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国际商务活动中中美文化冲突的根源与对策国际商务活动中中美文化冲突的根源与对策论文摘要：在全球话背景下，国际商务活动越来越频繁。
国际商务活动中总会存在因文化差异而导致的文化冲突。
尤其是在中国和美国这两个世界大国之间，经济交往日益频繁。
但却因两国的文化差异巨大而经常出现文化冲突，甚至影响国际商务活动的顺利进行。
本文就全球化背景下国际商务活动中中美文化冲突的根源进行剖析，从而提出切实有效的对策。
论文关键词：国际商务;文化差异;根源;对策一、概述中国改革开发后，越来越多的国外企业和中国企业建立起合作关系;而中国加入世界贸易组织后，越来越多的中国企业也走向世界。
伴随着经济全球化的进程，国际商务活动频繁进行，文化冲突也日益严重，而正确地进行跨文化交际就日显重要。
而在国际商务活动的过程中，文化差异是一个及其复杂而又十分重要的变量。
文化的差异会引起文化冲突，而文化冲突会严重影响国际商务合作。
本文对全球化背景下国际商务活动中的中美文化冲突及其根源进行分析并提出独特有效的对策。
二、人类历史上文化冲突的三个阶段(一)文化冲突文化是一个特定人群共同的传统风俗、价值观念、行为规范、思维方式等，并可代代相传，它是人类社会和历史积淀的产物。
文化冲突被定义为指两种或者两种以上的文化相互接触所产生的竞争和对抗状态。
(二)文化冲突的三个阶段1、武力为主的文化冲突阶段此阶段的文化冲突主要表现在不同地域、不同的文化之间，在相互竞争和对抗中，武力和军事实力占上风的一方实现本土文化的发展，并企图用强制的方式实现本土文化对不同文化的控制和统治。
2、经济为主的文化冲突阶段此阶段的文化冲突主要表现在经济交往成为文化冲突的主要中介，文化冲突的范围在扩大，文化冲突的内容也发生了巨大的变化。
小到局部冲突中经济利益的争夺，大到世界霸权的争夺，都是把经济利益作为主要目标，并且经济发展水平成为进一步争夺经济利益和霸权的主要砝码。
3、文化为主的文化冲突阶段此阶段的文化冲突是以不同文化形式之间在交流互动中的冲突与差异性为特征，来体现不同地域文化的冲突，主要表现为全球化背景下国家与国家之间在文化问题上根本立场的差异。
作文跨英美文化交流中的文化冲突文化冲突对跨英美文化交流产生的影响有：①人际交往方面：由于缺乏共同语言和思维模式，在日常交流中往往会引发误解，导致隔阂。
②社会问题方面：不同的价值观念和行为方式对人们的心理和行为产生不良影响。
在经济全球化的背景下，各国在自身利益的驱动下，加强文化的交流与合作，但是也不可避免的带来了诸多文化冲突。
由此看来，跨文化交际已成为当今社会文化交流的一种重要形式，其影响已经远远超过了语言层面。
美国人爱说的一句话是“ What can you do in one day”(英语中，意为：一天能做什么)。
这句话反映了美国人的生活态度，也表明他们对时间、效率等关系非常敏感，而且不会拖拉，十分果断。
在英美人们总认为时间就是金钱，一旦浪费了时间，就没有任何东西可以替代，那么英美人的这种生活态度对跨文化交际的影响又如何呢？10世纪末，“亨利八世派使节去苏格兰和爱尔兰的行为，被他们视为对信仰自由的严重侵犯。
双方由此发生了一场严重的战争。
” 11世纪初，北欧的维京海盗猖獗一时，于是英国政府派兵剿灭，随后又颁布了“海盗法令”。
据统计，仅一个王子战役中，英国政府便消耗了150万两银子。
而对比中国，宋朝是以农业为主的国家，但赵匡胤却采取“杯酒释兵权”的策略，改变了传统的军事制度，终于结束了五代十国长期割据的局面。
这充分说明，中国的历史文化并未因外国入侵而被中断，在这样文化包容性极强的国度里，中国的优秀文化得到很好的传承，这正是英美文化所欠缺的。
英国戏剧大师莎士比亚在英美各地进行巡回演出时，每次演出前都要提前几天预订演员。
据统计，一次他出访英国共演出28场，他只需要选8位最合适的演员即可。
而我国春秋战国时期的孔子，虽然是周游列国的倡导者，但是他仍旧存在三顾茅庐请来诸葛亮辅佐刘备。
而在《鹿鼎记》中，韦小宝先拜武当再去少林最后是藏经阁。
同样是武侠小说，在英美小说中，英雄人物都是自幼练武、从不用学习、天生神力。
国际商务合作中跨文化沟通冲突与对策分析[摘要]在国际商务合作中,克服跨文化的沟通障碍,是合作顺利进行的关键因素之一。
本文分析了沟通障碍产生的原因及对国际商务合作的影响关系,在此基础上提出消除不同文化沟通障碍的对策。
在当前经济全球化的趋势下,国际商务合作渐成为经济发展的必然选择。
不同文化模式有不同的沟通方式,来自不同文化的沟通双方很容易发生沟通障碍。
因此,如何实现跨文化的有效沟通,掌握有效的跨文化沟通方式与技巧,克服跨文化的沟通障碍,成为国际商务合作中的重要问题。
[关键词]文化差异跨文化沟通跨文化认同一、文化差异所谓“文化差异”, 简要地说是指不同国家、民族间文化上的差别。
内容涉及到语言、世界观、人生观、价值观、思维方式、宗教信仰、伦理道德、生活方式、风俗习惯、审美观念等。
其中最基本的五个问题,即人的本性、人与自然的关系、时间观念、行为方式和人际关系五个方面。
Trompenaars(1988)提出了国家文化的七个特征:普遍性与具体性、个人主义与共有主义、中性与情感性、特殊性与扩散性、成就文化与归因文化、持续性与同时性时间取向、内在控制与外在控制的环境价值取向。
Edward T.Hall(1976)则提出了高情景文化语言和低情景文化语言分析框架。
通过文化维度模型分解出的文化特征可知,不同国家、不同地域有着自身独特的文化,当两种文化在同一环境系统交汇时,必然存在文化差异(Cultural differences)。
两种文化之间差距越大,所需要解决的问题也就越多。
二、跨文化沟通———国际商务合作中的应用跨文化沟通(Cross-cultural Communication)是指两个具有不同文化背景的人或群体之间表达思想、传递信息、交流感情、形成互动的行为过程(唐炎钊等,2005)。
陈剑平等(2005)提出跨文化沟通的实质,是不同文化双方对彼此尊重和理解。
从广义而言,跨文化沟通的目的在于存在文化差异的双方在尽量避免或者减少跨文化风险(Cross-cultural Risks)的前提下,求同存异,积极发展双方的文化认同感(Cultural Identity),将跨文化(Cross-cultural Conflict)降低到最低程度,产生文化协同效应(Cultural Synergy)。
Globalization and the Fusion and Conflict of CulturesIn the epoch of globalization, where the boundaries between nations blur and intercon nec tedness reaches unprecedented heights, the encounter between diverse cultures has intensified, leading to both harmonious fusions and inevitable conflicts. This intricate dance of cultural integration and confrontation shapes the global so -cultural landscape, influencing identities, values, and ways of life across the planet.**Cultural Fusion: A Symphony of Diversity**At its best, globalization fosters cultural fusion, a process where different cultural elements intertwine, creating something novel and shared. Food, music, fashion, and language are prime examples of this synthesis. Korean pop music (K-pop), for instance, integrates Western pop sensibilities with traditional Korean sounds, captivating audiences worldwide. Fusion cuisine, like sushi burritos or Thai tacos, exemplify how culinary traditions merge, reflecting the global palate's openness to experimentation.Moreover, technology and social media platforms have become catalysts for cultural sharing, allowing individuals to learn about and adopt practices from distant cultures. Celebrations like Diwali or Holi are no longer confined to India; they are now joyously observed in cities around the globe, fostering cross-cultural understanding and appreciation.**Cultural Conflict: Echoes of Difference**Conversely, the clash of cultures, a less harmonious aspect of globalization, arises when fundamental differences in beliefs, values, or practices collide. The controversy surrounding freedom of expression versus religious sensitivity, as seen in debates over satirical cartoons, exemplifies such conflicts. These disagreements can escalate into social tensions, reinforcing stereotypes and fueling prejudice.Furthermore, the fear of cultural erosion or loss of identity fuels resistance against globalization in some quarters. Critics argue that the dominance of Western culture, through media and consumerism, threatens to overwhelm local cultures, erasing unique traditions and linguistic diversity. This perceived threat can lead to reactionary movements that aim to preserve national or regional cultural purity.**Navigating the Complexities**To mitigate conflicts and enhance the positive aspects of cultural exchange, a nuanced approach is necessary. Education plays a pivotal role in fostering cultural literacy and empathy, teaching the history, values, and contributions of various cultures. Encouraging intercultural dialogue and promoting cultural sensitivity can bridge gaps, enabling societies to appreciate differences without compromising their own heritage.Additionally, policies that support cultural preservation alongside innovation can strike a balance. UNESCO's efforts to safeguard intangible cultural heritage and promote cultural diversity are steps in this direction. By acknowledging the value of both the global and the local, we can create a more inclusive and dynamic global culture.In conclusion, the fusion and conflict of cultures under globalization's umbrella are two sides of the same coin. While cultural fusion celebrates our shared humanity and enriches our collective experience, cultural conflicts remind us of the need for understanding, respect, and careful negotiation in our increasingly interconnected world. It is through embracing these complexities that we can truly harness the transformative potential of globalization for a more harmonious and culturally diverse future.。
摘要文化是跨文化交际的根基,中美文化差异主要表现在语言沟通、非语言沟通等诸方面。
在跨文化商务交际中,交际者为达到交际目的,应积极地采取必要对策。
目前中美两国间经贸发展较快,双方商务谈判越来越频繁。
美国是世界上最大的经济实体,也是我国最大的贸易伙伴。
商务谈判在双方经贸往来中扮演着重要角色。
由于两国文化差异对商务谈判的各个方面都有直接的影响, 对文化差异缺乏敏感的人用自己的文化模式为依据来评价另一种文化中人们的行动、观点、风俗,往往会导致文化冲突。
中美双方在商务谈判中必须增强文化差异的敏感性,了解在语言沟通、非语言沟通和谈判风格上的差异,为达成协议打下基础。
在语言交际方面，文化对语言交际的影响主要体现在不同文化中词的内涵意义和比喻意义不同；在非语言交际方面，对手势、面部表情、目光接触等行为的不同理解都会影响谈判；在谈判风格方面，从各个案例可见，中美谈判者对待人际关系的态度、决策方式、时间观念和对待冲突的态度都有所不同。
针对以上差异，从跨文化交际的角度对中美谈判者提出了利于和谐交际的建设性意见。
关键字：文化差异；商务谈判；语言交际；非语言交际；谈判风格ABSTRACTCulture is the basic element in intercultural communication. The cultural differences between China and the United States mainly lie in verbal and nonverbal communication, and so on. In intercultural business communications, people should take necessary measurements actively to achieve effective purpose. At present, the business conducted between the two countries grows rapidly and business negotiations are conducted more and more frequently. The United States is the largest economic entity, and is also the biggest business partner of China. Business negotiation plays an important role in their business interaction. Because the cultural differences have direct influence on every aspects of the negotiation, to evaluate the action, ideas, and custom of people from another culture with one’s own assumption may cause culture conflicts. Both the Chinese and the Americans should enhance the awareness of cultural differences, try to understand the differences in verbal, nonverbal communication and negotiating styles, and make preparation for successful negotiations. In terms of verbal communication, the culture impact on negotiation mainly lies in the difference of words’ connotation and figurative meaning in different culture. About nonverbal communication, the different understandings of such behaviors: gesture, facial expression and eye contact can also influence the result of negotiation. In the aspect of negotiation styles, we can see that Chinese and American negotiators have different attitudes toward interpersonal relationship, different decision-making patterns, different time concepts and different attitudes toward confrontations. Considering the above differences, we put forward some proposal from the perspective of cross-cultural communication for the negotiators from both China and the United States.Keywords: cultural differences; business negotiation; verbal communication;nonverbal communication; negotiation stylesContentsIntroduction ........................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
从跨文化交际角度以案例分析中美商务谈判的差异由于全球一体化的发展，各国之间的经济合作与往来日益增强。
不同文化背景的人们之间的经济合作及国际商务活动也日趋频繁，增强文化理解、克服文化冲突、加强文化沟通与合作就显得尤为重要。
本文作者因工作关系，近十年来一直从事主题公园项目的国际投融资工作，曾与许多美国大公司进行过多次商务谈判，在现实的商务谈判中注意到了一些中美文化冲突的问题。
为了解文化在商务谈判中所起的作用，作者从跨文化交际的角度对中美商务谈判的差异进行了研究。
自上世纪80年代初以来，很多学者对不同文化间的国际商务谈判、尤其是中美商务谈判进行了细致研究。
近十几年来，许多中西方学者从跨文化交际的角度对不同的文化及交际进行了分析，如G．Hofstede从五个文化尺度给交际带来的影响进行了分析，Hall提出了强交际文化和弱交际文化的概念。
本文作者从自身经历过的一系列案例着手，通过比较分析的办法，用跨文化交际学的相关理论对中美商务谈判进行分析。
案例分为两个，其一为2002年3月，由作者所在的公司、公司所在的当地政府代表团在美国洛杉矶与美国某跨国公司进行的商务谈判；其二为1997年4月，由作者所在的公司与美国某知名主题公园设计公司在中国武汉进行的一系列谈判。
作者对两个案例进行了详细的描述，并着重介绍了在两次谈判商务中，中美双方由于文化差异而产生了各种文化冲突的现象。
本文从文化价值观及谈判风格两个方面，结合案例对中美商务谈判及其差异进行了比较分析。
在文化价值观方面，作者从上下级关系、集体主义和个体本位的对比、对待冲突的态度、时间观念及面子维系观念等五个方面进行了研究。
在谈判风格方面，从谈判目的、个人方式、交流方式、合约组成形式、谈判人员组织形式、针对风险的态度等八个方面比较分析了双方在谈判风格上的差异。
通过对上述各方面进行的系统分析，作者发现中美两方在很多文化方面，如人际观、时间观、等级观、交流方式等方面确实存在着很大差异。
全球化背景下国际商务活动中中美文化冲突的根源与对策在全球化的背景下，国际商务活动中中美文化冲突的根源主要有以下几点：文化差异、价值观差距和沟通方式的不同。
首先，文化差异是中美文化冲突的主要根源之一。
中美两国拥有悠久的历史和不同的文化传统，形成了各自独特的价值观、认知方式和行为准则。
例如，中国文化注重集体主义和家庭观念，而美国文化则强调个人主义和竞争意识。
这导致了在商务活动中的不同做事方式和处理问题的方式，增加了文化冲突的可能性。
其次，中美之间的价值观差距也是文化冲突的原因之一。
中美两国在社会制度、道德观念以及人际关系方面存在差异。
例如，在商务谈判中，中国人更加看重长期关系、信任和人情关系，而美国人则更注重合同和交易结果。
这导致了在商务谈判中的价值观念和做事方式的不同，容易引发冲突和误解。
最后，由于中美之间的沟通方式存在差异，也容易导致文化冲突。
中美两国语言和表达方式的差异使得在交流过程中容易产生理解误差。
同时，中美两国的沟通风格和表达方式也存在差异，如美国人注重直接表达和个人表达，而中国人更注重间接和委婉的方式。
这使得在商务谈判和合作过程中难以理解对方的意图和需求。
针对中美文化冲突的对策，可以从以下几个方面进行考虑：第一，增加对中美文化差异的了解和尊重。
在商务活动中，双方应该充分了解对方的文化背景和价值观，尊重和理解对方的文化习惯和行为准则。
只有通过相互尊重和理解，才能够减少文化冲突的发生，增强合作的可能性。
第二，加强跨文化沟通能力的培养。
中美两国的企业和商务人士应该加强对跨文化沟通的培训和学习，提高自身的跨文化交际能力。
这包括了解并熟悉对方的文化习俗、礼仪和沟通方式，学会灵活应对不同文化之间的差异，以及培养跨文化沟通的技巧和技能。
第三，积极寻求文化冲突的解决方案。
当文化冲突发生时，双方应该采取积极的态度寻求解决方案。
这包括通过充分的沟通和理解来解决误解和不同意见，并通过寻找共同的利益和价值观来建立互信和合作的基础。
浅谈跨文化商务沟通中的文化冲突问题姓名胡磊专业国贸12级03班学号 12502344得分2015年6月19日摘要随着经济全球化的不断发展，国内企业与国外企业的交往沟通越来越频繁，越来越密切。
在交往沟通过程中，由于中西文化差异的存在，使双方在商务沟通中难免出现误解和冲突，主要表现在语言文化、非语言文化、价值观念、思维差异、道德规范差异等方面。
如何应对由文化差异引发的商务沟通障碍，化解文化冲突，是目前跨文化商务沟通中需要重点关注的问题。
关键词文化差异跨文化冲突隐形文化商务活动跨文化交际前言随着经济全球化趋势的不断加强和我国经济的实力的不断增强，我国与其他国家的交往也不断密切，在国家商务部的网站上发布的中国对外贸易形势报告中(2010年春季)，我们可以清晰地看到我国进出口总额由2001年的5096.51亿美元到2009年的22072.19亿美元，从这组数据中可以看到我国近10年来对外经济贸易的发展。
在国家商务部的网站上发布2010年1-8月全国吸收外商直接投资情况中指出“据外资快报统计，2010年1-8月，全国新批设立外商投资企业16721家，同比增长18.33%”。
从这组数据中我们可以感受得到我国的外商投资企业数量增加速度之快。
这两组数据同时也从一个侧面体现出我国对外交流沟通的频繁性和密切性的增强。
但是由于交往中的人们生活在不同的文化背景之下，不同文化背景下存在着文化差异，而这种差异恰恰会在对外经济交往中以及企业内部交往中产生不可避免的一些冲突，阻碍了交往。
因而在经济交往中进行有效的沟通，尽量减少和避免文化冲突，构建和谐交往关系就显得尤为重要。
正文一、对文化及跨文化冲突的认识文化是什么,这是一个比较大的问题，至今还未得到最终的结论。
文化的定义至少有300多重，各个不同学科的学者对此有不同的定义从广义上讲，文化包括人类创造的一切物质产品(艺术的产品，技术等)和精神产品(人们的习俗、信仰、价值观、知识、交际方式等)的总和。
全球化背景下的文化交流与冲突考研英语作文范文Cultural Exchange and Conflict in the Context of GlobalizationIn today's globalized world, cultural exchange has become an ever-present phenomenon. With increased connectivity and interdependency among nations, people from different cultures are increasingly interacting and influencing one another. While this cultural exchange can promote understanding, unity, and mutual development, it can also give rise to conflictsand clashes. This essay aims to explore the reasons behind cultural exchange and conflicts in the context of globalization.One of the main drivers of cultural exchange is the advancement of technology and communication. Thanks to theinternet, social media platforms, and affordable travel options, individuals from diverse cultures can easily connect and communicate with each other. People curate their online presence, sharing aspects of their culture such as language, cuisine, traditions, and art forms. This exchange stimulates curiosity and interest, fostering a desire to learn more about different cultures. As a result, individuals embrace a global mindset, appreciating and adopting elements of foreign cultures.However, cultural exchange can sometimes lead toconflicts due to inherent differences and misunderstandings. When cultures collide, traditional beliefs, values, customs, and norms may clash with one another. Misinterpretation or lack of understanding can result in misconceptions and stereotypes, amplifying the potential for conflict. Moreover, cultural hegemony, when a dominant culture influences or suppresses others, can create tensions and resentment between cultures. This may manifest through the dominance of aparticular language, the spread of popular culture, or economic inequalities in the global market.Religion, as a significant aspect of culture, can also contribute to both cultural exchange and conflicts. Religious beliefs often shape individuals' values, traditions, and social structures. Globalization has facilitated the spread of various religions, leading to increased religiousdiversity and encounters. These encounters can foster dialogue, mutual respect, and a sharing of religious practices. However, religious differences can also trigger conflicts, as seen in historical and contemporary examples. This is particularly evident when religious beliefs are strongly tied to political ideologies, territorial disputes, or extremist interpretations.Another factor influencing cultural exchange andconflicts is economic globalization. The flow of goods, services, and capital across national borders has intensifiedcultural interaction and interdependence. Transnational corporations, with their global reach and marketing strategies, play a significant role in disseminating cultural products and values. This can homogenize cultures, eroding local traditions and identities. Moreover, economic disparities resulting from globalization can lead to cultural conflicts, as marginalized communities may perceive their cultural heritage as threatened. These conflicts may take the form of protests against multinational corporations, callsfor protectionism, or demands for cultural preservation.Despite the potential for conflicts, cultural exchange can have many positive outcomes. It encourages dialogue, understanding, and respect between different cultures. Through cultural exchange, individuals can gain a broader perspective, challenge stereotypes, and develop empathy. Moreover, cultural fusion can lead to the creation of innovative ideas, art forms, and cultural expressions. Thisenriches society as a whole, offering diverse perspectives and contributing to global cultural heritage.In conclusion, cultural exchange in the context of globalization is a double-edged sword. While it promotes understanding and unity among cultures, it can also lead to conflicts and tensions. Factors such as technological advancements, religious encounters, cultural hegemony, and economic globalization influence the nature of this exchange. However, through open dialogue, mutual respect, and efforts to bridge cultural gaps, the potential for conflicts can be minimized. Ultimately, embracing diversity and recognizing the value of each culture's unique contributions is essential for a harmonious global society.。
文献综述英语中美文化差异对其商务谈判的影响一、前言部分（说明写作的目的，介绍有关概念，扼要说明有关主题争论焦点）为了让读者更清晰的明白中美商务谈判中存在的文化差异及其这些差异是如何影响着谈判的，并了解应如何避免因文化差异导致不必要的麻烦产生。
本文从语言和非语言、价值观、思维方式这三方面的差异进行了详细的探讨，价值观方面，又细从语言和非语言、平等观、面子观、思维方式进行了分析。
但在此之前，需要认识一些基本的概念。
1．文化及文化差异广义的文化是指人类创造的一切物质产品和精神产品的总和。
狭义的文化专指语言、文学、艺术及一切意识形态内在的精神产品。
文化一词尚无统一的定义。
在近代，给文化一词下明确定义的，首推英国人类学家E.B.泰勒。
他于1871年出版了《原始文化》一书，他指出：“据人种志学的观点来看，文化或文明是一个复杂的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、伦理道德、法律、风俗和作为一个社会成员的人通过学习而获得的任何其他能力和习惯。
”文化不是一种个体特征，而是具有相同社会经验、受过相同教育的许多人所共有的心理程序。
不同的群体，不同的国家或地区的人们，这种共有的心理程序之所以会有差异，是因为他们向来受着不同的教育、有着不同的社会和工作，从而也就有不同的思维方式。
文化差异即指不同国家不同背景的人的文化也不同。
2．商务谈判及跨文化商务谈判曹菱(2001)在《商务英语谈判》中指出“商务谈判指贸易双方或多方为了一定目的，就一项涉及双方或多方利益的标的物在一起进行磋商通过调整各自所提出的条件，最后达成一项双方或多方都满意的协议的过程。
”井润田、席酉民(2006)在《国际商务谈判》中指出“跨文化的商务谈判指的是不同国家、民族之间的谈判，也包括不同政治制度、意识形态之间的谈判。
”3. 语言和非语言交际、价值观和思维方式语言交际即它的字面意思通过言语进行交际，非语言交际时指除了语言之外的所有交际手段。
唐平（2009）在《跨文化因素对国际商务谈判的影响》中指出“价值观是人们关于基本价值的信念、信仰和理想系统，是人们生活价值状态的反映和实践经验的凝结，是人们内心深处的评价标准系统。
毕业论文On Inter-cultural Conflicts in Sino-America Business Communication Under theBackground of Cultural Globalization文化全球化背景下中美商务沟通中的跨文化冲突分析院（系）名称外国语学院专业名称英语（教育方向）学生姓名指导教师年月日AcknowledgementsThe thesis is completed although a lot to be desired. While the completion the thesis cannot be separated from the great help of a lot of people. I would like to extend my warmest gratitude and genuine appreciation to those who give me support and assistance directly and indirectly during the process of making the research.First and foremost, I would like to address my special thanks to my erudite and amiable supervisor, associate professor XXX. She provides me valuable advice and suggestions about thesis as well as many life truth. Her righteous scholarship and upright life attitude influenced me deeply.Besides, I want to show my gratitude to all the teachers in the XXX College. Their earnest teachings not only gave me a lot of knowledge but also helped me to set up correct outlook on life.Thirdly, I would like to express my gratefulness to my dearest classmates such as XXX and XXX. They always gave me advice friendly and encouraged me heartily during the time I completing the thesis.Last but not least, I want to give my thanks to my patents. Their earnest support and patiently care is the wealth of my whole life.On Inter-cultural Conflicts in Sino-America Business Communication under the Background of Cultural GlobalizationAbstractWith the development of globalization, the communication among countries is more and more frequent. A variety of joint ventures and foreign-funded enterprises emerges in China, which facilitate the diversification of Chinese economic forms as well as the prosperity of Chinese economy. Entering 21th century, business communication between China and America increase rapidly. Both China and America attach great importance on the bilateral trade relations. Cultural differences between China and the America is the biggest obstacle to the development of bilateral economic and trade relations, which is reflected in all aspects, including values, beliefs, ways of thinking, communication, etc. It is supposed to be solved in the background of Cultural globalization. Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional borders. Cultural globalization is beneficial to the development of the foreign trade between China and America as well as the amalgamation of the world culture and diminish conflicts and obstacles among countries. This paper is supposed to analyze the different cultures between China and America under the background of cultural globalization, finding out the existing conflicts in the business communication, including the conflicts in daily communication and business negotiation, language styles and context as well as different working groups and identities. The cause for the cultural conflicts are also to be discussed from the cultural personality, development and interests. Through the discussion of cultural conflicts, the solutions are to be raised so that improve the efficiency of the business communication between China and America.Key words:Inter-cultural conflicts, Sino-America business communication, Cultural globalization文化全球化背景下中美商务沟通中的跨文化冲突分析摘要随着全球化的发展，国与国之间的交往日益频繁。
大量的中外合资、外资企业在中国如雨后春笋般出现，促进了国内经济形式的多样化和中国经济的繁荣。
进入21世纪后，中美之间的商务交流骤增，两国对双边贸易关系都极为看重。
而文化的不同则成为两国双边贸易关系发展的最大障碍，这种障碍反映在方方面面，如价值观、信仰、思维方式等方面的不同。
而这种不同可以在文化全球化的背景下得以解决。
文化全球化是指世界范围内传播思想、意义、价值观等，以扩大和强化社会关系，文化的循环使得个体能够跨越国家和区域的边界来扩展社会关系，对中美商务交流的发展具有重大意义，同时也有利于世界文化的融合以及国与国之间冲突和障碍的消除。
本文在文化全球化的背景下，分析中美两国不同的文化，包括日常交流和商务谈判、语言风格和语境、工作团体与身份认同等方面的不同。
本文也将从文化性格、发展与利益等方面讨论中美文化差异的根源。
通过以上分析，文章会提出解决中美商务交流中跨文化冲突的办法，以提高中美商务沟通效率和质量。
关键词：跨文化冲突，中美商务沟通，文化全球化ContentsAcknowledgements (I)Abstract in English (II)Abstract in Chinese ................................................ .. (IV)1Introduction (1)2 Literature Review (3)2.1 Inter-cultural Communication (3)2.2 Definition and Features of Culture (3)2.3 Features of Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication under the Background of Cultural Globalization (5)2.4 Previous Studies at Home and Abroad (5)3 Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication between China and America Under the Background of Cultural Globalization (6)3.1 Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication Occasions (6)3.1.1 Daily Communication (7)3.1.2 Business Negotiations (7)3.2 Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication Objects (8)3.2.1 Different Working Groups (8)3.2.2 Different Identities (9)3.3 Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication Language Uses (9)3.3.1 Language Styles (10)3.3.2 Language Contexts (10)3.4 Case Analysis (11)4 Analysis of the Causes of the Cross Cultural Conflicts in Sino American Business Communication (12)4.1 The Theory of Cross Culture (12)4.1.1 Six Value Orientation Theory (12)4.1.2 Cultural Dimension Theory (13)4.2 Reasons of Cross-cultural Conflicts in Sino America Business Communications under the Background of Cultural Globalization (13)4.2.1 Differences in Cultural Personality (14)4.2.2 Different Levels of Cultural Development (14)4.2.3 The Interests have Changed under the Globalization (15)5 Analysis of the Countermeasures for Solving Cross Cultural Conflicts in Sino American Business Communication (15)5.1 The Necessities of Solving Cross Cultural Conflicts in Sino American Business Communication (15)5.2 Countermeasures for Solving Cross Cultural Conflicts in Sino American Business Communication under Background of Cultural Globalization (16)5.2.1 Enhance the sensitivity of cross-cultural ideas (16)5.2.2 Strengthen communication and establish a global cultural view (17)5.2.3 Seek common ground and strengthen cross-cultural awareness (17)6 Conclusion (19)Notes (20)Bibliography (21)On Inter-cultural Conflicts in Sino-America Business Communication Under theBackground Cultural Globalization1 IntroductionWith the development of globalization, business communication among countries are more and more frequent. Cooperation and competition are the main stream in the business communication, which determines the important position of countries’ interaction and communication. China and America are two great powers in the world. There are many connections not only in politics but also in economy. In 1980s, China put forward the policy of reform and opening up, the business relationships with countries in the world are closer, especially with America. After entering WTO, Business communication between China and America became more frequent. It can be seen that the business communication between China and America is an important part for Chinese foreign trade. As the crucial position of Sino-America business communication takes, there are many cultural conflicts among the business interaction between China and America, since the different cultures. The conflicts always pose challenge and instability to business communication between China and American. Hence it is urgent to solve the inter-cultural conflicts in order to advance the business communication.Entering 21th century, business communication between China and America increase rapidly. Both China and America attach great importance on the bilateral trade relations. Cultural differences between China and the America is the biggest obstacle to the development of bilateral economic and trade relations, which is reflected in all aspects, including values, beliefs, ways of thinking, communication, etc. It is supposed to be solved in the background of Cultural globalization. Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such a way as toextend and intensify social relations.The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional borders. Cultural globalization is beneficial to the development of the foreign trade between China and America as well as the amalgamation of the world culture and diminish conflicts and obstacles among countries. This paper is supposed to analyze the different cultures between China and America under the background of cultural globalization, finding out the existing conflicts in the business communication, including the conflicts in daily communication and business negotiation, language styles and context as well as different working groups and identities. The cause for the cultural conflicts are also to be discussed from the cultural personality, development and interests. Through the discussion of cultural conflicts, the solutions are to be raised so that improve the efficiency of the business communication between China and America.With the situation, it is supposed to solve the inter-cultural conflicts under the background of cultural globalization. Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, popular culture media, and international travel. This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization which have a longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe. The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional borders. The creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely observed on a material level. Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. It brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures.It can be seen that cultural globalization is supposed to mediate the problems and conflicts in the business communication, which is surely beneficial to the Sino-America business communication. Under the background of cultural communication, Chineseand American cultures are supposed to be comprehended and mastered by each side, so that reach agreements easier and carry out business activity smoothly, from which way establish a win-win situation in business communication between Chinese and American corporations.This paper is divided into four parts: the first part is introduction, which introduces the cultural globalization, the business communication between China and America and the significance of the study. The second part is literature review, expounding the definition of culture, inter-cultural communication and the previous study at home and abroad. The third part is the body of the research, including the inter-cultural conflicts in the Sino-America business communication, the cause of the conflicts and the solutions to the inter-cultural conflicts between China and America. The inter-cultural conflicts in Sino-America business communication are mainly discussed from different occasions, objects and language use. The causes of the inter-cultural conflicts are analyzed from the cultural personality, cultural development and interests. The countermeasures to the inter-cultural conflicts are mainly three points: Enhance the sensibility of cultural ideas, establish a global cultural view, seek common ground and strengthen cross culture awareness. The fourth part is the conclusion of the whole research.2Literature Review2.1 Inter-cultural CommunicationIntercultural communication is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects communication [1]. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. Many people inintercultural business communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted [2].With regard to intercultural communication proper, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses.The inter-cultural communication discussed here is the business communication between China and America. Because of the different cultural backgrounds, Chinese and American businessmen are supposed to performance in different ways [3]. And the differences will affect the business behavior and style, which will restrict the business activity process. Therefore, the business communication between China and America is not only the economic contacts, but also the cultural collision and communication. Thus, it is of great importance to acquire the knowledge of inter-cultural communication in order to make the business activity carry out smoothly.2.2 Definition and Features of CultureCulture can be defined in numerous ways. In the words of anthropologist Tylor, it is “complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society [4].” Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, “Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common[5]”. The Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is “the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.”As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted throughsocial learning in human societies[6]. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups. The concept of material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art. Whereas the immaterial culture such as mythology, philosophy, literature and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society [7].Different cultures acquire different features. As for the business culture, in China, there is authority structure in business world. Although reform and political democratization process have changed the situation in-depth, the trend are corrected gradually, the culture of a nation is the result of long time disposition. Therefore, there is still large gap in business power. Due to many historical reasons, China’s enterprises are characterized by starting late and small scale. The obvious characteristic in commercial activities is local entrepreneurial culture in China. While there is totally different business cultural in America. American enterprises emphasize on individual value, pay attention to the cultivation of staff and respect for customers [8]. They are inclined to d istribute the leadership to company staff and adhere to the company’s values and philosophy. The differences in business cultures between China and America will surely result in the differences in business behavior.2.3 Features of Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication under the background of Cultural GlobalizationSince China and America owns different culture, during the process of business communication, there are inter-cultural conflicts. And there are certain features of the inter-cultural conflicts.First, the inter-cultural conflicts are originated from the immaterial culture, such as the value, philosophy, function system and so on. And since it is on the mental level, the conflicts are not easy to be solved.Second, some inter-cultural conflicts in business communication comes from the different beliefs and expectations. This reflect the mental and material requirements of the both sides, which render the formation of bilateral thinking mode.Third, the inter-cultural conflicts not always exert negative effect on the business activities. Since it is beneficial to the awareness of the differences of culture.Fourth, the inter-cultural conflicts is uncontrollable. Differences in culture sometimes are unpredictable, which determine the uncontrollability of the inter-cultural conflicts [9].2.4 Precious Studies at Home and AbroadWith the development of the business communication between China and America, the inter-cultural differences reveals and there are inter-cultural conflicts every now and then. In terms of the Sino-America business communication, many scholars and researchers made researches about the field.Ronald Applbaum (2006) holds that the solutions to the inter-cultural conflicts in business communication should not only grasp the knowledge of the other culture but also should stand on the other positions to view the business affairs[10]. Thus, it is required for businessman to learn more etiquette and ethical psychology of the other side. Edward Hall (1996) proposes that both sides of the business communication are supposed to respect the others’ culture so that lead the business co mmunication smoothly and healthily. In case of the cultural conflicts, both sides are supposed to prepare for the meeting or the party. While Hofstede Geert (1980) raised out that the inter-cultural conflicts in business communication not just exert negative effect but also provide a possibility for the further communication, hence it is improper to deny all the inter-cultural conflicts. Edgard Schein (1992) considers now that the inter-cultural conflicts are unavoidable, it is expected to regard it calmly and response with positive attitude in case of a further negative effect.With the wide and in-depth researches abroad, the studies of this field at home is also prosperous. Niu Hongyu (2005) detects the polite expressions in inter-cultural business negotiation, holding that the polite expression the respect for others as well asthe reflection of high quality of Chinese business culture, which should be advocated [11]. Wang Panpan (2009) explores the cultural differences between China and American. Some solutions are also raised out to solve the problems resulting from the cultural differences. Bai Yuan (2002) researches into the case studies of the negotiation between China and America, raising out some concrete solving methods for specific occasions, which is very practical.With so many researches about the inter-cultural conflicts in business communication, this paper is supposed to take the former research achievements as a reference, take a in-depth and further s into the inter-cultural conflicts in Sino-America business communication under the background of cultural globalization.3Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication between China and America under the Background of Cultural Globalization3.1 Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication OccasionsThe inter-cultural conflicts are not only reflected on the business negotiations, but also in the daily communication between both sides. In this part, the two aspects of inter-cultural conflicts between China and America are supposed to be discussed in detail.3.1.1 Daily CommunicationIn the Sino-America business communications, there is not merely negotiations but also daily communications such as conference calls, internet meetings or regular receptions. For example, when American cooperative partners arrive at the airport, Chinese sides are supposed to receive them, hold a welcome party or meal, make a schedule and other affairs that needed in relation to work and daily lives. In this process, some inter-cultural conflicts may happen. Some complaints and frictions are supposed to be raised in these occasions for the different customs of the reception. Chinese people usually arrange receptions unrelated to the business affair to connect emotions,while Americans regard it as inefficiency.There is a example, reflecting the different attitudes between China and America. Two senior American managers stayed in China for several months. During the last days in China, they decided to relax by traveling to some scenic beauties and places of interest. However, the Chinese representatives arrange a mass tourism for them together with the Chinese staffs out of good will and kind hearts. The two American managers felt confused and annoyed about this, since they believed that vocation is their owns and no one has the right to arrange without their consent. The central conflict in this example is the conflicts between Chinese hospitality and American view of primacy. There are many other daily communication conflicts in the inter-cultural business communication.3.1.2 Business NegotiationsBusiness negotiations between Chinese staffs and American staffs is a formal business affair, which is also a important part in business communication. Since it is in relation to the sensitive affairs such as bargain of interests and problem-solving. In some occasions, both sides are not familiar with each other, some cultural conflicts are supposed to happen. A professor defined negotiat ion as “the communication that takes place in order to reach agreement about how to handle both common and conflicting interests between two or more parties [12]”. It can be seen that negotiation is a important affair and it is supposed to be dealt well.Because of the different cultural background, Chinese and Americans acquire different negotiation styles and expectations of the output of the negotiation. There is a practical point that reflect the issue. In business negotiation, Chinese put more attention on cultivating relationship with their American cooperative partners. Hence they are inclined to place the negotiation on banquet, which is also called “culture of drinking”. Chinese negotiators are also inclined to sacrifice some interests to show friendliness in order to be beneficial to a long-term cooperation. While Americans look forward to a more efficient negotiation instead of bargaining on the banquet table. Since as far as they are concerned, fairness should be placed in the first place.3.2 Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication ObjectsChinese and American inter-cultural conflicts are also reflected on business communication objects. In this part, the working groups and identities will be discussed.3.2.1 Different Working GroupsThe cooperation between Chinese and American enterprises are also realized by working in an identical teams, in which Chinese and American staffs partake different position of the task. In this angle, the team work is very important in completing the task. Just as the saying “two heads are better than one”. It is universally received that teamwork could increase the productivity and creativity. What’s more, the different segment responsible for different parts of work is more efficient an high quality, in which way reduce the redundant personnel and simplify the working procedures. While in a working group like this, the some inter-cultural conflicts are supposed to occur.For instance, staffs from different departments such as training team and managing group are easily to have conflicts because of the different culture. Chinese staffs are inclined to seek help from one another when encounter a problem. And a Chinese partner is willing to help the one whole cannot deal it well. Yet American staffs may consider that it is the reprehensibility of certain staff, he or she has no right to ask others to do it instead. In this situation, the cultural conflicts emerges.Cox (1996) clarified five critical causes in a group with the members with different cultural background: 1. Customs difference. 2. Assimilation and individual identities. 3. Imbalance of strength. 4. The different targets. 5. The contend for less resources. The five points above reflected vividly in practical work in enterprises.3.2.2 Different IdentitiesSince different values between Chinese staffs and American staffs, there are distinct characteristics of Chinese staffs and American staffs. Chinese staffs are characterized by five features: first, indirect communication, they usually useeuphemism and mild ways to express what they mean in order not to harm the emotion of one another. Second, highlighting dignity, Chinese staff usually high self-esteem and establish a invisible wield on themselves. Third, the respect for elders and authorities. This is a traditional virtue of Chinese, but sometimes excessive humidity is considered recreance by others. Fourth, highlighting families. Chinese regard family as an important part of life, which cannot be removed by anyone in any way. Fifth, the obedience to leaders. Staffs completely accept the authority of leadership and usually be obedient to the direction of leaders.On the contrary, American staffs stress more on the realization of self-value. Thus, they performance totally different from Chinese staff. Americans pay more attention on efficiency, so they are inclined to adopt direct expression so that save time and energy. If there is mistakes or malfunction of the group, they may point out directly no matter whether it is average staff’s error or leaders error. American staffs respect the elders and superior ranks, but if they cannot carry out working schedule in correct way, everyone could stop and give suggestions, since the atmosphere is relative relaxer.Because of the different identities to self position, there are inter-cultural conflicts among business communication between China and America.3.3 Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication Language UseStaffs from Chinese and American culture have different spoken styles which is easy to lead to cultural crash between Chinese and American staffs. It is expected to be highlighted specially in joint-ventures.3.3.1 Language StylesIt is widely accepted that Chinese and Americans acquire unique language styles in business communication.American’s characteristics of language is good at exposing personality, their words are full of enthusiasm and confidence. Americans are very good talkers and theyalways desire to extend their views as well as appreciate those opponents who are good at bargaining. Because of the economic strength and method of negotiations, Americans are interested in a package deal. In the negotiations, Americans have a clear division of labor and responsibilities. Once the conditions in line with the interests, they make decision immediately. Americans usually reach an agreement negotiate a good deal of business in a short time. So the American language style is clear and straightforward.On the contrary, in China, leaders are not required to have high skills in talking. If someone are too chatty, they unseemly to lay responsibility to. This is the right opposite to the characteristics of America. Since China have different social regulations. The speaker must responsible to the communicative connotation. With the different language styles, Chinese and American inter-cultural business communication are supposed to encounter obstacles.3.3.2 Language ContextsFrom the discussions above, it can be seen that American highlight the direct and explicit communication style, whereas Chinese are inclined to indirect, implicit style. Edward Hall (1996) postulated the concept of low-context and high-context communication. “A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. A low-context communication is just the opposite. That is to say, In high-context, people intend to interact allusively instead of directly. High-context speakers are inclined to understand non-verbal suggestions. The low-context speakers highlight the role of language, just as the saying “The squeaky wheel gets the grease”. “speak out” is emphasized. It is obvious that the low-context speakers and high-context speakers are easy to appear cultural conflicts in communication.3.4 Case AnalysisTwo American representatives of wallpaper producing company came to。
