• Traditional Goal Setting
Broad goals are set at the top of the organization. Goals are then broken into subgoals for each organizational level. Assumes that top management knows best because they can see the “big picture.” Goals are intended to direct, guide, and constrain from above. Goals lose clarity and focus as lower-level managers attempt to interpret and define the goals for their areas of responsibility.
思考
• 俗话说:”车到山前必有路,所以企业管理者事先所 做的计划根本没作用.”你认为这种看法是否正确? 为什么? • 目前许多企业的管理人员都认为:计划跟不上变化, 所以制定计划根本没有用.这样的说法对不对,为什 么? • <孙子兵法>中说:多算胜,少算不胜.从企业管理者 角度看,这里的算主要是指什么?
• Standing Plans(持续性计划)
Ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly.(提供了对重复进行的活动 的持续指导)(包括政策、规则和程序)
7–13
Establishing Goals and Developing Plans
Source: Information from company’s Annual Reports, 2004–2005.