金星Venus

金星【天文学释义】八大行星之一，中国古代称之为太白或太白金星。

它有时是晨星，黎明前出现在东方天空，被称为“启明”；有时是昏星，黄昏后出现在西方天空，被称为“长庚”。

金星是全天中除太阳和月亮外最亮的星，犹如一颗耀眼的钻石，于是古希腊人称它为阿佛洛狄忒（Aphrodite）--爱与美的女神，而罗马人则称它为维纳斯（Venus）--美神。

戴着面纱的近邻——金星天亮前后，东方地平线上有时会看到一颗特别明亮的“晨星”，人们叫它“启明星”；而在黄昏时分，西方余辉中有时会出现一颗非常明亮的“昏星”，人们叫它“长庚星”。

这两颗星其实是一颗，即金星。

金星是太阳系的八大行星之一，按离太阳由近及远的次序是第二颗。

它是离地球最近的行星。

金星，在中国民间称它为“太白”或“太白金星”。

古代神话中，“太白金星”是一位天神。

古希腊人称金星为“阿佛洛狄忒”，是代表爱与美的女神。

而罗马人把这位女神称为“维纳斯”，于是金星也被称为维纳斯了。

除太阳和月亮之外，金星是全天最亮的星，亮度最大时为-4.4等，比著名的天狼星（除太阳外全天最亮的恒星）还要亮14倍。

金星没有卫星，因此金星上的夜空没有“月亮”，最亮的“星星”是地球。

由于离太阳比较近，所以在金星上看太阳，太阳的大小比地球上看到的大1.5倍。

有人称金星是地球的孪生姐妹，确实，从结构上看，金星和地球有不少相似之处。

金星的半径约为6073公里，只比地球半径小300公里，体积是地球的0.88倍，质量为地球的4/5；平均密度略小于地球。

但两者的环境却有天壤之别：金星的表面温度很高，不存在液态水，加上极高的大气压力和严重缺氧等残酷的自然条件，金星不可能有任何生命存在。

因此，金星和地球只是一对“貌合神离”的姐妹。

金星大气中，二氧化碳最多，占97％以上。

同时还有一层厚达20到30公里的由浓流酸组成的浓云。

金星表面温度高达465至485度，大气压约为地球的90倍。

金星的自转很特别，自转方向与其它行星相反，是自西向东。

8大行星英语宇宙由一千多亿个星系 galaxy 组成。

每个星系中又有成千上万的恒星 fixed star，绕着星系的中心运动；恒星身边又有很多行星 planet，绕着恒星不停转动；而绕着行星转动的，则被称为卫星 satellite。

我们位于银河星系 the Milky Way 的太阳系 Solar system 中，主要由恒星太阳、八大行星和各自的卫星组成。

除此之外，还有彗星 et 和一些星际物质。

希腊人用神话中的重要神明来命名这些行星，罗马人将其翻译为罗马神话中对应的神明太阳系共有八大行星，从内到外分别为水星 Mercury、金星Venus、地球 Tellus，火星 Mars、木星 Jupiter、土星Saturn，天王星 Uranus、海王星 Neptune。

此外，还要介绍两大矮行星，它们是被开除的冥王星 Pluto，导致冥王星被开除的阋神星 Eris一、水星 Mercury信使之神赫尔墨斯 Hermes 双脚长有双翼，因此行走如飞，在奥林波斯山担任宙斯和诸神传令的使者。

信使之神赫尔墨斯 Hermes 的罗马名是墨丘利 Mercury。

由于水星 Mercury 是距离太阳最近的一颗行星，其运行速度也最快，于是便用信使之神墨丘利 Mercury 来命名水星水星没有卫星二、金星 Venus阿佛洛狄忒 Aphrodite 是所有女神中最美的一位，她有着最完美身段和样貌，象征爱情与女性美丽，被认为是女性体格美的最高象征。

爱神阿佛洛狄忒 Aphrodite 的罗马名是维纳斯 Venus，夜空中金星非常耀眼迷人，是所有星星中最亮的一颗。

于是便用最耀眼迷人的女神之名维纳斯 Venus 来命名金星金星没有卫星三、地球 Tellus盖亚 Gaia 是大地女神，被称为大地之母，是从一片混沌中孕育出来的。

然后在大地之上，又先后诞生出天空乌拉诺斯Uranus、群山乌瑞亚 Ourea 和海洋蓬托斯 Pontus。

大地女神盖亚 Gaia 的罗马名是忒路斯 Tellus。

八大行星的英文巧记
八大行星的英文巧记如下：
1、水星：Mercury，取谐音“没水亏”，水星是太阳系中最小的行星，表面大气非常稀薄，几乎没有水分，是一个名副其实的“没水亏”星球。

2、金星：Venus，取谐音“维纳斯”，金星是太阳系中仅次于水星的第二小的行星，也是离地球最近的行星之一，又因其和地球有许多相似之处，被称为地球的“姊妹星”，而“维纳斯”是西方神话中的爱神。

3、地球：Earth，取谐音“呃”，地球是我们居住的星球，也是人类已知的唯一孕育和支持生命的天体。

4、火星：Mars，取谐音“马尔斯”，火星因其红色外观而得名，也被称为“战争之神”，在西方神话中代表战争的“马尔斯”。

5、木星：Jupiter，取谐音“朱庇特”，木星是太阳系中最大的行星，也是自转最快的行星之一，其质量约为地球的318倍。

在罗马神话中，“朱庇特”是天神和众神之王。

6、土星：Saturn，取谐音“萨杜恩”，土星以其明亮的环带而闻名，其质量约为地球的95倍。

在罗马神话中，“萨杜恩”是农业和财富之神。

7、天王星：Uranus，取谐音“尤瑞纳斯”，天王星是太阳系中离
太阳第七近的行星，也是人类发现的第一颗气体巨星。

8、海王星：Neptune，取谐音“涅普顿”，海王星因其蓝色外观而得名，也被称为“海洋之神”，在罗马神话中，“涅普顿”是海神。

Venus: The Mysterious and FascinatingSecond Planet from the SunVenus, the second planet from the Sun, is often described as Earth's evil twin due to its similar size and composition but vastly different atmospheric and surface conditions. Despite its proximity to our home planet, Venus remains a mysterious and enigmatic world, filled with surprises and challenges for scientists.Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system, with a surface temperature that can reach up to 462 degrees Celsius. This is due to the extreme greenhouse effect caused by its thick carbon dioxide atmosphere, which traps heat and prevents it from escaping. As a result, Venus is a world of perpetual hellish heat, with no known lifeforms able to survive on its surface.Despite its infernal conditions, Venus has fascinated astronomers for centuries. Its bright, reflective cloud tops have been observed and recorded by astronomers since ancient times, and have been a source of inspiration for many cultures and religions. In ancient Roman mythology,Venus was the goddess of love and beauty, a symbol of the planet's allure and mystery.Modern science has revealed a much more complex and dynamic picture of Venus. Its atmosphere is constantly shifting and evolving, with powerful winds and swirling clouds that create a constantly changing landscape. The planet's atmosphere also contains sulfuric acid, which rains down in a corrosive acid mist that erodes and scours the surface. This constant erosion and recycling of material creates a unique and ever-changing geology on Venus.Recent missions to Venus, such as the European Space Agency's Venus Express and the Japanese Akatsuki mission, have provided new insights into this mysterious world. These missions have mapped the planet's surface in unprecedented detail, revealed the chemistry and dynamics of its atmosphere, and even detected signs of volcanic activity. These discoveries have added to our understanding of Venus and continue to challenge our understanding of planetary science.Venus remains a challenging target for exploration dueto its extreme conditions and proximity to the Sun. However, the scientific community remains interested in studyingthis enigmatic planet and understanding its unique place in our solar system. Future missions to Venus could provide even more insights into the planet's history, atmosphere, and potential for life.Venus is a world of contradictions and mysteries. It is a planet of extreme heat and hellish conditions, yet italso possesses a beauty and allure that has fascinated astronomers for centuries. Its study continues to push the boundaries of our understanding of planetary science and remains a tantalizing target for future exploration.**金星：神秘而迷人的太阳系第二行星**金星，作为离太阳第二近的行星，经常被描述为地球的邪恶双胞胎，因为它的尺寸和组成与地球相似，但其大气和表面条件却截然不同。

写金星的说明文金星（Venus）是太阳系中八大行星之一,按离太阳由近及远的次序,是第二颗.它是离地球最近的行星.中国古代称之为长庚、启明、太白或太白金星.公转周期是224.71地球日.夜空中亮度仅次于月球,排第二,金星要在日出稍前或者日落稍后才能达到亮度最大.它有时清晨出现在东方天空,被称为“启明”；傍晚处于天空的西侧.用小型望远镜观测金星,就可看到它和月亮一样有周期性的相位变化,圆缺有时.金星是一颗类地行星,因为其质量与地球类似,而且与地球一样是岩质行星,也是太阳系中唯一一颗没有磁场的行星.在八大行星中金星的轨道最接近圆形,偏心率最小,仅为0.7%.金星的半径约为6073公里,只比地球半径小300公里,体积是地球的0.88倍,质量为地球的4/5；平均密度略小于地球.金星有浓密的大气和云层.只有借助于射电望远镜才能穿过这层大气,看到金星表面的本来面目.金星大气中,二氧化碳最多,占97%以上.时常降落巨大的具有腐蚀性的酸雨.金星表面温度高达500℃,大气压约为地球的90倍（相当于地球900米深海中的压力）.金星表面上有70%平原,20%高地,10%低地.在金星表面的大平原上有两个主要的大陆状高地.北边的高地叫伊师塔地（Ishtar Terra）,拥有金星最高的麦克斯韦山脉（大约比喜马拉雅山高出两千米）,它是根据詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦命名的.麦克斯韦山脉（Maxwell Montes）包围了拉克西米高原（Lakshmi Planum）.伊师塔地大约有澳大利亚那么大.南半球有更大的阿芙罗狄蒂地（Aphrodite Terra）,面积与南美洲相当.这些高地之间有许多广阔的低地,包括有爱塔兰塔平原低地（Atalanta Planitia ）、格纳维尔平原低地（Guinevere Planitia）以及拉卫尼亚平原低地（Lavinia Planitia）.除麦克斯韦山脉外,所有的金星地貌均以现实中或神话中女性命名.由于金星浓厚的大气让流星等天体在到达金星表面之前减速,所以金星上的陨石坑都不超过3.2千米。

金星的别称
“金星”，又名“启明星”。

俗指太白星宿，又称金星、启明、明星、长庚。

八大行星之一，它有时是晨星，黎明前出现在东方天空，被称为“启明”；有时是昏星，黄昏后出现在西方天空，被称为“长庚”。

金星是全天中除太阳和月亮外最亮的星，犹如一颗耀眼的钻石，于是古希腊人称它为阿佛洛狄忒（Aphrodite）--爱与美的女神，而罗马人则称它为维纳斯（Venus）--美神。

金星，古代民间称为太白，早上出现在东方时又叫启明、晓星、明星，傍晚出现在西方时也叫长庚、黄昏星。

由于它非常明亮，最能引起富于想象力的古代人民的幻想，因此中国有关它的传说也就特别多。

Venus 金星(英)Venus is the second planet from the Sun and the sixth largest. Venus' orbit is the most nearly circular of that of any planet, with an eccentricity of less than 1%.orbit: 108,200,000 km (0.72 AU) from Sundiameter: 12,103.6 kmmass: 4.869e24 kgVenus (Greek: Aphrodite; Babylonian: Ishtar) is the goddess of love and beauty. The planet is so named probably because it is the brightest of the planets known to the ancients. (With a few exceptions, the surface features on Venus are named for female figures.)Venus has been known since prehistoric times. It is the brightest object in the sky except for the Sun and the Moon. Like Mercury, it was popularly thought to be two separate bodies: Eosphorus as the morning star and Hesperus as the evening star, but the Greek astronomers knew better. (Venus's apparition as the morning star is also sometimes called Lucifer.)Since Venus is an inferior planet, it shows phases when viewed with a telescope from the perspective of Earth. Galileo's observation of this phenomenon was important evidence in favor of Copernicus's heliocentric theory of the solar system.The first spacecraft to visit Venus was Mariner 2 in 1962. It was subsequently visited by many others (more than 20 in all so far), including Pioneer Venus and the Soviet Venera 7 the first spacecraft to land on another planet, and Venera 9 which returned the first photographs of the surface. Most recently, the orbiting US spacecraft Magellan Magellan radar map (false color) produced detailed maps of Venus' surface using radar.Venus' rotation is somewhat unusual in that it is both very slow (243 Earth days per Venus day, slightly longer than Venus' year) and retrograde. In addition, theperiods of Venus' rotation and of its orbit are synchronized such that it always presents the same face toward Earth when the two planets are at their closest approach. Whether this is a resonance effect or merely a coincidence is not known.Venus is sometimes regarded as Earth's sister planet. In some ways they are very similar:·Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth (95% of Earth's diameter, 80% of Earth's mass).·Both have few craters indicating relatively young surfaces.·Their densities and chemical compositions are similar.Because of these similarities, it was thought that below its dense clouds Venus might be very Earthlike and might even have life. But, unfortunately, more detailed study of Venus reveals that in many important ways it is radically different from Earth. It may be the least hospitable place for life in the solar system.The pressure of Venus' atmosphere at the surface is 90 atmospheres (about the same as the pressure at a depth of 1 km in Earth's oceans). It is composed mostly of carbon dioxide. There are several layers of clouds many kilometers thick composed of sulfuric acid. These clouds completely obscure our view of the surface. This dense atmosphere produces a run-away greenhouse effect that raises Venus' surface temperature by about 400 degrees to over 740 K (hot enough to melt lead). Venus' surface is actually hotter than Mercury's despite being nearly twice as far from the Sun.There are strong (350 kph) winds at the cloud tops but winds at the surface are very slow, no more than a few kilometers per hour.Venus probably once had large amounts of water like Earth but it all boiled away. Venus is now quite dry. Earth would have suffered the same fate had it been just a little closer to the Sun. We may learn a lot about Earth by learning why the basically similar Venus turned out so differently.Most of Venus' surface consists of gently rolling plains with little relief. There are also several broad depressions: Atalanta Planitia, Guinevere Planitia, Lavinia Planitia. There two large highland areas: Ishtar Terra in the northern hemisphere(about the size of Australia) and Aphrodite Terra along the equator (about the size of South America). The interior of Ishtar consists mainly of a high plateau, Lakshmi Planum, which is surrounded by the highest mountains on Venus including the enormous Maxwell Montes.Data from Magellan's imaging radar shows that much of the surface of Venus is covered by lava flows. There are several large shield volcanoes (similar to Hawaii or Olympus Mons) such as Sif Mons. Recently announced findings indicate that Venus is still volcanically active, but only in a few hot spots; for the most part it has been geologically rather quiet for the past few hundred million years.There are no small craters on Venus. It seems that small meteoroids burn up in Venus' dense atmosphere before reaching the surface. Craters on Venus seem to come in bunches indicating that large meteoroids that do reach the surface usually break up in the atmosphere.The oldest terrains on Venus seem to be about 800 million years old. Extensive volcanism at that time wiped out the earlier surface including any large craters from early in Venus' history.Magellan's images show a wide variety of interesting and unique features including pancake volcanoes (left) which seem to be eruptions of very thick lava and coronae (right) which seem to be collapsed domes over large magma chambers.The interior of Venus is probably very similar to that of Earth: an iron core about 3000 km in radius, a molten rocky mantle comprising the majority of the planet. Recent results from the Magellan gravity data indicate that Venus' crust is stronger and thicker than had previously been assumed. Like Earth, convection in the mantle produces stress on the surface which is relieved in many relatively small regions instead of being concentrated at plate boundaries as is the case on Earth.Venus has no magnetic field, perhaps because of its slow rotation.Venus has no satellites, and thereby hangs a tale.Venus is usually visible with the unaided eye. Sometimes (inaccurately) referred to as the "morning star" or the "evening star", it is by far the brightest "star" in the sky. There are several Web sites that show the current position of Venus (andthe other planets) in the sky. More detailed and customized charts can be created with a planetarium program.On June 8 2004, Venus passed directly between the Earth and the Sun, appearing as a large black dot travelling across the Sun's disk. This event is known as a "transit of Venus" and is very rare: the last one was in 1882, the next one is in 2012 but after than you'll have to wait until 2117. While no longer of great scientific importance as it was in the past, this event was the impetus for a major journey for many amateur astronomers.。