华中科技大学2006年春博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案

华中科技大学考博英语-5(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Translation据英国报纸报道，痴迷于足球的罪犯们纷纷向英国警方投案自首以求在世界杯之前及时结束短暂的刑期。

《旗帜晚报》报道，伦敦北部的赫特福德郡警方开展了“红牌行动”，向未到庭的被告发出了一条简单的信息：要么立即投案，要么在世界杯期间呆在没有电视的警局监房里。

“有一名男子甚至打了背包上庭，准备在牢里呆上一阵，”报纸援引赫特福德警官奈杰尔(Nigel)的话。

“毫无疑问他是想赶快结束刑期，以确保在世界杯开赛之时重获自由。

”报纸说，发往罪犯们已知最新地址的296封信已经使17人前往当地警局面对袭击和盗窃之类的指控，另有10人到庭受审。

不是球迷的罪犯也并不安全。

奈杰尔说寄信的另一成果是使警方收到了60条关于其他罪犯下落的线报，警方将在今后数周内对他们展开追捕。

SSS_TEXT_QUSTI1.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI2.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI3.心理学家证实了作家们一直以来的信念：书籍的确是梦的素材。

一项调查表明，读爱丽丝或罗琳的作品的人比钻研十字军东征史的人更容易做怪梦，而小说爱好者的梦带有更强烈的感情色彩，其中包含的奇异事件也多。

调查还发现读恐怖小说的人并不一定会多做噩梦，而喜欢科幻小说的人却更容易带着一身冷汗惊醒。

按照威尔士大学的马克的说法，这项研究可能是考察梦与现实之间的关系的第一次实验。

马克博士和他的同事发出了10万份关于睡眠形态与阅读趣味的调查问卷并收到了超过1万份回复。

他们发现成人中有58%做过至少一次这样的梦：在梦中他们知道自己在做梦。

他们还发现女性能比男性更记得梦境。

老年人的梦似乎更少一些，也更少做噩梦。

大约44%的孩子说他们正在阅读的书籍影响到了他们的梦境。

马克博士说：“报称正在读吓人书籍的孩子做噩梦的次数三倍于那些没读的孩子。

”SSS_TEXT_QUSTI4.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI5.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI6.英国研究者说，家务劳动既费时又累人，虽然也算是体力运动，却既无益于健康也无助于减除赘肉。

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷构成试卷一：小计110分钟65分Ⅰ　词汇15分钟10分Ⅰ　完形填空15分钟15分Ⅰ　阅读80分钟40分试卷二：小计70分钟35分Ⅰ　英译汉30分钟15分Ⅰ　写作40分钟20分2006年3月PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)1. The problem is that most local authorities lack the to deal sensibly in this market.A. anticipationB. perceptionC. prospectD. expertise2. Awards provide a(n) for young people to improve their skills.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. fugitiveD. captive3. The profit motive is inherently with principles of fairness and equity.A. in lineB. in tradeC. at timesD. at odds4. Oil is derived from the of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists.A. layoutsB. remindersC. remainsD. leftovers5. Successful students sometimes become so with grades that they never enjoy their school years.A. passionateB. involvedC. immersedD. obsessed6. Apparently there were between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.A. distortionsB. discrepanciesC. disordersD. distractions7. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden col unconsciousness.A. convergingB. culminatingC. finalizingD. releasing8. The 12-year-old civil war had 1.5 million lives.A. declaredB. proclaimedC. claimedD. asserted9. The tribe has agreed to contribute 2 percent of net to charitable activities in the county.A. expensesB. revenuesC. budgetsD. payments10. This will make schools more directly and effectively to parents, and more responsive to their criticisms and wishes.A. accountableB. submittedC. subjectedD. available11. Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be, you will never from the highest standards of honor.A. deviateB. escapeC. deriveD. refrain12. They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science, which is also listed in the glossary.A. in sumB. in totalC. in generalD. in full13. This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a for more.A. scarcityB. commandC. hungerD. request14. Job fairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam , surveying what is on offer and gathering literature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things.A. at peaceB. at leisureC. at restD. at speed15. The closest to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools; they can, however, accept some fee-paying pupils.A. equalityB. equationC. equivalentD. equity16. At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was_____ revised.A. consecutivelyB. consequentlyC. successivelyD. subsequently17. He us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about.A. confusesB. regardsC. strikesD. knocks18. The water was so clear that it the trees on the river bank.A. shadowedB. shadedC. representedD. reflected19. Some 121 countries may be designated“developing”, and of this 121, seventeen countries___ than four-fifths of energy consumption.A. amount toB. account forC. add upD. take away20. The researchers found the age at which young people first fall to bullies seems to determine how much it affects them.A. sacrificeB. shortC. witnessD. victimPART Ⅰ CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Given the choice between spending an evening with friends and taking extra time for his schoolwork, Andy Klise admits he would probably 21 for the latter. It’s not that he doesn’t like to have fun; it desire to excel 22 drives his decision-making process.A 2001 graduate of Wooster High School and now a senior biology major at The College of Wooster, Klise acknowledges that he may someday have 23 thoughts about his decision to limit the time he has spent 24 ,25 out as well as they have, Ibut for now, he is comfortable with the choices he has made. “If things had notwould have had some regrets,” says Klise, who was a Phi Beta Kappa inductee as a junior.extra time studying has been well worth the 26 . I realized early on that to be successful, I had to make certain27 .”28 the origin of his intense motivation, Klise notes that it has been part of his makeup for as long as he3029 ,” he says. “This internal drive has caused me to give my all can remember. “I’ve always been goalpretty much everything I do.”Klise 31 Wooster’s nationally recognized Independent Study (I.S.) program with preparing him for hishoping that my I.S.next 32 in life: a research position with the National Institute of Health (NIH).“I amexperience will help me 33 a research position with NIH,” says Klise. “The yearlong program giv a chance to work with some of the nation’s 34 scientists while making the 35 from undergraduate t o graduate studies or a career in the medical field.”21. A. intend B. prefer C. opt D. search22.A. academically B. professionally C. socially D. technically23.A. different B. certain C. second D. other24.A. entertaining B. socializing C. enjoying D. sporting25.A. developed B. appeared C. occurred D. worked26.A. investment B. reward C. payment D. compensation27.A. devotions B. concessions C. sacrifices D. attempts28. A. Besides B. As for C. Out of D. Despite29.A. directed B. oriented C. conducted D. guided30.A. about B. with C. at D. in31.A. credits B. registers C. selects D. observes32. A. run B. step C. pace D. leap33.A. hold B. occupy C. anchor D. land34.A. leading B. advanced C. nominated D. marvelous35. A. achievement B. transition C. position D. vocationPART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneShe’s cute, no question. Symmetrical features, flawless skin, looks to be 22 years oldmarket bar, a woman lucky enough to have this face would turn enough heads to stir a breeze. But when Victor Johnston points and clicks, the face on his computer screen changes into a state of superheated, crystallized beau “You can see it. It’s just so extraordinary,” says Johnston, a professor of biopsychology at New University who sounds a little in love with his creation.The transformation from pretty woman to knee-weakening babe is all the more amazing because the changeswrought by Johnston’s software are, objectively speaking, quite subtle. He created the original face by digitally averaging 16 randomly selected female Caucasian faces. The changing program then exaggerated the ways in which female faces differ from male faces, creating, in human-beauty-science field, a“hyp grew a bit larger, the nose narrowed slightly and the lips plumped. These are shifts of just a few millimeters, but experiments in this country and Scotland are suggesting that both males and females find“averaged faces more beautiful.Johnston hatched this little movie as part of his ongoing study into why human beings find some people attractive and others homely. He may not have any rock-solid answers yet, but he is far from alone in attemptingto apply scientific inquiry to so ambiguous a subject. Around the world, researchers are marching into territory formerly staked out by poets and painters to uncover the underpinnings of human attractiveness.The research results so far are surprising—and humbling. Numerous studies indicate that human not be simply in the eye of the beholder or an arbitrary cultural artifact. It may be ancient and universal, wrought through ages of evolution that rewarded reproductive winners and killed off losers. If beauty is not truth, it mayskin may fascinate moviegoers because, at s ome deep level, itbe health and fertility: Halle Berry’s flawlesspersuades us that she is parasite-free.Human attractiveness research is a relatively young and certainly contentious field—th females, for example, is still hotly debated—but those on its front lines agree on one point: We wonidea that beauty is until we understand its source. As psychologist Nancy Etcoff puts it:“The“looks-ism”　unimportant or a cultural construct is the real beauty myth. We have to understand beauty, or we will always be enslaved by it.”36.The woman described in the very beginning of the text is .A. in fact in her late twentiesB. Johnston’s ideal girlfriendC. a stunning beautyD. is a professional prostitute37. Victor Johnston synthesized a new face by combining the features of 16 .A. beautiful European womenB. different women around the worldC. casually chosen white womenD. ordinary western women38. Through a few tiny changes made by Johnston, the synthesized face became even more .A. masculineB. averageC. feminineD. neutral39.Victor Johnston has produced such an attractive face in order to .A. give his computer a beautiful screenB. study the myth of human attractivenessC. prove the human capacity to create beautiesD. understand why Caucasian faces are special40. Paragraph 4 suggests that human beauty may be .A. culturally differentB. a disease-free idolC. individual-dependentD. a world agreed value41.It’s a consensus among the researchers that humans are still unconscious of .A. why they look attractiveB. when attractiveness is importantC. how powerful beauty isD. what constitutes beautyPassage TwoIt’s becoming something of a joke along the Maine-Canada border. So many busloads of retired people crisscross the line looking for affordable drugs that the roadside stands should advertise,Lipitor. Coumalin.” Except, of course, that such a market in prescription drugs would be illegal.These senior long-distance shopping sprees fall in a legal gray zone. But as long as people cross the border with prescriptions from a physician and have them filled for no more than a three-month supply for personal use, customs and other federal officials leave them alone. The trip might be tiring, but people can save an average of 60 percent on the cost of their prescription drugs. For some, that’s the difference between tak doing without. “The last bus trip I was on six months ago had 25 seniors,” says Chellie Ping state senator and now president of Common Cause.“Those 25 people saved $19,000 on their supplies o Pingree sponsored Maine RX, which authorizes a discounted price on drugs for Maine residents who lackinsurance coverage. The law was challenged by drug companies but recently upheld by the U.S.Supreme Court.It hasn’t yet taken effect.Figuring out ways to spend less on prescription drugs has become a multifaceted national movement of consumers, largely senior citizens. The prescription drug bill in America is $160 billion annually, and people over 65 fill five times as many prescriptions as working Americans on average.“But they do it on he are half as good and on incomes that are half as large,” says Richard Evans, senior analyst at Sa an investment research firm. What’s more, seniors account for 20 percent of the voting public.little wonder that the May 19 Supreme Court ruling got the attention of drug manufacturers and It’spoliticians across the country. The often-over-looked state of 1.3 million tucked in the northeast comer of the country became David to the phar-maceutical industry’s Goliath. The face-off began three years ago legislators like Pingree began questioning why Maine’s elderly population had to take all those bus t42.The elderly Americans cross the Maine-Canada border in order to get drugs that are .A. sold wholesaleB. over the counterC. less expensiveD. tax-free43.We can learn from the second paragraph that .A. people can buy as many drugs for personal useB. the cross-border drug shopping has been out of the federal controlC. Chellie Pingree used to be one of the cross-border shoppers for drugsD. the cross-border shopping is the only way for some Americans to get drugs44. Maine Rx mentioned in Paragraph Two is a .A. billB. drug companyC. customs officeD. seniors society45. Most cross-border shoppers are retired people, rather than working Americans, because the former .A.have more leisure timeB.fill more prescriptionsC.mostly enjoy long tripsD.are fond of street shopping46. Politicians were interested in the May 19 Supreme Court ruling because .A. they couldn’t improve the well-being of the elderlyB. they couldn’t afford to ignore the elderly’s votesC. they saw the elderly as the greatest contributorsD. they saw the elderly as deserving a special care47. David and Goliath are names used to describe a situation in which_____.A. the two groups are evenly matched in strengthB. a more powerful group is fighting a less powerful groupC. a less powerful group is fighting a more powerful groupD. both of the two groups are losersPassage ThreeIt’s navel gazing time again, that stretch of the year when many of us turn our attention inward and think about how we can improve the way we live our lives. But as we embark on this annual ritual of introspection, we would do well to ask ourselves a simple question: Does it really do any good?The poet Theodore Roethke had some insight into the matter:“Self-contemplation is a curse tha old confusion worse.” As a psychologist, I think Roethke had a point, one that’s supported controlled psychological studies.In a study I conducted with Dolores Kraft, a clinical psychologist, and Dana Dunn, a social psychologist, people in one group were asked to list the reasons their relationship with a romantic partner was going the way it was, and then rate how satisfied they were with the relationship. People in another group were asked to rate their satisfaction without any analysis; they just gave their gut reactions.It might seem that the people who thought about the specifics would be best at figuring out how they really felt, and that their satisfaction ratings would thus do the best job of predicting the outcome of their relationships.In fact, we found the reverse. It was the people in the“gut feeling”group whose ratings they were still dating their partner several months later. As for the navel gazers, their satisfaction ratings did not predict the outcome of their relationships at all. Rather, too much analysis can confuse people about how they really feel.Self-reflection is especially problematic when we are feeling down. Research by Susan Nolen Hoeksema, a clinical psychologist at Yale University, shows that when people are depressed, ruminating on their problems makes things worse.For years it was believed that emergency workers like police officers and firefighters should undergo a debriefing process to focus on and relive their experiences; the idea was that this would make them feel better and prevent mental health problems down the road. But did it do any good? In an extensive review of the research, a team led by Richard McNally, a clinical psychologist at Harvard, concluded that debriefing procedures havelittle benefit and might even hurt by interrupting the normal healing process. People often distract themselvesfrom thinking about painful events right after they occur, and this may be better than mentally reliving the events.48.According to the author, why do people tend to look inward at the end of a year?A. They want to know if they get prepared for the future.B. They consider it beneficial to their future lives.C. They pay too much attention to their self-improvement.D. They overemphasize their progress in the past year.49.The author agrees with Theodore Roethke on that_____.A. people need self-reflection when they feel blueB. people are reluctant to confide in romantic partnersC. people may be more depressed by recalling the painful pastD. people would become sober when clearing up the confusions50.The findings of the study on the satisfaction ratings in romantic relationship reveal that_____.A. meditation can keep the relationship at its peakB. retrospection helps people feel satisfied with the partnerC. specific analysis can foretell the future of the relationshipD. thinking about details makes one uncertain about the relationship51.The phrase“the navel gazers”in Paragraph 5 refers to people who_____.A. boast of their own successB. hesitate in romantic relationshipsC. worry about their futureD. focus on their past52. Which of the following is the best way to help firefighters relieve their trauma?A. Leave them alone to adjust their emotions.B. Provide them with consultation about their jobs.C. Help them figure out what has happened.D. Discuss with them how to do it better next time.53.According to the passage, _____can help people get over a painful experience.A. pouring out their feelings about itB. distracting their attention from itC. discussing it with specialistsD. recalling the specificsPassage FourPublic speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If parents, teachers or peers mocked your foibles as a child, you fear a repeat. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of failing in the most public of ways.While extroverts will feel less fear before the ordeal, it does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written screeds to speak from, there is alwaysa hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana’s funeral, it is possible both to word and to act naturally, a script rarely works and it is used as a crutch by most people. But, being yourself doesn’t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.I remember going to see British psychiatrist RD Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self-consciousness, providing theas psychologists call it, is very satisfying. illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of“flow”,Whether in normal life or making speeches, the key is to remind yourself that, contrary to what your teachers or parents may have implied, your best is good enough. In the zone, a strange place of authentic falsehood and shallow depth, play is possible.54.For most people the biggest fear for public speaking is_____.A. looking foolishB. failing in wordsC. not attracting attentionD. appearing pressurized55.According to the passage shy people_____A. have greater difficulty than extrovert onesB. are not good at actingC. may well do a good job in a speechD. are better speakers in the public eye56.A successful speech maker is usually one who_____.A. can act naturallyB. makes careful preparationsC. rehearses adequatelyD. can get across easily57.The example of the British psychiatrist in Paragraph 6 shows a failure in_____.A. showing modesty in publicB. talking about one’s own tradeC. presenting the topic logicallyD. communicating with the audience58.“Shallow depth” in the last paragraph implies_____.A. being yourself in the performanceB. trying to look seriousC. pretending to be well-preparedD. being seemingly knowledgeable59.From the passage, we get the impression that public speaking is something_____.A. hard to do wellB. scary but manageableC. tough but rewardingD. worthwhile to challengePassage FiveAfrican American women’s search for societal acceptance often encompasses struggle between natural a socially constructed ideas of beauty. As an essential component in traditional African societies, cosmetic modification is ritualized to emphasize natural features of blackness. Defined by social occasion such as childhood development to maturity, indicators of marital status or the group to which you belong, beautificationof the hair and body play an essential role. In our racially conscious society, presenting a physical image and being accepted is a complex negotiation between two different worlds.Hair is an outward expression of culture and heritage. It also represents a sense of personal style. In the search for the African American identity, blacks have undergone many different changes in hairstyle. Hairstyles are cultural classifiers of what African Americans consider beautiful. Hairstyles are a representation of the African American soul, all of their confidence and dignity show in how they present themselves on Sundays and on adaily basis.“Duringthe sixties, white American youth used their hair to make a variety of political and philosophical statements,”young blacks joined thereafter.“The natural hairstyle not only was eas but also gave African Americans a closer tie to their heritage. Natural style serves as a visible imprimatur of blackness; a tribute to group unity; a statement of self-love and personal significance.”standards of beauty, black Americans halted the processes of using chemical straighteners or hot irons.A woman talks about her struggle.“I remember battling with the idea of going natural for several year never had the courage because every time I pictured myself with my natural hair, I never saw beauty. Now myhair is natural, thick and healthy.”African American women are finding confidence within themselves t their hair naturally and feel beautiful about it. Many contemporary African Americans are avoiding high maintenance and feeling confident in their natural beauty.It was a different story in the past. African Americans were pressed. Shame was the motivation behind blacks losing their roots and ethnic identity. By being brainwashed into believing black people arepeople are“superior”African Americans have mutilated and adjusted their bodies to try to lookstandards.Hair is as different as the people it belongs to. People are finally recognizing that beauty is what helps to create our individual identities. Ultimately, individual confidence shapes and strengthens the culture of theAfrican American community.60.The first paragraph tells us that African Americans_____.A. have been trying hard to be socially acceptedB. have been changing their value about beautyC. have maintained their identity of traditional AfricansD. have modified their hairstyles to fit into the society61. What kind of problem do African Americans face in society?A. They would look ugly if they don’t change their hairstyles.B. Their natural image may not be accepted by white Americans.C. They would never find a suitable hairstyle in the hair salons.D. Their cultural heritage may risk being abandoned by themselves.62.The word“imprimatur”in Paragraph 2 most probably means_____.A. dislikeB. betrayalC. approvalD. suspicion63. African Americans stopped using chemical straighteners or hot irons because_____.A. they reversed the attitude the white people had towards themB. they started to see beauty in their thick curly hairC. they feel good and comfortable in being differentD. they accepted the white standards of beauty64.Why did some African Americans accept the white standards of beauty?A. Because they tried to keep socially fashionable.B. Because they did not have their own standards of beauty.C. Because they were not well educated as white Americans.D. Because they wanted to become part of the mainstream.65.To African Americans, hair is a significant indicator of_____.A. their cultural identityB. their aesthetic tasteC. their social recognitionD. their challenge against the societySection B (20 minutes, 10 points)Passage OneFrancois Jacob wrote that“an age or culture is characterized less by the extent of its knowledge than b66 .nature of the questions it puts forward.”　Admittedly, the most brilliant cultures are developed during the days of knowledge acquirement. 67 . Many convincing examples can be given when looking back to the cultural development of these countries. The most influential Chinese culture flourished during Tang Dynasty, which was established a thousand years ago. This influence can be traced by the word“Tang Street”, another name for Chinatown. And it was du time that the Chinese acquired more knowledge than they had before.68 However, when compared with the knowledge people have acquired and are acquiring today, the knowledge of the ancient Tangs and Arabs is unquestionably limited. But in all history books, the cultures of the Tang Dynasty and the ancient Arab are introduced in detail, while the cultures of the Peopleand the Arab League are seldom mentioned.69 . For instance, the ancient Greeks and Romans’knowledge about nature was definitely insu but they are still recognized as the founders of the most magnificent ages and cultures in human history because the questions put forward and thought about by them were profound and meaningful. In the works of the Greeks and Romans represented by The Iliad, The Odyssey and The Aeneid, the questions concerning life and death, love and hatred, benevolence and malevolence and individual and society are raised. People can always draw inspirations from Achilles’s different attitudes towards death in the Iliad and the Odyssey and Aeneas from love and glory. 70 .The importance of an era or civilization can never be diminished because of its lack of knowledge. The essence of an age or culture should be the exploration in the spiritual world and the thoughtful questions posed.A. The Arabian culture thrived when the Arabians learnt the application of arithmetic and created Arabic numbers.B. These remain the questions people face, contemplate and discuss till today.C. In general, cultures are developed during the time of knowledge acquirement.D. This statement reveals that the nature of an epoch or civilization is decided by the things that are thought about, rather than the things that are already known.E. This is probably a universal truth for all countries and nations that boast impressive histories.F. Compared with knowledge, the questions put forward are more significant in an age or culture.Passage TwoOver the past two decades, the lives of American women have undergone unparalleled change. The VirginiaSlims Opinion Poll has chronicled that change in national surveys conducted six times since 1970. 71 .One of the most striking findings of the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll is the degree of consensusthan conflict—in women’s and men’s attitudes about the changing roles of women. In many respects, thesexes agree. Men express strong and consistent support for women’s improved status in society.72 And they agree that the most tangible way in which they could help women balance jobs and family is to take on more household work.But men are also a major cause of resentment and stress for American women. 73 Now, a generation of sweeping change later, women’s expectations have outpaced the change in men’s behavior. Tok74 .dishes or the children no longer inspires women’s gratitude.Increasingly, the kitchen table has become that bargaining table. 75 Next to money, “how much mymate helps around the house”is the single biggest cause of resentment among women who are married or li as if married, with 52 percent citing this as a problem. Improvement in this area is one of the top things womencite when they consider what would make their lives better.A. There is evidence in the poll that waiting for men to live up to the ideal of equal responsibility is a major irritant for most women today.B. Together, these surveys provide a comprehensive picture of women’s changing status, and of the future.C. In 1970, most women were concerned about getting men to share household chores.D. They, like women, believe that sex discrimination remains an important problem in the workplace.E. Over the past three generations, expectationns of men as rulers and protectors of the household havechanged.F. Instead, as women contribute more to the family income, they expect in return a more equal division ofthe household responsibilities.PAPER TWOPART IV TRANSLATION(30 minutes, 15 points)As we enter the 21st century, the gap between the world’s rich and poor is widening, both with countries. 1)The vast majority of the world’s population is receiving an ever-decreasing share of its c wealth, while the share claimed by a few rich nations and individuals is steadily growing. In 2001 Forbesmagazine counted 538 billionaires with a total net worth of 1.7 trillion dollars, while the United Nations identified2.8 billion people surviving on less than two dollars a day. Overall, the richest 20 percent of the worldcontrol 86 percent of global income, while the poorest 20 percent control barely one percent.The impacts of this widening rich-poor gap are varied and worrisome. 2) They include environmental nations and individuals can afford to over-consume resources, while poorer nations and destruction—richerindividuals are forced to over-exploit the environment just to survive. They include migrationto move in search of adequate resources. And they include conflict—wealthier nations and individkeep what they have, while those suffering a lack of resources fight to obtain them. 3) Because poorer groups typically lack the assets and technology to conduct large-scale conventional war to obtain their goals, they often resort to low-intensity conflict and terrorism. The causes of this global disparity are diverse and complex, but include colonial era trading patterns that favor industrialized nations; the globalization of economies and economic structures, in which poor nations struggle to compete; a growing“digital divide”of access to information technology; inadequate governance and protection of law; and lack of access to education healthcare, and social safety nets, especially for women and girls.4) Individuals and nations need not remain in poverty indefinitely, however. With an awareness o f theinterdependence o f our modern world and a concerted political will, it is possible to reverse this trend that。

2003年春季华中科技⼤学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】考试科⽬：英语适⽤专业：Part I. Listening comprehension (10%)Directions:In this part you will hear three long talks or passages. Each will be read only once. At the end of each talk or passage, there will be somequestions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.Question 1 to 4 are based on the talk you’ve just heard.1. A. She wants him to listen to the noise.B. She wants him to examine the machine.C. She wants him to wash the clothes.D. She wants him to repair the machine.2. A. He asks the woman to ignore the noise.B. He asks the woman to let him finish his reading.C. He asks the woman to ring the shop and ask them to repair it.D. He asks the woman to stop washing.3. A. The man from the shop overcharged then for his work.B. The man from the shop charged them two pounds.D. The man from the shop fixed the machine carelessly.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you’re just heard.4. A. Different businesses produce different products.B. Each worker plays a certain role in finishing a certain product.C. The workers are very specialized experts in their field.D. Each worker is only concerned with his own work.5. A. It is easy for the workers to become experts.B. It will reduce the labor.C. It will raise the productivity.D. It will make the workers satisfied with their work.6.A. The division of labor brings about mass production.B. Most workers have no idea how the production is operated on the whole.C. Workers seem to be unable to get a sense of satisfaction from working.D. Working on one small duty day after day is dull.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.7. A. We will not have enough food to eat.B. All the oil that drives our car will be used up.C. The earth will become ice crowded.D. There will be little water left on Earth.8. A. Venus is too hot.B. There is no water there.D. It is lacking in carbon dioxide.9. A. A large amount of carbon.B. Heavy rain.C. The proper temperature.D. Enough water.10. A. The way to ensure the survival of the human race on Venus.B. The way to breed organisms on Venus.C The way to reduce the population of the Earth.D. The way to conquer the universe.Part II. Cloze (15%)Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes thesentence.With the passage of time, the wave of change also spread to cities. The expression “one’s 11 on marriage” began to appear, as did the concept of “marriage as one of life’s many 12 ,”The 13 of men still unmarried in their thirties reached about twenty percent in the national 14 taken in 1985, and the advent (到来) of a “hard-to-get-married era” began to be 15 talked about. The figure apparently 16 30percent in 1995. 17 , the highest rate of male singles in their thirtieswas 18 in Tokyo, including that the 19 number of unmarried men was no longer a 20 rural problem.What about women? The proportion of unmarried women in the 25-59 age bracket（年龄段）has been increasing 21 about 5 percent every five years until it is now nearly 50 percent.What are the real reasons women 22 not to marry? Early on, two were cited: women are now better educated and more women are interested in working outside the home. A ministry of Education survey 23 in 1989 found that 35.8 percent of male high school graduates went on to college or university (including junior college) -less than the 36.8 percent for female graduates. This was the first time since the ministry started such surveys that women had outnumbered men in going 24 higher education. 25 , the proportion of women with jobs outside the home reached 49.5 percent in 1989.11. A. outlook B. lookout C. conception D. belief12. A. options B. alterations C. substitutes D. preferences13. A. ration B. ration C. proportion D. rates14. A. investigation B. census C. search D. approach15. A. very much B. fairly C. rather D. much16. A. transcended B. proceeded C. preceded D. exceeded17. A. Nonetheless B. Nevertheless C. Moreover D. Likewise18. A. recorded B. provided C. granted D. supplied19. A. growing B. grown C. advancing D. promoting20. A. primary B. prime C. primarily D. chief21. A. for B. at C. by D. with22. A. offer B. long C. choose D. expect23. A. sponsored B. conducted C. imposed D. enforced24. A. with B. in for C. about D. after25. A. Incidentally B. Virtually C. Meanwhile D. FurthermorePart III. Reading comprehension (40)Directions: In this part, there are 4 reading passages. Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions at the end of each passage. Choosethe best answer to each question and write your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.Passage 1The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keeper escapers is defined by attention—that aspect ofmind carrying consciousness forward from on moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subde signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animals, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and nor epinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is possibly aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead, perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly。

同济大学2006年博士研究生入学考试试题I Vocabulary 10%Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the ONE answer that bestcompletes the sentence. Then put a v in the corresponding place on theAnswer Sheet..1. How can personal income tax be levied to _____ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suf f er too much?A. interestB. benefitC. profitD. concern2. To fund the ____ event and also promote the marketing value of the NationalGames, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD).A. beneficentB. expensiveC. costlyD. luxurious3. Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week, but they are ______ by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours atthe grindstone.A. outdoneB. outweighedC. outrunD. outrivaled4. This is an alarming realization as natural resources and the environment are being degraded and ____ at a record pace.A. wastedB. reconstructedC. destructedD. reversed5. The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the _____ of the Russian winter.A. severityB. consequenceC. influenceD. threat6. The company, EDS, is smart enough to _____its 90,000-person workforce into independent microteams that work directly with individual clients on creativebusiness solutions.A. break outB. break offC. break fromD. break down17. Most environmental ____— from climate changes to freshwater and forest habitat loss —have become markedly worse.A. symptomsB. highlightsC. indicatorsD. symbols8. What we call nature is, _____, the sum of the changes made by all the various creatures and natural forces in their intricate actions and influences upon each otherand upon their places.A. in common senseB. from a senseC. by the senseD. in a sense9. Although the "on line" life style has dominated the majority of city youth, mostpeople in the remote countryside still think Internet or something is ____ to theirlife.A. unconcernedB. irrelevantC. inseparableD. inaccessible10. ____ near-perfect English language skills, the students were keen to exploreevery aspect of Australian culture, from Aussie eating customs to family and studentlife, popular culture, the natural landscape and the ever-popular Australian native animals.A. PossessingB. AcquiringC. ApprehendingD. Interpreting11. Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, ____ the postal service is less efficient.A. whereB. sinceC. thatD. whereas12. The board of directors have already discussed the subject ____ in the previous meetings and they will handle it in all its aspects.A. in placeB. at lengthC. on endD. of f and on13. Reflecting on our exploration , we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the information Marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, ____ they may be. A. whatsoever B. whatever C. whichever D. which14. The World Bank is taking steps to ____ its lending to reducing poverty in theThird World Countries.A. orientB. tailorC. adaptD. adjust15. Total investments for this year reached $56 million, and to put this into ____2investments this year will double those made in 1997.A. sightB. visionC. perspectiveD. horizon16. The year of 776 B.C. is considered to be the founding dateof the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The Games lastedmore than 11 centuries ____ they werebanned in 393 A.D.A. whenB. afterC. asD. until17. As did his ____Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, and Henry Ford, Thomas Edison profoundly transformed the Western World.A. contemporariesB. part-ownersC. companionsD. accomplices18. In a world where information is a flood —____ to everyone, and where nothing is secret or proprietary — the only organizations and managers who will thrive are thosewho can quickly wade into the water, harness what they need, and then add value to it through speedy, innovative business decisions.A. acceptableB. availableC. accessibleD. attainable19. The car pollutes, but advances in fuel quality and ef fi ciency, and inmicroprocessed engine technology, have radically cut ____.A. releasesB. emissionsC. poisonsD. contamination20. If humans use up too much soil - which they have often done and aredoing - then they will starve down to the carrying capacity of their habitat.This is nature's "indifferent" ____.A. flexibilityB. justiceC. plasticityD. sensibilityII. Reading Comprehension 50%Directions: Read the follo w ing passages and choose from the choices marked A, B,C and D that best complete or answer the questions after each passage.Then put a ^in the correspondin g p l ace on the Answer Sheet..Passage OneThroughout the history of life, species of living creatures have made use of chemical energy by the slow combination of certain chemicals with oxygen within their cells. The process is analogous to combustion, but is slower and much more delicately controlled. Sometimes use is made of energy available in the bodies of stronger species as when a remora hitches a ride on a shark or a human being hitchesan ox to a plough.Inanimate sources of energy are sometimes used when species allow themselves to becarried or moved by wind or by water currents. In those cases, though, the inanimate source of energy must be accepted at the place and time that it happens to be and in the amount that happens to exist.The human use of fire involved an inanimate source of energy that was portable and could be used wherever desired. It could be ignited or extinguished at will and could be used when desired. It could be kept small or fed till it was large, and could be used in the quantities desired.The use of fire made it possible for human beings, evolutionarily equipped for mild weather only, to penetrate the temperate zones. It made it possible for them to survive cold nights and long winters, to achieve security against fire-avoiding predators, and to roast meat and grain, thus broadening their diet and limiting the danger of bacterial and parasitic infestation.Human beings multiplied in number and that meant there were more brains to plan future advances. With fire, life was not quite so hand-to-mouth; and there was more time to put those brains to work on something other than immediate emergencies.In short, the use of fire put into motion an accelerating series of technological advances.About 10 000 years ago, in the Middle East, a series of crucial advances were made. These included the development of agriculture, herding, cities, pottery, metallurgy, and writing. The final step, that of writing, took place in the Middle East about 5 000 yea years ago.This complex of changes stretching over a period of 5 000 years introduced what we call civilization, the name we give to a settled life, to a complex society in which human beings are specialized for various tasks.To be sure other animals can build complex societies and can be composed of different types of individuals specialized for different tasks. This is most m arked in such social insects as bees, ants, and termites, where individuals are in some cases physiologically specialized to the point where they cannot eat, but must be fed by others. Some species of ants practice agriculture and grow small mushroom gardens, while others herd aphids; still others war on and enslave smaller species of ants. And, of course, the beehive and the ant or termite colony have many points of analogy with the human city.The most complex nonhuman societies those of the insects, are, however, the result of instinctive behaviour, the guidelines of which are built into the genes and nervous systems of the individuals at birth. Nor does as any nonhuman society make use of fire. With insignificant exceptions, insect societies are run by the energy produced by the insect body.It is fair, then, to consider human societies as basically different from other societies and to attribute what we call civilization to human societies only.21.Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?4A. The process of species' making chemical energy is similar to the process ofcombustion.B. The process of species' making chemical energy is less complicated than theprocess of combustion.C. Fire is a portable, inanimate source of energy.D. Man sometimes makes use of energy available in the bodies of stronger species.22. From the passage we know ___.A. fire made human beings free from bacterial and parasitic infestationB. fire enabled human beings to deal with immediate emergencies more efficientlyC. fire made some animals frightenedD. fire helped human beings change their eating habits completely23. Judging from the context, the phrase "hand-to-mouth" (Para 5) most probablymeans____.A. adventurousB. unhappyC. wanderingD. unstable24. Th e point of similarity between a complex, human society and a complex beesociety is ___.A. the division of laborB. the use of fireC. the development of industryD. the development of a written language25 .According to the passage, insect societies ___.A. are governed by the instincts of insectsB. are not fundamentally different from human societiesC. are composed of individuals of the same typeD. are as not warlike as human beingsPassage TwoModem technology may not have improved the world all that much, but it certainly has made life noisier. Unmuffled motorcycles, blaring car alarms, and roving boom boxes come first, second, and third on my list of most obnoxious noise offenders, but everyone could come up with his own version of aural hell—if he could just find a quiet spot to ponder the matter. Yet what technology has done, other technology is now starting to undo, using computer power, to zap those ear-splitting noises into silence. Previously silence-seekers had little recourse except to stay inside, close the windows, and plug their ears. Remedies like these are quaintly termed " passive" systems, because they place physical barriers against the unwanted sound. Now computer technology is producing a far more effective "active" system, which doesn't just contain, deflect, or mask the noise but annihilates it electronically.The system works by countering the offending noise with -"anti-noise", a somewhat sinister-sounding term that calls to mind antimatter, black holes, and other Popular Science mindbenders but, that actually refers to something quite simple. Just as a wave on a pond is flattened when it merges with a trough that is its exact opposite (or mirror image), so can a sound wave be negated by meeting its opposite.This general theory of sound cancellation has been around since the 1930s. In the fifties and sixties it made for a kind of magic trick among laboratory acousticians5playing around with the first clunky mainframe computers. The advent of low-cost,high-power microprocessors has made active noise-cancellation systems a commercial possibility, and a handful of small electronics firms in the United States and abroad are bringing the first ones onto the silence market.Silence buffs might be hoping that the noise-canceling apparatus will take the shape of the 44 Magnum wielded by Dirty Harry, but in fact active sound control is not quite that active. The system might more properly be described as reactive, in that it responds to sound waves already headed toward human ears. In the configuration that is usual for such systems microphones detect the noise signal and send it to the system's microprocessor, which almostinstantly models it and creates its inverse for loudspeakers to fire at the original. Because the two sounds occupy the same range of frequencies and tones, the inverse sounds exactly like the noise it is meant to eliminate: the anti-noise canceling Beethoven's Fifth Symphony is heard as Beethoven's Fifth. The only difference is that every positive pressure produced on the air by the orchestra is matched by a negative pressure produced by the computer, and every negative pressure is matched by a positive, thereby silencing the sound. The system is most effective as a kind of muffler, in which microphones, microprocessor, and loudspeaker are all in a unit encasing the device that produces the sound, stifling it at its source. But it can work as a headset, too, negating the sound at the last moment before it disturbs one's peace of mind.26.The writer holds that ___.A. modem technology has disturbed the quiet life of the peopleB. modemtechnology has made people indifferent to noise pollution C. modem technologyhas made the present world quieter than before D. modem technology has failed tosolve the problem of noise pollution27. Accor d ing to the passage, an active noise-cancellation system ___. A. contains noiserather than negates it B. eliminates noise rather than muffles it C. deflects noise rather than baffles it D. holds noise back rather than stifles it28. In Paragraph 5 the word " buffs" means A. settlers B. enthusiasts C. buyersD. manufacturers29. Which of the following statements is Not true according to the passage? A. In the past,people sometimes plugged their ears to fight against the offendingnoise. B. An active noise-cancellation system follows the principle of a wave beingflattened by meeting its exact opposite. C. The first active noise-cancellation system was made in the 1930s, D. Active noise-cancellation systems are no w- available onthe market.30. Active noise-cancellation systems require ___. A. microphonesB. microprocessorsC. loudspeakersD. all of the above6Passage ThreeIn the early years of the twentieth century, astrophysicists turned their attention to a special category of stars, known as cepheid(辐射点在仙王(星)座中的流星) variables. A variable star is one whose apparent brightness changes from time to time. Among some variables, the change in brightness occurs so slowly as to be almost imperceptible; among others, it occurs in sudden, brief, violent bursts of energy. Cepheid variables have special characteristics that make them a useful astronomical tool.It was Henrietta Leavitt, an astronomer at the Harvard Observatory, who first examined the cepheid variables in detail. She found that these stars vary regularly in apparent brightness over a relatively short period of time - from one to three days to a month or more. This variation in brightness could be recorded and precisely measured with the help of the camera, then still a new tool in astronomy.Leavitt also noticed that the periodicity of each cepheid variable - that is, the period of time it took for the star to vary from its brightest point to its dimmest, and back to its brightestagain—corresponded to the intrinsic or absolute brightness of the star. That is, the greater the star's absolute brightness, the slower its cycle of variation.Why is this so? The variation in brightness is caused by the interaction between the star's gravity and the outward pressure exerted by the flow of light energy from the star. Gravity pulls the outer portions of the star inward, while light pressure pushes them outward. The result is a pulsating, in-and-out movement that produces increasing and decreasing brightness. The stronger the light pressure, the slower this pulsation. Therefore, the periodicity of the cepheid variable is a good indication of its absolute brightness.Furthermore, it is obvious that the more apparent brightness of any source of light decrease the further we are from the light. Physicists had long known that this relationship could be described by a simple mathematical formula. If we know the absolute brightness of any object - say, a star - as well as our distanc e from that object, it is possible to use the inverse square law to determine exactly how bright that object will appear to be.This laid the background for Leavitt's most crucial insight. As she had discovered, the absolute brightness of a cepheid variable could be determined by measuring its periodicity. And, of course, the apparent brightness of the star when observed from the earth could be determined by simple measurement. Leavitt saw that with these two facts and the help of the inverse square law, it would be possible to determine the distance from earth of any cepheid variable. If we know the absolute brightness of the star and how bright it appears from the earth, we can tell how far it must be.Thus, if a cepheid variable can be found in any galaxy, it is possible to measure the distance of that galaxy from earth. Thanks to Leavitt's discovery, astronomical distances that could not previously be measured became measurable for the first time.31 .The primary purpose of the passage is to explainA. the background and career of the astronomer Henrietta LeavittB. how and why various categories of stars vary in brightness7C. important uses of the camera as an astronomical toolD. how a particular method of measuring astronomical distances was created32. According to the passage, the absolute brightness of a cepheid variable ____.A. depends upon its measurable distance from an observer on earthB. may be determined from the length of its cycle of variationC. changes from time to time according to a regular and predictable patternD. indicates the strength of the gravitation force exerted by the star33. Which of the following did Leavitt's work provide astronomers with the means of determining?A. The absolute brightness of any observable cepheid variable.B. The apparent brightness of any object at a given distance from an observer.C. The distance from earth of any galaxy containing an observable cepheid variable.D. Both A and C.34. Cepheid variable of great absolute brightness would probably exhibit ____.A. a relatively rapid variation in brightnessB. a correspondingly weak gravitational forceC. slow and almost invisible changes in brightnessD. a strong outward flow of light pressure35. The passage implies that Leavitt's work on cepheid variables would not have beenpossible without the availability of____.A. the camera as a scientific toolB. techniques for determining the distances between starsC. a method of measuring a star's gravitational forceD. an understanding of the chemical properties of starsPassage fourThe American economy, whether in government or private industry, has found retirement a convenient practice for managing the labor force. On the positive side, widespread retirement has meant an expansion of leisure and opportunities for self-fulfillment in later life. On the negative side, the practice of retirement entails large costs, both in funding required for pension systems and in the loss of the accumulated skills and talents of older people.Critics of retirement as it exists today have pointed to the rigidity of retirement practices: for example, the fact that retirement is typically an all-or-nothing proposition. Would it not be better to have some form of flexible or phased retirement, in which employees gradually reduce their work hours or take longer vacations? Such an approach might enable older workers to adjust better to retirement, while permitting employers to make gradual changes instead of coping with the abrupt departure of an employee. Retirement could be radically redefined in the future.Earlier criticism of mandatory retirement at a fixed age led to legal abolition of the practice, for the most part, in 1986, The same kind of criticism has been leveled at the practice of age discrimination in employment. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act forbids older workers from being limited or treated in any way that would harm their employment possibilities. Still, most observers admit that age8discrimination in the workplace remains widespread. The negative stereotypes of older workers have caused employers to be reluctant to hire or train older people. Sometimes such discrimination against older workers is based on mistaken ideas, such as the false belief that older workers are less productive. In fact, empirical studies have not shown older workers to be less dependable in their job performance, nor are their absenteeism rate higher.Interest in the potential productivity of older workers has stimulated the growth of industrial gerontology, a field concerned with recruitment, performance appraisal, retraining, and redesign of jobs to permit older workers to be more productive. Managing an older workforce will clearly be a challenge for the future. There is also much support for the idea of work life extension; that is, adaptations of retirement rules or employment practices to enable older people to become more productive. In favor of this idea is the fact that three-quarters of employed people over 65 are in white-collar occupations in service industries, which are less physically demanding than agriculture or manufacturing jobs. As a result, it is sometimes argued, older people can remain in productive jobs now longer than in the past. In addition, some analysts point to declining numbers of young people entering the workforce, thus anticipating a labor shortage later in the 1990s. That development, if it occurred, might stimulate a need for older workers and a reversal of the trend toward early retirement.36. Opponents of the retirement policy say ____.A. it gives more leisure to old people than they know how to useB. it costs too much money in the form of retirement pensionsC. it is too rigid and flexibility should be integrated into itD. retirement should be p racticed only in the public sector37. Wh at happened in 1986?A. Retirement stopped being practiced.B. Age limitation in retirement was abolished.C. Age discrimination was legally abolished.D. Retired people were no longer entitled to pensions.38.Empirical studies indicate that old people ____.A. are less productive than younger peopleB. prefer working to retiringC. are reliable workersD. are less dependable39. I nd u s tri a l gerontology is concerned with ____.A. how to mange older workforceB. finding out how productive older workers can beC. how to meet the challenge of the futureD. finding out what kind of people can stay after the retirement age40. Which of the following might lead to work life extension?A. Retraining of old people in modem skills.B. The trend toward early retirement.9C. The expansion of agriculture and manufacturing industry.D. The declining younger labor force.Passage FiveOur culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic (语言上的) and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (多语的)guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Theattitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives -usually the richer - who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.But all that is past, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.41. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle-Easterners would most probably ____.A. stand stillB. jump asideC. step forwardD. draw back42.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ____.A. cultural self-centerednessB. casual mannersC. indifference towards foreign visitors10D. arrogance toward other cultures43. In countries other than their own most Americans ____.A. are isolated by the local peopleB. are not well informed due to the language barrierC. tend to get along well with the nativesD. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants44. According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorancewill____.A. affect their image in the new eraB. cut themselves of f from the outside worldC. limit their role in world af f airsD. weaken the position of the US dollar45. The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize thatA. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC. it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD. it is time to get acquainted with other culturesIII. Translation 20%Directions:Translate the following passage into ChineseA few years ago, the rich world's worry about economic interaction with developing countries was that the poor could not profit from it. So unbalanced were the terms of exchange between the North's mighty industries and the South's weakling sweatshops that trade between the two could be nothing more than exploitation of the one by the other: far from helping the poor countries, global integration would actually deepen their poverty. This fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite - namely, that trade with the developing world will impoverish today's rich countries.This new fear is more dangerous than the old one. The earlier scare tacitly affirmed that the industrial countries would suffer if they cut their links with the third world. Starting from there, campaigning in the North to restrict trade with developing countries was going to be an uphill struggle. Those who oppose deeper economic integration now have a better platform. Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new competition. Unlike its predecessor, this idea may sell.The new fear, like the old one, expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another. This is a deeply rooted prejudice, and plainly wrong. Very nearly all of the world is more prosperous now than it was 30 years ago. Growth has been a story of mutual advance.Lending useful support to this first error is a second - the idea that there is only so much work to go round. If new technologies make some jobs obsolete, or if an increase in the supply of cheap imports makes other jobs uneconomic, the result must11be a permanent rise in unemployment. Again, on a moment's reflection, this is wrong. At the core of both errors is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.IV. Writing 20%Directions:Please read the follo w ing report and then w rite an essay in 250-300 words on the topic : My comment on the plan of future development of Chongming (崇明)island.Your composition should consist of three parts:1. The characteristics of the plan2. My comment on the plan3. Description of the relationship between human and nature (to support our comment) Chongming, the country's third largest and Shanghai's "last piece of pristine land", is working on a decade-long development plan. There are no large -scaleindustrialization plans for the island. Instead future development will focuson tourism, resorts and exhibition centres although there will be room forcertain pollution-free industries. —From "Shanghai Star"。

同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。

2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。

3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。

4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。

5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。

2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。

请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。

简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。

并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。

注：名解是用英文出的。

3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。

以下是[⽆忧★考]为⼤家整理的《历年湖北省华中科技⼤学英语考博真题》的⽂章，供⼤家参考阅读！　华中科技⼤学 2010年招收博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试试题 考试科⽬：英语 适合专业：各专业 Part I Cloze (0.5x20=10%) Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank inthe passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the .United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 1 en event takes place, newspapers are on the street 2 the details. 3 anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news. Newspapers have one basic 4 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to 5 it. Radio, telegraph, television, and 6 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. 7 , this competitionmerely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 8 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 9 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to 10 out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today's newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious 11 Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 12 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 13 Newspapers are sold at a price that 14 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 15 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 16 in selling advertising depends newspaper's value to advertisers. This 17 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 18 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment 19 in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information 20 the community, city, county, state, nation and world……and even outer space. 1. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D, Before 2. A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given 3. A. Wherever B. Whatever C. However D. Whichever 4. A. reason B. cause C. problem D. purpose 5. A. make B. publish C. know D. write 6. A. another B. other C. one another D. the other 7. A. HoweverB. AndC. ThereforeD. So 8. A. value B. ratio C. rate D. speed 9. A. spread B. passed C. printed D. completed10. A. provoke B. jump C. step D. branch 11. A. matters B. affairs C. things D. events 12. A. on B. through C. with D. of 13. A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose 14. A. tries to cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D. succeeds in 15. A. source B. origin C.course D. finance 16. A. way B. means C. chance D. success 17. A. measures B. measured C. is measured D. was measured 18. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something 19. A. offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered 20. A. by B. with C. at D. about Part II Reading comprehension (20x2=40%) Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Passage One Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by" induction". Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon's conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries …… such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the" force" of gravity …… could never have been made if Bacon's rules had prevailed. Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacon's own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most "obvious" of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a-fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain. What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances. 21. According to Bacon, facts 。

[模拟] 华中科技大学考博英语模拟2Part Ⅰ Cloze In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage.The most famous painter in Victoria's history is Emily Carr. When she was a child, she discovered that walking in the woods __1__ more to her than playing with other children, and that she was more interested in__2__ the streets of old Victoria than playing at home with __3__ and spending her time making up.Emily was a cute little girl who spent __4__ of her childhood in Beacon Hill Park, __5__ was very close to her home. Drawing __6__ her, and she also liked to play with the pets. She had ducks and chickens, and even __7__ a monkey. She was __8__ interested in the First Nations people and the Chinese people she saw in Victoria's Chinatown. Their culture and way of dressing seemed so __9__ from her own.As she became a young, strong and __10__ woman, Emily began to go on long trips into the forests to__11__ and draw what she saw. She loved the free and simple __12__ of the First Nations people. In the summer of 1895 she went on __13__ with two other women to __14__ the wilderness along the Cowichan River that runs through Duncan, __15__ north of VictoriA.She knew more about their lifestyle and the forests of B. C. than __16__ other European woman. When you look at her paintings, you can sense the __17__ of these dark, mysterious forests. Her paintings are now very famous and, __18__ the dark colors may not be attractive to some people, they __19__ the beauty and mystery of the deep woods and the skill of a great artist. Emily was a very brave and independent woman. She walked through the woods alone, even though she knew that bears and wolves might be her only __20__ .第1题：A.attractedB.appealedC.alluredD.induced参考答案：B答案解析：本题考核的知识点是：动词搭配和辨析。

华中科技大学大学英语教学模式为了贯彻教育部《大学英语课程教学要求》，充分调动学生英语学习的主动性和潜在能力，进一步提高教学质量，在总结大学英语教学改革经验的基础上，我校2006级本科生大学英语将继续实施学分制分层次教学模式。

现将该模式的主要内容和要求描述、说明如下：教学模式描述说明1.三个层次的划分：本科新生(同济医学院本科生除外)在入学的第一周参加大学英语分级考试；见“华中科技大学大学英语分级考试大纲”。

本大纲可从华中科技大学外国语学院主页下载，网址为：/)。

根据分级考试成绩，大学外语系具体确定各层次学生名单。

2.教学目标：(1)层次一：学生通过两学年的基础英语学习，要求英语水平达到教育部《大学英语课程教学要求》规定的一般要求：(2)层次二：学生通过两学年的基础英语和中级英语学习，要求英语水平达到教育部《大学英语课程教学要求》规定的较高要求；(3)层次三：学生通过两学年的英语学习(其中第一、第二学期为基础英语，第三、四学期为高级英语，并课外自学基础英语教材)，要求英语水平达到教育部《大学英语课程教学要求》规定的更高要求。

3.课程设置:(1)基础英语：指传统的兼顾听、说、读、写、译等技能的通用大学英语课程。

基础英语课按学时数分为A(56学时)、B(32学时)和C(课外自学)三类：(2)中高级英语：指在基础阶段大学英语课中传授、培养专门语言知识或技能的课程，如：中、高级听说、英美影视、媒体视听、英美文化、西方企业文化、英美文学选读、时文赏析、进阶写作、应用文写作、科技翻译、商务英语等。

中级英语为层次二的学生开设：高级英语为层次三的学生开设。

4.考试科目、成绩报告，层次异动：第一、二学期三个层次的学生均每周学习四学时基础英语课程(层次二和层次三将适当补充教学内容)，期末参加基础英语考试，报告分数为基础英语成绩。

及格者，记3.5学分．层次一和层次二的学生，成绩特别优秀者下学期可以进入高层次学习；成绩不及格者须重修。

华中科技大学考博英语历年试题题型题量综合分析导言：考博英语真题的重要性全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。

华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。

考博英语试题的独特性众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。

而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。

首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。

并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方面而引起的错误和争议。

其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。

因其题目来源的独特性，我们研究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。

如果考生在考前了解了这一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。

所以考生考前精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。

考博英语试题的作用考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。

指导作用。

通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。

规划作用。

考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。

华中科技大学2005年考博英语试题I.Cloze(1x10=10%)Directions:In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage.Write your answers on the answer sheet.Some kids have a hard time1to the new freedom that they acquire when they leave high school and come to college.Here you are able to choose 2or not you want to go to class.However,this responsibility comes with a great price.If you do not go to class,you may miss an important lecture and these are very critical when it comes time for the test that is fifty percent of your grade.With this responsibility I have learned how to manage my time more3.4 hating every minute of school,I value it5a time for me to prepare for the big test.This new schedule has also changed me in that now I6school is worth my time.I do not dread going to class.Yes,it is boring some of the time but since I only have two to four classes a day for only four days out of the week,it is not as7__as high school.Also many of my courses require more in depth thinking. As an alternative to doing worksheets and8simple questions,college courses call9_analysis and thought.Almost all of my homework now is writing papers and reading books.These to this routine,I have been able to investigate and recognize meaning more10and it has helped me in my thought process.1.A)content B)to adopt C)finding D) adjusting2.A)where B)when C)whether D)if3.A)effective B)efficiently C)effort D) affect4.A)Instead of B)Rather than C)Instead D)Other than5.A)for B)upon C)as D)with6.A)should like B)feel like C)look like D)would like7.A)unpleasant B)pleasant C)enjoyable D)misfortune8.A)answered B)answer C)answering D)to answer9.A)in B)for C)up D)about10.A)likely B)prepared C)ready D)readilyII.Reading comprehension(20x2=40%)Directions:There are four passages in this part.After each passage,there are five questions.You are to choose the best answer for each question.Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage1Extremely refined behaviour,cultivated as an art of gracious living,has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure,which admitted women as the social equals of men.After the fall of Rome,the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence,in France.Provence had become wealthy.The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades,and there the ideals of chivalry grew up,which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration,and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds,though he would never come physically close to her.Thiswas the introduction of the concept of romantic love,which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on an a inferior form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.In Renaissance Italy too,in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries,a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners,but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes.Indeed many of the rules,such as how to enter a banquet room,or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes,were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man,who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief,certainly not a sword,to his name.Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary.Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.You can easily think of dozens of examples of customs and habits in your own daily life which come under this heading.11．Etiquette cultivated as an art of gracious living______.A.has been typical of rich and leisured societiesB.advocates that women are the same as menC.began in nineteenth-century ProvenceD.looks down on extremely refined behaviour12．The ideals of chivalry demanded that______.A.a knight should never have physical relationships with womenB.a knight should inspire his lady to valiant deedsC.a knight should dedicate his valiant deeds to a womanD.romantic people should influence literature13．The rules of etiquette in Renaissance Italy______.A.were chiefly concerned with the correct use of one’s sword or handkerchiefB.were practiced by the majority of societyC.did not apply to a large section of societyD.were fairly simple to follow14．The average working man in fifteenth-century Italy______.A.spent all his life outdoorsB.spent all his life in his own poor hutC.had better social manners than workers todayD.was unlikely to have possessed a sword15．Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of giving unnecessary offence to others are______.A.the essential basis of all systems of good mannersB.not a universal feature of etiquetteC.taught to the lower classes by the upper classesD.often neglected by polite societyPassage2One day Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand in London,killing time,when his eye was caught by an enormous picture displayed upon the wall of a house.It represented a human figure covered with long,dark hair,with huge nails upon his hands and a most fearful expression.On coming nearer,he heard a man call out"Walk in,ladies and gentlemen,the most wonderful curiosity ever exhibited ——only five pence the wild man from Africa——he eats raw food,and many other pleasing and surprising performances."Mr kerry paid his money and was admitted. At first the crowd prevented his seeing anything,for the place was full to suffocation (窒息),and the noise awful.At last,Mr Kerry obtained,by means of squeezing and pushing,a place in the front,when to his horror,he saw a figure that was far worse than the portrait outside.It was a man,nearly naked,covered with long,shaggy hair,that grew even over his nose and cheekbones.He sprang about,sometimes on his feet,sometimes on all-fours,but always uttering the most fearful yells,and glaring upon the crowd in a manner that was really dangerous.Mr Kerry did not feel exactly happy at the whole proceeding,and began heartily to wish himself outside.Suddenly,the savage gave a more frightening scream than before and seized a piece of raw beef which a keeper extended to him on a long fork.This he tore to pieces eagerly,and ate in the most voracious(贪婪的)manner,among great clapping of hands and other evidence of satisfaction from the audience."I'll go now,"thought Mr Kerry,"for who knows whether,in his hungry moods,he might not fancy finishing his dinner with me."Just at this instant,some sounds struck his ear that surprised him.He listened more attentively and,to his amazement,found that among the most fearful cries and wild yells,the savage was talking Irish.Now,Mr Kerry had never heard of an African Irishman so he listened very closely,and by degrees,not only the words were known to him,but the very voice was familiar,so turning to the savage,he addressed him in Irish,at the same time fixing him with a severe look.“Who are you?”said Mr Kerry.“Billy McCabe,sir.”“And what do you mean by playing your tricks here,instead of earning your living like an honest man?"“Well,”said Billy,"I'm earning the rent to pay you.One must do many strange things to pay the kind of rent you charge."16．Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand because______.A.he had nothing else to doB.he was late for an appointmentC.he was looking for something to doD.he was reluctant to go home17．Inside the house,at first,Mr Kerry______.A.was nearly suffocatedB.could see nothingC.was pushed aboutD.couldn’t hear anything18．The wild man gave the impression of being dangerous by______.A.the way he movedB.the way he dressedC.the looks he gaveD.the cries he made19．Mr Kerry decided to leave the house because______.A.he flt extremely frightenedB.he was worried what might happenC.he didn’t wish to eat with the savageD.he feared he might have a heart attack20．The wild man surprised Mr Kerry by speaking Irish since______.A.he was on show in LondonB.he was a primitive savageC.he previously spoke gibberishD.he was thought to be AfricanPassage3Having reached the highest point of our route according to plan,we discovered something the map had not told us.It was impossible to climb down into the Kingo valley.The river lay deep between mountain sides that were almost vertical.We couldn’t find any animal tracks,which usually show the best way across country,and the slopes were covered so thickly with bushes that we could not see the nature of the ground.We had somehow to break through to the river which would give us our direction out of the mountains into the inhabited lowlands.Our guide cut a narrow path through the bushes with his long knife and we followed in single file.Progress was slow.Then,when we thought we had really reached the river,we found ourselves instead on the edge of a cliff with a straight drop of1000feet to the water below.We climbed back up the slope and began to look for another way down.We climbed,slipped,sweated and scratched our hands to pieces and finally arrived at the river.Happily we strode downhill along its bank without having to cut our way.However,after a few miles the river entered a steep-sided gap between rocks and suddenly dropped thirty-five feet over a waterfall.There was no path alongside it and no way round it.Then one of the guides saw a way of overcoming the difficulty.There was a fallen tree lying upside down over the waterfall with its leafy top resting on the opposite bank below the falls.Without hesitation he climbed down the slippery trunk to show us how easy it was.Having got to the fork of the tree,he moved hand over hand along a branch for four or five feet with his legs hanging in space,then he dropped onto the flat bank on the other side,throwing his arms in the air like a footballer who has scored a goal,and cheerfully waving us on.21．Having reached the highest point on their route,the travelers expected to be able to______.A.track animals to the riverB.put away the maps they hadbeen usingC.approach the river from different directionD.get down to the riverwithout much difficulty22．The travelers wanted to get to the river because______.A.it would lead them to the waterfallB.it would show them whichway to goC.it was the only possible route out of the mountainsD.it was a quickerroute than going over the mountains23.One reason why the travelers took so long to get to the river was that______.A.it was too hot to move quicklyB.there was no proper pathC.they all tried to go in different waysD.they could not follow theanimal tracks24.The travelers were happy when they reached the river because______.A.they had a sense of achievementB.the going was much easierthenC.they were eager to see the waterfallD.they knew they were neartheir destination25.To get past the waterfall the guide had to______.e a fallen tree as a kind of bridgeB.cross the river above thewaterfallC.slide down a steep river bankD.swing across the river from ahigh branchPassage4Will you be watching‘Horizon’on Monday evening,or is that when you’re down at the local?HILARY MACASKILL suggests here that tuning in may be advisable.This week’s Horizon:How Much Can You Drink?Addresses itself to the practical issue of the dividing line between harmless normal drinking and the“serious drinking problem”that troubles an estimated700000people in this country.Too much drinking can have terrible effects on health:in the next12months10000people may die prematurely from the effects of drink.Advertisements can no longer characterize alcohol as beneficial.Guinness is not now projected as“good for you”. Nevertheless,social drinkers cling hopefully to that scrap of half-remembered research that suggests that a little drink is good for you.Well,perhaps it is.Darts(a game)players can draw comfort from the evidence in the programme that hand shaking lessens after a few drinks.Though it must be added that next day’s hand shaking was greater than normal.Moderate drinking, because of the effect of alcohol on the blood,may give some protection against heart disease.But people’s bodies vary hugely in their reactions to alcohol.The less fortunate drinkers may get cirrhosis(a kind of disease)of the liver after a far smaller alcohol amount than another drinker.So how much can you drink?The answer,if you are a woman,is less that a man. The reason is not another example of rough discrimination but that women,unfair though it may be,are more at risk from alcohol.Doctors recommend a daily limit of six units for a man,four units for a woman.That limit is the aim of those who attend Drink Watchers,formed18months ago,which works on similar lines to Weight Watchers.After an initial screening to ensure that they aren’t physically damaged by alcohol,Drink Watchers meet weekly to analyze ant discuss the daily records they keep of their drinks.“The aim is to provide a social base as much as anything,”says National co-ordinator Geraldine Wilson.“We replace the pub life with a different social life.”Enjoying sensible drinking is the goal of Drink Watchers and Geraldine has some useful tips to help people stick to the limit:“Make the first drink a soft one to quench the thirst.Alternate alcohol with mineral water.Put the glass on the table between sips.Distance the glass so you have to make a conscious effort to reach it. Make one drink last40minutes.Most important,plan how much to drink in an evening,count the drinks and then stop.”26.Based on what do you think this article is written?A.A magazineB.A newspaperC.A medical journal.D.A TV program.27.Can alcohol ever be good for you?A.Yes,in moderate amount.B.No,even in moderate amount.C.Maybe,in moderate amount.D.Never,even in moderate amount.28.How can Drink Watchers help you?A.By checking your health.B.By providing social base.C.By helping you cut down on your drinking.D.All the above.29.What do you think the word“soft”in the third line of paragraph7means?A.gentleB.non-alcoholicdD.calm30.Which of the following is NOT true according to the text?A.700000people in Britain are seriously affected by alcohol.B.10000people are likely to die in the next year because of alcohol.C.Six units of beer for men and4units for women everyday is‘safe’.D.Different people react almost the same to alcohol.III.TranslationSection A From English into Chinese(15%)Directions:Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet.People could land on Mars in the next20to30years provided scientists can find water on the red planet,the head of NASA's(美国国家宇航局)surface exploration mission said on September16.Two partially solar-powered"robot geologists"--Mars Exploration Rovers,or MERs –(机器人地质学者——火星探测漫游者)have been trundling across3miles of the planet and into craters since January,beaming back data about the makeup of what scientists believe is Earth's sister planet.1.Asked how long it could be before astronauts land on Mars,Arthur Thompson, mission manager for MER surface operations said,"My best guess is20to30 years,if that becomes our primary priority."The two MER robots,dubbed Spirit and Opportunity,have found ancient evidence that water was once plentiful--important for scientists hoping to know if there was once--or could still be--life on Mars.Without water,the dream of sending astronauts to the often dusty planet,which has rust-colored rocks and where the sky is red and sunsets are blue,couldn't unravel."If we cannot find water，it really makes it difficult to send humans.Water is the key," said Thompson,who was attending a mining engineers'conference.2.Such a mission would take11to12months to get to Mars and it would be impossible to carry enough water for the astronauts,plus the water needed to make rocket fuel for the return journey,to cool the spacecraft and to generate energy.Thompson said scientists had found a canyon on Mars"that makes the Grand Canyon look like a small canyon,"where water could still be present."There are indications that there is actually water that seeps out the side of the canyon, and going down the side it evaporates.We believe it's an ongoing process,"he said. 3.Three satellites now orbiting Mars are constantly gathering information,and Thompson said,"If there is water,we believe the chances of finding life are greatly increased."into English(15%)Directions:Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the answer sheet.自从1843年第一张圣诞贺卡在伦敦印刷、销售以来，公务贺卡已经成为政治家们节日活动中不可缺少的一部分。