【解析二：SAT写作】
先看College Board官方对新SAT文章写作的要求说明：
按照重新设计的SAT对写作的要求，学生将在50分钟内完成阅读、分析、写作三个步骤。在这50分钟里，考生首先基于一篇650-750词、高中阅读材料难度的议论文做出分析，在读懂文章并分析文章的基础上，完成一篇文章。
实际上，考生文章的评分也是从阅读、分析、写作方面考量的，这三方面各按1-4档来评分（第4档为最高档），综合即为学生的ESSAY写作得分。
官方也给出了这三方面具体的考核点，在阅读步骤上，不仅要求学生充分理解原文本，包括理解文章中心思想、重要细节以及之间的联系，还要求学生能精确表述原文本，以及使用文本证据素材来展现对源文本的理解。
在分析步骤上：
-要求学生较好分析源文本并准确评估源文本作者使用的证据、推理、风格或其他说服力的元素，以及学生在写作中所选择的其他特点。
-要求学生找到支持自己写作观点的主要源文本证据以及与解决任务最相关的文本特征。
在写作步骤上：
要求学生能使用中心论点，根据写作思路构建文章结构，在表达上掌握标准书面英语的惯用习惯，用词准确，能使用多样化的句型以及保持统一适当的风格和语气。
所以，跟现行的SAT考试相比，新SAT考试不仅仅是对写作能力的考察，而是加入了阅读文本、分析文本的步骤。
从某种程度上来说，新SAT中的文章写作虽然是选考科目（以文章写作为选考的ACT考试作为参考，实际上排名靠前的大学一般都会要求提交选考作文成绩），但其要求和难度相对以前来说是有一定的提高的，至少在写作部分加强了对阅读文本、分析文本等能力的考察。
对现有的新SAT文章写作权威材料梳理及分析
根据本文开头提到的可汗学院网站及美国大学理事会官网上的权威新SAT材料来看，目前一共有7道新SAT文章写作样题。这7道写作样题的阅读部分分别节选或改编于以下7篇文章：
1、2012年12月21日《洛杉矶时报》(LosAngeles Times)上发表的“Let There Be Dark”，作者为Paul Bogard
文章主旨：呼吁保护黑夜、减轻光污染
可汗学院网站提供的相关链接：
https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018848159.html,/KA-share/sat/5KS01E%20Practice%20Essay.pdf
2、2005年4月10日《纽约时报》(TheNew York Times)上发表的“Why Literature Matters”，作者为Dana Gioia
文章主旨：论述美国人阅读量下降可能给社会带来重要的负面影响
可汗学院网站提供的相关链接：
https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018848159.html,/KA-share/sat/5LS02E%20Practice%20Essay.pdf
3、2013年6月13日《圣地亚哥联合论坛报》(TheSan Diego Union-Tribune)上发表的“Bag Ban Bad forFreedom and Environment”，作者为Adam B. Summers
文章主旨：论述塑料袋不应该被禁
可汗学院网站提供的相关链接：
https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018848159.html,/KA-share/sat/5LS03E%20Practice%20Essay.pdf
4、2013年9月25日《赫芬顿邮报》的网站The Huffington https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018848159.html,上发表的“Foreign News at a Crisis Point”，作者为新闻编辑Peter S. Goodman
文章主旨：呼吁美国新闻机构增加对外国新闻的专业报道数量
可汗学院网站提供的相关链接：
https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018848159.html,/KA-share/sat/5LS04E%20Practice%20Essay.pdf
5、2003年出版的Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and Land, A Photographic Journey by Subhankar Banerjee的前言，此前言作者为美国前总统Jimmy Carter
文章主旨：呼吁不在北极国家野生动物保护区实行工业开发
美国大学理事会官网提供的相关链接：
https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018848159.html,/pdf/sat-practice-test-1-essay.pdf
6、1967年4月4日Martin Luther King Jr.在纽约的演讲“Beyond Vietnam—A Time to Break Silence”
文章主旨：论述美国参与越战是不合理的
美国大学理事会官网提供的相关链接：
https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018848159.html,/pdf/sat-practice-test-2-essay.pdf
7、2013年8月19日《时代周刊》(Time)上发表的“The Digital Parent Trap”，作者为Eliana Dockterman
文章主旨：论述小孩从小就接触现代科技产品的好处
美国大学理事会官网提供的相关链接：
https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018848159.html,/pdf/sat-practice-test-3-essay.pdf
【综上总结】
首先，从源文本长度上来看：以上7篇新SAT样题Essay写作部分引用文章，每篇4--12段不等，加上每篇文章前后的两个措辞基本固定的写作提示框，每道新SATEssay写作题引文部分篇幅为A4纸两面左右。
第二，从文章种类来看：所有引文均为说理议论性文章。
第三，从文章出处来看，绝大部分取材于新闻媒体（包括书籍）上发表的文章，但也有从演讲中截取的内容。
第四，从文章完成时间来看，时间跨度为1967至2013年，绝大部分是2000年以后发表的文章，具有一定的时效性和时代感，2000年以前的占比较低。
以第一篇作文为例，源文本为2012年12月21日《洛杉矶时报》(Los Angeles Times)上发表的“Let There Be Dark”，作者为Paul Bogard
先看源文本文章前官方表述的写作提示:
“As you read the passage below, consider how Paul Bogard uses
★evidence, such as facts or examples, to support claims
★reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims andevidence
★stylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choiceor appeals to emotion, to add power to the ideas expressed.
再看源文本文章前官方表述的写作提示:
Write an essay in which you explain how Paul Bogard builds an argument to persuade her audience that there are benefits to early exposure to technology. In your essay, analyze how Bogard uses one or more of the features listed in the box above(or features of your own choice)to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of her argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage.
Your essay should not explain whether you agree with Bogard’s claims, but rather explain how Bogard builds an argument to persuade her audience.
从样题的写作提示表达中，我们可以看到，重新设计的SAT写作与现行SAT Essay考试有明显区别的是：出题者并不允许新SAT考生表达自己是否赞成或反对所引用的文章的观点，而是要求考生解释文章的作者是如何提出并夯实自己的观点并运用哪些方式和技巧来说服读者的。
【新SAT文章写作满分范文及评点】
对于上节提及的新SAT Essay引用文章”Let There Be Dark”（见上节第一篇），官方给出了若干评分等级的习作文章，作为解读评分标准的参考。因篇幅有限，本文在此摘录一篇被官方评为满分的作文，也就是说，如果考场上的作文到达以下水平，就是满分作文。为了突出重点，我将这篇文章某些部分做了格式上的处理，如加粗、划线等。
被官方评为满分的新SAT作文
In response to our world’s growing reliance on artificial light, writer Paul Bogard argues that naturaldarkness should be preserved in his article “Let There be dark”. He effectively builds his argument by using a personal anecdote, allusions to art and history, and rhetorical questions.
Bogard starts his article off by recounting a personal story- a summer spent on a Minnesota lake where there was “woods so dark that [his] hands disappeared before [his] eyes.”
In telling this brief anecdote, Bogard challenges the audience to remember a time where they could fully amass themselves in natural darkness void of artificial light. By drawing in his readers with a personal encounter about night darkness, the author means to establish the potential for beauty, glamour, and awe-inspiring mystery that genuine darkness can possess.
He builds his argument for the preservation of natural darkness by reminiscing for his readers a first-hand encounter that proves the “irreplaceable value of darkness.“This anecdote provides a baseline of sorts for readers to findcredence with the author’s claims.
Bogard’s argument is also furthered by his use of allusion to art–Van Gogh’s “Starry Night “–and modern history–Paris’reputation as “The City of Light”.
By first referencing “Starry Night”, a painting generally considered to be undoubtedly beautiful, Bogard establishes that the natural magnificence of stars in a dark sky is definite. A world absent of excess artificial light could potentially hold the key to a grand, glorious night sky like Van Gogh’saccording to the writer. This urges the readers to weigh the disadvantages of our world consumed by unnatural, vapid lighting.
Furthermore, Bogard’s alludesto Paris as “the famed ‘city of light’”. He then goes on to state how Paris has taken steps to exercise more sustainable lighting practices. By doing this, Bogard creates a dichotomy between Paris’traditionally alluded-to name and the reality of what Paris is becoming - no longer “the city of light”, but more so “the city of light…before 2 AM”.
This furthers his line of argumentation because it shows how steps can be an dare being taken to preserve natural darkness. It shows that even a city that is literally famous for being constantly lit can practically address light pollution in a manner that preserves the beauty of both the city itself and the universe as a whole.
Finally, Bogardmakes subtle yet efficient use of rhetorical questioning to persuade his audience that natural darkness preservation is essential. He asks the readers to consider “what the vision of the night sky might inspire in each of us, in our children or grandchildren?”
in a way that brutally plays to each of our emotions. By asking this question,Bogard draws out heart felt ponderance from his readers about the affecting power of an untainted night sky. This rhetorical question tugs at the readers’heart strings; while the reader may have seen an unobscured night skyline before, the possibility that their child or grandchild will never get the chance sways them to see as Bogard sees.
This strategy is definitively an appeal to pathos, forcing the audience to directly face an emotionally-chargedinquiry that will surely spur some kind of response. By doing this, Bogard develops his argument, adding gutthral power to the idea that the issue of maintaining natural darkness is relevant and multifaceted.
Writing as a reaction to his disappointment that artificial light has largely permeated the presence of natural darkness, Paul Bogard argues that we must preserve true, unaffected darkness. He builds this claim by making use of a personal anecdote,allusions, and rhetorical questioning.
简评：
1、上文为643词，相比其它评分较低的文章，这篇作文明显较长，这说明官方对于高分作文的字数是有一定期待的，写得较慢、较少的同学可能会处于劣势（现行SAT作文也需要注意此项）；
2、这篇文章仍然是采取了经典的总分总形式，从划线部分可以看出，英文作文中普遍运用的“一个中心，三个支撑点”的行文思想在这里也是适用的；
3、上文用词、用句水平较高，笔者听备考新SAT的一对一学生反馈说此满分范文比新SAT 引用的文章本身还要稍微难懂一点，主要是词句更难理解一些，可以据此推测，写作的词句基本功在新SAT Essay里仍然是考察重点。
结语：新SAT样题的发布牵动了许多家长、学生、老师的神经，对其的研究是有备考指导作用的。在Essay方面的备考启示有：
第一，考生可以多关注和阅读近年在新闻媒体（包括网络报道、书籍等）里出现的高质量英语论述文章；
第二，在阅读上述文章时，有意识地思考作者为了达到写作意图而运用的写作方法；
第三，积累优美词句，在新SAT Essay练习中反复使用。
SAT考试真题-新老SAT写作对比写作单项发生巨变 4月16日新SAT官方样题发布，新东方上海学校VIP学习中心的老师们在第一时间窥视其具体改革的真实面貌，准确把握住了备考的方向。新东方VIP学习中心建议广大考生及家长不要过分担忧新SAT，踩准改革方向和考察重点是顺利应对新SAT的关键。 写作一直是许多考生在考试中的障碍，新SAT的改革在写作单项上也有一些变化，新东方VIP学习中心的老师对比了新老SAT考试的写作部分，总结出写作改革的重点，希望对广大考生带了帮助。 SAT Essay 还有一年半的时间我们就要迎接来新的SAT考试了，那么我们先来看一下新的SA T会有些什么改变： ·最早的一次新SAT考试会出现在2016年的春天 ·新的SAT考试会以2种形式出现：纸质版考试和电脑版考试(电脑版考试的考 点会根据的地区来确定) ·考试内容： (1) 询证式阅读和语法 (2) 数学 (3)作文 ·考试长度： (1)3个小时+50分钟的作文 (2) 具体时长会根据进一步的实验再做决定 ·考试分数：1600 (1) 询证式阅读+语法：800分 (2)数学：800分 (3) 作文：单独出分数(可选，但是大部分学校会要求作文分数) SAT写作改革重点： 重新改革的SAT将会更加贴近美国高中教育同时配合美国大学人才的需求。新的SAT作文考试会更加侧重学生能不能够完全适应美国大学里面的学术写作要求，日常的作业，和论文的完成等。所以，新的SAT作文考试要求学生首先具备一些基本的英语写作素养，比如说，遣词造句的能力，表达的能力，构建文章的能力。除此之外，新的考试会更关注于学生整体的读与写的能力，包括逻辑思维能力，辩证性思维能力，独立思考能力，论证能力，辩述能力，分析文章能力等。
Is the Vietnam War a wise choice? Martin Luther King Jr., the famous leader of the African-American Civil Rights Movement, stated his opinion that it was totally wrong to start that war. Meanwhile, in order to strengthen his opinion, rhetorical devices, such as parallel, contrast, irony, personal anecdote, quotation, were utilized in his speech, which made his speech more persuasive and evoked the audience to stand by his side Throughout the whole passage, the use of contrast presented two extreme opposite sides, which highlighted the difference and conflicts between what is shown on TV screens to the reality of the society; the rhetorical device of parallel showed strong artistic expression of contend, which strengthened the speaker’s point of view concerning how the miserable situation the poor are facing with; it is the personal anecdote illustrated an undeniable truth of his own experience of convincing angry young men that described his opinion
2008年10月SAT写作真题及要点解答 95.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and assignment below:(2008.10) We are frequently told that compromise is the best way for people to work out their differences.When people compromise,with each side losing a little in order to reach a satisfactory agreement,both sides can continue to live in harmony.However,compromise can work only when the issues at stake are not that https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018848159.html,promise does not work when there is a genuine difference of opinion about strongly held principles or ideas. Assignment:Is compromise always the best way to resolve a conflict? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue.Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading,studies,experience,or observation. 96.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and assignment below:(2008.10) People usually assume that the quality of a decision is directly related to the time and effort that went into making it.We believe that we are always better off gathering as much information as possible and then spending as much time as possible analyzing that information.But there are times when making a quick judgment is the best thing to do.Decisions made quickly can be as good as decisions made slowly and
月新SAT官方新样题第一时间解读：满分写作范文解析
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2015年1月新SAT官方新样题第一时间解读：满分写作范文解析 本次官方给出了两道样题，北京新东方张卉老师针对第一篇样题（节选自Paul Bogard 于2012.12.21发表在《洛杉矶时报》的“Let There Be Dark.”）的满分作文进行了官方得分理由的第一时间解读。 满分作文（阅读部分4分，理解部分4分，写作部分4分） 阅读理解部分---4分：这篇作文通过熟练的间接引用--转述技巧（paraphrases）和直接引用技巧（direct quotations）展现出了对材料文章全面充分的理解能力。作者用简洁的语言概括了Bogard’s piece这篇文章的主旨，即(natural darkness should be preserved; we must preserve true, unaffected darkness)，并从材料文章中找寻证据来说明作者如何支持主旨：如提及作者用个人轶事来开篇；提及Bogard对Paris’ reputation as “The City of Ligh t”这一历史典故的引用。考生并未直接引用大段的作者原文，而是用自己简洁精确的转述语言来全面解读Bogard 的这篇argument，考生能够清晰有条理的说明Bogard如何使用细节来支持主旨。这篇文章没有对材料文章事实的误读或曲解。总而言之，此文反映出了考生优秀的阅读理解技巧。 分析能力部分—4分：北京新东方张卉老师通过结合官方理由解读，这篇满分文章展现了考生深刻透彻的分析能力并展现出考生对分析技巧这一要求的深刻理解。考生认真全面地解释了Bogard如何通过使用个人轶事，艺术和历史引喻，修辞手段等方法来展开他的议论。例如：考生分析了Bogard为何采用个人轶事这一手段来进行开篇，并描述了作者采用这一方法对读者产生的整体效果，如(In telling this brief anecdote, Bogard challenges the audience to remember a time where they could fully amass themselves in natural darkness void of artificial light. By drawing in his readers with a personal encounter...the author means to establish the potential for beauty, glamour, and awe-inspiring mystery that genuine darkness can possess.... This ane cdote provides a baseline of sorts for readers to find credence with the author’s claims. ) 括号 中这一有说服力的逻辑链表明了考生从手段功能性和读者效果性两个方面，全面地理解了Bogard采用个人轶事这一方式开篇的作用。这种深刻的分析在通篇都展现得非常明显，此文反映出了考生优秀的分析技巧。 写作能力部分—4分：这篇文章行文连贯结构紧密，展现出考生极高的语言运用掌握能力。这篇文章有清晰明确的主旨，即：(He effectively builds his argument by using personal anecdote, allusions to art and history, and rhetorical questions)，篇章的主体段紧密围绕着Bogard的原文的三个主要主体部分进行结构展开。每一段的段落内部的观点递进也清晰严谨。考生开头段和结尾段的写作技巧纯熟简明，并很好的概括了Bogard的主旨及其全篇分析结构。考生全篇用词准确和措辞得当，(the natural magnificence of stars in a dark sky is definite, our world consumed by unnatural, vapid lighting, the affecting power of an untainted night sky). 文章句式 变换多样，且使用了很多高级的复杂句(By doing this, Bogard creates a dichotomy between Paris’ traditionally alluded-to name and the reality of what Paris is becoming –no longer “the city
新SAT写作题型解读 本文以College Board给出的官方练习题“Let There Be Dark”为例，深入了解新SAT写作（Essay）题型的写作要求以及应对方法。让同学们学会解读题干，了解写作评分标准。 接下来是新SAT写作题型解读，以“Let There Be Dark”（原文链接）官方练习题为例，给大家梳理写作需要大家注意的要点。 一.考试性质 虽然新SAT写作的官方定位为「任选」（optional）项，但事实上，这只是针对拥有选择权的大学来说。对于考生本身，就算目前所申请的学校不需要提供新SAT作文成绩，也不能保证之后申请的学校也不需要，所以早点通过可以有备无患，不必额外花钱重新参加一次考试，避免耗时耗力。事实上美国排名靠前的大学（如普林斯顿、耶鲁）都明确提出要求考生提供新SAT写作成绩，这说明新SAT写作虽然名义上是「选考」，但对于那些想进名校的考生来说，实际上是「必考」。退一步讲，而且就算考生申请的学校不要求提供新SAT写作成绩，如果附上，也算作加分项。如此锦上添花的事，何乐而不为呢？ 新SAT写作共50分钟，在这段时间里，考生需要阅读一篇文章，并据此写出一篇逻辑严谨、结构清晰的分析性文章。需要注意的是，考生本身不能对文章观点做出评判，只需要立足原文客观分析其论证过程即可，这是新SAT写作和老SAT写作最大的不同之处。 二.题干解读 新SAT写作题目包括两个引导和一篇文章。需要注意的是，两个引导部分的大部分内容是固定的。引导1点明新SAT写作的三个层面，即考生需要从「论据」（evidence）、「逻辑」（reasoning）和「修辞」（stylistic or persuasive elements）三方面展开分析。「论据」是作者用来证明观点成立的依据，包括事实、数据、实验结果、个人经历等；「逻辑」是作者的论证思路，即借助论据证明观点成立的过程。「修辞」侧重作者的语言表达和情感激发对读者的说服作用。引导2一方面会给出作者的结论，提示考生选用文中最有代表性的论证手法进行分析，不必面面俱到；另一方面会提示考生，写作应该立足于分析原作者的论证过程，而不能表露自己个人对原文观点的认同或者反对。 阅读文章是一篇议论文，字数在650到750之间，来源多为已出版发行的报刊杂志，如The Economist，New York Times，Washington Post等。文章题材多元，涵盖文学、艺术、科学、政治、社会等各个层面，但专业性不强，考生即使没有专业背景也可以读懂。
SAT写作模板 SAT Essay作文模板 第一段determining whether something should or should not be done could be weighed in many aspects. different people have different answers due to their
respective point of view. on balance, my view is that the final judgment should depend on a case-by-case analysis of the two situations. / in my point
view, i agree with the speaker on the grounds that… / at the first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat appealing, but further reflection tells
that i cannot agree with it for the following reasons. 第二段**同意the first and foremost reason why i support / agree with above statement is that …there
also a further 每 more subtle 每 point to consider.**反对although at first glance these arguments sound reasonable and appealing, they are not borne out by a
SAT写作范文 Abraham Lincoln said, "Most people are about as happy as they make up their minds to be." In other words, our personal level of satisfaction is entirely within our control. Otherwise, why would the same experience disappoint one person but delight another? Happiness is not an accident but a choice. Assignment: Is happiness something over which people have no control, or can people choose to be happy? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations. My Essay: Happiness is an elixir to all diseases, so everyone wants happiness and most of them think that it comes from success. But even if we fail something, we can still choose to be happy. Last year, our school held a basketball competition. Our class had entered into the semi-final and all the students in our class were very excited. Moreover, we had just beaten the team which was considered the best in our grade and my classmates were hopeful that we might enter the final game. On the day of the semi-final, the players of our team went to the field in our cheers. But as soon as we saw the members of the other team, we knew it would be a hard match. One of the players in their team is as tall as 1.93 m, much taller than any of our players and we also learned that their team was the only one which hadn’t lost a single game. The match started. To our disappointment, our team wasn’t playing well, and the best player in our team was followed by the tallest in theirs at every pace. Anxious and worried, we girls jumped onto the platform beside and shouted at the top of our voices. After sometime, it seemed that our cheers had gave my classmates some energy and they began to catch up, slowly but gradually, we were only two points behind. But just at that time, the first ten minutes were over and we came to a stop. The players were tired but hopeful, and we kept cheering them. However, when the match started again, our opponents seemed to become stronger. They got more points and we were soon eleven points behind. Meanwhile, our throats were burning, but we kept shouting for our classmates. Though we caught up some points, at last we lost by only one point. When we got back to the classroom, all of my classmates were disappointed and sad. One of the players even cried. But our teacher came in at that moment and said, “Cheer up everyone, we just lost by one point and we are already the top four. We still have a match and let’s get the third place!” Then one of my classmates suddenly went to the dais and wrote something encouraging on the blackboard and one by one, over ten of our classmates all
Essay2:Is creativity needed more than ever in the world today? Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below. an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue.Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading,studies,experience,or observations
In a world where economic prosperity and“getting ahead”in work and technology are highly valued,creativity and the arts are often shunted in favor of more“practical”pursuits.Students abandon dreams of acting or painting in order to major in medicine,computer technology,or engineering:highly profitable and scientific fields.Even with the advances in these fields,however,there is still a need for creativity in our world,because seeing things in a new way can make all the difference. Today,more and more public schools are forced to abandon their arts programs to make time for subjects like science and math:subjects in which all students must have a basic knowledge in order to succeed in higher education.However,by leaving these programs behind, children are deprived of the creative stimulation that the arts provide,and are taught to view the world in“black and white”terms:one right answer to every problem.With a view such as this, how will children perform in the future?It may be assumed that all people will see things the same way,and propose only one solution to a problem,failing to see the bigger picture. Creativity has obviously influenced earlier generations in a positive way,so there is no need to eliminate creativity from our world.What would have happened if Franklin Roosevelt had never proposed his New Deal?The Great Depression might have persisted for some time,robbing even more families of their chance at prosperity and happiness.However,by proposing a new, creative solution for the problem of the U.S.’s depression,FDR pulled the nation out of its slump. Another example of how creativity has positively influenced the world happened just recently, with the introduction of hybrid cars.These new cars do not rely on as much oil as other cars do in
sat作文题目汇总 【篇一：2014年sat写作题目汇总】 2014年sat写作题目汇总 2014.01.25 1. 2. 3. successful than those who do? 4. forward? 2014.03.08 5.assignment: should people who are more fortunate than others have more of a moral obligation to help those who are less fortunate? 6. 7. 2014.05.03 8. achievements? 9.assignment: should we express our disagreement with authority figures权威人物, even if there are negative consequences? assignment: should people focus on enjoying the present moment instead of following a plan for future achievement? 2014.06.07 achievement? another? 2014年10月 ice? assignment: is envy necessarily a bad thing? 2014年11月8日 assignment: is quitting ever a good idea? assignment: should we complain to get what we want? 2014年12月6日 assignment: are snap judgments better than decisions to which people give a lot of thought? assignment: is most of what people buy totally unnecessary?
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去喜马拉雅关注“写作鲍老师” 3 Challenge authority/independent thinking/creativity 1. (2005.5) Does worrying too much about other people’s opinions prevent us from seeing things clearly? 2. (2012.6) Should people care for others' opinions, or take a stand against opinions that they think are wrong? Most people try to be fair to others and respect their opinions. It is sometimes difficult, however, to be open to and accepting of all opinions, especially when the people expressing them are obviously uninformed or mean -spirited. It is more important to point out to others what they are doing and saying wrong than to try to tolerate every opinion. 3. (2008.6) Are widely held views often wrong, or are such views more likely to be correct? When someone has the same ideas or views as most people do, we tend to believe that the person is reasonable and correct. Often, however, views that are considered reasonable or commonsensical are anything but sensible. Many widely held views regarding current events, science, education, arts and literature, and many other topics ultimately prove to be wrong. The fact that an idea or view is widespread —held by many people —does not make it right. 4. (2007.11) Is criticism ---judging or finding fault with the ideas and actions of others --- essential for personal well -being and social progress? All people judge or criticize the ideas and actions of others. At times, these criticisms hurt or embarrass the people receiving them. Other criticisms seem to be intended to make the critics appear superior. And yet criticism is essential to our success as individuals and as a society. 5. (2011. 10) Are people better off if they do not listen to criticisms? Although most of us do not like being criticized, it is said tha t we can always benefit from being told what we are doing wrong. We may lose a valuable learning opportunity if we do not listen to the criticisms expressed by others. Yet criticism, even when honest and well -intended, can be more harmful than helpful. We have more to gain by ignoring or shielding ourselves from the criticisms of others. 6. (2015.5) Should we always think before we speak? From the time we are very young, we are cautioned to think before we speak. That is good advice if it helps us word our thoughts more clearly. But reflecting on what we are going to say before we say it is not a good idea if doing so causes us to censor ou r true feelings because others might not like what we say. In fact, if we always
Is the opinion of the majority-in government or in any other circumstances-a poor guide? The entire idea of democracy centers around “majority rule”，where laws and standards are put into effect if most of the citizens support it. However, if people concentrate on only the majority in each circumstance, they often forget the voices and rights of the minorities. Simply because a person is in the minority of an opinion does not mean he can be ignored, for in a true democracy all the citizens are guaranteed the same rights. Thus in some circumstances strictly following the opinions of the majority is a poor guide to determining what actions to take. The days before America’s Civil War, when slavery was prevalent, demonstrate that following majority rule often fails to respect people’s moral rights and liberty. The majority of white people in the early 1800’s supported slavery because of the benefits they received from the suppressed blacks. Thus, the government reluctantly allowed slavery to be legal in America, despite the terrible sufferings of the slaves. The degraded slaves underwent uncountable terrifying experiences-they were beaten, separated from their families, and forced to toil laboriously in fields their entire lives. And because the government believed “majority ruled”，the slaves lived in such conditions until the Emancipation Proclamation was written during the bloody Civil War. Had the government not followed the opinions of the clamoring whites, slavery could have been abolished much sooner, and much suffering could have been avoided. Thus, in this circumstance of freedom vs. suppression, the opinion of the majority served as a poor guide to follow by the U.S. government. Furthermore, the effects of majority rule impact Americans today, for there are many unsolved, controversial issues such as abortion, stem-cell research, and homosexual marriages. In the case of “gay rights”，the majority of Americans oppose people of the same sex marrying, and most of the states’ laws reflect this opinion. However, ignoring the w ishes of gays and lesbians by enacting these laws will leave many of them unhappy because they cannot legally “tie the knot” with the person they love. The U.S. Constitution declares that everyone has the right to pursue happiness, but by banning gay marriages, some may be barred from the happiness of marriage. In addition, many oppose stem cell research because they are angered by the fact that embryos are created and then destroyed. Once again, though, if the government passes a law banning such research, the minority may suffer. Stem cell research may save lives by using the cells to specialize in a certain area. Those who would benefit from the discoveries of stem cell research may die 王杰西卡的新SA T满分作文译文： “多数人做主的原则”是否会是个误导? 民主的整个观念是基于“多数人做主的原则”。如果多数公民支持，法律和标准也就因此产生。然而，如果事事集中在多数人身上，人们就会忘记少数人的声音和权利。不能因为持有少数人的观点，这些人就该被忽视，因为真正的民主意味着所有的公民都有一样的权利。所以在一些情况下，严格地跟随多数人的意见行事便会误入歧途。 美国南北战争前，奴隶制猖狂，就说明了多数人做主的原则常损害人们的道德权利和自