by the imbalances on treatment between racially oppressed people based on exaggerated differences among us. Each group has its unique history of discrimination, racial violence, and institutionalized prejudice. Historically, each group “served” a particular role in meeting the socioeconomic needs of white America. For example, during western expansion in the 1800s.while the debate over free versus slave state raged, thousands of Chinese men were brought in to work the mines and railroads. The Chinese were not slaves but they were not free. The Chinese were also subject to lynching and other forms of violence from whites because of their race. After working the mines and railroads, the Chinese were barred from the trades and all but domestic employment. For the most part, they were left to support their own through family-owned stores, laundries, and restaurants in Chinatown ghettoes. The same, yet not the same. Different, yet not different.Where differences among white people tend to be evened out by white privilege, differences among people of color are blown out of proportion with personal jealousies and betrayal, encouraged by whites. The difference between the house nigger and the field nigger is a classic example of howdifferential/preferential treatment split and divided us. Both were slaves for life, but one was treated conspicuously better than the other. For example, “the light-skinned blacks, usually the offspring of white men and black women, were typically given the preferred wo rk inside the master’s home, while darker-skinned blacks were relegated to field work.”There was no guarantee this exemption would continue from one day to the next. The house nigger’s situation was always precarious. Their “privileges” and “status” could be taken away for any or no reason. In the daily ruthless life and death struggle, the desire for preferential treatment often overshadowed feelings of hatred for the master and replaced it with jealous hatred for each other.【参考译文】每个群体都经受过各异的种族歧视、种族暴力和制度化偏见的摧残。

河南师范大学考研英语-翻译专项试题一、考研英语翻译英译汉1．People’s attitudes towards gift giving may vary from country to country．A．人们的态度是国家之间要送礼物。

B．不同的国家的人对送礼的态度各不相同。

C．国与国之问人们对送礼物的看法不尽相同。

D．各国人们送礼的做法都在变化。

【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“attitude”和“vary”这两短语意思的理解。

“attitude”意为“看法”，而不是“态度”、“做法”，“vary”是“各不相同”的意思，并不是“变化”。

因此选项A、B和D均存在不同程度的理解错误。

知识模块：英译汉2． Not until the problem 0f talents and funds is solved, is our talking about the project meaningful．A．不到解决人才和资金问题的时候，无须讨论这项工程的。

B．讨论这项工程有无意义要看人才和资金问题能否得到解决。

C．只有解决了人才和资金问题，讨论这项工程才有意义。

D．解决人才和资金问题与讨论这项工程具有同样重要的意义。

【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“Not until…”这个句型的理解。

该句表示强调，意为“直到……才”。

选项D对句型理解有误。

选项A和选项B没有把强调的语气翻译出来，且选项A后半句有漏译现象。

知识模块：英译汉3．There is no way we’ll get lost in the mountains, since the tour guide has figured out the return route.A) 我们根本不会在山里迷路，因为导游已回到了原来的路线上。

B) 既然导游已经弄清了返程的路线，我们就绝不会在山里迷路。

C) 因为我们在山里迷失了方向无路可走，导游只好按原路返回。

来源网络，造福学生———————欢迎下载，祝您学习进步，成绩提升———————2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码与名称：211翻译硕士英语适用专业或方向：英语笔译汲考试时间：小时满分：分试题编号：A春(必须在答题纸上答题，在试卷上答题无效，答题纸可向监考老师索要)I.Vocabulary and Grammar(30points)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there arc four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1.Writing has given her a broader on human nature.A.prospectB.aspectC.perspectiveD.interpretationnguage,culture,and personality may be considered of each other in thought,butthey are inseparable in fact.A.indistinctB.separateC.irrelevantD.independent3.Because he did a very poor job and came up with bad results,his boss felt that he hadn,t hisresponsibilities.A.lived up toB.put up withC.looked forward toD.gone in fbr4.The bad news deprived them the hope that there was a safe and socially approved road tosuccess and happiness.A.fromB.withC.aboutD.of5.Barnes to involuntary manslaughter,and on May29,1981,a judge gave him three years inprison.A.pleaded guiltB.admitted guiltC.pleaded guiltyD.admitted guilty6.Tom went down the stairs to the street and proceeded onward aimlessly,looking atthe sidewalk.A.intentlyB.anxiouslyC.vacantlyD.indifferently7.It is not much the language as the background that makes the book difficult tounderstand.A.thatB.asC.veryD.so8.She's always been kind to me—I can't just turn on her now that she needs my help.A.my shoulderB.my headC.my eyeD.my back9.The tuition fees are to students coming from low-income families.A.affordableB.payableC.reachableD.approachable第1页，共9页来源网络，造福学生———————欢迎下载，祝您学习进步，成绩提升———————第2页，共9页第3页，共9页———————欢迎下载，祝您学习进步，成绩提升———————10.11.In a meeting,the participants will business usually after some brief,preliminary"small talk"about topics unrelated to the business at hand.A.keep upB.proceed withC.maintain How did itthat the man was dismissed?e about e along e out D.establishe in12.13.14.15.16.17.18.Pleasure boats were everywhere,lanterns that filled the darkness Hke stars in the night sky.A.full ofB.decked withC.wanned by Ifs high timecutting down the rainforests.A.stop B.had to stop C.shall stop Susan is very hard working,but her pay is not i A.enough good B.as good enough C.good enough There are as good fish in the sea ever came out of it.A.than B.as C.like D.soThe committee has anticipated the problems that in the road construction project.A.ariseB.have arisenC.aroseD.will ariseat in his way,the situation does not seem so desperate.A.Looking It is absolutely difficulties.A.continuesD.filled with D.stoppedfor her work.D.good as enoughB.Being lookedC.Looked essential that William his studyD.To lookin spite of some learning 19.20.21. B.continue C.continued dull he may be,he is certainly a very successful top executive.A.However B.Whatever C.As D.AlthoughIf only Iplay the guitar as well as you!A.would B.should C.could D.mightHe wasat being blamed for something he hadn't done.A.indulgent B.indignity C.indigent D.will continueD.indignant22.23.24.25.26.The little boy has lived with his grandparents since his parentsA.broke inB.broke downC.broke upD.broke outA good teacher must know how tohis ideas.A.convey B.display C.consult She never laughed,lose her temper.A.nor she ever did B.or she ever didC.or did she everD.nor did she everThese wine glasses arc so that you should handle with care.A.fragile B.frail C.unique D.weakshould any money be given to a small child.A.On no account B.From all accountD.confront———————欢迎下载，祝您学习进步，成绩提升———————第4页，共9页C.Of no accountD.By all account27.Taylor was arrested and sentenced to three years5imprisonment.A.successivelyB.subsequentlyC.predominantlyD.preliminarily28.The little boy without crying after falling down from his tricycle.A.pull up himselfB.picked himself upC.pulled himself upD.picked up29.no further business,the Chainnan closed the meeting.A.There isB.There wasC.BeingD.There being30.The car broke down and wc had to all the way home.A.stampB.tumbleC.trampD.terraceIL Reading Comprehension(40points)Directions:There arc4passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should decide on the best choice.Passage1What we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poetry,art,or mathematics during pregnancy seem utterly impossible.How could such extremely complex influences pass from the mother to the child?There is no connection between their nervous systems.Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly.An emotional shock to the mother will affect her child,because it changes the activity of her glands and so the chemistry her blood.Any chemical change in the mother's blood will affect the child fbr better or worse.But we can not sec how a looking fbr mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar liking or genius in the child.In our discussion of instincts we saw that there was reason to believe that whatever we inherit must be of some very simple sort rather than any complicated or very definite kind of behavior.It is certain that no one inherits a knowledge of mathematics.It may be,however,that children inherit more or less of a rather general ability that we may call intelligence.If very intelligent children become deeply interested in mathematics,they will probably make a success of that study.As for musical ability,it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear,a peculiar structure of the hands or the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to leam the movements a musician must execute,and particularly vigorous emotions.If these factors are all organized around music,the child may become a musician.The same factors,in other circumstance might be organized about some other center of interest.The rich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry.Thecapable fingers might develop skill in surgery.It is not the knowledge of music that is inherited,then nor even the love of it,but a certain bodily structure that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical第5页，共9页knowledge and skill.Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other undertaking may be decided entirely by forces in the environment in which a child grows up.1.Which of the following statements is not true?A.Some mothers try to influence their unborn children by studying art and other subjects duringtheir pregnancy.B.It is utterly impossible for us to leam anything about prenatal development.C.The blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly.D.There are no connection between mother's nervous systems and her unborn child J s.2.A mother will affect her unborn baby on the condition that.A.she is emotionally shockedB.she has a good knowledge of inlieritanccC.she takes part in all kind of activitiesD.she sticks to studying3.According to the passage,a child may inherit.A.everything from his motherB.a knowledge of mathematicsC.a rather general ability that we call intelligenceD.her mother's musical ability4.If a child inherits something from his mother,such as an especially sensitive car,a peculiarstmeture of the hands or of the vocal organs,he will.A.surely become musicianB.mostly become a poetC.possibly become a teacherD.become a musician on the condition that all these factors are organized around music5.Which of the following is the best title fbr the passage?A.Role of Inheritance.B.An Unborn Child.C.Function of instincts.D.Inherited Talents.Passage2Open up most fashion magazines and you will see incredibly thin models with impossible hair and wearing unreasonably expensive,impracticably styled clothes.But shouldn't clothes be comfortably durable and make a principle of being simple fbr the individual who wears them?Why are we constantly told that we need to buy new clothes and add fresh pieces to our collection?Fashions change year after year so lots of people can make piles of money.If folks are convinced that they need a different look each season,that this year's sweater's length and shoes style arc important,they can be persuaded to buy.The fashion industry would have you ignore your shortcomings and just make you feel beautiful and happy.In fact it is not only a phenomenon we can第6页，共9页find in people's dressing.Fashion controls our lives.Fashion controls what we wear,what we eat,what we drink,the way we cut our hair,the makeup we buy and use,the color of the cars we drive.Fashion even controls our ideas.You don't believe me?How many of your friends are vegetarians?Why arc they vegetarians? Because it is fashionable!Where does fashion come from?Often the reasons arc quite logical.Scientists and historians study the fashions of the past and discover the secrets of each fashion.When girls see an attractive guy,their blood pressure rises and their lips become redder.Thafs why guys think that girls wearing lipstick arc beautiful.Why do guys shave their heads?In the past soldiers shaved their heads to kill the insects that lived in their hair.Now guys shave their heads so that they look strong and masculine,like soldiers.People spend a lot of time and money on fashion.But are they wasting their money?Changes in fashion help to develop new technologies.Changes in style create work for people all over the world. Many people work in the fashion industry,particularly in the fashion capitals of London,New York, Paris and Milan.And finally,fashion makes you feel good,doesn't it?When you arc dressed in the latest style, dancing to the most fashionable music,after watching the latest hit film,you feel great,don't you?6.Whafs the author's viewpoint about the models and their hairstyles and clothes?A.Unbiased.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Appreciative.7.It is indicated by the author that clothes should be.fortable and durableB.new and freshC.expensive and fashionableD.simple and unique8.The fashion industry makes profits by.A.selling the products at high pricesB.creating a need in youC.helping you get rid of your shortcomingsD.making you look more beautiful9.The author thinks what has been found about fashions by the scientists and the historians isA.incredibleB.amazingC.reasonableD.creative10.The passage mentions the advantages of fashion EXCEPT that.A.it can help promote technological developmentB.it enables people to remain up-to-dateC.it can create more job opportunities for peopleD.it can make people achieve a great feeling第7页，共9页Passage3Energy independence.It has a nice ring to it.Doesn't it?If you think so,you're not alone, because energy independence has been the dream of American president for decades,and never more so than in the past few years,when the most recent oil price shock has been partly responsible for kicking off the great recession."Energy independcncc,,and its rhetorical companion"energy security"are,however,slippery concepts that are rarely though through.What is it we want independence from,exactly?Most people would probably say that they want to be independent from imported oil.But there are reasons that wc buy all that old from elsewhere.The first reason is that we need it to keep our economy running.Yes,there is a trickle of biofuel （生物燃料）available,and more may become available,but most biofuels cause economic waste and environmental destruction.Second,Americans have basically decided that they don't really want to produce all their own oil.They value the environmental quality they preserve over their oil imports from abroad.Vast areas of the United States are off-limits to oil exploration and production in the name of environmental protection.To what extent are Americans really willing to endure the environmental impacts of domestic energy production in order to cut back imports?Third,there are benefits to trade.It allows for economic efficiency,and when we buy things from places that have lower production costs than wc do,we benefit.And although you don't read about this much,the United States is also a large exporter of oil products,selling about2million barrels of petroleum products per day to about90countries.There is no question that the United States imports a great deal of energy and,in fact,relies on that steady flow to maintain its economy.When that flow is interrupted,we feel the pain in short supplies and higher prices.At the same time,we derive massive economic benefits when we buy the most affordable energy on the world market and when we engage in energy trade around the world.11.What does the author say about energy independence for America?A.It sounds very attractive.B.It will bring oil prices down.C.It ensures national security.D.It has long been everyone's dream.12.What docs the author think of biofuels?A.They keep America's economy rnnning healthily.B.They prove to be a good alternative to petroleum.C.They do not provide a sustainable energy supply.D.They cause serious damage to the environment.13.Why does America rely heavily on oil imports?A.It wants to expand its storage of crude oil.B.It wants to keep its own environment intact.C.Its own oil reserves are quickly running out.第8页，共9页D.Its own oil production falls short of demand.14.What does the author say about oil trade?A.It proves profitable to both sides.B.It makes for economic prosperity.C.It improves economic efficiency.D.It saves the cost of oil exploration.15.What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?A.To justify America's dependence on oil imports.B.To arouse Americans'awareness of the energy crisis.C.To stress the importance of energy conservation.D.To explain the increase of international oil trade.Passage4One important thing during the pre-Christmas rush at our house was the arrival of my daughter's kindergarten report card.She got high praise for her reading,vocabulary and overall enthusiasm.On the other hand,we leamt that she has work to do on her numbers and facility with the computer,though the detailed handwritten report her teachers prepared is absent of any words that might be interpreted as negative in describing her efforts.A number system indicates how she's measuring up in each area without any mention of passing or failing.All of which seems to make my daughter's school neither fish nor fowl when it comes to the debate over the merits of giving formal grades to kids.At one level,the advantages and disadvantages arc obvious.A grade system provides a straightforward standard by which to measure how your child is progressing at school—and how he or she is getting on compared to other children.But as writer Sue Ferguson notes,"Grades can deceive."The aim should be"to measure learning,not simply what a student can recall on a test."The two aren5t the same—and if you doubt that as an adult,ask yourself whether you could sit down without any preparation and still pass those high-school-lcvcl examinations.If you're old enough,you've lived through this debate before.At one time,it was considered unfair to put children in direct competition with one another if it could be avoided.The intention behind that may have been good,but it ignored the fact that competition,and the will to come out on top,are essential components of the human condition.This time around,educators working with a no-grades approach are emphasizing different reasons. The thing is that approach is much more commonplace in the adult workplace than is the traditional pass-fail system we place on our children.Many workplaces conduct regular employee evaluations. There arc usually fairly strict limits to what an employer can tell an employee in those evaluations and even then,negative evaluations can be challenged by the employee.No matter where you sit in the debate over the grade system,then,the real question is this:if it's so good for kids,why isn5t that also tme for adults?16.The school report indicates that the writer's daughter.cks interest in her school work第9页，共9页B.ranks among the best at languageC.has some trouble with her handwritingD.needs to improve in math and computer skills17.We can learn that the girl's school tries to deliver the report.A.in a positive wayB.in a scientific wayC.in an attractive wayD.in an enthusiastic way18.Sue Ferguson seems dissatisfied with the grade system for its focus on.A.the process of getting the knowledgeB.the capability of memorizing for the testC.the procedure of measuring learningD.the standard of comparing schools19.The writer would agree that cutting children off from competition is.A.fit for human developmentB.fit for their age and experienceC.against a key part of human natureD.out of consideration for children20.It can be learned that today's educators supporting the no-grades approach insist that.A.kids be allowed to challenge the negative evaluationsB.the traditional teacher-student relationship be changedC.the evaluation system for kids be similar to that for adultsD.strict rules be set up in evaluating school childrenIII.Writing(30points)In many cities the use of video cameras in public places is being increased in order to reduce crime, but some people believe that these measures restrict our individual freedom.Do第10页，共9页。