广东海洋大学水产养殖学2014,2015年考博真题

广东海洋大学2015级博士研究生入学英语考试试题Part Ⅰ: Reading Comprehension (30%) Direction: In this part, there are four passages. Read each passage carefully, and then choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Passage 1 Humans are forever forgetting that they can't control nature. Exactly 20 years ago, a Time magazine cover story announced that "scientists are on the verge of being able to predict the time, place and even the size of earthquakes". The people of quake-ruined Kobe learned last week how wrong that assertion was. None of the methods raised two decades ago have succeeded. Even now, scientists have yet to discover a uniform warning signal that precedes all quakes, let alone any sign that would tell whether the coming quake is mild or a killer. Earthquake formation can be triggered by many factors, says Hiroo Kanamori, a seismologist at the California Institute of Technology. So, finding one all-purpose warning sign is impossible. One reason: Quakes start deep in the earth, so scientists can't study them directly.If a quake precursor were found, it would still be impossible to warn humans in advance of all dangerous quakes. Places like Japan and California are filled with hundreds, if not thousands, of minor faults . It is impossible to place monitoring instruments on all of them. And these inconspicuous sites can be just as deadly as their better-known cousins like the San Andreas . Both the Kobe and the 1994 Northridge quakes occurred on small faults. Prediction would be less important if scientists could easily build structures to withstand tremors. While seismic engineering has improved dramatically in the past 10 to 15 years, every new quake reveals unexpected weaknesses in "quake-resistant" structures, says Terry Tullis, a geophysicist at Brown University. In Kobe, for example, a highway that opened only last year was damaged. In the Northridge earthquake, on the other hand, well-built structures generally did not collapse. But engineers have since found hidden problems in 120 steel-frame buildings that survived. Such structures are supposed to sway with the earth rather than crumple. They may have swayed, but the quake also unexpectedly weakened the joints in their steelskeletons. If the shaking had been longer or stronger, the buildings might have collapsed.A recent report in Science adds yet more anxiety about life on the fault lines. Researchers ran computer simulations to see how quake-resistant buildings would fare in a moderate-size tremor, taking into account that much of a quake's energy travels in a large "pulse" of focused shaking. The results: both steel-frame buildings and buildings that sit on班级：姓名： 学号：试题共页加白纸张密封线GDOU-B-11-302insulating rubber pads suffered severe damage.More research will help experts design stronger structures and possibly find quake precursors. But it is still a certainty that the next earthquake will prove once again that every fault cannot be monitored and every highway cannot be completely quake-proofed. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the passage 11. Which of the following statements is true about Kobe -------- ?A. Last week's quake occurred on small faults.B. People there believe in scientists' ability to predict earthquakes.C. Buildings there swayed with the quake rather than crumpledD. It can be expected that every fault can be monitored as a result of more research.2. The author's focus in Para. 3 is on --------A. the need for more researchB. the impossibility to predict earthquakesC. the designing of stronger structures and the finding of quake precursorsD. the impossibility of building completely quake-proofed structures3. It's impossible to avoid damages in earthquakes because --------A. scientists can't study quakes that occur deep in the earth directlyB. it's hard to build perfect "quake-resistant" structuresC. instruments cannot be placed on all of the minor faultsD. all of the above4. It is implied in the passage that --------A. well-erected structures do not collapseB. steel-frame buildings survive any earthquakeC. buildings in Northridge will probably collapse in a stronger earthquakeD. seismic engineering has improved enough for structures to resist quakes5. The best title for this passage could be --------A. Nature Is beyond Human ControlB. Earthquakes: Can We Bring Them under Control?C. New Methods and Stronger Structures to Predict and Withhold QuakesD. Can't We Predict Earthquakes?Passage 2Systematic efforts at national nutrition planning in developing countries go back barely a decade. During that brief time there has been considerable progress in establishing the extent and causes of malnutrition and what can be done to reduce it.Ten years ago, malnutrition was often thought to reflect primarily a shortage of protein (and in some cases, vitamins or minerals). Most nutrition programs concentrated on providing high-protein food to children, usually in schools. The emphasis today is different. There is now a wide measure of agreement on several broad propositions.Serious and extensive nutritional deficiencies occur in virtually all developing countries, though they are worst in low-income countries. They are usually caused by undernourishment—a shortage of food—not by an imbalance between calories and protein. There may often be shortage of specific micronutrients and of protein, especially among young children. But given the typical composition of the diets of the poor, to the extent that calorie requirements (as estimated by the FAO and the WHO) are met, it is likely that other nutritional needs will also be satisfied.Malnutririon affects old and young, male and female, urban and rural dwellers; particularly prevalent among children under five, it reduces their resistance to diseases and is a major cause of their death. In many societies, girls suffer more than boys.Malnutrition is largely a reflection of poverty; people do not have enough income for food. Given the slow income growth that is likely for poverty-stricken people in the forseeable future, large numbers will remain malnourished for decades to come.Poor nutritional practices and the inequitable distribution of food within families are also causes of malnutrition.The most effective long-term policies are those that raise the incomes of the poor, and those that raise food production per person. Other relevant policies include food subsidies, nutrition education, adding minerals or vitamins to salt and other processed foods, and increasing emphasis on producing foods typically consumed by the poor.These points will be amplified in the following discussion.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the passage 26. During the past 10 years developing countries ----------.A. have made considerable attempts to plan about nutrition on a nation-wide scaleB. have started nutrition programs that aim at providing high-protein food…tochildren in schoolC. have taken effective measures to reduce malnutrition everywhereD. have reached an agreement to fight malnutrition by combining efforts7. Which one of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of malnutrition?A. PovertyB. Poor nutritional practiceC. Inequitable distribution of foodD. Inadequate nutrition education8. With regard to the future, the author tends to believe that ----------.A. malnutrition will be largely eliminated in some developing countries in the nextfew yearsB. the developed countries are planning to offer some help to reduce malnutritionC. many people still have to suffer from malnutrition in the near futureD. people’s income in developing countries will grow rapidly in the foreseeablefuture9. “Nutrition education” is mentioned in the passage as ----------A. one of the most effective policies to reduce malnutrition in the long termB. one of the secondary measures of reducing malnutritionC. one of the ways to improve education in developing countriesD. one of the efforts that has been made during the past 10 years10. It can be predicted from the last sentence of the passage that the author is going totalk in detail about ----------.A. policies for reducing malnutritionB. the causes for malnutritionC. how to raise the incomes of the poorD. producing foods typically consumed by the poorPassage 3The chief purpose of work is not to produce things but to build the man. It is not so important what shape or form our work may take; what is vitally important is our attitude toward that work.Even if the particular duty is one which doesn’t seem worth doing, if you must do it, it is important to do it right. Even if no one else will ever know whether you did it right or not, you will know. By making a commitment to quality work, you make a commitment to yourself to develop your abilities and self-respect, to do the best you can do and be the best you can be. When you do as little as possible or just enough to get by, you are not merely cheating your employer, your customers, your clients and your co-workers, but most importantly, you cheat yourself. To cheat yourself out of an opportunity to develop pride and self-worth. You cheat yourself out of an opportunity to meet a challenge and develop your own inner powers and abilities. You may be able to get away with cheating others, but you never get away with cheating yourself.Thus, the key is a commitment to yourself to use every possible opportunity for self-development and treat every work assignment, no matter how small or boring, as a challenge that can be used in your development.Work is a projection of self. Consciousness can regard any job as a potential opportunity for self-expression, for play, for creativity, for the furtherance of social objectives, and it can arrange the factors in the job so that they form a means of self-expression.Most jobs contain at least some limited options for creativity. To the extent that any job can be done in different ways, the job presents you with an opportunity to project your unique abilities and values into that job. Any type of communication, written or spoken, presents a significant opportunity for creative expression. Even if your efforts are reviewed and must be toned down to fit into the mold of your organization, there is always a slight opening through which you can project your unique personality. Use these opportunities to express and confirm your existence.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the passage 311. The most important thing about work is _________.A. to produce thingsB. the shape one’s work takesC. the amount of money it makesD. one’s attitude towards the work12. If the work doesn’t seem worth doing, you should _________.A. give it upB. tell others to do itC. stop in the middleD. perform it carefully13. What can work assignments offer people?A. An opportunity to develop oneselfB. A chance to get away with cheating themselvesC. Few options for creativity.D. A way to get rid of your unique personality.14. Which of the following statements is not true?A. Sometimes you have to adjust yourself to your workB. There is space for you to show your creativity.C. Work must be done in one way in order to be the most efficient.D. You may never cheat yourself.15. The main idea of the passage is _________.A. how to improve your creativityB. the importance of projecting your values into your jobC. when to express yourselfD. how to change one’s personalityPassage 4The study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggests, it blends biology and modern technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new bi0tech companies, as they are called, specialize in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent seeds that give a high yield, that resist disease drought and frost, and that reduce the need for hazardous chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops.“In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain limits,” says the book Genetic Engineering, Food, and Our Environment. “A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato.... Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to transfer a desired property or character. This could mean, for example, selectinga gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes taken from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans.” In essence, then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that separate species.Like the green revolution, what some call the gene revolution contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity-- some say even more so because geneticists can employ techniques such as cloning and tissue culture, processes that produce perfectly identical copies, or clones. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new issues, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. “We a re flying blindly into a new era of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential outcomes,” said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.Questions 16 to 20 are based on the passage 416. According to the author, biotech companies are _________.A. mostly specialized in agricultureB. those producing seeds of better propertiesC. mainly concerned about the genetically engineered cropsD. likely to have big returns in their business17. Now biotech products are made _________.A. within the limits of natural geneticsB. by violating laws of natural geneticsC. without the interference of humansD. safer than those without the use of biotechnology18. In nature, genetic diversity is created _________.A. by mixing different speciesB. within the species itselfC. through natural selectionD. through selection or contest19. According to the author, with the development of biotechnology _________.A. the species of creatures will be reducedB. our living environment will be better than it is nowC. humans will pay for its side effectD. we will suffer from fewer and fewer diseases20. The author's attitude towards genetic engineering can best be described as _________.A. optimisticB. PessimisticC. concernedD. suspiciousPassage 5Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the ability to learn from experie nce. Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess—literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be ,given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data. Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own programm, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word, to “think” for itself . In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted , winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it . But there are many serious human problems which ban be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems—international and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics , and the ever-increasing threat of world famine—can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers .Questions 21 to 25 are based on the passage 521.T he purpose of creating chess-playing computers is __________A to win the world chess championB to pave the way for further intelligent computersC to work out strategies for international warsD to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress22 .Today , a chess-playing computer can be programmed to ________A give trillions of reponses in a second to each possible move and win the gameB function with complete data and beat the best playersC learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the gameD evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time23. For a computer to “think” , it is necessary to ________A mange to process as much data as possible in a secondB program it so that it can learn from its experiencesC prepare it for chess-playing firstD enable it to deal with unstructured situations24 .The author’s attitude towards the Defense Department is____A criticalB unconcernedC positiveD negative25. In the author’s opinion,______A winning a chess game is an unimportant eventB serious human problems shouldn’t be regarded as playing a gameC ecological problems are more urgent to be solvedD there is hope for more intelligent computersPassage 6The wor ld has become so complicated that we’ve lost confidence in our ability to understand and deal with it. But common sense is useful now as it ever was. No amount of expertise substitutes for an intimate knowledge of a person or a situation. At times you just have to trust your own judgement. It almost cost me my life to learn that. I was reading a book one day, idly scratching the back of my head, when I noticed that, in one particular spot, the scratching echoed inside my head like fingernailson an empty ca rdboard carton, I rushed off to my doctor.“Got a hole in your head, have you?” he teased. “It’s nothing—just one of those little scalp nerves sounding off.”Two years and four doctors later, I was still being told it was nothing. To the fifth doctor. I said, almost in desperation,”But I live in tis body. I know something’s different.”“If you won’t take my word for it,I’ll take an X-ray and prove it to you,” he said.Well, there it was, of course, the tumor that had made a hole as big as an eye socket in the back of my skull. After the operation, a young resident paused by my bed. ”It’s a good thing you’re so smart,” he said.” Most patient die of these tumors because we don’t know they’re there until it is too late.”I’m really not so smart. And I’m too docile i n the face of authority. I should have been more aggressive with those first four doctors. It’s hard to question opinions delivered with absolute certainty. Experts always sound so sure. Nevile Chamberlain, the British prime minister, was positive, just before the start of World War II, that there would be “peace for our time.” Producer Irving Thalberg did not hesitate to advise Louis B. Mayer against buying the rights to Gone With the Wind because “no Civil War picture ever made a nickel.” Even Abraham Lin coln surely believed it when he said in his Gettysburg Address:” The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here…”We should not, therefore, be intimidated by experts. When it’s an area we really know about—our bodies, our families, our houses—let’s listen to what the experts say, then make up our own minds.Questions 26 to 30 are based on the passage 61. We have to trust our own judgement since ____A. not all of us have acquired reliable expertiseB. experts often lose their common senseC. experts may sometimes fail to give good adviceD. intimate knowledge of a person is not to be substituted for by expertise2. While reading one day, the author______A. found a hole at the back of his headB. heard a scratching sound from a cartonC. noticed some echo from his head where he was scratchingD. noticed a sound coming out from his head28 “tease” in paragraph 3 means______A. to make fun ofB. to comfortC. to replyD. to disbelieve29 The author didn’t think he was smart(para.7)because____A. he had already suffered for two yearsB. he had not been able to put up with the painC. he had believed too much in expertiseD. he had formed too strong an opinion of himself30 .It happens that the examples given by the author_____A. all concern with warsB. are taken from modern American historyC. have become popular themes in moviesD. have American Civil War as the backgroundPart Ⅱ Multiple Choice (15%)Direction: In this part, there are 30 statements. Below each statement are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completesthe statement.31.As a teacher you should not show -------- towards any of your students.A. pleasureB. favorC. preferenceD. inclination32. Traffic is -------- by police at every intersection.A. enforcedB. imposedC. limitedD. regulated33. The classroom is 30 feet -------- and 20 feet in breadth.A. at lengthB. in lengthC. as for lengthD. to length34. Theodore Roosevelt was a -------- man; he was successful as a statesman, soldier,sportsman, explorer, and author.A. ableB. capableC. skilfulD. versatile35. If you are to be accepted as a member of the club you must -------- by its rules.A. agreeB. abideC. confirmD. conform36. He gave a -------- account of what has happened.A. discomfortedB. distortedC. dismissedD. discovered37. The speaker was a long way --------.A. on the trackB. in the trackC. of the trackD. off the track38. If the body is robbed this way for too long, vital organs --------.A. break downB. break outC. break awayD. break in39. My pencil is -------- to a stump.A. wornB. worn downC. worn offD. worn out40. After 10 years’ efforts, the farmers have ------- the waste land -------- paddy fields.A. turned … outB. turned … overC. turned … intoD. turned … down41. What you say now is not -------- with what you said last week.A. consistentB. persistentC. permanentD. insistent42. They have decided to -------- physical punishment in all local school.A. put awayB. break away fromC. do away withD. pass away43. The price of the coal will vary according to how far it has to be transported and howexpensive the freight -------- are.A. paymentsB. chargesC. fundsD. prices44. Professor Hawking is -------- as one of the world’s greatest living physicists.A. dignifiedB. clarifiedC. acknowledgedD. illustrated45.Individual sports are run by over 370 independent governing bodies whose functionsusually include -------- rules, holding events, selecting national teams and promoting international links.A. drawing onB. drawing inC. drawing upD. drawing down46. Within seconds, the experienced instructor -------- the situation and decided to attemptrescue.A. assumedB. assuredC. assessedD. affirmed47. The captain of the ship -------- the passengers that there was no danger.A. securedB. ensuredC. assuredD. guaranteed48. A very large cat was watching us intently from the top of a -------- car.A. movelessB. stationeryC. motionlessD. stationary49. The police are -------- a war against crime in the city.A. committingB. breakingC. undertakingD. waging50. Black Death was -------- in England in the summer of 1348 without any warning and,most importantly, without any cure.A. currentB. circulatingC. prevailingD. universal51. He -------- the level of unemployment in China.A. concernsB. has concernedC. is concerning aboutD. is concerned about52. Computer software -------- some 70 percent of our range of products.A. accounts forB. accounts outC. counts onD. counts for53. They tried to ------- the project from being destroyed for shortage of money.A. get inB. leave offC. head offD. bring about54. He spoke clearly and -------- and we could understand every word he said.A. distinguishedB. distinguishableC. distinctlyD. distinctively55. The Bank of England has taken further steps to -------- control over the value of thepound.A. resumeB. resurrectC. retainD. retard56. Except for some colleges --------- by the Catholic church, all colleges and universitiesin the United States, public and private, are governed by a board of trustees composed primarily of laymen.A. elevatedB. grantedC. patentedD. sponsored57. Today, household chores have been made much easier by electrical --------.A. facilitiesB. equipmentC. appliancesD. utilities58. Boys who try to -------- a teacher are not sincere.A. make in forB. make up forC. make up toD. make on to59. Doctors are often caught in a -------- because they have to decide whether they shouldtell their patients the truth or not.A. puzzleB. perplexityC. dilemmaD. bewilderment60. Many countries have adopted systems of -------- education in order to promote theaverage level of education.A. constrainedB. compulsoryC. cardinalD. conventionalPart ⅢCloze(10%)Directions: In this part, there are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.The use of nuclear power has already spread all over the world. However, scientists still have not agreed 61 what should be done with the large amounts of waste material that tend to increase every year. Most waste material are 62 of simply by placing them somewhere. But nuclear waste must be handled with great care. It 63 dangerous radiation and it will continue to be 64 for hundreds, thousands, even millions of years.How should we get rid of such waste material in such a way that it will not harm the environment? Where can we 65 distribute it? One idea is to put this radioactive waste inside a thick container, which is then dropped to the deep bottom of the ocean. But some scientists believe that this way of 66 nuclear waste could kill fish and other living things in the oceans or interfere 67 their growth. Another way to 68 nuclear waste is to send it into space, to the sun, 69 it would be burned. Other scientists suggest that this polluting material be buried thousands of meters under the earth’s surface. Such underground areas must be free of possible earthquakes.Advances are being made. But it may still be many years 70 this problem could be finally settled.。

广东海洋大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《海洋生态学》（808）试卷（请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分。

本科目满分150分）一、多项选择题（10分，每小题2分）1. 外来生物入侵会可能对原有生物群落和生态系统带来极大威胁，主要包括（）。

A．生物多样性降低 B.生境退化 C.病害频发 D.原有生态系统崩溃2. 海洋中主要分解者生物的类别有（）。

A．细菌 B.微型食植者 C.有机凝聚体 D.后生动物3.种群调节因素可分为密度制约和非密度制约,属密度制约的有( )。

A.捕食B.竞争C.共生D.传染病E.温度4.种群具有个体所不具备的特征,主要有( )。

A.年龄结构B.性比C.出生率、死亡率D.多样性指数5.海水中溶解有机物DOM的来源主要有( )。

A.径流输入B.植物细胞释出C.动物代谢排泄D.POM分解二、判断题（10分，每小题1分）1．大洋中海洋的盐度是可变的，但其主要组分的比值是恒定的。

…………（）2．分解作用的生物化学过程正好与光合作用相反的过程。

…………………（）3.一个种群其种群密度越大,对其自身的生存越有利。

………………………（）4.一个群落,各个种占的相对比例越均匀,则该群落的异质性程度越大。

……（）5.生态系统中的能量流动和物质循环是相互独立的,二者基本无联系。

……（）6.一个物种的适应能力与其遗传多样性高低有直接必然的联系。

……………（）7.一个物种多样性水平高的群落其系统必然比物种多样性水平低的系统有更强的抗干扰能力。

……………………………………………………………………（）8.POC是指颗粒有机碳，POM是指溶解的颗粒有机物。

……………………（）9.新生产力反映真光层营养物质循环的效率，取决真光层之外所提供的N。

（）10.大洋区表层和次表层的POC数量高于下层，而在深洋水中一直保持着相对恒定的低含量状态。

…………………………………………………………………（）三、名词解释（40分，每小题4分）1.生态因子2.关键种3.临界深度4.温室效应5.持续产量6.耐受性定律7.光周期现象8.有效积温9.异株克生现象10.同化效率四、简答题（56分，每小题8分）1.为什么说食物链本质上是生态系统地能流途径？能流有何特点？2.试述海流有哪些生态作用？3.什么叫海洋微型生物食物环？4.什么是赤潮？赤潮有什么危害？5.试述温度因子的生态作用？6.K—对策和r—对策各有哪些特点?7.试述植物群落的基本特征？五、分析题（34分）1.何为浮游生物，简述浮游生物在海洋生态系统中的作用。

广东海洋大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生招生考试试题
考试科目（代码）名称：3402水产食品学满分100分
（所有答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分，答完后连同试卷一并交回。

）
1、简述水产原料化学组成的基本特性？（10分）
2、简述水产动物死后的生理生化变化，这些变化规律对水产品贮藏与加工利用有何指导意
义？（18分）
3、影响水产动物活体生理特征的因素有哪些？阐述水产动物保活运输的主要方法及基本
原理？（15分）
4、简述水产品冻结保藏的基本原理？画出水产品的冻结曲线，根据此曲线说明水产品采用
冻结保藏时要注意的基本问题？（10分）
5、简述鱼糜制品弹性的形成机制和影响鱼糜制品的主要因素？（12分）
6、请写出一种高附加值的水产冷冻调理食品的加工工艺，并进行简要说明？（15分）
7、简述水产调味料的概念与基本特征？简述酶解型水产调味料的主要呈味成分与呈味特
性？归纳水产调味料主要发展趋势？（20分）
3402水产食品学 1。

·38·工 作 研 究农业开发与装备 2016年第11期摘要：以广东省大学生就业在线院校客户端系统数据为基础，对广东海洋大学近5届水产养殖学本科专业的毕业生就业去向的相关数据进行统计，分析水产养殖学专业本科毕业生就业基本状况，着重从就业率、单位所在地、就业单位类型、职业类型、单位所属行业、平均薪酬、专业对口率七个维度研究水产养殖学专业毕业生的就业动态趋势并提出相应的建议，以期为水产养殖学专业毕业生就业工作提供指导和参考依据。

关键词：水产养殖；毕业生；就业；对策研究目前，在中国开设水产养殖学专业的高等院校至少有80所，据新华日报报道，10年前水产养殖学专业还名列全国较难就业榜，而近两年却是近20个岗位抢一个毕业生，连续几年水产养殖学专业初次就业率均高于95%。

为了促进水产养殖学专业毕业生的就业良好态势可持续发展及实现更高质量的就业，本文通过以广东海洋大学为列，分析了水产养殖学专业毕业生就业的基本状况，并提出相应的建议。

1 数据内容以统计就业率、就业单位类型、单位所在地、单位所属行业、职业类型、平均薪酬、专业对口率为主要内容，分析就业趋势。

1.1 毕业生就业率、专业对口率、升学率、就业平均薪酬我校近5年水产养殖学专业初次就业率较高，均在98%以上，都高于广东省及全国同专业的平均水平，平均为99.33%；专业对口率也较高为62.19%，而升学率为9.23%，就业平均薪酬为2 000多元低于省平均数水平。

1.2 毕业生就业单位类型分布我校近5年水产养殖学专业高达87.92%的毕业生是到企业就业，其中2012届去企业就业的最低也有83.13%，2015届最多，高达90.99%。

而且主要去向是股份及责任有限公司，达到77.35%。

到各类事业单位就业、继续升学深造的毕业生仅有10.57%，2012届最高达到14.61%，2016届最低仅有8.98%。

到各级机关党群、部队及政法系统就业的毕业生极少，仅有9人，占1.51%，其中2013届达到最高也仅有3人，占2.86%。

广东海洋大学2014—2015学年第二学期《高等数学》课程试题课程号：x2□√考试□√A 卷□√闭卷□考查□B 卷□开卷题号一二三四五六七八九十总分阅卷教师各题分数24 14 28 286100实得分数一 . 填空（3×8=24分）1.设1,2,1a ，0,1,x b ，b a，则x2.设1,0,2a，0,1,0b，则ba3.曲面222y xz在点)2,1,1(处的切平面方程为4.将xoz 平面上的曲线1422zx绕x 轴旋转一周所得的旋转曲面的方程为5.函数)3ln(22y xz的驻点为6.设L 为连接)0,1(到点)1,0(的直线段，则dsx y L)(7.幂级数13n nn x的收敛半径为8.微分方程xey3的通解为y二 .计算题（7×2=14分）1.设)ln(22y xy z，求dz .2.设函数),(y x f z 是由方程333a xyz z所确定的具有连续偏导数的函数，求22,xzxz.姓名：学号：试题共5 页加白纸3 张密封线GDOU-B-11-302三 .计算下列积分（7×4=28分）1.dxdy x yD)(2，其中D 是由0y, 2x y及1x所围成的闭区域。

2.证明曲线积分dy xy xdxy xy )2()2(2)1,1()0.0(2在整个xoy 平面内与路径无关，并计算积分值。

3.计算dxdyz dzdx y dydzx )3()2()1(,其中是球面9222zyx的外侧。

4.计算dxdy yxD2211，其中D 是由2522yx围成的闭区域。

四 .计算题（7×4=28分）1.判别级数2121)1(nn n是否收敛? 若收敛，是绝对收敛还是条件收敛? 2.将函数31)(xx f 展开为x 的幂级数。

3. 求微分方程62ydxdy满足初始条件20xy的特解。

4.求微分方程xe yy 的通解。

五.证明)()()(ydx x f x dxx f dy（6分）2014-2015学年第二学期《高等数学》A 卷（参考答案及评分标准课程号：×2一、填空（3×8=24分）1. 2；2. 2,0,1；3.02zyx；4. 4.14222zyx；5.)0,0(；6.2；7.3；8. 21391c x c ex二、计算题（14分）1.222yxxyx z ,222222)ln(yxyy xy z ,(4分)dy yxyy xdxyxxydz]2)[ln(22222222(3分)2.令),,(z y x F 333a x yz z （1分），得y zF F zx 33,12，则yzF F xzzx 3312，（4分）则322222)33(6)33(6y zz y zx z z xz. (2分)三．计算下列积分（7×4=28分）1.原式101)21()21()(4101022分3210分422dx x dxy x ydyx y dxxx2.设xy xy x Q y xy y x P 2),(,2),(22，有y xxQ yP22，所以曲线积分与路径无关。

广东海洋大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试
《鱼类学》（807）试卷
（请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分。

本科目满分150分）
一、选择题（10分，每小题1分）
1、眼后缘到鳃盖骨后缘或最后一鳃孔为（）
A．颊部B．眼后头部C．峡部D．喉部
2、侧扁型鱼类（）
A．大多数游动迅速B．多栖息于水流较缓静的水域中
C．常营底栖生活D．行动敏捷，常作长距离洄游
3、板鳃类的鼻孔一般位于（）
A．头部背面眼前方B．头部腹面口前方
C．头部侧面眼后方D．吻端
4、软骨鱼类特有的角质鳍条（）
A．分支分节B．不分支分节
C．不分支不分节D．分支不分节
5、鱼类的鳞片可分为三大类，即（）
A．盾鳞、圆鳞、栉鳞B．硬鳞、骨鳞、盾鳞
C．圆鳞、骨鳞、盾鳞D．盾鳞、硬鳞、栉鳞
6、沿水平体轴有一结缔组织的水平隔膜将大侧肌分成上下两部分，其中上部称为（）
A．上棱肌B．轴上肌C．白肌D．红肌
7、在鱼类分类上常记载某鱼的鳃耙数是指（）
807《鱼类学》1 / 11。

广东海洋大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《农业知识综合四》(342)试卷（请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分。

本科目满分150分）一、选择题(每空1分，共20分)1、（蛛网）理论是指随着市场价格的变化，农产品的供给量和需求量围绕（平衡）点呈蛛网状波动的理论。

2、农产品期贷市场已经成为发达国家的农民和农业企业（锁定）风险，进而可以在比较稳定的市场价格、信息条件下合理安排生产的（避险）工具。

3、土地国家所有制是指国家依法对国有土地享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。

国有土地属于（国家）所有，由（国务院）代表国家行使。

4、一般来说，能够物化成商品的农业科技成果可以通过（市场）机制得到解决，而具有基础性、公益性或公共产品性的科研和推广则应由（政府）通过公共资金来支持。

5、在市场经济条件下，政府要实现由过去的行政（管理）型向（公共）服务型转变，强化政府在农业信息服务中的主导、组织、协调、人员培训以及创造良好环境的职能。

6、家庭成员具有利益目标的认同感，使得农业家庭经营的（管理）成本最小，劳动（激励）多样。

7、古典契约和新古典契约都是商品契约，而（关系型）契约已经不纯粹是商品契约，他涉及到更为复杂的（要素）产权关系。

8、食品质量安全的（公共）品和市场上信息不对称等特性，提出了（政府）对提高食品质量安全负有不可推卸的责任。

9、可持续农业必须既能使农业生态系统的物质、能量资源得到充分开发利用，以适应经济增长和社会进步的需要，又不（超越）农业生态系统自我调节机制所能承载阀限，维护系统的（动态）平衡和持续生产力，在经济增长的同时生态系统能够自我调节，自我修复，相互促进，良性循环。

10、目前，我国农村集体经济组织实行（家庭承包）经营为基础、（统分）结合的双层经营体制。

二、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、农业产业化经营同20132、食品质量安全食品质量安全有绝对性与相对性之分，绝对安全性是指确保不可能因食用某种食物而危及健康或造成伤害的一种承诺，也就是食物绝对没有风险。

真题如下：接下来是复试大纲细胞生物学考试性质《细胞生物学》是中国海洋大学水生生物学专业及动物学专业硕士研究生入学复试考试的专业基础课程。

考试目标本考试大纲的制定力求反映水生生物学及动物学硕士研究生对生物科学基础知识掌握的情况，测评考生的基本知识素质和综合能力，具体考察考生对细胞生物学基础理论的掌握与运用，反映考生分析问题与解决问题能力。

本考试旨在三个层次上测试考生对细胞生物学基本概念、基础理论知识及相关研究方法的掌握程度和运用能力。

三个层次的基本要求分别为：1、基本概念：对细胞生物学相关名词的理解。

2、基础理论：对细胞生物学基础理论知识掌握情况来反映考生对基本生命规律的认识。

3、综合运用：基于细胞生物学的理论知识及研究方法开展相关某一生命活动的综合分析。

考试形式和试卷结构1、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为120分钟。

2、答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。

试卷由试题和答题纸组成，所有题目的答案必须明确写在答题纸上。

考生不得携带具有存储功能的计算器。

3、试卷结构名词概念的比例为20%，分值为20分；基础理论的比例为60%，分值为60分；综合分析的比例为20%，分值为20分。

考试内容1、细胞生物学的发展及细胞基本概念细胞生物学的产生与发展；现代细胞生物学的研究内容以及重点研究领域。

2、细胞研究方法细胞显微观察、成分分析及细胞培养的基本方法和原理。

3、结构细胞生物学细胞质膜、线粒体、叶绿体、内质网、高尔基体、溶酶体、微体、核糖体、细胞骨架及细胞核等主要细胞器的结构组成、起源特征及功能。

4、功能细胞生物学细胞能量转化、信息转导及基因表达调控的方式和主要物质变化以及细胞增殖、细胞衰老及凋亡的细胞特征、发生过程和功能细胞器的活动及作用。

水产养殖学综合考试考试性质《水产养殖学综合考试》是中国海洋大学水产养殖专业硕士研究生入学复试考试的专业基础课程。

考试形式和试卷结构1、试卷满分及考试时间：本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为120分钟。

广东海洋大学2014—2015学年第二学期《高等数学》课程试题课程号：19221101x2□√考试□√A 卷□√闭卷□考查□B 卷□开卷题号一二三四五六七八九十总分阅卷教师各题分数2118357685100实得分数一、填空题（共21分每小题3分）1．曲线⎩⎨⎧=+=012x y z 绕z 轴旋转一周生成的旋转曲面方程为122++=y x z ．2．直线35422:1z y x L =--=-+与直线⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+=+-==tz t y tx L 72313:2的夹角为2π．3．设函数22232),,(z y x z y x f ++=，则=)1,1,1(grad f )6,4,2(．4．设级数∑∞=1n n u 收敛，则=∞→n n u lim 0．5．设周期函数在一个周期内的表达式为⎩⎨⎧≤<+≤<-=,0,10,0)(ππx x x x f 则它的傅里叶级数在π=x 处收敛于21π+．6．全微分方程0d d =+y x x y 的通解为Cxy =．7．写出微分方程xe y y y =-'+''2的特解的形式xaxe y =*．二、解答题（共18分每小题6分）1．求过点)1,2,1(-且垂直于直线⎩⎨⎧=+-+=-+-02032z y x z y x 的平面方程．班级：姓名：学号：试题共6页加白纸3张密封线GDOU-B-11-302解：设所求平面的法向量为n，则{}3,2,1111121=--=k j i n(4分)所求平面方程为32=++z y x (6分)2．将积分⎰⎰⎰Ωv z y x f d ),,(化为柱面坐标系下的三次积分，其中Ω是曲面)(222y x z +-=及22y x z +=所围成的区域．解：πθ20 ,10 ,2 :2≤≤≤≤-≤≤Ωr r z r (3分)⎰⎰⎰Ωv z y x f d ),,(⎰⎰⎰-=221020d ),sin ,cos (d d r rzz r r f r r θθθπ(6分)3．计算二重积分⎰⎰+-=Dy x y x eI d d )(22，其中闭区域.4:22≤+y x D 解⎰⎰-=2020d d 2rr eI r πθ⎰⎰--=-20220)(d d 212r e r πθ(4分)⎰-⋅-=202d 221r e π)1(4--=e π(6分)三、解答题（共35分每题7分）1．设vue z =，而22y x u +=，xy v =，求z d ．解：)2(232y y x x e y ue x e xv v z x u u z x z xy v v ++=⋅+⋅=∂∂⋅∂∂+∂∂⋅∂∂=∂∂(3分))2(223xy x y e x ue y e yv v z y u u z y z xy v v ++=⋅+⋅=∂∂⋅∂∂+∂∂⋅∂∂=∂∂(6分)yxy x y e x y y x x e z xy xy d )2(d )2(d 2332+++++=(7分)2．函数),(y x z z =由方程0=-xyz e z所确定，求yzx z ∂∂∂∂,．解：令xyz e z y x F z-=),,(，(2分)则,yz F x -=,xz F y -=,xy e F z z -=(5分)xye yzF F x z zz x -=-=∂∂，xye xzF F y z zz y -=-=∂∂．(7分)3．计算曲线积分⎰+-Ly x x y d d ，其中L 是在圆周22x x y -=上由)0,2(A 到点)0,0(O 的有向弧段．解：添加有向辅助线段OA ，有向辅助线段OA 与有向弧段OA 围成的闭区域记为D ，根据格林公式⎰⎰⎰⎰+--=+-OA DL yx x y y x y x x y d d d d 2d d (5分)ππ=-⋅=022(7分)4．设曲线积分⎰++Lx y x f x y x f e d )(d )]([与路径无关，其中)(x f 是连续可微函数且满足1)0(=f ，求)(x f ．解：由xQ y P ∂∂=∂∂得)()(x f x f e x'=+，即xex f x f =-')()((3分)所以)d ()(d d )1(C x e e e x f x x x+⋅=⎰⎰---⎰)(C x e x +=，(6分)代入初始条件，解得1=C ，所以)1()(+=x e x f x．(7分)5．判断级数∑∞=12)!2()!(n n n 的敛散性．解：因为)!2()!()!22(])!1[(limlim 221n n n n u u n nn n ++=∞→+∞→(3分))12)(22()1(lim 2+++=∞→n n n n 141<=(6分)故该级数收敛．(7分)四、（7分）计算曲面积分⎰⎰∑++y x z x z y z y x d d d d d d ，其中∑是上半球面221z y x --=的上侧．解：添加辅助曲面1,0:221≤+=∑y x z ，取下侧，则在由1∑和∑所围成的空间闭区域Ω上应用高斯公式得⎰⎰∑++y x z x z y z y x d d d d d d ⎰⎰∑+∑++=1d d d d d d yx z x z y z y x ⎰⎰∑++-1d d d d d d yx z x z y z y x (4分)d 3-=⎰⎰⎰Ωv (6分)34213π⋅⋅=π2=．(7分)五、（6分）在半径为R 的圆的内接三角形中，求其面积为最大的三角形．解：设三角形各边所对圆心角分别为z y x ,,，则π2=++z y x ，且面积为)sin sin (sin 212z y x R A ++=，令)2(sin sin sin πλ-+++++=z y x z y x F (3分)由⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=++=+==+==+=πλλλ20cos 0cos 0cos z y x z F y F x F z y x (4分)得32π===z y x ．此时，其边长为R R 3232=⋅．由于实际问题存在最大值且驻点唯一，故当内接三角形为等边三角形时其面积最大．(6分)六、（8分）求级数∑∞=1n nnx 的收敛域，并求其和函数．解：1)1(lim lim1=+==∞→+∞→nn a a R n n n n ，故收敛半径为1=R ．(2分)当1-=x 时，根据莱布尼茨判别法，级数收敛；当1=x 时，级数为调和级数，发散．故原级数的收敛域为)1,1[-．(5分)设和为)(x S ，即∑∞==1)(n nnx x S ，求导得∑∞=-='11)(n n x x S x-=11，(6分)再积分得⎰'=x xx S x S 0d )()(x xxd 110⎰-=)1ln(x --=，)11(<≤-x (8分)七、（5分）设函数)(x f 在正实轴上连续，且等式⎰⎰⎰+=yx x ytt f x t t f y t t f 111d )(d )(d )(对任何0,0>>y x 成立．如果3)1(=f ，求)(x f ．解：等式两边对y 求偏导得)(d )()(1y f x t t f y x f x x+=⎰(2分)上式对任何0,0>>y x 仍成立．令1=y ，且因3)1(=f ，故有⎰+=xx t t f x xf 13d )()(．(3分)由于上式右边可导，所以左边也可导．两边求导，得3)()()(+=+'x f x f x f x 即)0(3)(>='x xx f ．故通解为C x x f +=ln 3)(．当1=x 时，3)1(=f ，故3=C ．因此所求的函数为)1(ln 3)(+=x x f ．(5分)广东海洋大学2014—2015学年第二学期《高等数学》课程试题课程号：19221101x2□√考试□A 卷□√闭卷□考查□√B 卷□开卷题号一二三四五六七八九十总分阅卷教师各题分数271577181214100实得分数一、填空题.（每小题3分，共27分）1.二元函数2241y x z --=的定义域是}4),({22<+y x y x 2.设向量)1,2,1(-=→a ，)2,1,1(=→b ，则→→⨯b a =(-5,-1,3)3.过点（1，1，1）且以)11,4,1(-=→n 为法线向量的平面方程为6114=+-+z y x 4.将yoz 坐标面上的抛物线z y 22=绕z 轴旋转所成的曲面方程是:zy x 222=+5.极限=++→→2222001sin)(lim yx y x y x 06.设函数)ln(xy z =，则yz∂∂=y 17.曲线32,1,t z t y t x =-==在点(1,0,1)处的切线方程是：31121-=-=-z y x 8.改变累次积分I=⎰⎰101),(ydx y x f dy的次序为I =⎰⎰10),(xdyy x f dx 9.微分方程xy y 2='的通解是2x ce二、单项选择题（每小题3分，共15分）班级：姓名：学号：试题共5页加白纸3张密封线GDOU-B-11-3021．设函数⎰=Φ3)()(x a dt t f x ，则=Φ')(x （D ）（A）)(x f （B）)(3x f （C）)(32x f x （D）)(332x f x 2.设函数y x z sin 2=，则yx z∂∂∂2等于（B ）(A)y x cos 2+(B)y x cos 2(C)x2(D)ycos 3．直线11121-+==-z y x 与平面1=+-z y x 的位置关系是（B ）（A）垂直（B）平行（C）夹角为4π（D）夹角为4π-4．设D 是第二象限内的一个有界区域，而且10<<y ，记⎰⎰=Dyxd I σ1，⎰⎰=Dxd y I σ22，⎰⎰=Dxd y I σ213，则321,,I I I 之间的大小顺序为（C ）（A）321I I I ≤≤（B）312I I I ≤≤（C）213I I I ≤≤（D）123I I I ≤≤5．微分方程0ln =-'y y y x 是（A ）（A）变量分离方程（B）齐次方程（C）一阶齐次线性微分方程（D）一阶非齐次线性微分方程三．计算由两条抛物线x y =2，2x y =所围成的图形的面积。

一、《渔业资源与渔场学》的学科概念及研究内容是什么？（15分）二、性腺成熟度包括哪些方法？各种方法的划分标准及计算式是什么？（15分）三、海洋环境的哪些因素与鱼类行动有密切关系？水温对鱼类行动会产生哪些影响？（20分）四、中国四大海区有哪些主要的渔场？南海有哪些主要种类的渔业资源？（20分）五、以北部湾为例，假设需要调查北部湾油田群建设工程对周边渔业资源产生的影响及其评价，应如何设计海上调查方案？（应包括调查方式、海上布点、调查内容、调查工具、样品处理、人员组织、经费预算、时间安排等）（30分）评分标准一、《渔业资源与渔场学》的学科概念及研究内容是什么？（15分）1、渔业资源和渔场学时研究鱼类资源和水产动物群体的生物学以及它们的行动状态与周围环境之间的相互关系，掌握渔业资源数量变动规律以及渔场形成原理的一门综合性基础应用科学。

2、该学科研究内容主要包括以下:渔业资源和渔场学的目的和任务是为了传授渔业资源生物学的有关基础知识和点差方法以及有关捕捞对象的洄游分布、渔场形成等，为掌握渔业资源数量变动，探索鱼群分布和确定中心渔场，为确保渔业资源的可持续利用提供科学依据。

主要内容包括：（1）掌握研究渔业资源生物学的基础理论和方法，如种群、年龄和生长、食性与丰满度、繁殖习性与繁殖力和鱼类群落结构机器生物多样性等，为渔业资源评估、群体数量变动、渔情预报（包括中心渔场的确定）提供最为基础的资料。

（2）掌握鱼类的群集与洄游研究方法和基本概念。

如鱼类集群的一半规律和原理、鱼类的洄游类型和研究方法。

（3）分析和掌握海洋环境与鱼类行动之间的关系。

例如了解世界各大洋流及其一般规律、各种海洋环境（生物和非生物）与鱼类行动的关系、厄尔尼诺对海洋渔业的影响以及全球环境的变化对渔业资源的影响。

（4）掌握渔场形成的基本理论和规律。

如渔场、渔期及其渔场类型渔区和渔场图的划分编制、渔场形成的一般原理、渔场的分布、评价与变动等，并对优良渔场形成的机泵原理进行阐述。

English Test Paper for Doctorate Entrance ExaminationNote: Please write your Answer on the Answer Sheet.Part IDirections: In this section, there are 6 passages. Each passage is followed by 5 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the centre.（30%）Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents see that they are annoyed. They may even accuse them of disloyalty, or make some spiteful remark about the friends' parents. Such a loss of dignity and descent into childish behavior on the part of the adults deeply shocks the adolescents, and makes them resolve that in future they will not talk to their parents about the place or people they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves.Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable. Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it can, hardly hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust. What the child cannot forgive is the parent's refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them to be true.Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact they did nothing of the kind, but children were then too cowed to let them know how they really felt. Today we tend to go to the other extreme, but on the whole this is a healthier attitude both for the child and the parent. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.1. According to the passage, children would arouse parents' disappointment forA. admiring their friends' homes.B. talking back to their parents.C. complaining home-made dishes.D. making some spiteful remark.2. When adolescents feel disillusion with their parents, it means that theyA. feel disappointed with their parents.B. are developing into maturity.C. just want to hurt their parents.D. are expressing their discontentment.3. Adolescents in Victorian timesA. had shown more respect for parents than today.B. always answered back to deal with the problem.C. admired the authoritarian attitude of their parents.D. were too afraid to tell what they really thought.4. What is the tone of the passage?A. Critical.B. Humorous.C. Serious.D. Ambiguous.5. What does this passage mainly discuss?A. Children will become more and more mature when growing up.B. Parents have to change their ways in educating their children.C. The conflicts between parents and their children are inevitable.D. Parents have made mistakes in communication with childrenPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.California is a land of variety and contrast. Almost every type of physical land feature, sort of arctic ice fields and tropical jungles can be found within its borders. Sharply contrasting types of land often lie very close to one another. People living in Bakersfield, for instance, can visit the Pacific Ocean and the coastal plain, the fertile San Joaquin Valley, the arid Mojave Desert, and the high Sierra Nevada, all within a radius of about 100 miles.In other areas it is possible to go snow skiing in the morning and surfing in the evening of the same day, without having to travel long distance.Contrast abounds in California. The highest point in the United States (outside Alaska) is in California, and so is the lowest point (including Alaska).Mount Whitney, 14,494 feet above sea level, is separated from Death Valley, 282 feet below sea level, by a distance of only 100 miles.The two areas have a difference in altitude of almost three miles. California has deep, clear mountain lakes like Lake Tahoe, the deepest in the country, but it also has shallow, salty desert lakes. It has Lake Tulainyo, 12,020 feet above sea level, and the lowest lake in the country, the Salton Sea, 236 feet below sea level. Some of its lakes, like Owens Lake in Death Valley, are not lakes at all: they are dried-up lake beds. In addition to mountains, lakes, valleys, deserts, and plateaus, California has its Pacific coastline, stretching longer than the coastlines of Oregon and Washington combined.6. Which of the following is the lowest point in the United States?A. Lake Tulainyo.B. Mojave desert.C. Death Valley.D. The Salton Sea.7. Where is the highest point in the United States located?A. Lake Tahoe.B. Sierra Nevada.C. Mount Whitney.D. Alaska.8. How far away is Death Valley from Mount Whitney?A. About 3 miles.B. Only 100 miles.C. 282 feet.D. 14,494 feet.9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as being within a radius of about 100 milesof Bakersfield?A. The Pacific Ocean.B. San Joaquin Valley.C. Mojave Desert.D. Oregon and Washington.10. Which statement best demonstrates that California is a land of variety and contrast?A. The highest lake in California is Lake Tulainyo.B. It is possible to go surfing and snow skiing in some parts of California without having to travellong distance.C. Sierra Nevada, San Joaquin Valley, Mojave Desert and the Pacific Ocean all lie within a radiusof about 100 miles.D. Owens Lake, in Death Valley, is not really a lake at all.Passage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defi nes social units. For example, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eats together.The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together. She distinguishes between regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktail parties for acquaintances. The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflects who is present. For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party. It would be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers. The distinctions among cocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited to dinner, and those who come to a family meal. In this example, the type of food symbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together. The men take their meals in a men’s house, separa tely from their wives and children. Women prepare and eat their food in their own houses and take the husband’s portion to the men’s house. The women eat with their children in their own houses. This pattern is also widespread among Near Eastern societies.Eating is a metaphor that is sometimes used to signify marriage. In many New Guinea societies, like that of the Lesu on the island of New Ireland in the Pacific and that of the Trobriand Islanders, marriage is symbolized by the couple’s eating together fo r the first time.Eating symbolizes their new status as a married couple. In U.S. society, it is just the reverse. A couple may go out to dinner on a first date.Other cultural rules have to do with taboos against eating certain things. In some societies, members of a clan, a type of kin (family) group, are not allowed to eat the animal or bird that is their totemic ancestor. Since they believe themselves to be descended from that ancestor, it would be like eating that ancestor or eating themselves.There is also an association between food prohibitions and rank, which is found in its most extreme form in the caste system of India. A caste system consists of ranked groups, each with a different economic specialization. In India, there is an association between caste and the idea of pollution. Members of highly ranked groups can be polluted by coming into contact with the bodily secretions, particularly saliva, of individuals of lower-ranked castes. Because of the fear of pollution, Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with, not eat from the same plate as, not even accept food from an individual from a low-ranking caste.11. According to the passage, the English make clear distinctions between ______.A. people who eat together.B. the kinds of food served.C. snacks and hamburgers.D. family members and guests.12. According to the passage, who will NOT eat together?A. The English.B. Americans on their first date.C. Men and women in Near Eastern societies.D. Newly-weds on the island of New Ireland.13. According to the passage, eating together indicates all the following EXCEPT ______.A. the type of food.B. social relations.C. marital status.D. family ties.14. The last paragraph suggests that in India ______ decides how people eat.A. pollutionB. foodC. cultureD. social status15. Which of the following can best serve as the topic of the passage?A. Different kinds of food in the world.B. Relations between food and social units.C. Symbolic meanings of food consumption.D. Culture and manners of eating.Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.What comes to mind when you hear the word--diversity? Issues of race or gender may spring to mind．Equal rights? Or minority issues?I encourage people to look at a much wider definition of the word．1 would tend to say diversity is “differentness” in any form．A good example of this kind of diversity has been experienced by every person who ever left behind the comforts of home and moved into uncharted territory．Issues of diversity are informed not only by your cultural background and context，but also by your religion，age，field of work，family situation，personality，and countless other factors that make us unique．Diversity affects everyone．It’s for this reason that diversity has become such a buzz word．The buzz happens because it’s all about how you handle it．It’s very much like the job a composer has when creating a great musical composition．If the composer understands what each unique note and dynamic mark is capable of in combination with the other parts，the result achieved is extraordinary．If, however，none of the parts is communicating with the others，we’re left with a cacophony(刺耳的声音)．On a personal level．it’s this understanding and acceptance of “the other” which rests at the core of diversity．Whether we’re talking about navigating through a multicultural urban environment or uprooting and moving to a new foreign social context，it is necessary to set aside rigid assumptions about “the other” and put oneself in the other's shoes. So how do we make this leap? It's often as simple as asking questions and being careful not to assume that what you see is necessarily what the other side sees.Often in my workshops I give a magic lesson to the audience to illustrate this principle. I first present the magic and accomplish the "impossible". The participants receive the same props but simply can't manage. We look more carefully at the situation and realize that the assumptions they made about it actually blocked them from achieving this feat; a feat they suddenly are empowered to do which, moments ago, was impossible.The goal in being sensitive to diversity is to cultivate a culture of respect for people's differences and understand that such an environment is beneficial to everyone involved.Diversity awareness is an evolution. We can't get there by snapping our fingers, and it isn't a matter of training people to have textbook politically correct attitudes. Instead it's a case of looking at the big picture of how we see the world, understanding why we see it that way, and then making surewe do our part to genuinely value difference and benefit from it.16. According to the author, diversity isA. confusing.B. extraordinary.C. quite common.D. universal.17. "It" in Paragraph Three refers toA. diversity.B. the buzz.C. how to handle diversity.D. the formation of diversity.18. The author believes thatA. to handle diversity one should put himself in others' shoes.B. when you are in a foreign environment, do as the Romans do.C. diversity can hardly be defined.D. diversity derives from cultural difference.19. The example of a magic lesson is to showA. everyone can do magic.B. magic is nothing but a feat.C. what blocks people from handling diversity.D. it is possible to achieve anything.20. How to raise diversity awareness according to the author?A. By living in an unfamiliar environment.B. By having politically correct attitudes.C. By being sensitive to everything one experiences.D. By understanding people's differences.Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The Internet, E-commerce and globalization are making a new economic era possible. In the future, capitalist markets will largely be replaced by a new kind of economic system based on networked relationships, contractual arrangements and access rights.Has the quality of our lives at work, at home and in our communities increased in direct proportion to all the new Internet and business-to-business Internet services being introduced into our lives? I have asked this question of hundreds of CEOS and corporate executives in Europe and the United States. Surprisingly, virtually everyone has said,"No, quite contrary." The very people responsible for ushering in what some have called a "technological renaissance" say they are working longer hours, feel more stressed, are more impatient, and are even less civil in their dealings with colleagues and friends--not to mention strangers. And what's more revealing, they place much of the blame on the very same technologies they are so aggressively championing.The techno gurus (领袖) promised us that access would make life more convenient and give us more time. Instead, the very technological wonders that were supposed to liberate us have begun to enslave us in a web of connections from which there seems to be no easy escape.If an earlier generation was preoccupied with the quest to enclose a vast geographic frontier, the .com generation, it seems, is more caught up in the colonization of time. Every spare moment of ourtime is being filled with some form of commercial connection, making time itself the most scarce of all resources. Our e-mail, voice mail and cell phones, our 24-hour Interact news and entertainment all seize for our attentionAnd while we have created every kind of labor-and time-saving device to service our needs, we are beginning to feel like we have less time available to us than any other humans in history. That is because the great proliferation of labor-and-time-saving services only increases the diversity, pace and flow of commodified activity around us. For example, e-mail is a great convenience. However, we now find ourselves spending much of our day frantically responding to each other's electronic messages. The cell phone is a great time-saver,Except now we are always potentially in reach of someone else who wants our attention.Social conservatives talk about the decline in civility and blame it on the loss of a moral compass and religious values. Has anyone bothered to ask whether the hyper speed culture is making all of us less patient and less willing to listen and defer, consider and reflect?Maybe we need to ask what kinds of connections really count and what types of access really matter in the e-economy era. ff this new technology revolution is only about hyper efficiency, then we risk losing something even precious than time--our sense of what it means to be a caring human being.21. According to the passage, corporate executives think thatA. technology renaissance should be pushed forward.B. technology has a profound impact on their lives.C. technology actually results in a decline in their life quality.D. technology should be aggressively championed.22. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Technology was supposed to free people.B. The .corn generation became slaves of technology.C. New technologies occupy much of our time.D. It is difficult to avoid the influence of technology wonders.23. What is the most valuable resource for the .com generation?A. Technological wonders.B. Access to information.C. Time.D. Time saving devices.24. In the sixth paragraph, the author implied thatA. social conservatives blamed the loss of morality on technology.B. the .com generation was less civil than the earlier generations.C. the hyper speed culture led to the decline in civility.D. technology might make people less impatient.25. An appropriate title for the passage might beA. The New Internet Life.B. The Drawbacks of too Much Access.C. The Failure of Technological Renaissance.D. The Declining Quality of Life.Passage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.A simple piece of rope hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans and theirneighbors. On one side stand those who have begun to see clothes dryers as wasteful consumers of energy (up to 6% of total electricity) and powerful emitters of carbon dioxide (up to a ton of CO2 per household every year). As an alternative, they are turning to clotheslines as part of what Alexander Lee, an environmentalist, calls "what-I-can- do environmentalism."But on the other side are people who oppose air-drying laundry outside on aesthetic grounds. Increasingly, they have persuaded community and homeowners associations(HOAs) across the U.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, which they say not only look unsightly but also lower surrounding property values. Those actions, in turn, have sparked a right-to-dry movement that is pressing for legislation to protect the choice to use clotheslines. Only three states--Florida, Hawaii and Utah--have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. Right-to-dry advocates argue that there should be more.Matt Reck is the kind of eco-conscious guy who feeds his trees with bathwater and recycles condensation drops from his air conditioners to water plants. His family also uses a clothesline. But Otto Hagen, president of Reck's HOA in Wake Forest, N.C., notified him that a neighbor h, ad complained about his line. The Recks ignored the warning and still dry their clothes on a rope in the yard. "Many people claim to be environmentally friendly but don't take matters into their own hands," says Reck. HOAs Hagen has decided to hold off taking action. "I'm not going to go crazy," he says. "But if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complain, I'll have to address it again."North Carolina lawmakers tried and failed earlier this year to insert language into an energy bill that would expressly prevent HOAs from regulating clotheslines. But the issue remains a touchy one with HOAs and real estate agents. "Most aesthetic restrictions are rooted, to a degree, in the belief that homogenous exteriors are supportive of property value," says Sara Stubbins, executive director of the Community Association Institute's North Carolina chapter. In other words, associations worry that housing prices will fall if prospective buyers think their would-be neighbors are too poor to afford dryers.Alexander Lee dismisses the notion that clotheslines devalue property assets, advocating that the idea "needs to change in light of global warming." "We all have to do at least something to decrease our carbon footprint," Alexander Lee says.26. What is NOT mentioned as a disadvantage of using clothes dryers?A. Electricity consumption.B. Air pollution.C. Waste of energy.D. Ugly looking.27. Which of the following is INCORRECT?A. Opposers think air-drying laundry would devalue surrounding assets.B. Opposers consider the outdoor clothesline as an eyesore to the scenery.C. Right-to-dry movements led to the pass of written laws to protect clotheslines.D. Most of states in the US have no written laws to protect clotheslines.28. What is the HOAs' attitude towards the regulation of outdoor clotheslines?A. Concerned.B. Impartial.C. Supportive.D. Unclear.29. In the last paragraph Alexander Lee recommends thatA. clotheslines should be banned in the community.B. clotheslines wouldn't lessen the property values.C. the globe would become warmer and warmer.D. we should protect the environment in the community.30. An appropriate title for the passage might beA. Opinions on Environmental Protection.B. Opinions on Air-drying Laundry.C. What-I-Can-Do Environmentalism.D. Restrictions on Clotheslines.Part II Multiple Choice:Directions: For each of the following blanks, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the most appropriate one. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the centre. (10%)31. Many people like white color as it is a ______ of purity.A. symptomB. symbolC. signD. signal32. The manager needs an assistant that he can _____ to take care of problems in his absence.A.count onB. count inC. count upD. count out33. It took him several months to ____ the wild horse.A. tendB. tameC. breedD. cultivate34. It is popular among some young men to _____ beard and long hair.A. growB. plantC. keepD. prefer35.With the price of oil ______, the economy of oil-producing countries is expanding at a high rate.A. to go upB. goes upC. gone upD. going up36. To our _____, Geoffrey’s illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.A. reliefB. viewC. anxietyD. judgment37. The best students are ______ special scholarships.A. acceptedB. rewardedC. awardedD. appointed38. Evidence came up_____ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as five monthsold.A. whatB. whichC. whoseD. that39. Estimates of the cost of a human mission to Mars _____ from about $20 billion to $55 billion.A. alterB. separateC. rangeD. differ40. The poor fellow is ______ by too much work, which is why I asked him to take a rest.A. run offB. run downC. run awayD. run in41. William Wordsworth would wave goodbye to his sister before _____ to study the flowers.A. setting forthB. setting byC. setting forwardD. setting off42. A great deal of communication is performed on a person-to-person ______ by the simple means ofspeech.A. basisB. baseC. foundationD. ground43. In some countries, _____ is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all people.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. one44. Nothing seems to be sure for certain about the prediction of earthquakes __________.A. for a long timeB. for the first timeC. for the time beingD. from time to time45. The manager ____ the letter to his secretary, who wrote it down in short hand.A. passedB. copiedC. declaredD. dictated46. Many students are _______ of various kinds of hobbies in their spare time.A. interestedB. accustomedC. fondD. keen47. I always get information from the library. You ____there to see whether there is the information Part IIIchoices Keep drop their the first names results Subwayneed to do more to __56__He recogniz ed efforts made by McDonald’s, __57_ placing litter bins and increasing litter patrols, but its litter remained “all too prevalent”. All fast food chains should reduce __58__ packaging, he added. Companies could also reduce prices __59__ those who stayed to eat food on their premises, offer money-off vouchers or other __60__ for those who returned packaging and put more bins at __61__ points in local streets, not just outside their premises. A __62__ for McDonald’s said: “We do our best. Obviously we ask all our customers to dispose of litter responsibly.” Trials of more e xtensive, all-day litter patrols were __63__ in Manchester and Birmingham.KFC said it took its __64__ on litter management “very seriously”, and would introduce aprogramme to reduce packaging __65__ many products. Subway said that it worked hard to __66__ the impact of litter on communities，__67__ it was “still down to the __68__ customer to dispose of their litter responsibly”. Greggs said it recognised the “continuing challenge for us all”, __69__ having already taken measures to help __70__ the issue.51. A. elevating B. convening C. launching D. projecting52. A. signals B. signs C. commercials D. brands53. A. condemn B. refute C. uncover D. disregard54. A. around B. toward C. in D. off55. A. industry B. career C. profession D. vocation56. A. exclude B. discourage C. suppress D. retreat57. A. incorporating B. including C. comprising D. containing58. A. unreliable B. unrelated C. unimportant D. unnecessary59. A. for B. about C. with D. to60. A. accessories B. merits C. incentives D. dividends61. A. curious B. mysterious C. strange D. strategic62. A. narrator B. spokesman C. mediator D. broker63. A. in season B. at risk C. off hand D. under way64. A. responsibility B. liability C. commission D. administration65. A. around B. by C. on D. above66. A. divert B. minimize C. degrade D. suspend67. A. if B. whether C. so D. but68. A. individual B. concrete C. unique D. respective69. A. except B. without C. despite D. via70. A deal B. tackle C. cope D. disposePart IV TranslationDirections: T ranslate the following English paragraph into Chinese.(15%)Decades of overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction have left marine and coastal ecosystems in decline. Ecosystem health is compromised when waterways are dredged carelessly or excessively, or when coastal development is carried out with little concern for the environment.Part of the decline of marine and coastal ecosystems is due to negligence or a lack of awareness. Often people do not realize their actions are causing harm because many of these ecosystems are out of sight, out of mind. Other times they may have alternate imperatives,such as food security, and feel they have no options but to use marine and coastal resources unsustainably.Part V TranslationDirections: T ranslate the following Chinese paragraph into English. (15%)来自利物浦大学的科学家、心理学家和英文教授发现，阅读莎士比亚及其他古典作家的作品对心智发展大有裨益。

广东海洋大学2015年攻读博士学位研究生招生考试试题考试科目（代码）名称：3706遗传学满分100分（所有答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分，答完后连同试卷一并交回。

）一、名词解释：（每小题2.5分，共20分）1、假显性2、杂种优势3、细胞质遗传4、同源染色体5、中心法则6、核型与核型分析7、广义遗传力8、限性遗传与从性遗传。

二、判断题：（错误标“-”，正确标“+”每小题1分，共6分）1、在一个混杂的群体中，表现型相同的个体，基因型也一定相同。

（）2、根椐分离规律，杂种相对遗传因子发生分离，纯种的遗传因子不分离。

（）3、同一基因在同种不同个体中可以向不同的方向突变，产生一个以上的等位基因。

因此，每个基因突变方向是漫无边际的。

（）4、减数分裂中，染色体数目减半发生在后期Ι，如果从DNA含量上看，达到单倍化的程度发生在后期Ⅱ。

（）5、两基因在同一条染色体上的连锁越紧密，交换率则越大；连锁的越松弛，交换率则越小。

（）6、在任何一个复等位基因系列中，不论它的基因成员有多少，在任何—个二倍体生物中只能是其中的两个成员。

（）三、选择题：（每小题1分，共12分）1、Aabb与AaBb杂交产生A_B_类型子代的比率为（）A、 3/8B、 5/8C、 7/8D、 9/162、亲代传给子代的是（）A、基因型B、表现型C、基因D、性状3、人类白化症是常染色体单基因隐性遗传病，这意味着白化症患者的双亲必须（）。

A、双亲都是白化症患者B、双亲之一是携携带者C、双亲都是纯合体D、双亲都是致病基因携带者4、基因突变、基因重组和染色体变异三者的共同特点是（）A、都能产生新基因B、都能产生新基因型C、都能产生可遗传变异D、在显微镜下均可见5、同源染色体存在于（）A、精子B、次级卵母细胞C、极体D、口腔上皮细胞6、AaBb的个体，减数分裂后，产生的配子组合是（）。

A、Aa AA aa Bb BB bbB、A a B bC 、AB Ab aB ab D、 Aa Ab aB Bb7、在AAbbCC aaBBcc的杂交后，F代的纯合隐性个体的比率是（）2A、0B、1/8C、1/3D、1/32E、1/648、下列那种叙述不是细胞质遗传所特有的（）A、遗传方式是非孟德尔遗传B、F1代的正反交结果不同C、细胞质遗传属母性遗传因此也称母性影响D、不能在染色体上进行基因定位9、一个2倍体配子(AA)与该种正常的单倍体配子(a)结合，产生的后代是（）A、异源三倍体B、三体C、由于三价体的随机分离几乎是不育的D：由于染色体缺乏同源性几乎是不育的10、一对等位基因在杂合的情况下，两种基因的作用都可以完全表现出来，这叫做（）。

广东海洋大学2014年攻读博士学位研究生招生考试试题考试科目（代码）名称：2101生物化学满分100（所有答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分，答完后连同试卷一并交回。

）一、选择题（每题1分，共20分）1、蛋白质变性是由于（）A 氢键被破坏；B肽键断裂；C水化层被破坏及电荷被中和；D蛋白质降解； E亚基的解聚。

2、下列哪种氨基酸残基最有可能位于蛋白质分子的表面？（）A、亮氨酸；B、苯丙氨酸；C、蛋氨酸；D、天冬氨酸；E、丙氨酸。

3、tRNA在发挥其功能时的两个重要部位是（）A、反密码子臂和反密码子环；B、氨基酸臂和D环；C、TψC环和可变环；D、TψC环与反密码子环；E、氨基酸臂和反密码子环4、限制性内切酶识别的序列是（）A、粘性末端；B、回文结构；C、TATAAT；D、聚腺苷酸；E、AATAA5、在生理条件下，下列哪种基团既可作为质子的受体，又可作为质子的供体？（）A、His的咪唑基；B、Arg的胍基；C、Trp的吲哚基D、Cys的巯基6、下列蛋白质中具有四级结构的是（）A 胰岛素；B 细胞色素C；C RNA酶；D 血红蛋白；E 肌红蛋白。

7、变构酶的底物浓度曲线呈S-型，它说明（）A、此变构酶为具负协同效应的酶；B、此变构酶中，底物分子与其亚基结合后能促进其它亚基与底物的结合；C、变构酶是米氏酶的一种特例；D、变构酶所催化的反应包括一系列步骤；E、此变构酶的多个底物分子同时与酶快速结合8、合成脂酸所需的氢由下列哪一种递氢体提供？（）A、NADPB、FADH2C、FADD、NADPHE、NADH9、在下列PH对酶反应速度的影响作用的叙述中，正确的是（）A、所有酶的反应速度对pH的曲线都表现为钟罩型；B、最适pH是酶的特征性常数；C、pH不仅影响酶蛋白的构象，还会影响底物的解离，从而影响ES复合物的形成与解离；D、针对pH对酶反应速度的影响，侧酶活性时只要严格调整PH为最适PH，而不需缓冲体系；E、以上都不是。

广东海洋大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生招生考试试题
考试科目（代码）名称：3402水产食品学满分100 （所有答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分，答完后连同试卷一并交回。

）
一、简答题（60分）
1、简述水产食品原料的营养学特点？（5分）
2、简述海洋生物中多糖根据酸碱性的分类以及海藻多糖根据来源和存在部位的
分类，并分别举例说明。

（5分）
3、DHA和EPA分离和提纯方法有哪些，并简要分析原理。

（10分）
4、简述鱼糜凝胶化和凝胶劣化的机理？（10分）
5、水产蛋白抗冻剂根据化学性质可分为哪几类（举例），分析作用机理。

（10分）
6、简述水产动物的死后变化及其本质？（10分）
7、海鲜调味料按照生产技术特征可分为几类，并简述其生产过程。

(10分)
二、分析与论述题（第1小题20分；第2小题和第3小题任选1题，20分）
1、以一种传统水产品加工方式为例，分析其加工中存在的问题，并提出可能解
决的办法。

2、哪种海洋生物被称为“海底牛奶”, 它有那些营养以及生理活性物质？目前对
其生理活性的研究现状如何？你认为该如何开展其高值化利用的研究？
3、简述我国目前水产食品加工研究现状和发展趋势，并以一种水产品为原料，
设计一种综合加工利用模式，以实现对其高效利用。

广东海洋大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生招生考试试题
考试科目（代码）名称：3402水产食品学满分100分
（所有答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分，答完后连同试卷一并交回。

）3402《水产食品学》第1 页共2 页。

广东海洋大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《农业知识综合三》(341)试卷(请将答案写在答题纸上,写在试卷上不给分。

本科目满分150分)一、填空题(每空格1分，共25分)1、食源性疾病三个基本要素是、和。

2、影响霉菌生长繁殖及产毒的因素主要包括、、、、等。

3、养殖水体遭受重金属污染后，容易富集重金属。

4、为了减少亚硝胺的合成，人体不能同时食用咸鱼、烤肉等，必要时可立即补充。

5、食品中兽药残留毒性主要有、、、和等。

6、国家对、的产品，对影响的重要产品，以及用户、消费者有关组织反映有质量问题的产品，实行制度。

7、《标准化法》规定，我国标准分为、、、等四个级别。

8、《食品安全法》规定，食品安全标准分为、。

二、判断题（每小题1分，对的打√，错的打×，共 30分）1、已烯雌酚是一种非类固醇激素。

2、绿色食品是指带有绿颜色的食品。

3、副溶血性弧菌中毒机制为毒素型食物中毒。

4、大多数真菌繁殖最适宜的温度为25～30℃。

5、河豚毒素是一种毒性强烈的非蛋白类神经毒素。

6、有机磷农药主要抑制血液和组织中乙酰胆碱大量蓄积，从而阻断了神经传导，引起中枢神经系统中毒。

7、紫外线、紫色和蓝色光会加速油脂氧化，而绿色和棕色光则不能。

8、对危害特别严重的人兽共患病和畜禽传染病的动物尸体、屠体、胴体与内脏等进行焚烧处理。

9、引起木薯中毒的主要有毒物质是亚麻仁苦苷。

10、烘烤、油炸食品在加工过程形成丙烯酰胺与加热温度、时间、羰基化合物、氨基酸种类、含水量有关。

11、熏制食品在烟熏过程容易产生3，4一苯并芘致癌物。

12、腹泻性贝类毒素溶于水，一般加热不被破坏。

13、甲肝病毒容易在蛤类、牡蛎、毛蚶、泥蚶和蟹类中蓄积，但可用开水冲烫杀死甲肝病毒。

14、《食品安全法》规定食品出厂检验记录应当真实，保存期限不得少于一年。

341《农业知识综合三》第1 页共6 页。

一、广东海洋大学2014年博士研究生招生专业目录（单位代码：10566）二、初试科目的考试内容及范围1、2701《地球物理流体力学》第一章地球物理流体力学的一些基本知识：大气海洋的基本特性、密度状态方程、科氏参数、罗斯贝数、位涡、地转流、Brunt-Vasala频率、Boussinesq近似、旋转和层结的动力学等价性、地形与β作用的等价性、基本方程组；第二章无粘旋转流体的浅水理论：浅水方程组的推导、位涡守恒的推导及应用、邦加莱波和开尔文波的特性、罗斯贝变性半径、准地转位涡方程的推导、罗斯贝波的动力学特征、机制以及平流中的多普勒频移、罗斯贝波的能量图及反射、频散关系；第三章旋转流体摩擦边界层：雷诺应力、Ekman层方程及特征、Ekman抽吸、摩擦和地形下的准地转位涡方程推导及解释；第四章海洋风生环流和热盐环流：Sverdrup关系、西向强化理论；第五章旋转层结流体：无量纲方程组推导、位涡方程推导、能量方程推导、有效位能、罗斯贝波的正压和斜压模态、群速度、波射线。

2、3701《数学物理方法》第一章数学物理方程的一些基本知识：三类典型方程的推导、定解问题及其适定性、偏微分方程的一些基本概念和分类、叠加原理与齐次化原理；第二章分离变量法：有界弦的自由振动、有限长杆上的热传导、Laplace方程的边值问题、非齐次方程的求解问题；第三章积分变换法：Fourier变换的定义和性质、Fourier变换在求解偏微分方程定解问题中的应用、Laplace变换的定义和基本性质、Laplace变换在求解偏微分方程定解问题中的应用；第四章行波法与降维法；第五章Green函数法：积分学中的几个重要公式、Laplace方程的边值问题和基本解、调和函数的基本积分公式和性质、Gteen函数、Green函数的求法；第六章Bessel函数：Bessel方程和Bessel函数、Bessel函数的递推公式、函数展成Bessel函数的级数、Bessel函数的应用；第七章Legendre多项式：Legendre方程及其解法、Legendre多项式、函数展成Legendre多项式的级数、Legendre多项式的应用举例。