经典六西格玛(6 sigma)培训内部资料A_01_Basic Graphing-7

3. Time Series Diagram 时间序列图
– Focuses attention on truly vital changes in the process 将关注点放在对过程有真正关键的改变上
– Tracks useful information for predicting trends 追踪对预测趋势有用的信息
4. Control Charts 控制图
UCL
UCL
_
Recognizing Sources of Variation
_
X
X
LCL
认识变异的来源
LCL
WHY USE IT?
为何使用？
– To monitor, control, and improve process performdying variation and its source
– Allows a team to compare a performance measure before and after implementation of a solution to measure its impact 让团队比较实施解决方案前后的测量绩效
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Basic Graphics
– Based on the proven Pareto principle : 20% of the
sources cause 80% of any problem – Leverage point thinking 基于柏拉图原理 ：20%的原因产生80%的问题 – 杠杆 原理的思维
– Displays the relative importance of problems in simple,
•Dotplots 点图
• Distribution Plots 分布图
¾ Histograms 直方图
9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.2010.30 10.40
GPM
¾ Smoothed Distribution平滑分布图
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Basic Graphics
1. X / Y Plots X/Y图
– Help to provide potential points that may strongly affect analysis 显示可能强烈影响分析的潜在点
– Present patterns in the data which is useful for analysis
(e.g.quadratic)
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A 01-2
3. Time Series 时间序列
Plot the Data 画出数据
Based on the data collected, if there is no obvious trends, calculate the mean or arithmetic mean first. Mean is the sum of all data collected over the number of data collected. Besides, we can also use median, but it is normal to use the mean to test the central tendency of the sample. Draw a line at the mean level 看一看采集的数据。如果没有明显的趋势，计算平均值或算术中项。 平均值是测量数据之和除以数据点数。也可以使用中位数，但均值更 常用于测量样本的“集中性”。在均值处画一条直线。
• It assists us to make visual assessments of the data, and complements the summary statistics by giving a graphic description of the data to complete the picture. 它帮助我们以目测的方法判断数据,并以图形对统计数据 加以补充
MEASUREMENT 测量
• •
Y AXIS
Y轴
•
•
TIME OR SEQUENCE 时间或系列
TIP: Don’t draw the mean line when there
•
is new data added. We need to calculate the
AVERAGE 平均
mean again when process or main condition
通过研究变异和其根源监察，控制和改善过程绩效
WHAT DOES IT DO? 它有什么用？
– Focus on the detection and monitoring of variation 将注意力集中在探测和监视过程的变异上。
– Differentiate the special cause and common cause that
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Basic Graphics

Basic Graphics 基本图形
Learning Objectives 学习目标
• 7种基本图形
1. X / Y Plots X/Y图
5. Box Plots 方箱图
2. Pareto Charts柏拉图 6. Dotplots 点图
3. Time Series时间序列 4. Control Charts控制图
7. Distribution Plots 分布图 a. Histograms直方图 b. Smoothed Distribution平滑分布图
Graphical Presentations 图形展示
• An important part of understanding data is displaying the data graphically. 要理解数据,很重要的部分就是用图形展示数据.
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3. Time Series Diagram 时间序列图
WHAT DOES IT DO ? 它有什么用？
– Monitors the performance of one or more processes over time to detect trends or patterns over a specified period of time 监控一个或多个过程在一段时间的绩效以探测趋势 或模式
Scrapped Units Percent
Pareto Chart by Product
100 6 000
5 000
80
4 000
60
3 000 40
2 000
1 000
20
0
0
Intrepid Isuzu Escort Lexus Others
•• •
• AVERAGE ••
TIME OR SEQXUAEXNISCE
3
Basic Graphics
4
Basic Graphics
Basic Graphs 基础图形
• X / Y Plots X/Y图
xx
Y xx x
xx x
x
x
• Pareto Charts柏拉图
x
x
xx
x
xx
X
• Time Series时间序列
• Control Charts控制图
• Box Plots 方箱图
通过将数据出现的相对频率或大小在逐步下降的条块图 中排列，使得将改善关注点集中在潜在影响最大的问题 上。
Scrapped Units Percent
Pareto Chart by Product
100 6000
5000
80
4000
60
3000 40
2000 20
1000
0
0
Intrepid Isuzu Escort Lexus Others
A阶段目录
1. Basic Graphing 基本图形 2. Central Limit Theorem中心极限定理 3. Multi-Vari & Component of Variation多变量分析及方
差组分 4. Introduction to Hypothesis Testing假设检验简介 5. Testing of Mean均值检验 6. Testing of Proportion比例检验 7. Testing of Variances方差分析 8. Simple Linear Regression一般线性回归分析 9. A Phase RoadmapA阶段路径图
quickly interpreted format 用简单、能迅速理解的格式展示问题的相对重要性
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3. Time Series Diagram 时间序列图
TRACKING TRENDS 追踪趋势
WHY USE IT? 为何使用 ？
– To allow a team to study observed data (a performance measure of a process) for trends or patterns over a specified period of time 让团队研究在特定时间段里已观测的数据之趋势或 模式
– Help to improve the process so as to ensure a consistent and predictable high quality, low cost and effective process 帮助改进过程，使之一贯并可预测地产出更高质量、更 低价格和更有效的能力