英语时文泛读 第三册 Unit 3 中美在非洲援助
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Unit3A Audrey Hepburn- A true angel in this world奥黛丽·赫本——人间天使Audrey Hepburn thrilled audiences with starring roles in noteworthy films like Breakfast at Tiffany's, Sabrina, Roman Holiday, My Fair Lady, War and Peace, and Always.奥黛丽·赫本在《蒂凡尼的早餐》、《龙凤配》、《罗马假日》、《窈窕淑女》、《战争与和平》和《直到永远》等出色电影中主演的许多角色让观众为之陶醉。
Despite her success in the film domain, the roles she most preferred portraying were not in movies. She was an exemplary mother to her two sons and a UNICEF (the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) Ambassador of Goodwill serving victims in war-torn countries.尽管在电影界获得成功,但她最愿意塑造的角色却并不在影片中,而是做两个儿子的模范母亲和联合国儿童基金会亲善大使,为饱受战争蹂躏的人们服务。
As a young girl during the Nazi occupation of her native Holland, Audrey Hepburn was aware of the brutality, death, and destruction of war. She was hungry and malnourished, as her family was bankrupted as a result of the invasion. Audrey's father abandoned the family, and two of her uncles were taken captive and killed. Audrey was grabbed off the street by Nazis and placed in line to be sent to a work camp. When the guards glanced away she darted off, barely escaping, and huddled in a cold, foul basement full of rats.作为一名在纳粹占领下的祖国荷兰生活的小女孩,奥黛丽·赫本清楚战争所带来的野蛮、死亡和破坏。
UNIT 2 英国人的谨慎和礼貌在许多人看来,英国人极为礼貌,同他们交朋友很难。
但愿下列文字能够帮助你更好地了解英国人的性格特点。
对于其他欧洲人来说,英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。
一个谨慎的人不太会和陌生人聊天,不会流露出太多的情感,并且很少会兴奋。
要了解一个谨慎的人并非易事;他从不告诉你有关他自己的任何事,也许你和他工作了几年,却连他住在哪儿,有几个孩子,兴趣是什么,都不知道。
英国人就有类似的倾向。
如果乘公共汽车去旅行,他们会尽量找一个没人坐的位子;如果是乘火车,他们会找一个没人的单间。
如果他们不得不与陌生人共用一个单间时,那么即使火车驶出了很多英里,他们也不会开口交谈。
一旦谈起来的话,他们不会轻易问及像“你几岁?”或者甚至“你叫什么名字?”等私人问题。
像“你的手表是在哪儿买的?”或者“你的收入是多少?”这样的问题几乎不可想象。
同样,在英国,人们交谈时一般声音都很轻、很有节制,大声谈话会被视为没有教养。
在某种程度上,不愿意与他人交流是一种不幸的品质,因为它可能会给人造成态度冷淡的印象。
而事实上,英国人(也许除了北方人)并不以慷慨和好客而著称。
而另一方面,虽然谨慎使他们不易与人沟通,但他们内心还是很有人情味的。
如果一个陌生人或外国人友善地将这种隔阂打破那么一会儿,他们可能会满心欢喜。
与英国人的谨慎紧密相连的品质是英国式的谦逊。
在内心深处,英国人可能比任何人都高傲,但是当他们与别人相处时,他们十分看重谦逊的品质,至少要表现出谦虚的样子。
自我标榜会被认为没有教养。
让我们假设,有一个人非常擅长打网球,但如果有人问他是否是个优秀选手时,他很少会说“是”,不然,人们会认为他很高傲。
他可能会作出类似这样的回答,“不算太差,”或者“嗯,我非常喜欢网球。
”这样的自我贬低是典型的英国式的。
而且当这一品质与他们的谨慎混合在一起时,常常形成一种漠然的气氛,这在外国人看来难于理解,甚至令人恼火。
著名的英国人的幽默感也是大同小异。
第一单元第一篇脐带血:未来的干细胞研究吗?明尼苏达大学的研究人员最近宣布,他们能够在很大程度上扭转中风影响在实验室老鼠发现利用干细胞培育人类脐带血中。
在实验中,进行低神经科沃特和他的同事们,移植的干细胞特性的脑细胞了,似乎刺激大鼠的大脑“负责”自己。
研究人员几乎完全愈合后48小时的大鼠动物持续大脑损伤。
通常医生需要三个小时内行动治疗中风病人人类成功。
脐带血细胞移植是一种治疗已成为一般为血液病。
现在科学家们喜欢低发现干细胞从脐带blood-once的思想只能变成血可能是能够生长成其他类型的细胞。
(见《华夏地理》杂志的特征科学的干细胞和周围的争议。
)先进铸造脐带血,此前视为医学废料在分娩后,一个新的视角。
虽然专家们对未来感到乐观的脐带血来源为新的干细胞疗法,他们也不同意关于这可能保命的资源应该如何处理。
一个吸引人的干细胞的来源目前尚不清楚是否治疗的研究团队使用低的老鼠身上会是安全的,也在人体上的效果。
但许多人与其他危及生命安全的疾病已经痊愈收集这容易的干细胞来源。
今天医生使用脐带血细胞治疗大约70的疾病,大部分贫血或血液系统肿瘤,如白血病或淋巴瘤)。
方法将免疫diseases-like患者重症联合免疫缺陷,俗称男孩也回应了泡沫Disease-have脐带血治疗。
“[脐带血干细胞]可以用来代替失败的血细胞,"他解释Kristine Gebbie教授、护理位于纽约的哥伦比亚大学。
全球六千例治疗脐带血干细胞移植到目前为止,尽管美国食品与药品管理局仍然认为实验的程序。
为治疗,医生通常会获得脐带血的志愿捐赠从胎盘生后。
血是库存的那几个公共登记处。
如果供者的和耐心不是足够的基因相似,病人的身体会拒绝输血。
结果可能是致命的。
“一个战争继续[差、供受体细胞],而你想要捐赠(细胞)来取得胜利,”玛丽说劳克林专家脐带血移植的凯斯西储大学的教授在俄亥俄州。
但脐带血移植是更包容比其他的过程,如骨髓移植,如果供者的不是一个最好的遗传的比赛。
课时作业11[基础检测]Ⅰ.单词拼写1.All the collections (收藏品) will be on show from June 16 to 18 in the gym.2.Now in China, an increasing percentage (百分比) of the population have their own cars.3.With the changes in the world's climate (气候),dinosaurs died,but many smaller animals lived on.4.Fortunately, the weather that winter was reasonably mild (温和的).5.Later, man began to settle (定居) in the places where the food and water were plentiful.6.She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction (建造) of which had taken more than three years.7.A new series of simple English reading materials (材料) for middle school students has come out this year.8.We may be able to design a course to suit(满足……需要) your particular needs.9.This book contains (包括) all the information you need, so you should read it carefully.10.Beautiful and neat (整洁的) handwriting is beneficial, especially for middle school students.Ⅱ.单句语法填空1.These pieces can be folded (fold) into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.2.Whisky contains a large percentage of alcohol.3.If you watch long enough, you will see many problems settled (settle) in this way.4.My grandfather came from Hungary and was the only one in his family who settled down in the United States.5.The bridge, due to completed at the end of the year is still under construction.6.All of us are delighted that a suitable (suit) answer has already been put forward by the chairwoman.7.He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing (contain) the best advice I've ever had: Be bold and brave.8.Does the quality of teaching depend on class size?9.Turn off the lights when you are not in a room.10.What surprised us most there was the beauty of the scenes.[能力提升]Ⅰ.阅读理解阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
打破魔术的气泡如今心理学家们认识到魔术师对人们如何感知世界了解甚多。
Alok Jha发现了观众是如何让自己受骗的。
人们首先感到的是震惊,略带点不信任。
接下来的一刻是惊叹。
然后,一阵很大的骚乱扭曲了大家的理智,你已经上当了。
你无法抗拒一个好的魔术的影响。
从Houdini的惊天逃生和Derron Brown虚幻的精神欺骗,再到儿童聚会上的魔术表演,无人能抵抗魔术的魅力“魔术由来已久,并与时俱进。
”来自Hertfordshire大学的心理学教授Richard Wiseman 说,“一个魔术结束时,你在看的大都是一些专业技术效果。
我想心理学家们从这点可以学到很多。
但是,心理学家并不满足于欣赏魔术,现在正利用魔术对心智的影响揭秘我们如何处理涌入大脑的感官信息的洪流,以及如何将其加工成属于现实世界而又来自精神世界的画面。
魔术是一种欺骗,是对精神世界中有序画面的扰乱——物体好像漂浮在半空中,硬币或者纸牌在眼前消失。
如今科学家们相信,通过详细描绘出我们的心智是如何被欺骗的,甚至可以解开意识本身的一些奥秘。
“在过去的5年里,当我们看到诸如对变化视而不见之类的事情以及又一事实,即意识来自真实的构建,也甚至可以来自错觉的误导时,我们做了反省。
”身为技艺精湛的魔术师并为Magic Circle(魔术圈)成员的Wiseman说,“现今人们意识到了魔术师做的事非常特别。
”一些现代心理学的创始人曾对魔术师颇有兴趣:在19世纪90年代,现代IQ测试的发明者Alfred Binet和Max Dessoir记录了关于魔术师们如何利用暗示和注意力转移让那些错觉发挥作用的方式。
1986年,Joseph Jastow在《科学》杂志上发表了关于当时大魔术师们的一些魔术使用的手法的文章。
但这些文章只是描述了魔术师所做的,无力解释为什么魔术会对观众产生这样的影响。
结果,人们对研究魔术中的心理学的兴趣消失了近一个世纪。
但是,正如Wiseman所说,这一兴趣正在全力复兴。
Unit 3 Amazing people--Reading The curse of the mummy(prehension)By Li Chen on Dec 26, 2006Aims and requirements♦ Read an article about a famous explorer and an article about a Chinese astronaut♦ Listen to a list of requirements♦ Talk about famous people and unknown places, and introduce a person♦ Write a biographical article♦ Interview a professionalSummary of the passageThe passage is about a famous explorer who, with the assistance of Lord Carnarvon, led a team to Egypt and made some unexpected discoveries in tombs. It still remains a mystery how one of his discoveries led to illness and death for many of his team members.ProceduresStep 1: Leading-in1) Do you still remember something from our discussion on Egypt in Unit 1 and Unit 2?We talked about Toby traveling in Egypt and people’s curiosity about how the pyramids were built. Though we don’t know exactly how people at that time built them, we are quite sure of one thing, that is, all the pyramids were built for kings and queens. They expected to be buried there after their death. In spite of the harsh conditions, the Egyptians created this wonder of the world with their hands. It’s said the pyramids are as magnificent as a palace inside.2) Have you ever read or thought about what is inside the pyramids?3) Are there any people buried in them?4) What do people nowadays call those buried in tombs?5) What are mummies and how are theymade?6) Apart from mummies, are there any treasures inside the tombs of the pyramids?7) Have the tombs ever been robbed of treasures by people?8) What happened to these people after they entered the tombs?9) Were they rich overnight?10)What may explain the disasters that happened to those people?Step 2: Fast reading for general ideas1. Pay attention to the Reading strategy first before skimming the passage.1) The article you are going to read is about a famous explorer who worked in Egypt. Read the article and make connections between the title and the explorer. Use your imagination and express your opinions freely with each other.What might be the connections between ‘The curse of the mummy’ and the famous explorer?Why does the writer choose ‘The curse of the mummy’ as its title here? Do you think the title can grab your attention and arouse your interest?From your point of view, what might be dealt with in the following article? Can something like the explorer’s hobbies, his experiences of adventures, his achievements be covered in the article?2) You’ve done a good job, expressing your opinions about the relationship between the title and the explorer and predicting the main contents of the article. That’s great. But to be more specific, can you anticipate what might be covered in the first paragraph of the article?3)Please read the first paragraph and discuss how the first paragraph agrees or disagrees with your predictions.What’s the first paragraph about? Is it the beginning of a story?What does the writer tell us about the explorer in the first paragraph?What words do you think are useful for you to predict the ideas included in the passage?Now you may find the first paragraph serves as a general introduction of HowardWhat are the following paragraphs likely to do?Will they give specific examples to support thegeneral description of Howard Carter?Exchange your ideas with your partners and then check your prediction by reading the following paragraph.5) Now let’s focus on Reading strategy to review the skills of how to predict information in an article.2. Skim the passage and plete the three questions in Part A.Step 3: Detailed reading for important information1. Now please reread the passage and identify which statements are true and which arefalse. Then plete Part C1 on P44 individually.2. Part C2 on P44. Match the summaries of the paragraphs in the article3. While reading please identify the relationships between these characters and try to retell1. interviewA---the spokesman of Howard CarterB---a journalistB will ask A the following questions:1) What kind of person do you think Howard Carter is? Why?2) To be a qualified explorer, what kind of personality do you think he/she should have?3) Do you think the personality of Howard Carter has had a positive effect on hisdiscoveries?4) As for students, what sorts of personalities does a student have to possess?5) pared with the amazing persons such as Mother Teresa, Bill Gates, Beethoven, ZhangHeng, do you think Howard Carter is as great as them?6) Do you think the mummy’s curse really exists? Why?Step 5: Homework1. Parts D and E on P44 and P45.2. Write a summary about Howard Carter in a few sentences.。
Reading Tasks: please answer the questions.1.What‘s the nature of China‘s aid to Africa? What made it confusing?2.What‘re the different approaches to foreign aid adopted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairsand the Ministry of Commerce respectively?3.What‘s the author‘s attitude to China‘s aid to Africa? What‘s her conclusion?4.Do you find the argument of the author convincing/unconvincing? Please specific examples tosupport your conclusion.SERIES: Brookings East Asia Commentary |Opinion |February 2014China’s Aid to Africa: Monster or Messiah?By: Yun Sun, Fellow, East Asia, The Stimson Center; CEAP Visiting Fellow, Fall 2011In recent years, China‘s economic presence in Africa has led to a heated debate, some of it well-informed and some of it not, about the nature of Chinese involvement and its implications for the continent. The debate is partially motivated by the rapid growth of China‘s economic presence in Africa: for example, Chinese investment in Africa grew from USD 210 million in 2000 to 3.17 billion in 2011.[1] Aid is an important policy instrument for China among its various engagements with Africa, and indeed Africa has been a top recipient of Chinese aid: by the end of 2009 it had received 45.7 percent of the RMB 256.29 billion cumulative foreign aid of China.[2] This aid to Africa has raised many questions, such as its composition, its goal and nature.What constitutes China’s aid?Officially, China provides eight types of foreign aid: complete projects, goods and materials, technical cooperation, human resource development cooperation, medical assistance, emergency humanitarian aid, volunteer programs, and debt relief. [3]China‘s aid to Africa covers a wide array of fields, such as agriculture, education, transportation, energy, communications, and health. According to Chinese scholars, since 1956, China has provided almost 900 aid projects to African countries, including assistance supporting textile factories, hydropower stations,stadiums, hospitals, and schools.Official development assistance is defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as concessional funding given to developing countries and to multilateral institutions primarily for the purpose of promoting welfare and economic development in the recipient country.[4]China is not a member of OECD and does not follow its definition orpractice on development aid. The bulk of Chinese financing in Africa falls under the category of development finance, but not aid. This fact is privately acknowledged by Chinese government analysts, although Chinese literature constantly blurs the distinction between the two categories.The billions of dollars that China commits to Africa are repayable, long-term loans. From 2009 to 2012, China provided USD 10 billion in financing to Africa in the form of ―concessional loans.‖[5] During Chinese President Xi Jinping‘s first over seas trip to Africa in March 2013, he doubled this commitment to USD 20 billion from 2013 to 2015.[6]The head sovereign risk analyst of Export-Import Bank of China announced in November 2013 that by 2025, China will have provided Africa with USD 1 trillion in financing, including direct investment, soft loans and commercial loans. [7]China‘s own policy actively contributes to the confusion between development finance and aid. The Chinese government encourages its agencies and commercial entities to ―closely mix and combine foreign aid, direct investment, service contracts, labor cooperation, foreign trade and export.‖[8] The goal is to maximize feasibility and flexibility of Chinese projects to meet local realities in the recipient country, but it also makes it difficult to capture which portion of the financing is – or should be – categorized as aid. One rather convincing theory is that the Chinese government in effect pays for the difference between the interest rates of concessional loans provided to Africa and comparable commercial loans. Therefore, only the small difference in interest rates could qualify as Chinese aid.Who does China’s aid serve?Despite Chinese leaders‘ claim that China‘s as sistance to Africa is totally selfless and altruistic, the reality is far more complex.[9]China‘s policy toward Africa is pragmatic, and aid has been a useful policy instrument since the early days of People‘s Republic of China.During the Cold War, foreign aid was an important political tool that China used to gain Africa‘s diplomatic recogn ition and to compete with the United States and the Soviet Union for Africa‘s support. Between 1963 and 1964, Zhou Enlai visited 10 African countries and announced the well-known ―Eight Principles of Foreign Economic and Technological Assistance.‖[10] These aid principles were designed to compete simultaneously with the ―imperialists‖ (the United States) and the ―revisionists‖ (the Soviet Union) for Africa‘s approval and support.These efforts were enhanced during the Cultural Revolution under the influence of a radical revolutionary ideology, motivating China to provide large amounts of foreign aid to Africa despite its own domestic economic difficulties. [11]One famous example was the Tanzania-Zambia Railway built between 1970 and 1975, for which China provided a zero-interest loan of RMB 980million. By the mid-1980s, China‘s generous assistance had opened the door to diplomatic recognition with 44 African countries. [12]Since the beginning of China‘s reform and opening up, especially after 2000, Africa has become an increasingly important economic partner for China. Africa enjoys rich natural resources and market potential, and urgently needs infrastructure and development finance to stimulate economic growth. Chinese development finance, combined with the aid, aims at not only benefiting the local recipient countries, but also China itself. For example, China‘s ―tied aid‖ for infrastructure usually favors Chinese companies (especially state-owned enterprises), while its loans are in many cases backed by African natural resources.Much Chinese financing to Africa is associated with securing the continent‘s natural resources. Using what is sometimes characterized as the ―Angola Model,‖ China freq uently provides low-interest loans to nations who rely on commodities, such as oil or mineral resources, as collateral.[13] In these cases, the recipient nations usually suffer from low credit ratings and have great difficulty obtaining funding from the international financial market; China makes financing relatively available—with certain conditions.Though commodity-backed loans were not created by China –leading Western banks were making such loans to African countries, including Angola and Ghana, before China Eximbank and Angola completed their first oil-backed loan in March 2004 – but the Chinese built the model to scale and applied it using a systematic approach. In Angola in 2006, USD 4 billion in such loans probably helped Chinese oil companies win the exploitation rights to multiple oil blocks.[14] In 2010, Sinopec‘s acquisition of a 50 percent stake in Block 18 coincided with the disbursement of the first tranche of Eximbank funding, and in 2005, Sinopec‘s acquisition of rights to Block 3/80 coincided with the announcement of a new USD 2 billion loan from China Eximbank to the Angolan government.[15]In 2008, the China Railway Group used the same model to secure the mining rights to the Democratic Republic of Congo‘s copper and cobalt mines under the slogan ―(Infrastructure) projects for resources.‖[16]According to Debra Brautigam, a top expert on China-Africa relations, between 2004 and 2011, China reached similar unprecedented deals with at least seven resource-rich African countries, with a total volume of nearly USD 14 billion.[17]In addition to securing Africa‘s natural resources, China‘s capital flows into Africa also create business opportunities for Chinese service contractors, such as construction companies. According to Chinese analysts, Africa is China‘s second-largest supplier of service contracts, and ―when we provide Africa assistance of RMB 1 billion, we will get service contracts worth USD 1 billion (RMB 6 billion) from Africa.‖[18] In exchange for most Chinese financial aid to Africa, Beijing requires that infrastructure construction and other contracts favor Chinese service providers: 70 percent of them go to ―approved,‖ mostly state-owned, Chinese companies, and the rest are opento local firms, many of which are also joint ventures with Chinese groups.[19]In this sense, China‘s financing to Africa, including aid, creates business for Chinese companies and employment opportunities for Chinese laborers, a critical goal of Beijing‘s Going Out strategy.How to understand Chinese aid to Africa?With a few exceptions, there is a strong tendency among observers to assert moral judgments in the assessment of Chinese aid and development finance to Africa: China‘s activities are either ―evil‖ because they represent China‘s selfish quest for natural resources and damage Africa‘s fragile efforts to improve governance and build a sustainable future; or they are ―virtuous‖ because they contribute to a foundation for long-term economic development, through infrastructure projects and revenue creation.This polarization reveals the two sides of the same coin. On the positive side, China‘s aid and development financing fills a void left by the West and promotes the development of African countries. Many Chinese projects require large investment and long pay-back terms that traditional donors are reluctant to provide. On the other hand, however, these short-term benefits should not form a cover-up for the potential long-term negative consequences associated with neglecting issues of governance, fairness and su stainability. For example, when the ―tied aid‖ is linked to the profitability of Chinese companies, it becomes questionable whether China would prioritize Africa‘s interests or its own.There is also an ongoing debate inside China about the goal and management of Chinese aid to Africa. For the foreign policy bureaucrats at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, foreign aid is essentially a political instrument for China to strengthen bilateral ties and facilitate the development of African countries. In their view, political considerations should be the most important criteria in aid decision-making. Economic benefits associated with aid projects, such as profitability, resource extraction, or the acquisition service contracts for Chinese vendors, should only be secondary.However, trade promoters such as the Ministry of Commerce have rather opposite perspective. In their view, foreign aid serves China‘s overall national priority, which by definition is economic growth. Therefore, all aspects of aid decisions should reflect broad economic considerations. Under this logic, the inclination is to allocate the aid budget to countries that offer China the greatest number of commercial opportunities and benefits. Since China‘s top economic interest is Africa‘s natural re sources, aid decisions are inevitably skewed toward resource-rich countries while others receive less favorable consideration.[20]This practice is problematic in that many of the resource-rich African countries with which China works also suffer from serious political problems, such as authoritarianism, poor governance, andcorruption. When the Ministry of Commerce pursues economic gains and associates aid projects with resource extraction, it uses aid packages to promote business relations. This directly contributes to the negative perception that China is pouring aid, funding, and infrastructure projects to prop up corrupt governments in exchange for natural resources. As many Chinese analysts observe, the Foreign Ministry in recent years has been fighting fiercely for the authority to manage China‘s foreign aid projects, which are currently under the purview of the Ministry of Commerce.The intention of China‘s aid to Africa is benign but not altruistic. China does not seek to use aid to influence the domestic politics of African countries or dictate policies. Instead, it truly hopes to help Africa achieve better development while avoiding meddling with the internal affairs of African countries through conditional aid. But on the other hand, China is not helping Africa in exchange for nothing. Chinese projects create access to Africa‘s natural resources and local markets, business opportunities for Chinese companies and employment for Chinese labors. When Chinese officials emphasize that China also provides aid to countries that are not rich in natural resources to defuse international criticisms, they often forget to mention that China may have its eye s on other things which these countries can deliver, such as their support of Beijing‘s ―one China‖ policy, of China‘s agenda at multilateral forums, and of China as a ―responsible stakeholder.‖In this sense, China‘s comprehensive, multi-dimensional agenda of its aid to Africa defies any simplistic categorization. (1879 words)[1]―Report on Development of China‘s Outward Investment and Economic Cooperation, 2011-2012,‖ [中国对外投资合作发展报告], Ministry of Commerce, December 2012.[2]He Wenping, ―China to Africa: Gives It Fish and Teaches It Fishing,‖ [中国对非洲:授其以鱼,更授其以渔], JinRongBaoLan, May 6, 2013, /money/bank/bank_hydt/20130506/200915363934.shtml.[3]―China‘s Foreign Aid,‖ Xinhua News Agency, April 21, 2011, /english2010/china/2011-04/21/c_13839683_6.htm.[4]―Official Development Assistance: Definition and Coverage,‖ OECD, /dac/stats/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm.[5]―China To Complete 10 Billion USD Concessional Loans to Africa before the End of Year,‖ [中国将在年底前完成对非洲100亿美元优惠贷款计划], China Radio International, July 20, 2012. /27824/2012/07/20/3365s3778295.htm[6]―China to Provide 20 billion USD Loan Credits to Africa in Three Years,‖ [中国三年内将向非洲提供200亿美元贷款额度], CaiXin, March 25, 2013, /2013-03-25/100506116.html.[7]Toh Han Shih, ―China to Provide Africa with US$1 trillion financing,‖ November 18, 2013, South China Morning Post, /business/banking-finance/article/1358902/china-provide-africa-us1tr-financ ing.[8]PiaoYingji, ―The Evolution and Future Trend of China‘s Direct Investment in Africa,‖ 《中国对非洲直接投资的发展历程与未来趋势》, [HaiWaiTouZi Yu Chu Kou Xin Dai], 2006 Volume 5. /topic/hwtz/2006/1_19.doc.[9]―Wen Jiabao: China Did Not Exploit One Single Drop of Oil or One Single Ton of Minerals from Africa,‖ , September 15, 2011, /economic/txt/2011-09/15/content_23419056.htm.[10]The principles include: China always bases itself on the principle of equality and mutual benefit in providing aid to other nations; China never attaches any conditions or asks for any privileges; China helps lighten the burden of recipient countries as much as possible; China aims at helping recipient countries to gradually achieve self-reliance and independent development; China strives to develop aid projects that require less investment but yield quicker results; China provides the best-quality equipment and materials of its own manufacture; in providing technical assistance, China shall see to it that the personnel of the recipient country fully master such techniques; the Chinese experts are not allowed to make any special demands or enjoy any special amenities. ―Zhou Enlai Announced Eight Principles of Foreign Aid,‖ China Daily, August 13, 2010.[11]―African Expert Interprets the 55 Years of Sino-African Relations,‖ 《非洲专家解读中非关系55年》, China Talk, Feb 23, 2011, /2011-02/21/content_21965753.htm.[12] Ibid.[13]Yi Yimin, ―China Probes Its Africa Model,‖ China Dialogue, August 18, 2011, /article/show/single/en/4470-China-probes-its-Africa-model-1-.[14]Zhang Changbing, ―Opportunities and Challenges in Exploring and Developing African Oil Resources,‖ [勘探开发非洲石油资源的机遇与挑战], GuoJi Jing Ji He Zuo, 2008, Volume 3, /upload/2011/06/d20110619154331656.pdf.[15]Lucy Corkin, ―China and Angola: Strategic Partnership or Marriage of Convenience?‖, The Angola Brief, January 2011, Volume 1, No.1 http://www.cmi.no/publications/publication/?3938=china-and-angola-strategic-partnership-or-mar riage.[16]―Projects for Resources, China Railway Heads for DRC to Develop Cobalt Mines,‖ [以项目换资源中国中铁赴刚果(金)开发铜钴矿], ZhongGuoZhengQuanBao, April 23, 2008, /GB/7153049.html.[17] De bra Brautigam, ―China: Africa‘s Oriental Hope,‖ [中国:非洲的东方希望], HaiWai Wen Zhai, August 25, 2011, /article/51.[18]Yang Fei, ―People Should Rationally Understand the USD 20 Billion Assistance Loans to Africa,‖ [对―200亿美元援非贷款‖应理性看待], China Radio International, March 29, 2013, /27824/2013/03/29/2165s4069180.htm.[19]Jamil, Anderlini, ―China Insists on ‗Tied Aid‘ to Africa,‖ Financial Times, June 25, 2007, /cms/s/0/908c24f2-2343-11dc-9e7e-000b5df10621.html#axzz2RtN8dPxR.[20] Interview with a Chinese analyst, Beijing, March 2013.Reading Task: Write a summary of the article.U.S. Food Aid Contributing to Africa's Hunger?By Dana HughesABC news--NAIROBI, Kenya, Oct. 29, 20091. Drought-stricken Ethiopia is pleading for food aid again to stave off starvation, but some critics are complaining that the policies of the country's most generous donor, the United States, is exacerbating the cycle of starvation.2. A hungry Ethiopia gets 70 percent of its aid from the U.S., but according to a new report by the aid organization Oxfam International, that help comes at a cost.3. U.S. law requires that food aid money be spent on food grown in the U.S., at least half of it must be packed in the U.S. and most of it must be transported in U.S. ships. The Oxfam report, "Band Aids and Beyond," claims that is far more expensive and time consuming than buying food in the region.4. For roughly $1 spent on aid, the U.S. taxpayer is paying $2 to get it here," said Carolyn Gluck, an Oxfam spokeswoman.5. American aid policies also undermine long-term development strategies that could break the cycle of drought and starvation in Ethiopia.6. "It's like having a health service that's running on emergency ambulances to deal with the sick all the time," said Gluck. "You can't just deal with the problem. You need to treat the underlying causes, otherwise you'll be locked into this endless cycle of foreign food donors."7. It was only 25 years ago that Ethiopia was in the grip of a devastating drought that killed 1 million people, and prompted an alarmed world to launch a massive relief effort.8. Today the country again faces a killer drought and looks for help to avoid widespread starvation. The World Food Program in Ethiopia has launched an appeal for $285 million, or 419 tons of cereal in the next six months to help feed the drought-stricken population.9. It has also prompted the Oxfam report on the millions of dollars of food aid going to Ethiopia. Oxfam is not the only critic of the current policy. U.S. Government Accountability Office reports show that of the nearly $2 billion a year allocated to foreign food aid, more than half of the funds are spent on transport, not the food.U.S. Food Aid Policies Are Expensive10. "It is a clumsy resource," Chris Barrett, a development economics professor at Cornell University, told ABC News. Barrett, the former editor of the American Journal of Agricultural Economics, said the current food aid system is not only expensive, but counter-productive to the idea of helping a country in an emergency.11. "The median time to deliver emergency aid from the U.S. is just under five months," said Barrett. "At a time when food aid is more important than ever before… we don't follow bestglobal practices."12. Some of those best practices include buying food to distribute locally or regionally. For example, instead of shipping grain to Kenya from Iowa, USAID, the U.S. agency in charge of humanitarian food distribution, could buy it from Uganda, or use cheaper and easier ways to transport the food to its destination, allowing more money to be spent on the aid and less on logistics.13. Oxfam says more money should be spent instead on long term programs like the Pastoralist Livelihood Initiative. This group works with the largely nomadic cattle herding communities in Ethiopia to find ways to better sustain their livestock through drought situations and strengthen the livestock market. The program began in 2005 and has increased the livestock survival rate more than 10 percent through the last drought in one community where they worked.14. A GAO report published last month investigating international food assistance concluded that U.S. food aid shipped to 10 different Sub-Saharan African countries costs 34 percent more than food bought locally and regionally by the World Food Program.15. There is a major push by international aid groups and analysts for reform in the laws, something that Barrett says members of Congress who have agricultural constituent interests are resistant to adopt.16. "Not many congressmen like giving up domain," said Barrett. "Congressional committees that are dealing with agriculture and shipping don't have the same interests or backgrounds as the foreign affairs and foreign relations committees do. They're viewing it in the broader context of farming, not in terms of development."U.S. Contributes More Food Than Any Country17. Rebecca Bratter, the policy director for U.S. Wheat Associates, says that current policy is not about benefitting the U.S. agribusiness, but making sure the world's hungry are fed in the safest, most effective known method.18. "We are feeding people in emergency situations. Nobody donates more food than the United States," said Bratter. "Countries should become commercial markets and not donation markets, but that can't happen in a year."19. Some reform to the law has already occurred. In last year's farm bill the Bush administration pushed for more flexibility on aid assistance restrictions, citing the global food crisis as making the changes necessary. After some debate, Congress allowed $60 million over the next four years to be spent on local and regional food purchases..20. The Obama administration has also expressed interest in having more flexibility in the food aid policy. A spokeswoman for USAID told ABC News in a statement, "The administration requested $300 million in International Disaster Assistance for an 'emergency food security fund.' This fund expands the U.S. government humanitarian tool-kit by enabling us to procure food locally or regionally, or to provide vouchers for food available in local markets, when our own food assistance is too far away, or when there is ample food in the market, but crisis affectedhouseholds cannot afford to buy it."21. Secretary ofState Hillary Clinton, who is leading the administration's $3.5 billion three-year initiative for global food security, has repeatedly said helping poor nations develop their own agriculture sector is a priority for the administration. Two weeks ago agricultural Secretary Tom Vilsack told reporters that he wants to see the current policy develop into more of a partnership between the U.S. agricultural sector and the agricultural needs of developing countries.22. But Bratter warns that a total switch from in-kind food donations to cash for local buying could produce a backlash in food aid funding.U.S. Food Aid Policies Can't Change Overnight23. "Agricultural interests fight for these programs every year on the Hill, but if it's just cash then that removes agricultural interests from the equation," said Bratter. "It could have a negative effect in future support for the programs. "24. Judith Schuler, the WFP spokeswoman for Ethiopia, concedes that change cannot happen overnight.25. "We do have to work on long-term strategies, but we have a productive safety net program covering the needs of 7.5 million people, which provides programs like school feeding," Schuler told ABC News. "At the moment though, 6.2 million people are food insecure. They need immediate assistance."(1133 words)。