下载文档原格式
《中华人民共和国海商法》规定：“提单足指用以证明海卜货物运输台同和货物已经出承运凡接受或装船以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。
”该法ｊ生ｉ规定：“提单ｒｆｌ载明的向记名人交付货物，或者按照指示人指示交付货物，或者向提单持有人交付货物的条款，构成屑运人据以交付货物的保证，”曾经有一位叫Ｂｏ、ｖｅｎ的大法官讲过一句名言：提单是丌启仓库的文字钥匙。
正是由于提单埘货物所有权的转移起到了决定性的作用．由提单引起的风险和争议值得我们去关注。
在这单主要讨沦的足使用最为普遍的海运提单的风险与母议，其他各类捉单风险也基本类似。
对丁记名提单，承运人必须坚持虬争放货吗？关于这个『ｎＪ题，理论界和司法界并没有达成共识．依然存在着不同的看法。
著书的《施米拖夫论出口贸易》一书的作者曾指出：“一个提单即使是不可转让的，亦可以作为物权凭证，幽为提单载明的收货人只能依据提单向承运人要求提货，如果他能够出示提单。
”而著名的《Ｂｅｎｉａｍｍ沦货物销售》一书的作者明确地表达了小同的观点：“在记名提单的情况下．承运人被授权且有义务将货物交付原始收货人，而不要求出示提单。
”理论界的埘种观点电压映在符围具体操作中的不同做法ｊ一比较而占，笔者更倾向于不严格的见单放货，即在记名提单下．承运人葫理由在对方未出示提单的情况下将货物交给能出示身份证明的指定收货人。
因为记名提单在普通法的涵义里不是物极凭证，所以它的转让小能按推定的货物所有权的转计来进行。
在这种提单下，货物只变于收货人，与出示提单及谁是搓单的持有人统统无关。
面现在各国对于这一闻题的可；同鸹！解可能会导致托运人与承运人之间的纠纷，引起交付货款的风险，令托运人或承巨人蒙受损失。
法律法规的作用之一就是促进商业效率与商业信用。
然而，在实际操作中，仍然有相当数量的人企图通过钻法律窄子的方法实现及保全自身利益，倒签提单和预借提单就是很好的例子。
如果提单在货物装船后签发，而签发Ｒ期却早十实际装船日期．便构成倒签提单。
海运提单的风险及其防范措施Ocean bill of lading’s risks and precautionary measuresOcean B/L in international trade has a very important position and role, this is decided by its nature. The bill of lading is the ownership certificate, which controls the bill of lading, which will have the ownership of the goods. However, in international trade, the use of bill of lading has potential risks and must be taken seriously, strict control and careful treatment, so the risks will be prevented from.（一）、The main risks of ocean bill of lading.1、Ante-dated and advanced B/L.On board B/L shall be issued after all the goods have been loaded. The issuing date must be true, because of the issuing date of B/L is regarded as shipping date. If the B/L is issued in the shipping date, and the issuing date is earlier than the actual shipping date, it is the Ante-dated B/L. If the goods are not entirely shipped or the goods have been taken over by the carrier and no shipment, it is Advanced B/L.2、Counterfeit bill of lading.Some unscrupulous businessmen use the characteristics of credit of "documents transaction, strictly conform " to forge B/L for the payment. It is possible that the goods are unshipped or shoddy, just for cheating customers.3、To exchange the letter of indemnity for Clean B/L.In international trade, for smooth settlement, the shipper always issues the letter of guarantee in the condition of bad appearance of goods for exchanging for the clean bill of lading. It plays an active role in promoting smoothly shipping and avoiding economic losses. But the legal effect of this letter of guarantee has not yet been approved by international trade and do not have unity cognition in international trade,so it is obstructive to the smooth development for international trade letter of guarantee4、Release the goods without original bill of lading.Release the goods without original bill of lading refers to the carrier or his agent or forwarding authorities or warehouse supervisor in the condition of no original bill of lading ,according to the recorded consignee or notifier with the duplicate bills of lading or the copy of B/L to release of goods by adding letter of guarantee.（二）、The prevention measures of the risks of B/L.1、Calculated or Strict control Ante-dated and advanced B/L.It will be harm to foreign enterprise image and Sinotrans company credit, and may bring economic losses. At present, port congestion and sailing date inaccuracy are objective conditions .Export company should have full consideration about these factors, such as signing, booking and delivery . At the same time, you should strengthen the management of each link in contract and the corporation with relevant departments. If necessary, it is brilliant to obtain the cooperation with customers beforehand. If advanced B/L is the only choose, you should pay attention to prevent the different vessel name for the actual loading vessel and the advanced B/L vessel .If once occurred that no freight space or delay shipping, and need to ship in another vessel, it shall take emergency measures and decisively seek back the full set of documents. Then fill it again without fluke mind. To prevent the advanced B/L, Exporters should have a precise reorganization about the regulations with shipping date. For example, Below are some terms about shipping date in foreign credit : (1) Latest 31 ,May , namely, the latest is no later than May 31, including May 31; (2)Not later than May 31, namely, not later than May 31, including May 31,;(3) During first half of May , from May 1 to May 15 , including the beginning and ending days;(4) Within May, namely during May ,from May 1 to May 31, including the beginning and endingdays,;(5) at the end May ,from May 21 - May 31, including the beginning and ending days; (6) On or Before May 31, namely ,before May 31, including May 31,;(7) On or about May 31 ,the before and after 5 days of May 31, namely ,the days from May 26 to June 5.2、To print and use the bill of lading which can not forge .The international maritime bureau proposals that printing and using the bill of lading which can not forge, controlling its circulation and preventing the emergence of forge B/L.3、Choose good credit trading partner.In international trade, the prerequisite for doing business smoothly is to fully understand customer's credit .The good credit includes two aspects, the first is having good asset circumstance, considerable assets, operating smoothly and having performance ability; the second is to carry out the principle of honesty credibility and will not cancel contract at will.4、Paying high attention to sign the B/L.Credit business is pure transaction of documents, the only condition that bank assumes its payment responsibility is the beneficiary submit the documents which accord with the terms of the l/c .as long as the documents surface meet the conditions of Only documents, the bank will assume payment, regardless of the documents are false or not. If the documents have discrepancies, the exporter will lost bank's guarantee about collect safely and timely, and the importer will also result in different degree of loss.5、Choose reliable shipping company for shipment.According to the present shipping situation, it is uneasy to ban the use of guarantee completely. So it is very important to choose reliable carriers.6、Using the means of law actively and asking for maritime judicial protection promptly.When seeking maritime court protection ,you should pay attention to two aspects .The first , when you find the signs of fraud from your partner, you should promptly preferred the suit in maritime court The second is to put forward the conservatory measures in litigation measure. It is an important measure to prevent illegal foreign businessman fraud.In china, international trade is developing into prosperity and prosperous.With the development of trade regime, marine risks are also changing; however, its operations follow certain rules. If we carefully observe and perform conventions and laws, and Keep from marine fraud and commercial risks, the unnecessary losses and the risk and damage in international trade will be reduced. It also enhances our competition ability in international market.。
最新海运提单风险与防范措施最新海运提单风险与防范措施一、关于海运提单的主要风险1. 倒签提单和预借提单己装船提单应在货物全部上船后签发。
由于海运提单的签发日期即被认为是装运H期，所以签发H期必须真实。
如果货物装船后，提单的签发H期早于实际装船H期，即构成倒签提单。
如果货物未完成全部装船的情况下签发了提单，即构成预借提单。
倒签和预借提单这两种情况通常是托运人为了使提单的签发日期与信用证的规定一致而要求的，以便托运人顺利结汇。
但对于收货人来说，可以构成合谋欺诈，使收货人蒙受损失。
2. 伪造提单海运提单是信用证要求的主要单据，只要单据符合信用证规定，银行凭单付款，不会审查单据真实性。
个别不法商人利用这一点伪造提单骗取货款。
3. 无提单放货在国际贸易中，有时会发生货物先于提单到达的情况。
通常会通过担保提货的方式解决：由收货人向船公司提供银行会签的书面保函，要求先提货后补交提单。
但在无提单放货过程中，提货人身份不易查明，存在被冒领的风险。
因此无提单交货的风险是很大的。
二、海运提单风险的防范措施1.杜绝或从严掌握倒签提单和预借提单。
出口商应严格按信用证规定装运，如遇船期不准、推舱、改船等客观情况，应采取紧急措施，果断追回全套单据，重新缮制。
2.选择可靠船公司，使用难以伪造的提单。
3.选择资信好的贸易伙伴。
4.严格海运提单的签署。
5.积极运用法律手段，及时要求海事司法保护。
FOB出口下货代提单的细分FOB出口条件下的货代无单放货中涉及五方当事人，即国外进口商、我国出口商、船公司、国外进口商指定的境外货代、境外货代指定的我国国内货代。
由于境外货代指定的我国国内货代不同，FOB 出口中使用的货代提单也不同，细分如下：（一）境外货代提单境外货代提单是指境外货代在我国通过设立分支机构如办事处，由分支机构代为签发的提单。
通常情况下，我国无船承运人的市场准入门槛很低，自2010年交通运输部发布《关于试行无船承运业务经营者保证金责任保险的通知》以来，无船承运人可选择采用交纳80万元人民币保证金方式或者每年办理3万元人民币的责任保险方式就能取得无船承运业务经营资格，境外货运企业驻境内的办事处名下很少有大额财产。
浅析海运提单的风险及防范措施海运提单在国际贸易中具有非常重要的地位和作用，这是由它的性质所决定的。
提单是货物所有权的凭证，谁控制了提单，谁就拥有了该批货物的所有权。
然而，在国际贸易中，提单的使用也带来种种风险。
本文对提单的风险作一分析，并提出了防范措施。
一、海运提单的主要风险（一）倒签和预借提单。
已装船提单应在货物全部已装上船后签发，签发的日期必须是真实的，因为提单的签发日期即视作装运日期。
如果提单在货物装船后签发，签发日期却早于实际装船日期，便构成倒签提单。
如果货物尚未全部装船或货物已由承运人接管尚未开始装船的情况下签发了提单，便构成预借提单。
倒签提单或预借提单，托运人的目的都是为了使提单签发日期符合信用证规定，顺利结汇，但对收货人来说则构成合谋欺诈，可能使收货人蒙受重大损失。
对此，各国法律和海运习惯都是不允许的。
（二）伪造提单。
提单是信用证所要求的主要单据，在信用证业务中，只要单据符合信用证的要求，银行即凭单付款，而不审查单据的来源及其真实性。
一些不法商人即利用信用证“单据交易、严格相符”的特点伪造提单，以骗取货款，可能货物根本没有装船，或以次充好，蒙骗客户。
（三）以保函换取清洁提单。
在国际贸易中，经常会出现这种情况：承运人欲对表面状况不良的装运货物签发不清洁提单，由于银行不接受不清洁提单，托运人不能凭此结汇，因而往往向承运人出具保函（LETTER OF INDEMNITY），让承运人签发清洁提单，并保证赔偿承运人因签发清洁提单而遭受的损失，以此来换取清洁提单，顺利结汇。
可见，出具保函是出于国际贸易的需要，从某种意义上讲托运人和承运人都能得到一定的方便和好处，但实际上对承运人来讲却潜伏着很大的风险。
一旦收货人持清洁提单向承运人索赔，承运人必须赔付收货人。
但承运人持保函向托运人追偿时，是否能得到补偿，则取决于托运人的信誉和要补偿的理由是否与保函中所保事项完全一致。
且承运人没有按照货物的实际情况签发提单，已违背了民事活动诚信的原则，往往构成与托运人串通，对善意收货人进行欺诈，如承运人提请诉讼，根据法律，任何有欺诈性的合同、协议或保证都不具有法律上的约束力，因此法院不会以保函为依据来判决保函项下发生的货损货差的责任方，承运人因收货人或提单持有人赔偿而遭受的损失不能向托运人追偿。
