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Unit 1 MetalsUnit 2 Selection of Construction Materials淬透性：指在规定条件下，决定钢材淬硬深度和硬度分布的特性。
即钢淬火时得到淬硬层深度大小的能力，它表示钢接受淬火的能力。
钢材淬透性好与差，常用淬硬层深度来表示。
淬硬层深度越大，则钢的淬透性越好。
钢的淬透性是钢材本身所固有的属性，它只取决于其本身的内部因素，而与外部因素无关。
钢的淬透性主要取决于它的化学成分，特别是含增大淬透性的合金元素及晶粒度，加热温度和保温时间等因素有关。
淬透性好的钢材，可使钢件整个截面获得均匀一致的力学性能以及可选用钢件淬火应力小的淬火剂，以减少变形和开裂。
淬透性主要取决于其临界冷却速度的大小，而临界冷却速度则主要取决于过冷奥氏体的稳定性，影响奥氏体的稳定性主要是：1.化学成分的影响碳的影响是主要的，当C％小于1.2％时，随着奥氏体中碳浓度的提高，显著降低临界冷却速度，C曲线右移，钢的淬透性增大；当C％大于时，钢的冷却速度反而升高，C曲线左移，淬透性下降。
其次是合金元素的影响，除钴外，绝大多数合金元素溶入奥氏体后，均使C曲线右移，降低临界冷却速度，从而提高钢的淬透性。
2.奥氏体晶粒大小的影响奥氏体的实际晶粒度对钢的淬透性有较大的影响，粗大的奥氏体晶粒能使C曲线右移，降低了钢的临界冷却速度。
但晶粒粗大将增大钢的变形、开裂倾向和降低韧性。
3.奥氏体均匀程度的影响在相同冷度条件下，奥氏体成分越均匀，珠光体的形核率就越低，转变的孕育期增长，C曲线右移，临界冷却速度减慢，钢的淬透性越高。
4.钢的原始组织的影响钢的原始组织的粗细和分布对奥氏体的成分将有重大影响。
5.部分元素，例如Mn，Si等元素对提高淬透性能起到一定作用，但同时也会对钢材带来其他不利的影响。
可锻性(forgeability)金属具有热塑性，在加热状态(各种金属要求温度不同)，可以进行压力加工，称为具有可锻性。
可锻性：指金属材料在压力加工时，能改变形状而不产生裂纹的性能。
机械设计制造及其自动化英语Mechanical design, manufacturing, and its automation are essential aspects of various industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, and more. These processes involve the creation of mechanical systems and components, as well as the use of advanced technologies to automate production and improve efficiency.The field of mechanical design encompasses the creation of detailed plans and specifications for machines, tools, and mechanical systems. This involves the use of computer-aided design (CAD) software to create 2D and 3D models, as well as the selection of materials and the consideration of factors such as stress, heat, and other environmental conditions.Manufacturing involves the production of mechanical components and systems using a variety of techniques, including machining, casting, molding, and 3D printing. This process requires a deep understanding of materials, production processes, and quality control to ensure that the final products meet the required specifications and standards.Automation plays a crucial role in modern mechanical design and manufacturing, as it enables the use of robots, computer numerical control (CNC) machines, and other advanced technologies to streamline production processes and increase efficiency. This not only reduces the need for manual labor but also allows for the production of complex components with high precision and consistency.Overall, the integration of mechanical design, manufacturing, and automation is essential for the development of innovative products and the advancement of various industries. By utilizing advanced technologies and expertise in these areas, companies can improve their competitiveness and meet the ever-changing demands of the global market.在机械设计、制造和自动化方面的进展，对各行各业都产生了深远的影响。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译第五单元第一篇：机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译第五单元Unit5 Design of machine and machine elements机器和机器零件的设计Machine design机器设计Machine design is the art of planning or devising new or improved machines to accomplish specific purposes.In general, a machine will consist of a combination of several different mechanical elements properly designed and arranged to work together, as a whole.During the initial planning of a machine, fundamental decisions must be made concerning loading, type of kinematic elements to be used, and correct utilization of the properties of engineering materials.Economic considerations are usually of prime importance when the design of new machinery is undertaken.In general, the lowest over-all costs are designed.Consideration should be given not only to the cost of design, manufacture the necessary safety features and be of pleasing external appearance.The objective is to produce a machine which is not only sufficiently rugged to function properly for a reasonable life, but is at the same time cheap enough to be economically feasible.机器设计为了特定的目的而发明或改进机器的一种艺术。
Chapter One Mechanics Components第一章机械构件Lesson One第一课齿轮Words and Expressions1.spur gear 直齿轮2.thermal expansion 热膨胀3.lubrication 润滑4.backlash 倾向间隙5.the pitch circles 节圆6.space width 间隙宽度7.instrument gear 仪表齿轮8.the split gear 拼合齿轮9.helical gear 斜齿轮10.p itch-line velocities 节线速度11.a n axial thrust 轴向推力12.b lank 坯件13.d ouble-helical gears 人字齿轮14.n on-intersecting 不相交的15.w orm gears 蜗轮蜗杆16.b evel gears 伞齿轮17.c rossed-axis 交叉轴18.n ut 螺母19.s crew 丝杠，螺钉20.l arge rations 大速比21.p arallel-shaft gears 平行轴齿轮22.s ingle-thread worms 单线蜗杆23.l ead angles 导角24.m ultiple-thread worms 多线蜗杆25.h ypoid gear 偏轴伞齿轮26.r olling Cones 滚锥27.i nvolutes 渐开线Lesson Two Rolling Guides and Bearings第二课滚动导轨和轴承Words and Expressions1.rolling guides (rolling guideways) 滚动导轨2.plain guides 普通导轨3.a roller chain 滚柱链4.cape 保持架5.guide surfaces 导轨面6.stiffness 刚性7.load-carrying capacity 载荷能力8.rolling-contact bearings 滚动轴承9.ball bearing 球轴承10.a n inner race 内座圈11.a n outer race 外座圈12.s eparator 隔离环13.c urvature 曲率14.n otch 凹槽15.t hrust load 推力负载16.a radial ball bearing 经向球轴承17.s ections 断面18.a n axial-thrust bearing 轴向推力轴承19.w asher 垫圈20.r oller bearing 滚子轴承21.t apered 锥形的22.s pherical 球面的23.r etaining shoulder 定位肩24.n eedle bearing 滚针轴承25.t apered roller bearings 锥形滚子轴承26.s pherical roller bearings 球面滚子轴承27.c oncave 凹面的28.c onvex 凸面的Lesson Three Clutches第三课离合器Word and Expressions1.coaxial (coaxial) 网轴的2.a rotatable shaft (driven shaft)3.a rotating shaft (driving shaft)主动轴4.friction clutches 磨擦离合器5.ring-shaped 环形的6.spring 弹簧7.a conical spool 锥形短管轴8.coefficient of friction 磨擦系数9.facing 衬片10.d ry clutches 干式离合器11.w et clutches 湿式离合器12.a multiple-plate disc clutch 多片式圆盘离合器13.s pline 花键14.p ivot 枢轴15.m agnetic clutches 电磁离合器16.a n annular gap 环状间隙17.p owder iron 铁粉18.g raphite 石墨19.d irect-current control coil 直流20.s lippage 滑动Lesson Four Ball screw and nuts第四课滚珠丝杠螺母副Words and Expressions1.precision ball screw assembly 精密滚珠丝杠副2.auto-drafting machines 自动制图机3.valves 阀门4.metallurgical machinery 冶金机械5.satellite tracers 卫星跟踪仪6.steering gears 转向机构7.stick-slip 爬行8.rolling guideways 滚动导轨9.recirculating-ball screw 循环滚珠丝杠10.feed mechanisms 进给机构11.wear 磨损12.damping property 阻尼性13.tangential 切向的14.circumferential 圆周的15.thread pitch 螺距16.a ball-return track 回珠滚道17.a return tube 回珠管18.shock-free 无冲击19.stiffness 刚性20.freedom from 免除21.pre-load 预载Chapter Two Constructure and Technology of Machine Tools 第二章机床结构及工艺Lesson One Size, Bed and Tailstock of Engine lathe第一课普通车床的尺寸、床身及尾架Words and Expressionsthe (turning lathe, engine lathe, tuning machine)车床2.the live center point 活项尖3.swing 回转直径4.bed 床身5.ways 导轨6.Carriage 床鞍7.Cross-feed slide 横进给刀架8.Headstock 主轴箱9.tailstock. 尾架10.rack 齿条11.pinion gear 小齿轮12.handwheel 手轮13.hardened steel 淬火钢14.flame-hardened ways 火焰淬火导轨15.the distance between centers 项尖距16.taper shank 锥形车削17.tailstock spindle 尾架套筒18.taper shank 锥柄19.three-jaw chuck 三爪卡盘20.roller vearing 滚子轴承21.lubrication 润滑22.wordpiece 工件Lesson Two Headstock of Engine Lathe第二课普通车床的主轴箱Words and Expressions1.spindle 主轴、轴心2.taper sleeve 锥套3.live center 活项针4.the threaded spindle nose 螺纹主轴头5.the cam lock spindle nose 凸轮锁紧主轴头6.the long taper key drive spindle nose长锥键传动主轴头7.flange 法兰盘8.Chuck 卡盘9.Cam lock stud 凸轮锁紧短轴10.Collar 轴环、套圈11.faceplate 花盘12.keyway 键槽13.back gear 背轮14.bull gear 大齿轮15.sliding pit 滑动槽16.groove 槽17.step pulley 塔轮18.drive pulley 主动轮19.driven pulley 被动轮20.gear box 齿轮变速箱Lesson Three Carriage, Feeding and Threading Mechanism of Engine Lathe第三课普通车床的床鞍、进给和车螺纹机构Words and Expressions1.Saddle 鞍座2.Apron 滑板箱3.Cross slides 横向滑板，横刀架pound rest 复合刀架（转盘）5.tool post 小刀架6.tool holder 刀夹7.Clutch 离合器8.Facing 车端面9.Cutoff 切断10.power feed 机动进给11.split nut (half-nut) 开合螺母12.dovetail way 燕尾导轨13.micrometer collar 千分尺套圈14.rocker 摇柄15.threading 车螺纹16.gear box 齿轮箱17.ring collar 刻度环18.an index chart 指示图19.lead screw 丝杠20.feed rod 光杠21.Cross-feed 横进给22.Longitudinal feed 纵向进给23.acme threads 梯形螺纹24.right-hand thread 右旋螺纹25.left-hand thread 左旋螺纹Lesson Four Word-holding attachments for the lathe and Rough turning第四课车床工件夹紧附件和粗车Words and Expressions1.attachment 附件2.four-jaw independent chuck 四爪单动卡盘3.Collar chuck 套爪卡片4.follower rest 跟刀架5.reducing sleeve 中心架the dog 异径套筒7.bent-tail dog 车床卡爪8.Rough turning 曲尾卡爪9.Rough turning 粗车10.white lead 白铅粉11.Center height 中心高12.end relief 副后角13.Clearance angle 后角、留隙角14.back rake 纵向前角15.tangent 切线16.caliper 卡尺17.trial cut 试切18.overload 过载Lesson Five Milling Shaper, Planer and Grinding Machines 第五课铣床、刨床和磨床Words and Expressionsling machines 铣床ling cutter 铣刀3.arbor 刀杆4.spacer 垫圈、垫片5.bushing 套6.yoke 支座7.starting lever 起动手柄8.Knee 升降台9.elevating screw 升隆丝杆10.index head 分度头11.foot stock 分度头支座12.Universal Milling Machine 万能铣床13.Shaper 牛头刨床14.plane 龙门刨床15.ram 滑轨16.vise 台钳17.fixture 夹具18.notched wheel or ratchet 棘轮19.pawl 棘爪20.cross rail 横梁21.grinding machine 磨床22.grinding wheel 砂轮23.finish 光洁度24.Cutter grinder 工具磨床25.surface grinder 平面磨床26.centreless grinder 无心磨床27.internal grinder 内圆磨床28.external grinder 外圆磨床29.Wheel head 磨头Lesson Six Machine Tool Tests, Accuracy checking and Maintenance第六课机床试验，精度检验及保养Words and Expressions1.acceptance tests 验收试验2.certificate data 检验证数据3.geometrical accuracy 几何精度4.surface roughness 表面粗糙度5.vibration-proof 防振6.straightness 平直度7.flatness 平面度8.upright 立柱9.base plate 底板10.deviation 偏差11.parallelism 平行度12.squareness 垂直度13.servicing 维修14.inspection 检查15.repairs 检修16.maintenance 保养17.rapidly wearing components 易损件18.post-inspections repairs 后检查修理19.periodic repairs 定期检修20.routine servicing 日常维修21.general overhaul 大修22.restoration 修复Chapter Three Modern Manufacturing Engineering &Development 第三章现代制造技术及其发展Lesson One The development of NC第一课数字控制的发展Words and Expressions1.vacuum tube 真空管2.electrical relay 继电器3.interface 接口4.integrated circuit(IC) 集成电路5.hardware 硬件6.Read Only Memory(ROM) 只读存储器7.Machining Center 加工区8.Turning Center 车削中心9.electrical discharge machining 电火花加工10.d rafting 制图11.p rinted circuit(PC) 印刷电路12.r obot 机械手，机器人13.S ubroutine 子程序14.t ape reading 纸带读数15.a larm 报警16.d iagnostic message 诊断信息17.C onstant surface speed control 恒线速控制18.p olar coordinate 极座标19.i nterpolation 插补20.m icroprocessor 微处理机21.s ervo drive 伺机服驱动22.p re-amplifier 前置放大器23.p oint-to-point 点位24.c ontouring 轮廓控制25.b ubble memory 磁泡存储器26.m acro 宏指令27.c anned cycle 固定循环Lesson Two Open-loop and closed-loop servo drives第二课开环和闭环伺服驱动Words and Expressionsrmation command section 信息命令段2.punched tape code 穿孔带码3.magnetic tape code 磁带码4. input data 输入数据5.open-loop 开环6.closed-loop 闭环7.automatic washing machine 自动洗衣机8.power supply level 电源电平9.feedback 反馈10.resolution 清晰度11.deterioration 磨损12.discrepancy 差误13.subtract logic 减法逻辑mand position counter 指令位置计数器15.drive signal amplifier 伺服信号放大器16.transducer 传感器17.synchro 同步机18.shaft digitizer 轴数字读出器19.analog 模拟量20.digital 数字式21.self-correcting 自动修正22.light interruption 光中断23.photo cell 光电管24.electric pulse 电脉冲25.increment 增量26.encoder 编码器27.binary 二进制28.Gray code 格雷码29.Segmentation 扇区Lesson Three Hydraulic motors and servo motors第三课液压马达和伺服电机Words and Expressions1.hydraulic motor2.oil sump3.oil pressure pump4.hydraulic cylinder5.valve6.oil flow7.hydrostatic drives8.variable-delivery pump9.piston10.reciprocating movement11.supply line12.return line13.the filling cycle14.servomotors15.input command signals16.step-by-step motors17.Phase-shifted18.Amplifier19.Contact20.Electromagnet。
U 1The use of metals has always a key factor in the development of the social systems of man. Of the roughly ['rʌfl ɪ] 100 basic elements of which all matter is composed, about half are classified as metals.金属的开发利用在人类社会系统的发展中扮演了了重要的角色，世界的物质大概由100种基本元素构成，其中一半是金属元素。
The distinction[dɪ'stɪŋkʃən] between a metal and a nonmetal is not always clear cut. The most basic definition centers around the type of bonding existing between the atoms of the element, and around the characteristics [,kærəkt ə'ristiks] of certain of the electrons[ɪ'lɛk,trɑn] associated with these atoms.金属与非金属的区分不是十分的清晰，最重要（基本）的在于元素原子之间的连接形式以及和原子相关联的电子的确定特性。
in a more practical['præktikəl] way, however, a metal can be defined as an element which has a particular package of properties.然而，在更多的实践当中，金属定义为具有一种整体特性的元素。
复习1.词汇力驱动装置金属的力学性能动能计算机辅助设计齿轮悬架系统回火热处理配合表面板簧悬架系统材料力学啮合面滑动轴承可调性非线性关系缓冲弹簧耐久性惯性基本功能材料力学模数耐久性线性关系力偶动量mating surface Momentum tempering heat dealing gear suspension system computer-aided design power-driven device mechanical properties of metals roller bearing cam mechanism：statics mechanic be proportional toV belt and pulley operating condition Keyway rigid body torsional strength Rectangular shaft hot rolled be inherent in torsional stiff engineering mechanics be proportional to Interactive take into account functional requirement Bolt in serious situation biaxial axes2、语法用介词短语来代替状语从句1.While it is being compacted, considerable lateral横(向)的pressure is exertedby concrete.2.If pressure is constant, gases will expand when heated.3.If values of W are small, the impedance of the capacitor is large relative to R.4.When temperatures are greater than 60℃，this equation does not apply.5.While it is being compacted, considerable lateral pressure is exerted byconcrete.名词短语代替状语从句6.If the diode is analyzed physically, it can be shown that7.In this case electrons will possess more energy, so that the brightness of the spotcan be increased.将下列的定语从句改为短语1.Some water which has been distilled2.A bridge which has been incorrectly designed3.The substances which are not known4.A problem which has still not been solved5.Satellites which are made by man6.Signals which are modulated in amplitude振幅7.Steel which is plated with chromium铬8.Pumps which are driven by wind9.The instruments which are used10.The number of mistakes which have been found11.The new cars which are used for racing12.Paper which is used for drawing13.Bodies which fall freely14.A country which produces oil15.The point at which it boils16.Material which is tested in this way17.Paper which has blue lines18.A saw which has wide teeth19.A triangle which has acute angles掌握句子中的被动语态形式It is thought that he is an honest man。
2、应力和应变在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。
如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。
有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。
负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为:(a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。
(b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。
这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。
(c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。
振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。
(d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。
(e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。
上面已经提到，作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。
因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩，也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为应力==负载 P /压力 A,因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。
如果一个杆受到轴向载荷，即是应力，那么杆的长度会改变。
如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知，产生的应力定义如下:应力==改变长△L /初始长 L因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。
一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。
从某种意义上说，拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。
压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。
因此负应力使长度减小。
当负载移除时，如果材料回复到初始的，无负载时的尺寸时，我们就说它是具有弹性的。
机械设计制造及其自动化英语Mechanical Design, Manufacturing and AutomationMechanical design, manufacturing, and automation play a crucial role in modern industrial processes. These processes involve the creation of products and machines, as well as the development of automated systems to streamline production and increase efficiency.The process of mechanical design starts with conceptualizing a product or machine, followed by detailed design and analysis. This is often done using computer-aided design (CAD) software, which allows engineers to create 3D models and simulate the behavior of the product under various conditions. Once the design is finalized, it is then sent for manufacturing.Manufacturing involves a variety of processes, including machining, casting, molding, and additive manufacturing. Each of these processes has its own advantages and limitations, and the choice of manufacturing method depends on the specific requirements of the product. Advanced manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing, are also becoming more prevalent, offering new possibilities for design and production.Automation is another key aspect of modern manufacturing, with many processes being fully or partially automated. This includes the use of robots and machinery to perform repetitive tasks, as well as the implementation of advanced control systems to optimize production. Automation not only increases efficiency but also improves safety by reducing the need for manual labor inhazardous environments.Overall, mechanical design, manufacturing, and automation are essential components of modern industry, driving innovation and enabling the production of high-quality products in a cost-effective manner. As technology continues to advance, the role of these processes will only become more important in shaping the futureof manufacturing.当谈到机械设计、制造和自动化时，值得注意的是这些领域的发展也在不断受到数字化和智能化的影响。
