2016考研英语最新时文泛读—安慰剂效应

《安慰剂效应：TED临床医生带你体验心理暗示的强大力量》阅读记录目录一、内容概要 (2)1.1 什么是安慰剂效应 (3)1.2 TED临床医生的视角 (4)1.3 心理暗示的力量 (4)二、安慰剂效应的定义与现象 (5)2.1 安慰剂效应的定义 (6)2.2 安慰剂效应的现象描述 (7)2.3 安慰剂效应的研究背景 (8)三、心理暗示的原理与机制 (9)3.1 心理暗示的基本概念 (10)3.2 心理暗示的生理机制 (11)3.3 心理暗示的心理机制 (12)四、安慰剂效应的实际应用 (13)4.1 医学领域的应用 (14)4.2 心理学领域的应用 (15)4.3 教育领域的应用 (16)五、安慰剂效应的局限性与挑战 (17)5.1 安慰剂效应的局限性 (19)5.2 安慰剂效应面临的挑战 (20)5.3 如何提高安慰剂效应的效果 (21)六、结论 (22)6.1 安慰剂效应的重要性 (23)6.2 心理暗示在日常生活中的应用 (24)6.3 对未来研究的展望 (26)一、内容概要《安慰剂效应：TED临床医生带你体验心理暗示的强大力量》是一场TEDx演讲，由心理学家兼临床医生汉斯希尔加德(Hans Hofmann)主讲。

在这场演讲中，希尔加德博士向观众展示了心理暗示的神奇力量，以及如何利用这一现象来改善人们的生活质量。

他通过一系列有趣的实验和案例，阐述了安慰剂效应的概念、原理以及如何在现实生活中应用这一理论。

希尔加德博士解释了什么是安慰剂效应，并指出它是一种心理现象，即当患者相信他们正在接受治疗时，即使实际上并没有接受任何治疗，他们的症状也会得到改善。

这一现象的原因在于，患者对治疗的期望和信念会影响他们的身体反应。

希尔加德博士通过一系列实验向观众展示了安慰剂效应的实际效果。

在这些实验中，参与者分别接受了真药和假药的治疗，而后者被称为“安慰剂”。

尽管参与者知道他们所服用的药物可能是无效的，但他们的症状仍然得到了显著改善。

2016年考研英语二大作文In the modern era, technology has been revolutionizing theway we communicate. The advent of smartphones, social media, and instant messaging has transformed our interactions,making them faster and more convenient. However, this hasalso led to a decline in the use of traditional forms of communication, such as face-to-face conversations and handwritten letters. This essay will explore the impact of technology on these traditional methods and discuss the implications for society.Firstly, the convenience of digital communication has made it the preferred choice for many. People can now connect with others instantly, regardless of geographical barriers,through various platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook, and WeChat. This has led to a significant decrease in the use oftraditional communication methods, such as making phone calls or sending letters through the postal service. The ease and speed of digital communication are undeniable, but it hasalso made our interactions more superficial and less personal.Secondly, the rise of social media has changed how wemaintain relationships. While it allows us to stay in touch with a larger network of friends and family, it often lacksthe depth and intimacy of face-to-face interactions. Thetrend of "liking" and "commenting" on posts can sometimesfeel like a superficial way of showing support or interest, rather than engaging in a meaningful conversation.Moreover, the reliance on technology for communication has also affected our ability to express ourselves. Handwritten letters, for instance, carry a personal touch and thoughtthat is often lost in digital messages. The time and effort put into crafting a letter reflect the sender's feelings and intentions, which can be more impactful than a quickly typed text message.However, it is important to recognize the positive aspects of technological advancements in communication. For many, technology has been a boon, especially in times of crisis or when physical distance separates loved ones. It has also facilitated global communication, breaking down barriers and fostering a more interconnected world.In conclusion, while technology has undoubtedly made communication more efficient, it has also led to a decline in the use of traditional forms of communication. The challenge lies in finding a balance between embracing technological advancements and preserving the personal and meaningful aspects of human interaction. It is crucial to ensure that as we move forward, we do not lose the essence of what makes communication a vital and enriching aspect of our lives.。

反安慰剂效应阅读理解英语（最新版）目录1.反安慰剂效应的定义和性质2.反安慰剂效应的影响和实例3.如何检测和应对反安慰剂效应4.反安慰剂效应在医学领域的应用和意义正文一、反安慰剂效应的定义和性质反安慰剂效应（Nocebo effect）是一种与安慰剂效应（Placebo effect）相反的心理现象。

安慰剂效应指的是患者在接受治疗时，由于对治疗的期望和信心，从而感受到一定的疗效。

而反安慰剂效应则是指患者对治疗持怀疑或悲观态度，导致病情恶化或治疗效果减弱的现象。

两者性质完全相反，但都是由于患者的心理状态对治疗效果产生影响。

二、反安慰剂效应的影响和实例反安慰剂效应的影响在医学领域得到了广泛的关注。

以下是一些反安慰剂效应的实例：1.强力止痛剂失效：牛津大学的一项大脑医学成像研究发现，患者对治疗持悲观态度时，强力止痛剂可能会彻底丧失效力。

在镇痛剂给药方式未改变的情况下，患者对治疗信任水平的变化使其经历的痛苦水平随之变化。

2.慢性疼痛患者：慢性疼痛患者通常会到处求医问药，但多种药物的尝试结果可能会使他们对治疗产生怀疑或悲观态度。

这可能会导致他们的病情恶化，或者在治疗过程中感受到更多的痛苦。

三、如何检测和应对反安慰剂效应检测反安慰剂效应的方法与检测安慰剂效应相同，主要是通过对照实验和观察患者的症状和反应。

然而，应对反安慰剂效应的方法则更为复杂，需要医生和患者共同努力。

1.医生需要充分了解患者的心理状态，尽量提高患者对治疗的信任和期望。

在与患者沟通时，医生应耐心倾听患者的诉求，解释治疗的原理和过程，以提高患者的合作度。

2.患者需要积极配合治疗，保持乐观的心态。

在治疗过程中，患者可以尝试进行心理调适，如进行放松训练、冥想等，以减轻焦虑和紧张情绪。

四、反安慰剂效应在医学领域的应用和意义反安慰剂效应在医学领域的应用有助于医生更好地了解患者的心理状态，为患者提供更个性化的治疗方案。

同时，反安慰剂效应的研究也有助于提高药物治疗的有效性和安全性。

《安慰剂与反安慰剂效应》说明文阅读附答案教书育人楷模，更好地指导自己的学习，让自己不断成长。

让我们一起到店铺一起学习吧!以下是店铺为大家编辑的阅读答案文章，欢迎大家阅读!“Hebb的理论”阅读附答案下面的文字，完成7-10题。

早在 1949年，一位名叫 Donald Hebb的心理学家提出了一个简单法则，来说明经验如何塑造某个特定的神经回路。

受巴甫洛夫著名的狗实验的启发，Hebb的理论认为在同一时间被激发的神经元间的联系会被强化。

比如，铃声响时一个神经元被激发，在同一时间食物的出现会激发附近的另一个神经元，那么这两个神经元间的联系就会强化，形成一个细胞回路，记住这两个事物之间存在着联系。

不是所有输入信号都能激发神经细胞产生自己的信号。

神经元就像个微处理芯片，它通过突触接收大量的信号。

并且不断地把从突触接收到的输入信号进行整合。

但不同的是，微处理器有许多输出途径，神经元则只有一个，就是它的轴突。

所以，神经元对输入信号的反应方式只有一个：要么通过轴突激发一个冲动，向回路中相邻的一个神经元发出信号，要么相反，不发出信号。

当神经元接收这样一个信号时，它的树突上的跨膜电位差轻微地升高，这种膜电位的局部改变被称为神经元突触的“激发”。

当突触快速、高频地激发，就会发生一过性强化，即在短时记忆形成过程中观察到的变化。

但是通常单个突触短暂地激发不足以使一个神经元发放冲动，即术语称的动作电位。

当神经元的许多突触一起激发，共同的作用下就会改变神经元膜电位，产生动作电位，把信号传递到回路中的另一个神经元。

Hebb认为，就像管弦乐队的一个不合拍的演奏者一样，如果神经元上的一个突触不能和其他的突触同步激发，就会被当作蹩脚的角色剔除。

但是那些同步激发的突触——其强度足以使神经元发放动作电位——就会被强化。

这样一来，大脑根据神经冲动流的方向，发展神经回路，逐步精化和完善，建立起大脑神经元间的网络联系。

从Hebb的理论出发分析该过程的确切机制，你会再次面对这样的问题，即在大脑铺设网络联系过程中，能强化或减弱突触联系的酶和蛋白必定是由某种特定的基因合成的，所以我们就开始寻找能激活这种基因的信号分子。

安慰劑效應(Placebo Effect)安慰劑效應的概述 安慰劑效應，又名偽藥效應、假藥效應、代設劑效應（英文：Placebo Effect，源自拉丁文placebo解「我將安慰」）指病人雖然獲得無效的治療，但卻「預料」或「相信」治療有效，而讓病患症狀得到舒緩的現象。

有人認為這是一個值得注意的人類生理反應，但亦有人認為這是醫學實驗設計所產生的錯覺。

這個現象是否真的存在，科學家至今仍未能完全破解。

[1] 安慰劑效應於1955年由畢闕博士（Henry K. Beecher）提出[2]，亦理解為「非特定效應」（non-specific effects）或受試者期望效應。

一個性質完全相反的效應亦同時存在——反安慰劑效應（Nocebo effect）：病人不相信治療有效，可能會令病情惡化。

反安慰劑效應（拉丁文nocebo解「我將傷害」）可以使用檢測安慰劑效應相同的方法檢測出來。

例如一組服用無效藥物的對照群組（control group），會出現病情惡化的現象。

這個現象相信是由於接受藥物的人士對於藥物的效力抱有負面的態度，因而抵銷了安慰劑效應，出現了反安慰劑效應。

這個效應並不是由所服用的藥物引起，而是基於病人心理上對康復的期望。

安慰劑對照研究畢闕博士的研究（1955年） 有報告[3]紀錄到大約四分之一服用安慰劑的病人，例如聲稱可以醫治背痛的安慰劑，表示有關痛症得到舒緩。

而觸目的是，這些痛症的舒緩，不單是靠病人報稱，而是可以利用客觀的方法檢測得到。

這個痛症改善的現象，並沒有出現於非接受安慰劑的病人身上。

由於發現了這個效應,政府管制機關規定新藥必須通過臨床的安慰劑對照（placebo-controlled）測試，方能獲得認可。

測試結果不單要證明患者對藥物有反應，而且測試結果要與服用安慰劑的對照群組作比較，證明該藥物比安慰劑更為有效（「有效」是指以下2項或其中1項：1)該藥物比安慰劑能影響更多病人，2)病人對該藥物比安慰劑有更強反應）。

本文推荐的2016考研英语泛读文章是关于心理健康——走出阴影。

这是一篇心理学话题的文章，也是2016考研英语应该准备的重点题材。

本文的观点认为：精神疾病的“烙印”正在褪色，患者得到应有治疗仍需时日(The stigma of mental illness is fading. But it will take time for sufferers to get the treatment they need)。

从社会角度来看，这是一中积极的变化。

来看一下具体内容： For John Mooney, it was a career highlight. In March the Irish cricketer took a crucial catch that gave his team the victory in a World Cup match and eliminated the higher-ranked Zimbabwe. But afterwards the Zimbabwe Herald, a daily paper with links to Zanu-PF, the thuggish ruling party, claimed that Mr Mooney had lied when he said that his foot had not been touching the boundary, meaning the catch should have been disallowed. The article cited previous interviews in which the sportsman had spoken frankly about his long battles with drink, depression and suicidal thoughts. Under pressure, it claimed, a “man of such a character” could not be trusted to have “the honesty, let alone the decency” to tell the truth. 对约翰·穆尼而言，这是他职业生涯的巅峰。

2016考研英语一textAs a machine, it is challenging to emulate human emotions and perspectives ina response. However, I will do my best to address the requirements provided in the prompt. The 2016 postgraduate entrance exam for English is a significantmilestone for many individuals seeking to further their education. The exam is not just a test of knowledge but also a test of determination, perseverance, and hard work. For many, it represents the culmination of years of studying and preparation, with the hope of securing a brighter future through higher education. From the perspective of the examinees, the 2016 English exam is a daunting challenge that requires a high level of proficiency in the language. The exam covers a wide range of topics, from grammar and vocabulary to reading comprehension and writing skills. Examinees must demonstrate their ability to think critically, analyze information, and communicate effectively in English. The pressure to perform well on the exam can be overwhelming, as the results can have a significant impact on their future academic and career prospects. On the other hand, from the perspective of the examiners, creating a fair and comprehensive exam that accurately assesses the examinees' English proficiency is no easy task. The exam must be carefully designed to test a wide range of skills and knowledge, while also ensuring that it is not too difficult or too easy for the examinees. The examiners must considerthe diversity of the examinees' backgrounds, experiences, and abilities, andstrive to create a balanced and unbiased assessment that accurately reflects their English proficiency. In addition, the 2016 English exam is not just a test of academic knowledge, but also a test of mental and emotional resilience. Examinees must navigate through the exam with focus, concentration, and confidence, despite the stress and pressure they may be feeling. The ability to stay calm under pressure, manage time effectively, and maintain a positive attitude can greatly impact their performance on the exam. Overall, the 2016 English exam is a significant event for both the examinees and the examiners, representing a culmination of years of hard work, preparation, and dedication. It is a test ofnot just academic knowledge, but also of determination, perseverance, and resilience. As the results of the exam are revealed, examinees will anxiouslyawait to see how their efforts have paid off, while examiners will reflect on the fairness and accuracy of the exam they have created.。

16年考研真题英语作文Well, let me start by saying that the 2016 postgraduate entrance exam was quite a challenge. The English section,in particular, required a lot of focus and concentration. I remember feeling a bit overwhelmed at first, but I managedto stay calm and tackle each question one by one.In terms of the reading comprehension section, I foundit to be quite diverse. There were passages on a wide range of topics, from science and technology to social issues. It was interesting to see how the examiners tested our understanding and interpretation of different texts. Some passages were easier to comprehend than others, but overall, I think it was a fair representation of the skills required for academic reading.Moving on to the translation section, I must say it was quite challenging. The sentences were complex, and it required a good understanding of both English and Chinese grammar to accurately translate them. It was a test of ourlanguage proficiency and ability to capture the meaning and essence of the original text. I found myself spending a lot of time on this section to ensure my translations were as accurate as possible.The writing section was a bit more subjective, as we were given a choice of topics to write about. I opted for the topic on environmental protection, as it is a subject I am passionate about. I tried to structure my essay in a logical and coherent manner, with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. I focused on providing strong arguments and supporting evidence to back up my points. It was a challenging task, but I felt confident in my ability to express my thoughts and ideas effectively.Lastly, the listening section was perhaps the most challenging part of the exam for me. The audio recordings were fast-paced and contained a lot of information. It required a high level of concentration and listening skills to accurately answer the questions. I found myself having to listen carefully and take notes to ensure I didn't miss any important details. It was a test of our ability toprocess information quickly and accurately.Overall, the 2016 postgraduate entrance exam was a tough but rewarding experience. It tested our language proficiency, critical thinking skills, and ability to handle pressure. It was a true test of our academic abilities and preparedness for further studies. I am grateful for the opportunity to have taken the exam and look forward to the next chapter of my academic journey.。

“安慰剂与反安慰剂效应”阅读附答案下面的文字，完成8—10题（9分）日前英国牛津大学的一项钻研证实安慰剂与反安慰剂效应确可对大脑的某一特定区域发生作用，并对终究疗效发生踊跃或消极的影响。

相干钻研发表在最新一期的《科学·转化医学》杂志上。

早在几百年前，人们就意想到安慰剂和反安慰剂的强大作用：当患者不知情并相信安慰剂的作用时，安慰剂效应能为患者带来和真药同样乃至更好的疗效；反安慰剂的作用恰恰相反，当病人对医治或药物持怀疑态度时，即使他们服用了真正的药物，也会使这类药物失效乃至还会发生消极的影响。

但一直以来，对其生理和心理机制却不甚明了。

为了破解这一谜题，来自英国和德国的一组钻研人员通过核磁共振成像的方式对22位志愿者进行了试验。

试验中使用了一种名为雷米芬太尼的阿片类止痛药，该药物止痛效果好、作用时间短、可静脉注射。

试验中，志愿者的头部被置入核磁共振扫描仪之中，并在腿部连接一种能引起疼痛的刺激装置。

他们会在输液给药的同时对其感受到的疼痛程度做1—100之内的评价。

在全部进程中，对志愿者的疼痛刺激强度维持恒定不变，但只在第二阶段才开始给药。

给药的这一进程又分为三个阶段。

起初，钻研人员会在志愿者不知情的情况下为他们输入药物，因而这时候志愿者对减缓疼痛应不会有任何预期。

结果发现，志愿者们对疼痛感受的平均评分从未给药时的66降落到了55。

而后，在继续给药并维持剂量不变的情况下，钻研人员才开始告诉志愿者被输入止痛药物。

此时志愿者们的疼痛程度降落到了39。

接着，钻研人员开始告诉志愿者已休止给药，并正告这可能会使疼痛感增强。

而实际上药物的剂量依然没有变化。

但志愿者对疼痛的评分却增添到了64，这几近相当于第一阶段时没有给药时他们的感受。

负责该钻研的英国牛津大学钻研人员艾琳·特雷西称，大脑成像显示患者确切是通过相似于预期的这类机制打开或关闭了大脑中的某个开关，并通过这个开关对实际疗效发生正面或负面的效果。

2016年英语考研真题及答案Par`t ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that” incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics ofmodels .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter’s main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models’ character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing “off–plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows”is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against highstreets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn’t start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today’s BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products33. The expression “more lenient”(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision 对他们的决定有影响[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. ”Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper – printing presses, delivery trucks – isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online – only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? ”I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year – more than twice as much as a digital – only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”36. The New York Times is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a ” legacy product”[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury Good2015年考研英语(一)真题完整版Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t ab dicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (orhelicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarc hy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect’s purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history ,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing.” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow Califor nia’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobileuse as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] tolerance.[B] indifference.[C] disapproval.[D] cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handing one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens’ privacy is not effective protected.市民的隐私没有被好好的保护30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manus.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32、The phrase “flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals 对其他旅行者做榜样34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA. adds to researchers’ worklosd.B. diminishes the role of reviewers.C. has room for further improvement.D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB. Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ DesksD. Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market. But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This saga still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. Accordign to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.(B) companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.(C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence(A) revealed a cunning personality.(B) centered on trivial issues.(C) was hardly convincing.(D) was part of a conspiracy.39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows(A) generally distorted values.(B) unfair wealth distribution.(C) a marginalized lifestyle.(D) a rigid moral code.40 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.(B) Common humanity is central to news reporting.。