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Unit1 从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。
处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。
尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。
一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。
在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。
设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。
当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。
多维教程－英语翻译（第二册）Unit1 从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。
处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。
尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。
一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。
在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。
设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。
第一部分课文翻译旅行通用语1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。
几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。
就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。
此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。
法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组) byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。
哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。
2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。
在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。
“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。
许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。
比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。
显而易见，两国英语同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。
当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。
3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下：4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。
他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution‟——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。
此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。
多维教程－英语翻译（第二册）Unit1 从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。
处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。
尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。
一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。
在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。
设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。
Unit1 从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西:追求安全保障,追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为,但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。
处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段,他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在,寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们,他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面,他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义,而另一方面,他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑,陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
最终而言,大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。
尼布尔曾经写道:“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任,他才能够认识到自身的潜力。
一个人如果一味地以自我为中心,他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省,使学生超越以自我为中心的观念,以诚相待,服务社会。
在这一个竞争激烈\残酷的社会,人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明,,甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争,这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力,如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问,大学生应该履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采取行动,使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。
设想,怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题,而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
类似的一头雾水的感觉,公众曾经尝试过。
当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时,那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语,曾让公众一筹莫展。
多为教程－英语翻译（第二册）Unit1 从能力到责任1当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。
处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
2最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。
尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。
一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。
在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?3毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。
设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?4核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
5类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。
多为教程－英语翻译（第二册）Unit1 从能力到责任1当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的结识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的结识还是很模糊的。
处在像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的抱负主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
2最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否乐意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出奉献。
尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只故意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才可以结识到自身的潜力。
一个人假如一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有抱负主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。
在这一个竞争剧烈＼残酷的社会，人们盼望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们盼望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?3毫无疑问，大学生应当履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采用行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解限度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些规定人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再也许行得通。
设想，怎么也许让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?4核能的使用应当扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?如何控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
5类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。
Unit1 从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。
处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。
尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。
一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。
在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。
设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。
当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。
Book IIUnit 1A.1.assess2.alliance3.outcome4.ethical5.identity6.ambiguous7.tolerable8.participates9.pursuit10.constructiveB.1.at stake2.were obliged3.the climate of4.feel well-equipped5.beyond my grasp6.cut back7.other than8.rise above9.care about10.is boundedC.1.incompetent2.indulgence3.migrants4.probesplex6.suspense; engagedpassionate; committed8.tolerant9.tempted10.interconnectedD.1. A. Judging from2. B. in which3. C. and4. D. believe5. A. is one of/ is that of6. B. must get7. C. likely8. D. unemployed9. C. as well as/ and10.B. simplerE.1.what2.graduation3.intend4.getting5.eventually6.survey7.although8.graduates9.transfer10.rise11.attending12.instead13.cause14.because15.attending16.below17.failure18.expectations19.confidencecationKey to the translation from English to Chinese:1.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。
多为教程－英语翻译（第二册）Unit1 从能力到责任1当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。
处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
2最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。
尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。
一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。
在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合3毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。
设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难4核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱水资源能保证充足的供应吗怎样控制军备竞赛大气污染的安全标准是多少甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
5类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。
研究生英语多维教程熟谙课后题答案HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】B o o k I IUnit 1A.1.assess2.alliance3.outcome4.ethical5.identity6.ambiguous7.tolerable8.participates9.pursuit10.constructiveB.1.at stake2.were obliged3.the climate of4.feel well-equipped5.beyond my grasp6.cut back7.other than8.rise above9.care about10.is boundedC.1.incompetent2.indulgence3.migrants4.probesplex6.suspense; engagedpassionate; committed8.tolerant9.tempted10.interconnectedD.1.A. Judging from2.B. in which3.C. and4.D. believe5.A. is one of/ is that of6.B. must get7.C. likely8.D. unemployed 9. C. as well as/ and10.B. simplerE.1.what2.graduation3.intend4.getting5.eventually6.survey7.although8.graduates9.transfer10.rise11.attending12.instead13.cause14.because15.attending16.below17.failure18.expectations19.confidencecationKey to the translation from English to Chinese:1.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战由此引起的反应。
Book IIUnit1A.1.assess2.alliance3.outcome4.ethical5.identity6.ambiguous7.tolerable8.participates9.pursuit10.constructiveB.1.at stake2.were obliged3.the climate of4.feel well-equipped5.beyond my grasp6.cut back7.other than8.rise above9.care about10.is boundedC.1.incompetent2.indulgence3.migrants4.probesplex6.suspense;engagedpassionate;committed8.tolerant9.tempted10.interconnectedD.1. A.Judging from2. B.in which3. C.and4. D.believe5. A.is one of/is that of6. B.must get7. C.likely8. D.unemployed9. C.as well as/and10.B.simplerE.1.what2.graduation3.intend4.getting5.eventually6.survey7.although8.graduates9.transfer10.rise11.attending12.instead13.cause14.because15.attending16.below17.failure18.expectations19.confidencecationKey to the translation from English to Chinese:1.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。
没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。
研究生英语_多维教程熟谙-课文翻译（1）Unit7 野心的优点野心是罗夏墨迹测验的字眼之一：给它下个定义你立刻就流露出你很多的内心世界。
即使是最中立的著作，韦伯斯特的字典，新大学版第七版，也暴露出自己的观点，将“ambition”首先定义为：“追求官阶、名誉或权势的强烈欲望。
”于是乎“ardent”这个词直接承受一种压力，与褒义和恒心不再不相称，而官阶、名誉和权势至少受到百年猛烈的抨击。
毕竟是有人热衷于为民谋福利；为减轻民众的痛苦而奔走，为开发民智而雄心万丈，尽管有人说这些恰巧是野心勃勃的人，绝大多数不可信任。
毫无疑问，雄心大志期望的是荣耀、财富、爱情、名气、成就、享乐、完美。
当然，命运怎样对待我们的理想和期待不可预料。
有些梦想，始于大公无私的初衷，其结果是积怨结仇；有的梦想，起先纯粹是出干自谋私利，但到头来却称善于人梦想结果的不可预见性决不是停止梦想的理由。
诚然，说到野心，即使并不掺杂超过敢于向上爬这样目的的纯粹事情，也不会让人感到前程似锦。
如同酒鬼之嗜酒，执着的人怀有野心——使它声名狼藉。
就像嗜酒如命一样，野心也总是欲壑难填。
有些人不能控制野心；给他人带来灾难，这就不单单是野心人的问题。
虽然如此，这当中似乎没有一点充分的理由将野心驱逐到见不得人的暗处。
在人们数落野心的种种不是时，野心能坏到什么极至呢?兹列一份略带偏见的清单：首先，野心常常反社会，如今确实风光不再，它属于个人主义比今天更受重视和有用的年代。
具有强烈野心的人无视集体利益：与社会离心离德，惟我独尊，我行我素。
个人主义与个人野心紧密相连。
心怀野心的人，完全不把自己和自己的命运与团体等同起来，只想出人头地。
具有野心的男人或女人将世界视为战场：竞争是他们最重要的情感：世界提供了为数有限的奖项，他们也坚决要去摘取自己的桂冠。
进一步说，野心就是狡诈；它能劝服心怀此胎的人相信，他们为自己所做的事情对每个人都有好处——满足他们的私欲对国家最为有利。
研究生多维英语系列熟谙课后习题部分及答案（UNIT1-UNIT6）UNIT 1A1. Governor Rockefeller was shocked by what happened and appointed a committee to assess the responsibility.2. Oliver Barrett IV and Jennifer started talking about marriage, thinking they were made for each other .But as a banker and a squeamish(太讲究规矩)parent, Oliver Barrett III refused to give his blessing to the proposed alliance .3. One outcome of the rapid advance of technology is the breakdown of the traditional division of labor between the sexes.4. Away from their profession, scientists are inherently no more honest or ethical than other people.But in their profession they work in an arena that puts a high premium on honesty.5. Arthur is captured and visited by Montanelli. Arthur reveals his i dentity to Montanelli, who is delighted to find that he is still alive.6. The wording of the agreement is ambiguous .so both interpretations are valid.7. A lot of the summer jobs available here are only tolerable if you’re young and don’t mind working hard.8. She is isolated from the general problems of society and never participates in any of our discussion.9. The government is selling off the railways, in pursuit of its policy of privatization.10. She criticized my writing but in a way that was very constructive ---I learned a lot from her.B1. The race was her last chance to win a place in the national team so everything was at stake.2. They were obliged to sell their house in order to pay their debts.3. The government needs to find out what the climate of opinion is before it introduces any further changes in the health service.4. Not being a specialist in the subject I don’t feel well-equipped to answer such questions.5. I have failed to pass the examinations again and again. Why is success always beyond my grasp .6. They were forced to cut back production for lack of raw materials.7. We missed the last bus so there was no choice other than to walk home.8. A woman who can rise above such disadvantages is clearly exceptional.9. They only care about themselves and the accumulation of their wealth.10. Britain is bounded in the south by the English Channel and Canada bounds the United States on thenorth.C1. I was dismayed at the thought of teaching algebra and geometry—two subjects at which I had been completely incompetent .2. If the hitch-hiker in the US will remember that he is seeking the indulgence of drivers to give him a free ride, and is prepared to give in exchange entertainment and company, and not to goto sleep, he will come across the remarkable, almost legendary, hospitality of the American of the West.3. The countryside was, in fact, famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and where the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and autumn people traveled from great distances to observe them.4. One question that was solemnly studied in all three probes concerned the action of the referee – Did he act in time to stop the fight?5. The human brain is the most delicate and complex mechanism in all creation and it has a lacework of millions of highly fragile nerve connections.6. Telephone may create unnecessary suspense and anxiety, as when you wait for an expected call the doesn’t come; or irritating delay, as when you keep ringing a number that is always engaged .7. Winners care about the world and its peoples. They are not isolated from the general problems of society. They are concerned. compassionate and committed to improving the quality of life.8. There’s general feeling that the president has been to tolerant of corruption.9. “Did you apply for that job?”—“Well, I was very tempted but in the end I decided not to.”10. The problems of poverty. homelessness and unemployment are all interconnected .EWhen today’s high-school seniors are asked what they plan to do after graduation, most say that they intend to get bachelor’s degree. They have been told that their generationhas only”one way to win”–by getting at least a bachelor’s degree, in the hope that it will eventually lead to a professional job.In a recent survey of high-school seniors conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics, 85per cent of the respondents said they planned to get bachelor’s degree. And, although 20 years ago only 45 per cent of high-school graduates went on to college, today 68 per cent actually matriculate (注册), with the majority enrolling in four-year or two-year programs designed to allow them transfer to four-year institutions.According to conventional wisdom, the rapid rise in the number of students attending college is cause for national celebration. But our research suggests that, instead, it may be cause for national concern. Why? because for many young people, the “one way to win”paradigm(例子)is not attending , given their academic talents and the labor-market projections. Students ranking below the top third of their high-school graduating class too often fail to earn as bachelor’s degree if they enroll in college. The cost of such failure -- in both dollars and unmet expectations– is rising and beginning to erode public confidence in our system of higher education.UNIT2A1. viability h. workability2. dynamic i. full of vigor3. interim a. transitional4. legacy e. anything received from an ancestor5. retain k. continue to have6. demise n. end7. assume l. undertake8. assure g. make certain9. liquidity d. quality of being changed from assets into cash10. highlight c. draw attention toB1. No matter how good a company is, it is the market’s perception that counts.2. Chief executives are given responsibility and authority and then expected to act independently.3. A number of studies have indicated that effective leadership can make a difference in organizational performance.4. The Internet boom is creating new opportunities for marketing , advertising, and design experts.5. Company leaders can’t expect too severe punishment if their strategies fail to deliver.6. If the company’s financial health is good and its assets sufficient, it can create capital by voting to issue additional shares of common stock.7. It is said that the frequent transitions from cold to warm weather this spring have caused much illness.8. The word dilemma is used to indicate that the fungus is both helpful and harmful in its effects.9. Rivalry in business is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swiftest personregardless of his or her social class background.10. The government provides employment and training services for workers, and compensation for those who are temporarily out of work.11. Bely is a whiz at football; he attracts fans of all ages and all races.12. These original documents are invaluable to the companyand they should be well preserved.C1. a. The board of directors required that Mr. Brown Justify buying expensive equipment at a time when the company was practicing strict economy.b. The outgoing flow of skills is not the only justification for the failure of the factory.c. Can you prove that your radical actions against them were justifiable ?d. The tourists were justifiably angry about the treatment they had received on the journey.e. I do think that the general manager was quite justified in dismissing his secretary.2. a. The army made a strategic withdrawal and then launched a counterattack against its enemy.b. Asking a management theorist to define strategy is rather like asking a philosopher to define truth.c. Strategics/Strategy is a required course in military academy.d. Can you name some of the internationally famous military strategists?e. By order of the corps commander, the staff officers strategized the military manoeuvre.f. It was not until the war broke out that they realized that the islands were strategically important.3. a. Those who have an advanced university degree or equivalent professional qualifications in the fields of finance banking and business administration are given priority.b. By improving the quality of its products and developing new designs, the firm finally overcame its financial troubles.c. The orphanage received an appreciable contribution froma wealthy German financier .d. Western governments need to reconsider their pledge to finance new reactors for the Ukraine in return for the closure of the Chernobyl power plant.e. Financially ,the joint venture was not as successful as people had expected.4. a. Joan feels resentful that almost every colleague remains indifferent to her pleading.b. He obviously resents us and I had presumed it was the English he hated.c. She harbored a deep resentment towards her employer for having denied her a promotion.d. Mr White says resentfully that his wife has spoiled their son by giving him too much money.5. a. Only the conductor can perceive the slightest variation from true pitch in each instrument.b. Many investors had a clear perception of the grave situation in the gulf area and soon decided not to start new projects there.c. The fine shades of color in the painting are hardly perceptible.d. He made a very perceptive comment on campaigns needed to combat juvenile delinquency.e. The commission agent declared that this sample was perceptibly different from the goods supplied.6. a. The wild life in Africa is extremely diverse and therefore two wildlife research institutes have been established there.b. The factory may seek to diversify its products to sell in different markets.c. I think diversity of opinions makes for an interestingdiscussion.d. Earnings were not affected by the decline because of the company’s recent diversification into ot her lines.e. The band is going to give a diversified musical program ranging from classical to modern.7. a. Should war break out, innumerous works of art, historical monuments and priceless historical records would be ruthlessly destroyed.b. The destructive tornado resulted in great loss of life and property.C. The destruction cause by the earthquake left thousands of people homeless.d. A destructionist is one who delights in or advocates devastation.e. The navy, in the sea warfare, only sent two destroyers because there were no larger ships ready.f. Have you learnt how to distinguish destroying angel from mushroom?g. As reported in the magazine, Schwarzernegger, a Hollywood star, has become weak and destructible because of his illness.8. a. No manufacturer does not wish to develop its domestic and foreign markets.b. Contaminated foods are not marketable; they provide more damage than nutrition.c. The car dealer markets his cars at competitive prices.d. Mr. Swafford has been appointed as the marketing director of the firm.e. The company is a big marketer specializing in gasoline.9. a. Sound policies and favorable environments are essentialto the economic prosperity of any county.b. He tells me that his farm is prospering through good management and an absence of calamities.c. Nepal, an agricultural country, has entered into a prosperous period of industrial growth.d. The cherry-trees along the riverbank are growing marketer; they are bound to bear fruit this year.10. a. English is derived in the main from the common Germanic stock.b. Mr. Olin King is really a workaholic; he must derive much pleasure from his work.c. In my opinion, what he set up was nothing but a derivative theory lacking originality.d. Knowledge of investment and financial markets including derivatives would be advantageous, while excellent communication and influencing skills are essential.EA small family-owned company, Eisai, was one of the original manufacturers of vitamin E, and it maintained a strong research commitment to natural pharmaceuticals. Over the years, it developed drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological diseases. The company experienced steady. Modest growth, and in 1992 sales reached 197 billion yen and profits approached 13 billion yen. Although it was the sixth-largest Japanese pharmaceutical company. Eisai was a relatively small player in an industry in which global competition was increasing while growth in the domestic market was slowing down.In 1993, Haruo Naito took over as president from his father. Before that, he had chaired Eisai’s five-year strategic planningcommittee. During that time, he had become convinced that the company’s focus on the discovery and manufacture of pharmaceuticals was not sustainable for long-term growth against large, global competitors. Two years after becoming president, Naito formulated a radical new vision for Eisai that he called Human Health Care. It extended the company’s focus from manufacturing drug treatments for specific illness to improving the overall quality of life. To accomplish that mission. Eisai developed a wide array of new products. And that, In turn, would require broad involvement and commitment. He encouraged innovative activity and created an environment in w hich employees’efforts would be accepted and rewarded. Soon there were proposals for 130 additional HHC projects and by the end of 1996. 73 projects were under way. Now, the company has moved from sixth to fifth place in the Japanese domestic pharmaceutica l industry, and Eisai’s customers and competitors view the company as a leader in health care.UNIT 3A1. pick up d. increase in speed2. toll f. total number of death3. electrify j. make sb very excited and surprised4. sprawl a. spread the limbs about5. legitimate i. acceptable, valid6. transit h. the act of passing across7. implement g. carry out; get done8. accommodate e. adapt9. landscape c. a view of scenery on land10. mobility b. easy movement to a different job1. Unlike Japanese workers, American employees haveexperienced great job mobility.2. The nation’s highway death toll has increased every year since the invention of the automobile.3. We must update our knowledge and accommodate ourselves to the changing world.4. From the church tower. people can enjoy a very beautiful landscape formed by the two hills and the valley.5. He was reading contentedly with his legs sprawled over the arm of the couch.6. You know yourself better than anyone else; do not undertake that project unless you can implement it.7. Sickness is a legitimate reason for a child’s being absent from school.8. It snowed last night and transit across the icy bridge is so dangerous that the bridge has to be closed for the time being.9. Some railroads once run by steam are now electrified to reduce the pollution and accelerate the speed of railroad transportation.10. People who must drive a lot know the big difference gasoline can make in pick up economy and smooth operation.B1. Hotels and restaurants are an Integral part of the city; without them, the city’s tourist industry could not exist.2. Customers will come back, later in life, when they are better off and want to buy more expensive things.3. One of the most impressive projects he has seen in Pudong is the sprawling airport.4. Mexico City is at an elevation of 7,300 feet; three million vehicles clog its streets and in the thin air; engines release twice as many emissions as they would at sea level.5. By 1988 roughly the same large proportion of blacks as of whites lived in metropolitan areas.6. Heavy floods caused by deforestation have recently led Thailand to ban all logging even though the country depends on timber and its products as an important source of employment and foreign exchange.7. People in the middle class or higher, whether they live in developed or less developed countries, are mostly urban, and they are on the move by car incessantly—as commuters, as vacationers.8. No matter how often we reminded our children, they never cleaned their rooms; the clutter in the room became so bad that we couldn’t even open their door.9. Our university canteen is large enough to accommodate all the students and teaching staff.10. During the Second World War. Many Jewish people in Germany were displaced and murdered.C1. The programs to teach young children enabling skills are now being advocated from coast to coast.(全国各地)2. There can be but little doubt that his ancestors where the great unwashed. (下层民众)3. Many people still revere their late premier though he passed away many years ago.4. There are some legitimate reasons for some scientists to denounce the practice of cloning.5. When Lincoln got his Christmas gift, a video game, he tore up the box to get to the cartridge and popped it into the game machine immediately.6. Short of the President himself, probably on one could haveconvinced people of the feasibility of hiswelfare programs.7. Sumo wrestlers are noted for their strength, while fencers, for their nimbleness.8. He bought a bicycle and started to ride to work as he could no longer put up with the constriction of movement in the packed bus.9. The judge pronounced that the accused man was guilty of murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment.10. Until a relatively short time ago, traveling abroad was limited to people who were well off or prosperous business people.EToday it can be said that wheels run America. The four rubber tires of the automobile move America through work and pay. Wheels spin, and people drive off to their jobs. Tires turn, and people shop for the week’s food at the big supermarket down the highway. Hubcaps whirl, and the whole family spends a day at the lake .Each year more wheels crowd the highways a 10million new cars roll out of the factories. One out of every six Americans works at assembling cars. Driving trucks, building roads, or pumping gas, America without cars? It’s unthinkable.But even though the majority of Americans would find it hard to imagine what life would be like without a car, some have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing. Traffic accidents are increasing steadily, and large cities are plagued by traffic congestion, Worst of all, perhaps, is the air pollution caused by the internal-combustion engine. Every car engine burns hundreds of gallons of fuel each year and pumps hundreds of pounds of carbon monoxide and other gases into the air. Thesegases are one source of the smog that hangs over large cities. Some of these gases are poisonous and dangerous to one’s health, especially for someone with a weak heart or a respiratory disease.One answer to the problem of air pollution is to build a car that does not pollute. That’s what several major automobile manufacturers are crying to do.But building a clean car is easier said than done. So far, progress has been slow. Another solution is to eliminate car fume altogether by getting rid of the internal-combustion engine. Inventors are now working on turbine-powered cars, as well as on cars powered by steam and electricity. But most of u s won’t be driving cars run on batteries or boiling water for a while yet. Many auto makers believe that it will take years to develop practical models that are powered by electricity or steam.UNIT 4A1. a. On a large national scale where the government becomes involved, cooperation is seen as coercive and destructive rather than voluntary and constructive.b. Political opponents were put into camps during the war and coerced into force labor.2. a. The preoccupation of millions of Americans with status is said to have intensified social stratification in the country.b. The president has been preoccupied with the suffering of the victims since the damaging tornado.3. a. Most surveys find that people are reluctant to place themselves at either the top or the bottom of the social ladder.b. Johnson had a reluctance to agree to their conditions, but he didn’t really have much choice.4. a. Tom changed from a friendly boy into a confused an moody adolescent.b. As children enter adolescence, they begin to demand greater freedom to go where they please, do what they please, and make decisions without parental interference.5. a. The law organized protests and, by implication of opposition.b. What the boss has just said contains implicit approval of your work.6. a. Marriage can be threatened by children who arouse ambivalent between the parents in a variety of ways.b. There are many people, myself among the number, who have a somewhat adolesecnce attitude toward producing off spring.7. a. Both the couple should be responsible for emotional maintenance of the marriage and for raising the children and running the household.b. I’m inclined to share your doubt in regard to the maintainability of the relationship between Dr.Helen Kaplan and her husband.8. a. Young people today are more concerned with self-fulfilment and preserving privacy than those were in 1960s.b. Although party officials give the President their public support, many are saying in private that he may have to resign.9. a. Feelings of patriotism are expressed more clearly an d freely now, but there is little enthusiasm fora return to military conscription during peacetime.b. The exhibition will be of interest to vintage car owners and other motoring enthusiasts.10. a. Drug users develop a tolerance for some drugs, that isthey have to take steadily increasing amounts to achieve a given level of effect.b. What these people want is a tolerable existence—more food, better shelter and peace.11. a. According to the statisticians, the estimated number of people afflicted by hunger and malnutrition is about 500 million.b. We spend more on health care than any other nation in the world, yet statistically show that we are not the world’s healthiest nation.12. a. Language makes rational thought possible and enables us to reason, to draw logical conclusions from the evidence of our senses, and to generalize from one event to another.b. It’s unbelievable that Mary, a teenage girl, has learnt to view things with cold rationality.B1. The traditional family with only the husband working can be found most often during the earlier years of marriage when children are being born and cared for.2. The first thing to do in seeking a position is to determine exactly what you want to do, not in terms of a vague objective but with a definite goal.3. Sociologists will manage to find out what lies behind the violence that occurs among affluent families.4. The Rev. Septimus Harding?—Yes, it rings a bell.He’s a character in some novel. I believe, but I can’t remem ber which one.5. Energy shortage, soaring inflation, rampant unemployment and the threat of war have made adult Americans nervous, and that sense of pervasive worry has been passed on to the nation’s youth.6. The idea of trying to cheat the income tax authorities went against his principles; he had a strong sense of civic responsibility.7. Football fans began lining up early in the morning at the box office to buy cup-tie tickets.8. The chairman gave me a hint that he would like me to think of some ready way of stopping T om from chiming on the proposal.9. If anyone can think of better course of action, I am open to suggestions.10 . School children brought up in a Western heritage do not know about Shamba Bolongogo.DChildren are now leaving home in late adolescence –an earlier age than in the past. Adolescents are no longer involved in making an economic contribution to the family. In fact , their major economic impact is as consumers, Therefore, the family has little reason to keep the child home as an economic contribution. It is becoming increasingly common for young people to leave home for college or to live with someone else when they become employed. Not only do families have fewer children but theyhave them in school and out of the home at younger ages than in the past.The most surprising finding with regard to children show a negative impact on marriage due to children. There has been much evidence that children contribute to greater conflict an d uncertainty in a marriage. Studies show that general life satisfaction is highest for People when they are young, married, and childless. Other studies show that American couples with children at home tend to have lower marital satisfaction thanthose without children. For both men and women, reports of happiness and satisfaction Drop--and don’t rise again until the children are grown and about to leave the nest. UNIT 5 A1. You are looking a bit fragile this morning; you must have had too much alcohol last night. A. weak2. As she is allergic to eggs, she cannot eat one without breaking into a rash. B. sensitive3. She still looks weak though her fever subsided after she took some medicine. C. came down4. Relations between the two countries began to deteriorate in 1965. D. worsen5. Economic activity has been organized on the assumption of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the 20th century until early the 21st century. B. premise6. Amid the usual sound and fury, the main point may be lost; are the level and structure of pay producing the kind of teachers the country needs? A. In7. The government gave money to people to help buy homes outside of the cities. This system of subsidized housing caused many people to leave urban areas. D. aided8. The farm ministers from European countries scheduled an emergency meeting in Luxeboug in hopes of easing the worldwide ”mad cow” panic. B. fear9. In one secne of Modern Time, Charlie Chaplin was shown trying desperately to keep in time with a rapid assembly line. D. hopelessly10. Owing to an acute lack of lower-income housing, the municipal government is embarrassed by the impressing housingissue. B. grave11. The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed fantastic two hundred years ago. C. eccentric B1. His education in business school has set him up to step into any kind of business and run it.2. She advised John, ”You should not let your child study ina foreign country; she would n’t fit in there.”3. The young lecturer is popular with his students and every student is thankful for his assistance in their studies.4. With the possibility of redundancy in their minds, middle-aged workers have to work harder to hold down their jobs.5. Transnational corporations usually enjoy a wide reputation for fair dealing which they have built up over many years.6. He very much appreciated his chance to study here because of what he had gone through in his childhood.7. Owing to the fact that each family has only one child, the responsibility of looking after the elderly will heavily weigh heavily on the “only child” generation.8. We hoped that trust would be built up among those four parties but it doesn’t seem to be working out that way.9. The ruling party still won the general election although quite a few members had broken away from the Party.10. Failing in the university entrance examination was bad enough, but even worse was the feeling thatI had let my parents down.DIn the world’s rich countries, when you retire at 65 you can expect to live, on average, for another15 or 20 years. A hundred years ago you would, on average, have been already dead. The late 20th century has brought tomany the ultimate gift; the luxury of aging. But like any luxury, aging is expensive .Governments are fretting about the cost already; but they also know that far worse is to come; Over the next 30 or 40 years, the demographic changes of longer lives and fewer births will force most countries to rethink in fundamental ways their arrangements for paying for and looking after older people.In 1990 18%of people in OECD countries were aged over 60. By 2030 that figure will have risen to over 30%. The share of the “Oldest old” (those over 80) . Now around 3%, is set to double. The vast majority of these older people will be consumers, not producers. Thanks to state transfers, being old in developed countries mostly no longer means being poor. The old people will expect decent pensions to live on; they will make heavy demands on medical services; and some will need expensive nursing care. Yet while their numbers are expanding fast, numbers of people at work-who will have to foot the bill-will stay much the same,so each worker will have to carry a much heavier burden.Mass survival to a ripe old age will not be confined to rich countries. Most developing countries, whose populations are now much younger than the developed world’s are starting to age fast.UNIT 6A1. simplicity(朴素) complexity (复杂)2. domestic(驯养的) wild (野生的)3. deficiency(不足的) surplus (过剩的)4. partially(偏袒地) indifferently (漠不关心地)5. heavenly(神圣的) earthly (沉思的)。
1. 当今的大学生，尽管他们努力地想使自己成才，但对未来还是很模糊的。
(establish oneself)Today's university students are struggling to establish themselves, but they still have ambiguous feelings about their future.2. 一个人如果不能找到自我以外的中心，就不能实现他的自我价值。
所以，理想的本科教育必须使学生超越自我。
(transcend)A man cannot find himself without finding a center beyond hi. So the idealism of the undergraduate experience must help the student transcend himself.3. 我们强烈地希望在大学所学到的知识在今后的工作与学习中能起到重要的作用。
(reveal oneself)We eagerly hope that the lessons leaned in the university will reveal themselves in our performance in the workplace and further education.4. 四年的本科学习是走向成功生活的唯一道路，这种说法是无法接受的.(go unchallenged)It cannot go unchallenged to say that the 4-year undergraduate experience is the only path to success in life.5. 在对一个关键的问题作结论时，如果只相信所谓的专家而不相信自己，不根据调查的结果，不根据实验的数据，那是在冒险。
(run the risk of；blind faith in)We run the risk of making critical decisions, not on the basis of what we know, the findings of investigations, and the data of experiments, but on the basis of blind faith in professed experts.6. 我们的事业需要一批受过良好教育又能关心他人的年轻人，他们能团结一致，相互学习，积极参加四化建设。
Unit1从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。
处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。
尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。
一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。
在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。
设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。
当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。
Unit3 美国人的酷爱我父亲是别克人。
在经济大萧条以前，他本是史达兹人。
然而，就像成千上万经济状况处于上升阶段的有车族一样，那场可悲的经济逆转使他们非得调整对汽车的胃口不可。
到他死的时候，他开过的那些别克轿车就不只是普通意义上的交通工具了，而且将父亲定位于这样的社会阶层——比庞蒂亚克人富有，但比不上克迪拉克人。
拥有别克轿车让人一看便知父亲的社会地位。
与别克人相当的还有福特人和克莱斯勒人。
我们美国人与汽车的特殊缘分，其坚实的基础就在于对一种轿车品牌的忠诚，这种忠诚因其来之不易而倍受珍惜。
·这就是爱吗?也许用词过分，可美国人对这些机器的尊重甚过所有其他机器——不仅将它们视为20世纪雕塑大观中的标志，而且还将它们视为社会的护身符。
我记忆中的第一辆别克车是一辆闪闪发亮的黑色轿车，椅子的衬垫是厚厚的马海毛，离合器拉杆是新式的。
我父亲爱吹嘘说这辆车一小时能跑120英里。
一想到这样的速度就会令男人们兴奋不已。
我照着家里的菲尔可牌收音机盒里播出的格林，霍利特驾驶的那个神秘机器的名字，给这头漂亮的牲口取了个名副其实的绰号——黑美驹。
20世纪中，电话、电视或者个人电脑，这一切都使人类环境发生了巨大变化。
然而，与电话、电视、电脑不同的是，汽车却享有人格化的地位。
有些汽车可以成为家庭成员，机械宠物。
我们给汽车起名字，在自己·家的车道上精心打扮汽车，在汽车不能满足我们的需要时诅咒它们。
在折旧换新之时为旧车的离去而悲哀。
人们对汽车的热爱让环境保护者、安全为重的倡导者以及社会工程师们感到不安。
他们认为通往人间天堂的道路应该到处都铺设公交运输所必备的发亮轨道。
他们想象着我们加入未来拥挤不堪的自行车行列，而不是像一位激动不已的评论家所预见的那样，坐在“傲慢的双轮马车”方向盘后。
这种态度不是现在才有的。
首先是铁路，接着是汽车造成的人口流动早已使得守旧的特权阶层感到不安。
在战场上有过辉煌，但却以鄙视下层民众而出名的威林顿公爵在150年前就曾反对英国发展铁路，这是因为火车只会怂恿普通人毫无意义地到处走动。
汽车呢，而今大家都认同的是，它污染环境、杀人、残害人、驱使人们离家游荡，实在可鄙。
因此，汽车应被开除球籍，越快越好(还应带走路边购物中心、“免下车’’餐馆以及垃圾食品店等等乱七八糟的东西)。
的确，汽车应该对出现的许多问题负责，然而，汽车也是伟大的解放者。
批评家们却宁愿对这一事实视而不见。
汽车可以使人口大规模地流动：从城市到郊区，从东部到西部，从南方到北方。
而近来更多的人又从北方回到南方，因为数百万人希望找到改善经济状况的机会。
一片片蔓延无矩的都市建筑群拔地而起——洛杉矶、澳兰多、亚特兰大、夏洛特、达拉斯、拉斯韦加斯、菲尼克斯等等，其规划都是以适应汽车的需要为出发点。
这样的规划并不完美(若代之以适应公共交通的规划也完美不起来)，但实际状况仍然是：南部和西部环绕汽车兴建的城市正在飞跃发展。
环境保护主义者在担忧，大多数人却照样开着车。
在美国有1亿7千5百万人持有驾驶执照，开着近2亿辆汽车，行驶在390万英里的道路上。
人们坐上自己的轿车、轻型货车、摩托车、带卧室的汽车、运动用车，每年行驶约2万4千亿英里。
每年约有1，500，百万辆崭新的轿车和轻型货车涌上公路。
赛车已成为这个国家发展最快的运动项目。
汽车行业雇了230万员工，比任何其他制造业都要多。
毫无疑问，汽车会伤害人，但近来人们在车身结构(门梁)、乘客安全保障装置(保险气袋)以及制动装置(盘式，抗卡塞)等方面作了改进，大大提高了汽车的安全性能。
过去30年间，每1亿英里车程中因车祸导致的死亡人数由5．3下降到1．7(这个统计数字还包括了农用车、卡车、摩托车、自行车——一切在公路上行驶的车辆所造成的死亡事故)。
是的，汽车污染环境，但是燃料质量和效率的提高，微处理发动机技术上的进步，大大减少了尾气排放量。
专家们估计多达50％的尾气是由公路上10％的引擎调制功能极差的、保养极差的破旧货排放的。
如果阻止这样的车辆上路，空气污染的主要原因也许不再会是汽车。
是的，在全国各地，汽车已成为城区任意扩展、高速公路堵塞的罪魁祸首，但实际情况仍然是，数以百万计的司机不愿意放弃出行的自由(尽管有时速度不快)钻到豆荚式的公共交通工具中去。
一位每天上班都要开着自己的宝马牌轿车从郊县西赤斯特出发，并穿进曼哈顿拥挤不堪的交通要道的人士说：“一天中就这么一段独处的时间，命运全归自己掌握。
自己开车贵得要命，又是通行费、又是停车费，而且天知道会有多慢，多伤神。
可这是我自个儿选择的。
这一点很重要，在这个世界上自己可以选择的事情是越来越少了。
”这样的话可能会让反对汽车的群体感到不安。
要是人们都去坐政府精心备好的公共汽车和火车就好了。
要是人们都守规矩就好了。
问题的症结就在这里：现代汽车是制造无政府状态的工具。
汽车提供的自由如此之大，乃至在现代生活中不可或缺，除非重新设计全国的城市，在广袤的国土上全面禁止使用汽车。
很可能，即使把柏油路统统毁掉，把停车场统统铲平，把加油站统统关闭，汽车仍会变得适应性更强，继续成为个人的主要交通工具。
这是经过合理的推断得出的基本观念。
既然魔仆已从瓶中出来，拥有它的人群逐年递增，遍布各地，我们所面临的挑战就是尽可能地将它驯服，融合到人们的生活中去。
我们要在计划与谨慎之间小心地保持平衡。
在所有自由的高技术社会里，汽车将仍是个人的主要交通工具。
如何使汽车最有效地融入资源有限的全球生态系统之中也许是个棘手的问题。
但不管你乐意不乐意，也许第一步是要承认汽车的存在。
如果我父亲还活着，他还会做别克人。
Unit6 和自然和睦相处温德尔·伯利和他们的对手工业经济的保护者一样，大自然的保护者有时也认为自然和人类是完全不同完全不相关联的两个实体。
就像工业家常常明确表明他们致力于对自然的完全占有或者如同他们所说，彻底征服自然一样，大自然的保护者往往反对任何人类对大自然的侵犯。
这两种极端对立的观点是危险的，最好是让人们意识到自然和人类彼此毫无关联的设想只是一种纯粹的理念；而实际情况并非如此。
纯自然的环境不适合人类生活，人类不愿意也不能在此环境中长期生活，如果我们身处恶劣的气候达几个小时之久，就会渴望得到一些生活的必需品，抵御风寒的衣物、住所、熟食、亲友的陪伴——甚至想洗个热水澡，看看书，听听音乐。
纯人文的环境同样也不适合人类生活，人类也不想长久地生活于这种环境之中。
很显然人类所处的环境越人造化，“天然”这个词就越被人珍视。
确实，我们可以说，我们当今的自然资源保护运动在很大程度上是工业革命的产物。
渴望得到新鲜的空气，清澈的溪流，看到原始森林，大草原和大沙漠的人是哪些不再享有这些自然资源的人们。
人们不可能离开自然生活，这是生态环境保护主义者的重要观点，但是人们又不可能在纯自然的环境中生活而不对它作丝毫的改造。
这一点也适用于所有的生物。
人和其它生物都依赖于自然并且需要改造自然。
从某种意义上讲，我们所说的自然是各种各样生物和自然的力量在它们错综复杂的活动相互影响和变化的过程中所造成的变化的总和。
因为有了啄木鸟，自然就因此而有所不同，自然也因为有了生活在树干中的穿孔虫和蚂蚁以及在树下土壤里的细菌而有所不同，这些不同的组合就形成了世界。
有些野生动物制造的变化是有利的，海狸制造水塘是出了名的，这些水塘后来成了肥沃的牧场，树和草原上的草可以防止水土流失。
然而，有时自然的变化却具有毁灭性。
比如说，有人看到肯塔基州周围大块大块的盐碱地被聚集在那里的大群的动物践踏和磨损。
穿过乡村小山的野牛的路径被严重地磨损和侵蚀以至于在野牛消失几乎两百年后这些路径依然清晰可见。
同样，人类对自然不作任何的改造也几乎是不可能的。
像所有的动物一样，人类必须要改造自然，否则，他们就无法生存。
但是，和其他动物不一样的是：人类可以决定怎样改造自然以及改造自然的程度。
如果人类没有充分地开发和改造自然，人性就不能得到充分的体现。
反之，如果人类把自然开发改造得过了头这样就限制了他们后来可以从自然中获取的资源，最终，他们会毁了自己。
自然不仅是丰富资源的源泉，同时也对我们的利用和开发提出了限制。
正如诗人埃德蒙·斯宾塞在近四百年前所说的那样，大自然是“最伟大的女神”。
她担任了上帝在地球上的代理人。
斯宾塞把她描写成一位母亲和法官。
她管辖着所有生物之间的往来，并不分厚薄地赋予他们权利，因为她是一位公正的母亲。
她把他们紧密地联系在一起，就像兄弟姐妹一样。
斯宾塞认为，生物繁殖及生物秩序的自然规律与公正原则紧密相联。
而且这一公正原则也体现于大自然的运作中，这一观点的先进性可能让我们稍稍有点吃惊。
然而，斯宾塞坚持说自然界有这样一位公正的法官，不仅仅是基于人类的手足之情，而且是基于所有生物的手足之情。
要是在当今，我们会说斯宾塞的观点可以从生态学找到其理论依据。
在自然界，有时野生动物把它们赖以生存的资源消耗殆尽，这时它们就要承受自然对它们的惩罚：大量动物会死去。
如果猞猁吃掉大量的雪兔——据说它们常常是这样——那么大量的猞猁就会饿死直到其数目下降到自然环境能够容纳他(她)们的时候为止。
决定猞猁生长繁殖的是自然环境的容纳力而不是猞猁的进食能力。
同样的道理，人类如果耗费了太多的土壤——他们常常是这样而且仍然是这样——那么，一些人就会饿死直到人口下降到自然环境能够容纳他(她)们的时候为止。
这就是自然不偏不倚的解决方式。
正如斯宾塞在16世纪所预见的以及我们现在必须意识到的一点：大自然的公正没有回旋的余地。
将来某一天，上帝可能会原谅我们对自然的虐待，但是在地球上，据我们所知，上帝绝不会改变他的裁决。
人类和猞猁之不同在于人了解猞猁和雪兔之间的平衡原则，就像人类和耕地之间的平衡一样。
另外一个不同是人类能够按自己的判断而行事，我们希望是这样。
显然，稳定的平衡要比像跷跷板一样前后倾斜不时交替地除去过剩的动物要好得多，提到这一点，我们又一次提出了人类和自然是否一定是敌对的关系这一问题，要回答这个问题可并不那么简单。
当我们试图回答这个问题，试图公正地权衡这个问题错综复杂的方方面面的时候，我们又遇到了一千问题：那就是在美国人的思想意识里根深蒂固的彻底征服自然的信仰。
我们征服了东部的原始森林和西部的原始草原和沙漠，我们征服了吃人的野兽和吞食庄稼的害虫，吃羊的狼和偷吃小鸡的鹰。
在我们的草坪，花园和田野里，我们除掉杂草。
然而，越来越多的人开始意识到这种对自然的征服最终会毁了我们自己。
这无法解释很多我们需要解释的问题——简言之，这种对自然的征服是错误的。
如果我们人类和大自然的固有关系不是相互对抗的，那么，它又是一种什么样的关系呢?对我们来讲，这个问题相当复杂，因为正如我们先前所讲述的那样，我们中没有人想在未经开发的原始森林里或在未经开发的原始大草原上生活，我们不想被大灰熊吃掉。
