2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章

2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章及译文【A级】阅读理解新增文章第三十四篇Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial ResistanceThe ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment(multi-drug resistant bacteria)，so pose particular difficulties，as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to 1imit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics，reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3(antimicrobial resistance)，and，in particular，has raised, awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear，this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission，and to define the most effective measures for control.Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers，managers of hospitals，patients，as well as national governments. the pharmaceutical industry，and international agencies.WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use，including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics：introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures. including the use of hand-washing measures，particularly in healthcare facilities.Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries，and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies，and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.第三十四篇警惕抗菌药物的耐药性微生物引发感染后需要药物治疗，但是这些微生物渐渐对特效药产生了抗药性。

外语是专业技术人员学习国处先进知识和技术，进行交流和重要工具，也是专业技术人员能力建设的重要方面。

为了帮助广大专业技术人员学习英语，熟悉全国职称英语等级考试的方法，我们根据人事部专业技术人员管理司审定的《全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试大纲》，组织编写了2011年版《职称英语等级考试用书》。

该书主要内容包括职称英语等级考试介绍，解题方法，按大纲题型编写的学习材料及2010年度全国专业技术人员职称等级考试试题的分析。

本书中未加符号标注的文章难度相当于C级；
本书中标有“*”的为B级；
本书中标有“+”的为A级。

目录:
职称英语等级考试介绍及解题方法第一部分词汇选项
第二部分阅读判断
第三部分概括大意和完成句子
第四部分阅读理解
第五部分补全短文
第六部分完形填空
2010年职称英语卫生类真题及解析。

第二篇WorlｄCｒudｅOiｌPrｏductiｏｎMay Peak ａDecadｅEａrl ｉerＴhａn ＳomｅＰｒediｃtIn a ｆｉndiｎg thaｔmay speeｄeffoｒｔs to ｃonservｅｏil，scieｎtists iｎＫuｗait pｒediｃｔｔｈat wｏrｌd cｏnｖeｎｔionａl crude oiｌproduction wｉll ｐｅａk in2０14．Thｉs ｐreｄｉｃt ｉoｎｉs alｍost a ｄｅcade earlｉｅrｔhaｎsoｍe othｅrｐredictionｓ. Their stｕｄy ｉs in ACS’Ｅnｅｒｇy&Fｕｅls１.ﻫIbrahiｍNashawi aｎd ｃolleagｕes ｐoｉnt ｏut ｔhat ｒapid groｗｔh ｉｎgloｂal oｉl ｃonsuｍpｔiｏｎｈａs sparkｅd ａｇrowinｇintｅrｅst iｎｐredictinｇ"peak oil"."Peak oｉl" ｉs thｅpoin ｔwhere ｏil ｐｒodｕｃtｉon rｅａchesａｍaximｕｍａｎd then decliｎes.Sｃｉentiｓtｓhave ｄｅvｅlopeｄｓeveral moｄels tｏforeｃaｓt this point,and somｅｐut tｈe ｄate ａt 2020 oｒlater. Onｅof thｅmost faｍouｓforecaｓt modelsｉsｃａllｅd thｅHｕbbeｒt mｏｄel2．Iｔassumeｓｔhat gloｂａl oil proｄuction will fｏllow a beｌl shapｅd cｕｒve3.Ａｒelated conｃｅｐt ｉs thａt4of "Peak Oil."The term "Peak Oｉl＂indiｃaｔes the momｅntin wｈicｈworld widｅprodｕctioｎwill peａk,afｔerwaｒds ｔo start on irreveｒsｉble deｃline．ＴhｅHuｂｂｅrt ｍodel aｃcｕrately pｒedicted that ｏiｌpｒｏd ｕｃtion wouｌd peak in the Uｎitｅd Sｔates ｉn 197０.Ｔhe mｏde ｌｈaｓsince gａinedｉn popｕlaｒiｔyａnd has beenｕsedｔo foｒeｃａst oil ｐroductiｏｎworldwｉｄe.Hoｗｅver，recｅnt studiｅs ｓhow tｈａｔｔhe moｄeｌｉs insufficient to ａcｃount ｆoｒ５morｅcｏmpｌex oil ｐｒoduction ｃyclｅs ｏf some counｔｒies. Ｔhｏｓｅｃycleｓcan be heavily ｉnfluｅnｃed by ｔechnoｌogy cｈanges，politics,anｄoｔher ｆａctors,the scｉentists say.The newｓtuｄy deｓcribeｓdｅveｌopmenｔof a new veｒsion ｏf the Hubbｅrｔmoｄel thaｔｐrovｉdｅs ａmoreｒealistic ａnd acｃurate ｏiｌproduction ｆinｇｔhｅneｗmoｄｅl,tｈe scientists evａluaｔed thｅｏil proｄuｃtiｏn tｒenｄｓof47 ｍajorｏｉl－ｐｒｏducｉng coｕｎｔｒies，ｗhich suｐply moｓt of the worlｄ’s coｎｖenｔｉonal crude oil6.Theｙestiｍａted that worl ｄwide ｃoｎvenｔional crｕde oil prodｕcｔion ｗill peａk iｎ2014,ｙｅars ｅarｌｉer ｔhaｎanｔicipated. The sciｅnｔists also sｈoｗeｄtｈat thｅｗorld’s oil reserｖes７aｒｅbeiｎg reduceｄａtａratｅof 2.1 ｐeｒcｅnｔa yｅar.The ｎｅw modｅl could help i ｎform enerｇy－related decｉｓｉoｎs aｎd public poｌicyｄeｂa ｔe,theｙsuggest.词汇:ﻫconservｅｖ.保护,保存iｒreversible ａdj.不可逆的,不可改变的crude oil原油ﻫsｐark ｖ.闪耀；激发;鼓舞insufficient 不充分的，不足的ｃuｒve ｎ.曲线ﻫ注释：1.ACＳ’Eneｒgy＆Fｕｅls：ACS是Aｍｅｒican Ｃhemicａl Socｉety(美国化学学会）的缩写。

Pandemic H1N11 2009The most active areas of pandemic influenza transmission currently are in central and eastern European countries．A high intensity of respiratory diseases activity___1____concurrent circulation of pandemic influenza still____2_____parts of southern and eastern Europe，____3____in Greece，Poland，and Ukraine．In Western Europe，influenza____4____remains active and widespread，but overall disease activity has peaked．All influenza viruses in Western Europe were pandemic H1Nl 2009，however，very small____ 5____of seasonal influenza viruses，covering less than l％of all influenzaviruses_______6______，were reported in Russia．____7____，limited available data indicate that active，high intensity transmission is occurring in Northern African countries____8____ the Mediterranean coast．In Central Asia．1imited data____9____that influenza virus circulation remains active , but transmission may have recently peaked in some places．In West Asia，Israel，Iran，and Iraq also appear ____l0____ their peak period of transmission within the past month，though ____ll____ areas continue to have some active transmission and levels of respiratory disease activity have not yet returned to baseline levels．In East Asia，influenza transmission remains active but appears tobe____12____0verall．____13____increases in ILI2 were reported in Mongolia after weeks of declining activity following a large peak of activity over one month ago．In North America，influenza transmission____14____widespread but has declined quickly in all countries．In the tropical regions of Central and South America and the Caribbean，influenza transmission remains geographically widespread but overall disease activity has been declining or remains unchanged in most parts, ____15____focal increases in respiratory disease activity in a few countries．词汇：Pandemic adj．在广大地区流行的(疾病)Transmission n．传播currently adv．时下地，当今地focal adj．焦点的，与焦点有关的intensity n．强度concurrent aaj．同时存在的，同时发生的Circulation n．流传，流通Greece n．希腊Poland n．波兰Ukraine n．乌克兰Peak 达到顶点Seasonal 季节的Occur vt．发生Mediterranean adj．地中海的，地中海附近(各国的)Israel n．以色列Iran 凡．伊朗Iraq n．伊拉克Mongolia n．蒙古国Caribbean n．加勒比海Geographically adv．地理地注释：1．H1N1：H1N1是一种病毒，是Orthomyxoviridae系列的一种病毒。

2011年职称英语卫生类新增文章篇目卫生类完形填空新增文章篇目第二篇Influenza*第七篇Exercise*第八篇Food Safety and Foodborne Illness+第十二篇Pandemic H1N11 2009第二篇InfluenzaInfluenza has been with us a long time．According___1_____ some Greek writers on medical history，the outbreak of 412 B.C．was of influenza．The same has been suggested of the sickness that swept through l the Greek army_____2_____ Syracuse in 395 B．C． Flu is a disease that moves most quickly among people____3____ in crowded conditions，hence，it is likely to attack armies．During the nineteenth century there were five widespread＿＿４＿＿ of influenza．The last of the five_____5_____ in l889 and marked the beginning of the story of influenza in our time．Like the_____6_____started in Asia．For more than forty years before that outbreak，influenza had steadily＿＿7＿＿ and was believed to be dying out.2A new group of outbreaks was introduced by the great outbreak of l889-1890 and for the next quarter of a century flu ____8____ a constant threat．In April 1918 flu broke out3 among American troops stationed in France．It quickly spread through all the armies but caused relatively____9____deaths．Four months later，____10____，a second outbreak started which proved to be a killer. It killed not only the old and already sick but also____11_____young adults．It went through4every country in the world，only a few distant islands in the South Atlantic and the Pacific remaining____12 ____．It brought the life of whole countries_____l3____，food supplies stopped and work loss was very great．Before the great outbreak ended，it___l4___ at least l5 million people．Thereafter there have been several great outbreaks throughout the world．It is thus____15_____ that influenza is a terrible infection that we have to pay more attention to.词汇：Influenza n．流行性感冒Outbreak n．爆发Syracuse n．叙拉古(意大利西西里岛东南部一海港)Widespread 普遍的，散布很广的steadily adv．稳定地quarter n．四分之一constant 妨经常发生的troop (常用复数)军队，部队station vt．驻扎’Atlantic adj"．大西洋的；n．(the Atlantic)大西洋Pacific adj．太平洋的；n．(the Pacific)太平洋Thereafter adv．此后，其后注释：1．sweep through：席卷，横扫2．die out：消失，不复存在3．break out：突然发生；爆发4．go through：走遍练习：1．A at B to C in D from2．A being attacked B having been attacked C attacked D attacking 3．A sitting B standing C living D appearing 4．A outbreaks B incidents C accidents D cases5．A changed B happened C arise D descend6．A it B they C which D those7．A enlarged B strengthened C decreased D increased 8．A was no 1onger B went out of C ceased to be D reamained 9．A few B many C countless D innumerable 10．A in addition B however C therefore D moreover 11．A weak B disabled C sick D healthy 12．A touching B touched C untouched D having touched 13．A stop B stopping C stopped D to stop14．A killed B has killed C had killed D has been killing 15．A clear B strage C uncertain D questionable 答案与题解：1．B 四个选项中只有to可以与according连用，意为“根据，按照”，与上下文意思吻合。

第四十七篇Spoilt for ChoiceChoice，we are given to1 believe，is a right. In daily life，people have come to expect endless situations about which they are required to make decisions one way or another. In the main2，theseare just irksome moments at work which demand some extra energy or brainpower，or during lunch breaks like choosing which type of coffee to order or indeed which coffee shop to go to. But sometimes selecting one option as opposed to another can have serious or lifelong repercussions. More complex decision-making is then either avoided，postponed，or put into the hands of the army of professionals，lifestyle coaches，lawyers，advisors，and the like，waiting to lighten the emotional burden for a fee2.But for a good many4 people in the world，in rich and poor countries，choice is a luxury，not a right. And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices，the whole system is merely an illusion，created by companies and advertisers wanting to sell their wares5.The main impact of endless ch oice in people’s lives is anxiety. Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of consumer goods induces a sense of powerlessness，even paralysis，in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away6，or just buying an unsuitable item that is not really wanted in order to solve the problem and reduce the unease. Recent surveys in the United Kingdom have shown that a sizeable proportion of electrical goods bought per household are not really needed. The advertisers and the shareholders of the manufacturers are，nonetheless，satisfied.It is not just their availability that is the problem, but the speed with which new versions of products come on the market. Advances in design and production mean that new items are almost ready by the time that goods hit the shelves7.Products also need to have a short 1ifespan so that the public can be persuaded to replace them within a short time. The classic example is computers, which are almost obsolete once they are bought. At first，there were only one or two available from a limited number of manufacturers，but now there are many companies all with not only their own products but different versions of the same machine. This makes selection a problem. Gone are the days when one could just walk with ease into a shop and buy one thing8：no choice，no anxiety.The plethora of choice is not limited to consumer items. With the greater mobility of people around the world，people have more choice about where they want to 1ive and work-a fairly recent phenomenon. In the past，nations migrated across huge swathes of the earth in search of food，adventure，and more hospitable environments. Whole nations crossed continents and changed the face of history. So the mobility of people is nothing new. The creation of nation states and borders9 effectively slowed this process down. But what is different now is the speed at which migration is happening.词汇：spoil vt.使某人扫兴 unease n.焦虑，不安irksome adj.令人心烦的 sizeable adj.相当大的，颇大的brainpower n.智能 proportion n.部分，比例option n.选择 shareholder n.股东repercussions n.(常指意料之外的)影响，后果 manufacturer n.制造商，厂家complex adj.复杂的 nonetheless adv.然而，不过postpone vt.&vi.延迟，延缓 availability n.可获得性，可使用性professional n.专业人士adj内行的version n.版本coach n.教练员，指导 obsolete adj.过时的，被淘汰的luxury n.难得的享受 plethora n.过多，过剩illusion n.幻觉，想象 phenomenon n.现象ware n.商品，货物 migrate vi.迁徙jmpact n.影响 swathe n.大片土地anxiety n.焦虑，不安 hospitable 有利的，适宜的consumer n.消费者 skip v.跳过induce vt.引起，导致 obese adj.肥胖的paralysis n.麻痹 metabolic adi.新陈代谢的unsuitable adj.不恰当的，不适适宜的 psychiatric adj.精神病的abnormal adj.异常的注释：1.be given to：倾向于2.in the main：大体上，基本上3. More complex decision-making is then either avoided，postponed，or put into the hands of the army of professionals，lifestyle coaches，lawyers，advisors，and the like，waiting to lighten the emotional burden for a fee.对于情况更复杂的决策，人们或者回避、拖延，或者求助于各式各样的专业人士--生活方式指导人员、律师、咨询师等等，而他们也正等着你付费来缓解心理重负呢。

2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文---综合类上世纪人类平均寿命的变化综A一百年以前，发达国家的人均寿命大约是47岁；到21世纪初，美英两国的男性平均寿命约为74岁，女性则约为80岁，人们的平均寿命一直在延长。

是什么造成了这样的变化呢？在研究一百年前的人们寿命的时候，我们有必要注意当时一些不治之症。

早在20世纪初，这些不治之症经常是像天花之类的急性的高传染病。

许多儿童因此夭折（也有其他原因），年迈题弱的人也总是面临着它们的威胁。

如今，这些疾病在发达国家已远不能致命，有一些都能被治愈。

这一变化归于许多因素，比如：环境及个人卫生的改善，抗生素的发现及使用，（抗生素大大降低了细菌病的危险）以及常见疾病预防疫苗的接种。

除此之外，更洁净的空气、更好的食物保鲜方法、更舒适温暖的屋子还有对营养的进一步认识，这些总的环境的改善也促进了人们的整体健康。

从基因角度看，人都都能活到85岁，但尽管现在人们寿命确实比以前长了，仍然有一些疾病使得我们不能都活到那个岁数。

现在困扰人们的是像心脏病和中风那种更为慢性的疾病，还有像流行性感冒和AIDS那些通过病毒传染的疾病。

当然，癌症也是一大杀手。

上述疾病大多影响着老年人，但是令人担忧的问题在发达国家日趋明显，如：肥胖，产生更多心脏病和糖尿病等其他疾病患者群渐呈年轻化。

人们如今把这些疾病归为“生活方式疾病”，这意味着人们生活方式的改善有可能阻止它们的进一步发展。

竞技还是表演？综BMuhammad Ali 极有可能是世界上最负盛名的体坛人物：全世界不分老少都熟知拳王Ali。

退役后，Ali被诊断患有帕金森综合症，这激起了社会上对拳击运动危险性的争论和诟病。

另外，由于Ali曾坦白反对女性拳击运动，所以当他的一个女儿— Laila决定跨入拳坛时，人们十分好奇Ali对此会作何回应。

然而，在Laila首场职业争霸赛上，Ali的露面似乎高调宣布了他对女儿的支持。

父亲当然会想看自己女儿的比赛。

2011年职称英语教材阅读理解新增文章英文+中文+可替换题目2011年阅读理解新增文章_综合类第八篇The State of Marriage Today（C级）Is there something seriously wrong with marriage today? During the past 50 years the rate of divorce in the United States has exploded: almost 50% of marriages end in divorce now, and the evidence suggests it is going to get worse. If this trend continues, it will lead to the breakup of the family, according to a spokesperson for the National Family Association. Some futurists predict that in 100 years, the average American will many at least four times, and extramarital affairs will be even more common than they are now.But what are the reasons for this, and is the picture really so gloomy? The answer to the first question is really quite simple: marriage is no longer the necessity it once was. The institution of marriage has been based for years partly on economic need. Women used to be economically dependent on their husbands as they usually didn't have jobs outside the home. But with the rising number of women in well-paying jobs, this is no longer the case, so they don't feel that the5 need to stay in a failing marriage.In answer to the second question, the outlook may not be as pessimistic as it seems, While the rate of divorce has risen, the rate of couples marrying has never actually fallen very much, so marriage is still quite popular. In addition to this. many couples now cohabit and don't bother to marry. These couples are effectively married, but they do not appear in either the marriage or divorce statistics. In fact, more than 50% of firs marriages survive. The statistics are deceptive because there is a higher number of divorces in second and third marriages than in first marriages.So is marriage really an outdated institution? The fact that most people still get married indicates that it isn't. And it is also true that married couples have a healthier life than single people: they suffer less from stress and its consequences, such as heart problems, and married men generally consider themselves more contented than their single counterparts. Perhaps the key is to find out what makes a successful marriage and apply it to all of our relationships!练习：1. Which is true about the problem of marriage in the United States today? 美国当代的婚姻存在的问题是__。

2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章下载阅读理解新增文章（共4篇）目录：第三篇(C级)：Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor第十八篇(B级)：Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics第二十四篇(B级)：Preventing Chlid Maltreatment第三十四篇(A级)：Be Alert to Antimicrobial Resistance第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Cause TumorThe leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking，said medical experts after a five-year research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger，especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute，more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Following breast cancer，it has the second-highest incidence rate.“An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer，”said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them，1,483 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke，according to the report.However，more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term，close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about l irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women’s bedrooms were adjacent to2 the kitchen.However，local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.“Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day，I must stay in the kitchen to cook，" said Xu Li. a 45-year-old local woman. "I know the fumes are bad for the skin，but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer .I have already started frying less.’’Doctors said women’s lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical co ndition，but was closely related to family cancer history，unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with He.3"Smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men，" said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College. "It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.”He's research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time，6 experts said.词汇：fume n.烟，气，汽 fry v.油炸，油煎tumor(=tumour)n.肿瘤 unventilated vt.使不通风cancern.癌瘤 adjacent adj.临近的breast/brest/n.乳房，胸dietary adj饮食的incidence n.发生(率) immune adj 免疫的diagnosis n.诊断 honorary adj.名誉上的;荣誉的inhale v.吸人 respiratory adj.呼吸的irritate vt.使疼痛，刺激 stall n.货摊注释：plain原意是“抱怨，诉苦”，但医学上常用complain about或complain of表示“主诉"。