Non-verbal skill in delivering the Speech

《兼职传译员基本指引》英文以下是《兼职传译员基本指引》的英文翻译：Part-time Interpreter Basic Guidelines.1. Introduction.Being a part-time interpreter requires a set of skills and knowledge in order to effectively bridge communication gaps between individuals who speak different languages. This guide aims to provide essential information and guidelines for those interested in working as part-time interpreters.2. Language Proficiency.As a part-time interpreter, it is crucial to have a high level of proficiency in at least two languages. Fluency in both the source language (the language being spoken by the speaker) and the target language (thelanguage being interpreted into) is essential. A strong command of vocabulary, grammar, and idiomatic expressionsis necessary to accurately convey the speaker's message.3. Cultural Competence.Apart from language skills, cultural competence is equally important for a part-time interpreter. Understanding the cultural nuances, customs, and traditions of both the source and target languages can help ensure accurate and culturally appropriate interpretation. It is essential to be aware of cultural sensitivities and adapt interpretation accordingly.4. Active Listening.Active listening is a fundamental skill for a part-time interpreter. It involves focusing on the speaker's words, tone, and non-verbal cues to capture the intended message accurately. Maintaining concentration, taking notes if necessary, and asking for clarification when needed are essential aspects of active listening.5. Neutral and Impartial Interpretation.Part-time interpreters must remain neutral andimpartial during the interpretation process. It is crucialto faithfully convey the speaker's message without adding personal opinions, biases, or judgments. Interpretersshould strive to maintain professionalism and avoid any conflicts of interest that may compromise their objectivity.6. Confidentiality and Ethics.Maintaining confidentiality is of utmost importance for part-time interpreters. They must respect the privacy and confidentiality of all parties involved in theinterpretation process. Interpreters should adhere to astrict code of ethics, which includes maintaining professional boundaries, not disclosing any sensitive information, and ensuring the integrity of the interpreted communication.7. Preparation and Research.Part-time interpreters should prepare themselves before each interpretation assignment. Familiarizing themselveswith the subject matter, researching relevant terminology, and studying any provided materials can help ensureaccurate and effective interpretation. Adequate preparation enables interpreters to handle various scenarios and challenges that may arise during the interpretation process.8. Professional Development.Continuous professional development is crucial forpart-time interpreters. Engaging in language enhancement activities, attending workshops, seminars, and conferences, and staying updated with industry trends and advancements can help improve interpretation skills and broaden knowledge in various fields.9. Self-Care and Well-being.Interpreting can be mentally and emotionally demanding. Part-time interpreters should prioritize self-care andwell-being to maintain their effectiveness and prevent burnout. Engaging in activities that promote relaxation, managing stress levels, and seeking support when needed are essential for a healthy work-life balance.10. Continuous Improvement.Part-time interpreters should always strive for continuous improvement. Reflecting on past experiences, seeking feedback, and learning from mistakes can contribute to professional growth. Embracing new technologies and methodologies can also enhance the quality and efficiency of interpretation services.Remember, these guidelines serve as a foundation for part-time interpreters, and further training and experience will contribute to their overall proficiency and success in the field.。

《工程学科英语》期末考试整理【题型说明】第一、二、五部分、以及第四部分的Section A均为选择题。

第一部分：听力测试15’听technology report 【Unit 1-Unit 10】片段，回答问题，大部分片段源自Task 7。

此处内容略第二部分：词汇测试20’Section A Match the definitions with the words 10’12题选自【Unit 1-6】Task 1和【Unit 1-6】单元测试，8题选自学术词汇Section B Choose the best words or phrases to fill in the blanks 10’5题选自【Unit 1, 2, 3, 6】预习任务、【Unit 1-6】Task 2、【Unit 1-4】Task 10，5题选自课外（但词汇出自上述范围）task1 【unit 1—6】（选择配对）1.discipline :a branch of knowledge [ˈdɪsəplɪn] n.学科2.maintain : keep in a certain [meɪnˈteɪn] v.维护；保持；坚持；维修3.extremely :to a high degree or extent [ɪk'striːmli] adv.非常；极其；极端4.apparatus :equipment designed to serve a specific [ˌæpəˈreɪtəs] n. 仪器，器械5.etymology :a history of word. [.etɪ'mɒlədʒi] n.词源学，词源说明6.innate : not establishde by conditioning [ˌiˈneɪt] adj.固有的；内在的；心里的7.circuit :an electrical device that provides a path for electrical ['sɜːkɪt] n.电路，线路8.generator : engine that convers mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction n.发电机9.overlap :a representation of common ground between theories or phenomena n.重叠部分10.permutation : an event in which one thing is substitutde for another[.pɜːmjʊ'teɪʃn] n.（一组事物可能的一种）序列11.downright :out-and-out adv.完全地；彻底地；全然12.relection: a calm lengthy intent considerationn.反映；（关于某课题的）思考；（声、光、热等的）反射13.sophisticated: complex or intricate [sə'fɪstɪ.keɪtɪd] adj. 复杂的；精致的；富有经验的14.verbalize: express in specch ['vɜːbəlaɪz] v. 描述；用言语表现15.property: a basic or essential attribute shared by all members['prɒpəti] n. 特性，属性；财产，地产16.disconnect: disjoin or unfasten n./v. 断开17.fragment: break or cause to break into pieces ['fræɡmənt] v. （使）碎裂，破裂18.inhibit: limit the range or extent of v. 抑制；禁止19.somewhat: to a small degree or extent adv. 稍微；有点20.lug: carry with difficulty v. 用力拖拉21.hooked: addicted to sth adj. 着了迷的22.foster: promote the growth of v. 培养；抚育23.atypical: not representative of a group,class,or type [.eɪ'tɪpɪkl] adj. 非典型的24.spark: put in motion or move to act v. 发动，触动25.ongoing: currently happening adj. 不间断的，进行的26.mentor: serve as a teacher or trusted counselor v. 指导mitment: the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action n.承诺，许诺28.perennial: recurring again and again[pə'reniəl] adj. 终年的，长久的；多年生的，不断生长的；四季不断的29.prerequisite: required as a prior condition or course of study [priː'rekwəzɪt] adj. 必要的30.recruit: register formally as a participant or member [rɪ'kruːt] v. 招聘31.code: ( computer secience) the symbolic arrangement of data or instructions in a computer program or the set of such instructions n. [计]编码32.feature: an article of merchandise that is displayed or advertised more than other articles. ['fiːtʃə(r)] n. 特征(功能)，特点33.hamper: prevent the progress or free movement of ['hæmpə(r)] v.妨碍，束缚，限制34.outweigh: be heavier than v. 在重量上超过；比……重要；胜过，强过；比……有价值35.bug: a fault or defect in a system or machinen. [计]（制作软件程序所产生的意料不到的）错误36.pinpoint: locate exactly v. 确定，准确地指出；精确定位37.flounder: behave awkwardly; have difficulties v. 挣扎，折腾；着慌，勉强应付38.sane: marked by sound judgment adj. 明智的；稳健的39.highlight: move into the foreground to make more visible or prominent v. 强调，突出40.boost: increase or raise v. 促进，提高；增加41.boom: a state of economic prosprity n. 隆隆声；繁荣；激增42.swell: increase in size, magnitude, number, or procedures v. 增强；肿胀；膨胀43.evince: give expression to v. 表明，标示44.skeptic: someone who habitually doubts accepted beliefs n.怀疑者，怀疑论者45.prominent: conspicuous in position or importance adj. 突出的，杰出的46.slog: walk havily and firmly, as when weary, or through mud v.步履艰难地行走；努力苦干47.sluggish: ( of business ) not active or brisk ['slʌɡɪʃ] adj. 行动迟缓的，反应慢的48.stringent: demanding strict attention to rules and procedures['strɪndʒənt] adj. 严格的；迫切的；（货币）紧缩的49.marketable: fit to be offered for sale adj. 可销售的；市场的；有销路的50.plight: a situation from which extrication is difficult especially an unpleasant or trying onen.境况，困境51.aptitude: inherent ability n.（学习方面的）才能，资质，天资52.mesh: work together in harmony v. （使）吻合；相配，匹配53.evaluate: judge the worth of something v.评价，估价54.position: cause to be in an appropriate place, state, or relation v. 给……定位55.merger: the combination of two or more commercial companies n. （两个公司的）合并56.foundamentals: principles from which other truths can be derivedn. 原理；基本原则，基本法则57.proximity: the property of being close together n. 接近，临近；接近度58.procedure: a particular course of action intended to achieve a result n.程序，手续；工序59.adaptability: the ability to change ( or be changed ) to fit changed circumstances.n.适应性；合用性60.adversity: a state of misfortune or affication n.逆境；不幸；灾难单元测试【unit1—6】【含答案】单元测试一I .Useful expressionsGroup A1一系列的a range of2与相结合in combinationwith3源自，起源于derivefrom4追溯到date back to5指的是refer to6专门经营；专门从事specialize in 7涉及，参与be involved in8在规模上0n a ...scale9被称作，叫做be known as10依照，根据in the light of Group B11儿科学知识scientific knowledge 12实践知识practical knowledge 13应用科学applied science14科学原理scientific principle15操作条件operating condition 16预期功能intended function17机械原理mechanical principle18民用建筑civilian structure19技术学科technical discipline20分支学科sub-discipline21基础设施infrastructure==========================22制造工程manufacturing engineering 23技术产品technological products24客户需求customers' needs25技术手段technical means26标准概念standard notion27因果关系cause-effect relation28结果与手段的关系end-mean relation 29自然法则the laws of nature30道德准则moral rules31跨学科课程interdisciplinarycoursesⅡ.MatchingColumn A Column B（h ）1 depict（f ）2.biomolecule（j ）3.discipline（a ）4.obsolete（i ）5.overlap（d ）6.corrosion（e ）7. flaw（b ）8.microfabrication （c ）9.artefact（g ）10. apparatus a) 废弃的；老式的，己过时的b) 微细加工c) 人工制品，人工产物d) 腐蚀，侵蚀，锈蚀e) 瑕疵，缺点f) 生物分子g) 勤仪器，器械h) 描绘，描画i) 重叠部分j) 学科III. Blank Filling1.Engineering is the application of scientific economic , social , practical , and mechanical engineering knowledge in order to invent, design, build, maintain, and improve strctures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes.2.Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches: chemical engineering ,civil engineering , electrical engineering , and mechanical engineering .3.The principal task of engineering is simply to take into account the customers' needs and to find the appropriate technical means to accommodate these needs.4.Technology is applied science, i.e. it is the transfonnation of nomological cause-effect relations into end-mean relations5.Applied science is regarded as an _automatic or determined process, Which is merely regulated by the laws of nature .IV. Reading Comprehension551. Nuclear physics has given us encouraging glimpses into infinitesimal structures of matter. Progress is being made in studying the mysteries of the living cell. Scientists are learning how to manipulate molecular particles to produce new drugs, materials, and plastics. The tremendous energy of the sun is being brought within our reach. There is scarcely a source of physical power that is not within the ultimate possibility of C .A ) our imaginationB ) our own destructionC ) human controlD ) space exploration552. The shorter a pendulum is, the faster it swings. Most pendulum clocks have a setscrew by which one may adjust the length of the pendulum when the clock is not keeping accurate time. If the clock is running too fast, the pendulum is swing too fast and it should be C .A ) shortenedB ) stoppedC ) lengthenedD ) replaced553. Power plants that generate electricity by means of atomic energy are in operation in several countries. Scientists hope to solve many of the problems in the use of atomic energy, and many scientists now believe that atomic energy will be the most important source of electric power A A ) in the future B ) when it is tried C ) in the laboratory D ) in the army554. There are a number of nuclear power plants now built or under construction by the government and by investor-owned power companies. Although most of the electricity used in the worid is generated in steam or hydroelectric power plants, nuclear plants will help to meet increasing demands for D .A) electrical appliances B) safe investment C ) weapons research D ) electric power555. Since buildings with steel or ferroconcrete frames can move up and down as one body, they receive little damage from an earthquake. Similarly, the ancient Greeks built their comparatively light temples on massive platforms of masonry set on swampy ground During an earthquake, the platform rocked as a whole, and the temple B .A)was damaged B) stayed C) sank in the swamp D) was destroyedV. Translation1 The discipline of engineering is extremely broad, and encompasses a range of more spescialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied science, technology and types of application.程学科内容广泛，可细分为一系列更加专业的工程领域，每个专业领域都专注于某项科学或技术的具体应用。

英语三级试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）A. 短对话理解（每题1分，共5分）1. What is the man going to do?A) Buy a book. B) Return a book. C) Borrow a book.Answer: B2. Where does the conversation most probably take place?A) In a library. B) In a bookstore. C) In a classroom.Answer: A3. What does the woman mean?A) She is busy. B) She is interested in the book. C) Sheis going to the library.Answer: C4. Why does the man suggest going to the library?A) To find a better book. B) To study in a quiet place. C) To meet a friend.Answer: B5. What is the relationship between the two speakers?A) Friends. B) Classmates. C) Teacher and student.Answer: AB. 长对话理解（每题2分，共10分）听下面一段较长的对话，回答6至10题。

6. What is the main topic of the conversation?A) A birthday party. B) A school project. C) A travel plan.Answer: A7. When is the party going to be held?A) Next Friday. B) This weekend. C) Tomorrow.Answer: B8. What does the woman suggest the man do?A) Buy a gift. B) Prepare a speech. C) Make a reservation. Answer: A9. What does the man think of the woman's idea?A) He agrees with her. B) He disagrees with her. C) Hehas no opinion.Answer: A10. What will the woman probably do next?A) Call her friend. B) Go shopping. C) Make a list.Answer: CC. 短文理解（每题2分，共5分）听下面一段短文，回答11至15题。

社会⼯作专业英语讲义Introduction to social work and social welfareChapter2Social work values and ethicsChapter3Empowerment and human diversityChapter4The process of generalist practiceChapter5Practice settingsChapter6An overview of social welfare and social work history Chapter7Policy and policy advocacyChapter8Poverty problemsChapter9Social work and social services for children and families Chapter10Social work and social services for older adultsChapter11Social work and social services for people with disabilities Chapter12Social work and social services in health careChapter13Social work and social services in mental healthChapter14Social work and substance use, abuse, and dependence Chapter15Social work and social services for youth and in the schools Chapter16Social work and social services in the criminal justice systemIntroduction to social work and social welfareCase AKeywords: adopt, family service, paperwork, family life planningCase B:Keywords: group session and group work; mental health; self-help group; mutual-help group Case C:Keywords: Sexual Assault, match, funding-raisingWhat is Social work?Social work is the professional activity of help individuals, groups, or communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and creating societal conditions favorable to this goal. Social work practice consists of the professional application of social work values, principles, and techniques to one or more of the following ends:Helping people obtain tangible servicesProviding counseling and psychotherapy with individuals, families and groups. Helping communities or groups provide or improve social and health services Participating in relevant legislative processesFive themes:Social work concerns helping individuals, groups, or communities.Social work entails a solid foundation of values and principles.A firm basis of techniques and skills provides directions.Social works need to link people to recourses or advocate for service development for clients.Social workers participate legislative process to promote positive social changes.What is social welfare?Social welfare is a nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society.Two Dimensions:What people get from society (programs, benefits and services?)How well their needs (social, economic, educational, and health) are being met How are social welfare and social work related?Debates on social welfare:Individual responsibility: you get you deserveSociety responsibilityWho should assume responsibility for people's social welfare?Residual, institutional, and developmental perspectives on social welfare.1. Residual ModelSocial welfare benefit and service should be supplied only when people fail to provide adequately for themselves.Blame the victim (fault and failure)For instance: social assistanceFamilies in need receive limited and temporary financial assistance until they can get back on their feet.2. Institutional modelPeople have a right to get benefit and service.For instance: public education, fire and police protectionEvery one can get these services.3. Developmental modelThis approach seeks to identify social interventions that have a positive impact on economic development.(1) Invest in education, nutrition and health care(2) In vest in physical facilities(3) help people in need engage in productive employment and self-employment.Political ideology: conservatives, liberalism and radicalismConservatism is the philosophy that individuals are responsible for themselves, government should provide minimal interference in people's lives, and change is generally unnecessary.Liberalism is the philosophy that government should be involved in the social, political and economic structure so that all people's rights and privileges are protected in the name of social justice.Radicalism is the philosophy that the social and political system as it stands is not structurally capable of truly providing social justice. The fundamental changes are necessary in the basic social and political structure to achieve truly fair and equal treatment.Fields of practice in social workWork with people in needs (children, youth, old people, the disable etc.)Work with some occupationThe continuum of social work careersDegree in social workBSW: prepare for the entry-level social workMSW: receive more specialized trainingDSW: teach at the college level or conduct researchSocial work builds on many disciplinespsychologysociologypolitical scienceeconomicsbiologypsychiatrycouncilcultural anthropologysocial workSocial workers demonstrate competenciesCompetencies are measurable practice behaviors that are comprised ofsufficient knowledge, skills, and values" and have the goal of practicing effective social work.Competency 1: identification as a professional social workerCompetency 2: the application of social work ethical principles to guide practice Competency 3: the application of critical thinking to inform professional judgmentsCompetency 4: engagement of diversity in practiceCompetency 5: the advancement of human rights and social economic justice. Competency 6: engagement in research-informed practiceEvidence-based practiceCompetency 7: application of knowledge of human behavior and the social environmentCompetency 8: engagement in policy proactive to advance social and economic well-beingCompetency 9: responsiveness to contexts that shape practiceCompetency 10: engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities.Chapter 2 social work values and ethics1. Value and ethicsSocial worker is value-based profession.What is value?Value involves what you do and do not consider important and worthwhile, and also involve judgments and decisions about relative worth.What is Ethics?Ethics involve principles that specify what is good and what is bad. They clarify what should and should not be done Difference between value and ethics:Value determine what beliefs are appropriate. Ethics address what to do with or how to apply those beliefs to do the right thing.The importance of ethics2. Value and ethics for social workersSix core values for social workers:(1) Service(2) Social justice(3) Dignity and worth of the person(4) Importance of human relationships(5) Integrity(6) CompetenceSocial workers' ethical responsibilities to clients:(1) Self-determinationPractitioners should nurture and support client self-extermination ：each individual's right to make his or her own decisions.(2)Privacy and confidentiality(3) Conflict of interest and Dual relationshipsThe clients' best interests must be protected to the maximum extent possible.(4) Sexual relationshipSocial workers’ Ethical responsibilities to colleagues(1) Respect(2) Referral for servicesSocial Workers’ Ethical responsibilities in Practice settingsSocial workers' ethical responsibilities as professionalscompetenceagainst discriminationhonestnot solicit clients for the purpose of personal gainsSocial workers' ethical responsibilities to the social work profession.IntegrityResearchEvaluationSocial workers' ethical responsibilities to the broader society(1) Advocate for people's welfare(2) Ensure fair and equal access to resources and opportunities.(3) Respect cultural diversity.(4) Prevent discrimination against or exploiting peopleTranslation exercisesSocial workers must uphold client privacy and confidentiality. Privacy is the condition of being free from unauthorized observation or intrusion.We have established that confidentiality is the ethical principle that workers should not share information provided by a client or about a client unless they have the client's explicit permission to do so. There is more to confidentiality than may be immediately apparent.Confidentiality means more that not revealing information about clients to others. It also involves not asking for more information than is necessary, as well as informing clients about the limitations of confidentiality within the agency setting. Chapter 3 Empowerment and Human DiversityStereotype!Women are too emotional to make good supervisorsElderly people can't think well.Gay and lesbian people really want to be opposite gender.People with physical disabilities are unemployable.Discrimination, oppression, marginalization, alienation, stereotypes, and prejudiceDiscrimination is the act of treating people differently based on the fact that they belong to some group rather than on merit. Oppression involves putting extreme limitations and constraints on some person, group, or larger system. Marginalization is the condition of having less power and being viewed as less important than others in the society because of belonging to some group or having some characteristic.Alienation, related to marginalization, is the feeling that you don't fit in or aren't treated as well as others in the mainstream of society.A stereotype is a fixed mental picture of member of some specified group based on some attribute or attributes that reflect an overly simplified view of that group, without consideration or appreciation of individual differences.Prejudice is an opinion or prejudgment about an individual, group, or issue that is not based on fact.A major social work value involves the importance of people being treated fairly and equally.Populations-at-risk and social economic justiceDiversity emphasizes the similarity and dissimilarity between numerousgroups in society that have distinguishing characteristics.Populations-at-risk are people at greater risk of deprivation and unfair treatment because they share some identifiable characteristic that places them in diverse group.Factors: gender, age, religion, culture, disability, class, immigration statusSocial and economic justiceEmpowerment and a Strengths perspectiveEmpowerment is the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations.A strengths perspective:1. Every individual, group, family and community has strengths.2. Trauma and abuse, illness and struggle may be injurious but they may also be sources of challenge and opportunity.3. Social workers should assume that they do not know the upper limits of the capacity to grow and change and take individual, group, and community aspirations seriously.4. Social workers best serve clients by collaborating with when.5. Every environment is full of resources.Resiliency: seeking strength amid adversityThe ability of an individual, family, group, community, or organization to recover from adversity and resume functioning even when suffering serious trouble, confusion, or hardship.Resiliency involves two dimensions: risk factors and protective factors.Risk factors involve stressful life events or adverse environmental conditions that increase the vulnerability of individuals or other systems.Protective factors involve buffer, moderate, and protect against those vulnerabilities.Human DiversityRace and EthnicityRace implies a greater genetic determinant, whereas ethnicity often relates to cultural or national heritage.Culture and cultural competenceCulture is the sum total of life patterns passed on from generation to generation within a group of people and includes institutions, language, religious ideals, habits of thinking, and patterns of social and interpersonal relationships. Social workers need to have cultural competence to address the cultural needs of individuals, families, groups, and communities.叮叮⼩⽂库National Origin and immigration statusFour experiences which newcomer faced:Social isolationCultural shockCultural changeGoal-strivingclass or social classpolitical ideologygender, gender identity, and gender expressionSexual orientationHomosexual or heterosexual (bisexual)AgeDisabilityReligion and spiritualityChapter 4: Generalist practiceConcepts in the definition of generalist practice1. Acquiring an eclectic knowledge baseA. systems theoryB. ecological perspectiveC. Curriculum content areas1) Values and ethics2) Diversity3) populations-at-risk and social and economic justice4) Human behavior and the social environment5) Social welfare policy and services6) Social work practice7) Research8) Field educationD. Fields of practice2. Emphasizing client empowerment3. Using professional valuesA. social works code of ethicsB. application of professional values to solve ethical dilemma4. Applying a wide range of skillsA. microB. mezzoC. macro5. T argeting any size systemA. microB. mezzoC. Marco6. Working in an organizational structure7. Using supervision appropriately8. Assuming a wide range of professional roles9. Following the principles of evidence-based practice10. Employing critical thinking skills11. Using a planned-change processA. engagementB. assessmentC. planningD. implementationE. evaluationF. terminationG. follow-upWorking in an organizational structure under supervisionWhat is organizational structureOrganizational structure is the formal or informal manner in which tasks and responsibilities, lines of authority, channels of communication, and dimensions of power are established and coordinated within an organization.What is supervisionSupervision is the process by which a designated supervisor watches over a workers’ performance.A wide range of rolescounseloreducatorbrokercase managermobilizermediatorfacilitatoradvocatesupervisorsmanagers3 skills (technical, people and conceptual)Evidence-based practiceEvidence-based practice is a process in which practitioners make practice decisions in light of the best research evidence available.Tools, models, methods and policies must be validated by research and consequence evaluation also should use scientific research methodsCritical thinking skillsAvoiding the fallacy trap1. Relying on case examples2. being vague3. Being biased or not objective4. Believing that if it’s writ ten down it must be rightasking questionsassessing factasserting a conclusionPlanned-change processPlanned change and problem-solvingStep1 engagementStep2 assessmentStep3 planningStep4 implementationStep5 evaluationStep6 terminationEngagement: social workers begin to establish communication and a relationship with others and orient themselves to the problems.skillsVerbal communication and nonverbal communication (cultural variations) Conveying warmth, empathy, and genuineness Alleviating initial client anxiety and introducing the worker's purpose and roleAssessment: gather and analyze information to provide a concise picture of the client and his or her needs and strengths. skillsLooking beyond individual and examine other factors in their environment Finding strengthsPaying attention human diversityPlanning: what should be doneAlternatives and consequencesimplementation: following the plans to achieve the goalsEvaluation: determine whether a given change effort was worthwhile.termination: the end of the professional social work-client relationship types:Natural, forced, and unplannedskillsAppropriate timingChapter 5: Practice SettingSetting in Social Work Practice: Organizations and Communities ?Organizations are entities made up of people that have rules and structure to achieve specified goals.Social services in the context of social agencies.Social services include the wide range of activities that social workers perform to help people solve problems and improve their personal well-being.A social agency is an organization providing social services that typically employs social workers in addition to office staff, and sometimes volunteers. Forms:Public or private;Nonprofit or proprietary (for profit)Social work practice in the context of communitiesA community is “a number of people who have something in summon with one another that connects them in some way and that distinguishes them from others.Some mutual characteristic, such as "location, interest, identification, culture, and activities"Types:Locality-based community;Non geographic communityThe special circumstances of social work practice in rural communities.Low population densitySocial problems faced by rural residents:poverty, lack of transportation, inadequate child care, unemployment, substandard housing, and insufficient health care and so on.Four special issues for rural social workers:(1)true gene lists(work with different level case systems and use a wide of skills)(2) Interagency cooperation.(3) The importance of understanding the community, knowing its values and developing relationships with rural residents (informal relationship)(4) Emphasizing strengths inherent in rural communities. (Informal supporting system)Urban social workUrban social work is practice within the context of large cities, with their vast array of social problems, exceptional diversity, and potential range of resources. Five problems in urban areas:(1)Social problems occur with greater frequency and therefore are more visible(2) Widespread occurrence of discriminatory behavior.(3) Migration problems.(4) Financial shortfalls or unavailability of resources.(5)Greater amount of psychological stressSkills necessary for urban social work(1) Paying attention to human diversity(2) Understanding their agency environment(3) Seeking resources in the external urban environment(4) Using advocacyMicro practice: social work with individualscounseloreducatorbrokerfacilitatoradvocateMicro/mezzo practice: social work with familiesThe primary purpose of family social work is to help families learn to function more competently while meeting the development and emotional needs of all members.The task of family social workers(1) Be responsive to the styles and values of families from other special populations.(2) Break complex tasks into smaller specific steps.(3) Assess the key skills needed for less stressful family interaction.(4) Explain and model appropriate skills.(5) Assess individual learning styles and ways to teach adults and children(6) Establish homework and other means of ensuring generalization of skills from one setting to another.(7) Promote and reward skill acquisition.(8) Emphasize strategies that help develop the strengths of family members(9) Motivate the family to stay involved even when faced with challenges and setback.The importance of social networks for families.Social network: the structure and number of people and groups with whom you have contact or consider yourself to be in contact.Emotional support, instrumental support, informational support and appraisal supportMezzo practice: social work with groupTreatment groupMacro practice: social work with organizations and communities ?social actionsocial planninglocality developmentMacro skills(1) Agency or public social policies may require change.(2) Entail initiating and conducting projects within agency or community contexts(3) Planning and implementing new social service programs within an agency or community.Chapter 6: An overview of social welfare and social work historyEarly European Approaches to Social WelfareFeudalismLands owner vs. landless serfMedieval hospitalChurchPeople have little mobility, free choice, potential for change.Judeo-Christian thought: "Good deeds, love of one's enemies, and entry into heaven through mercy and charity". England after feudalism's demisePeople gained mobility and independence but lost much of the safety and security the old feudal system had provided. Government regains social control by passing some statute, such as: Keeping people from moving;Forbidding able-bodied people from begging.The English Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601Recipients are categorized into:1. Dependent children2. Impotent poor3. The able-bodied poor1662 Law of settlement established a new principle of social welfare provision: residency requirement.The Speenhamland SystemThe first Minimum income maintenance systemThe English Poor Law reforms of 1834Government would not provide outdoor relief for able-bodied people.Blame the victimU. S. Social welfare History: Early Colonization to the mid-1800s ?Services reflected a mix of public and private collaboration.Government assumed responsibility of administration aid but often called upon local churches for help.Residency requirement was established.Focus on Mental Health and Mental illnessMoral treatment: humane treatment in structured institutional settingsThe Civil War EraFreeman Bureau: the first federal welfare agency1870-1900Two trends:Industrialization;UrbanizationFocus on children: early policiesInstitutional care: almshouse and orphanageFoster careSettlement House, Charity Organization Societies, and Generalist social workSettlement House were places where ministers, students, or humanitarians 'settle' to interact with poor slum dwellers with the purpose of alleviating the condition of capitalism.Characters1. Settle house approach address the problems in the context of environment.2. Emphasize on advocacy3. Emphasize on empowerment of peopleCharity Organization SocietiesFriendly visitorEstablish a base of scientific knowledge and apply it to the helping process Focus on curing individualThe Progressive period: 1900 to 1930The Great Depression and the 1930sThe Great Depression and New DealCash reliefShort-term work relief,Expansion of employmentThe Social Security Act of 1935Social insurance (for old age, disability, death of a breadwinner, unemployment, and work-related injury and sickness) Public Assistance (old people, children and blind people)The 1960s and the War on PovertyMore people of color are in poverty than white people.Public assistance roll were escalating even unemployment decreased.the public welfare amendments of 1962Supportive social service to help welfare recipients to self-supporting.War on povertyHead Start; Volunteers in Service to AmericaA Return to Conservatism in the 1970sConservative extremes in the 1980s and early 1990s.TranslationSocial Workers have difficulties with empowerment strategies because their agencies are part of a social system which routinely devalues certain minority groups. Making equal responses to all people who come to an agency may reduce discrimination. Since negative valuations are so widespread, agencies may unthinkingly implement them. Consequently, we discourage potential clients from using the agency and they do not receive the equal treatment available.Chapter 7: Policy, Policy Analysis, Policy Practice, and Policy Advocacy Social welfare policyPolicy: rules that govern people's lives and dictate expectations for behavior.Social Welfare Policy: Laws and regulations that govern which social welfare programs exist, what categories of clients are served, and who qualifies for a given program.Agency Policy: standards adopted by organizations and programs that provide services.Social Welfare Policy Developmentphase 1Recognizing society's values about what is considered important or worthwhile.Phase 2Identifying problems and needs that require attention.Phase 3Identification of public opinion about an identified problem and people's related needs.Normative orientationphase 4Legislators confronted with a problem or need and swamped with public opinion undertake the complicated formulation of social welfare policy to address the issues.Phase 5Implementation through a social welfare program.Phase 6Social services are delivered by social workers and other staff in the context of social services agencies.Structural components of social welfare programs1. What are people's needs and program goals?I.e. the food stamp program2. What kinds of benefits are provided?Cash and in-kind3. What are the eligibility criteria for the program?Means test4. Who pays for the programs?General tax, state lottery, social security tax; private agency; client5. How is the program administered and run?National, state, or local?Value perspectives and political ideology: effects on social responsibility and social welfare program developmentThe conservative-liberal continuumradicalismresidual and institutional perspectives on social welfare policy and program developmentuniversal versus selective service provisionFive-E ApproachHow effective is the policyHow efficient is the policyIs the policy ethically soundWhat does evaluation of potential alternative policies revealWhat recommendations can be established for positive changes Policy Practice and Policy AdvocacyChapter 8: Social work and services in health careHealth problemsFactors causing health problems:1. Unhealthful lifestyles2. Physical injured3. Enviromental factors4. Poverty5. ContagiousSocial Work Roles in Health Care：medical social workerSocial work roles in direct health care practice1. Hospital, medical clinics and so on(1) Help patients understand and interpret technical medical jargon(2) Offer emotional support(3) Help terminally ill people deal with their feelings and make end-of-life plans.(4) Help patient’s adjust their lives and lifestyles to accommodate to new conditions when they return home after medical treatment(5) Help parents of children who have serious illnesses or disabilities cope with these conditions and respond to children's needs.(6) Serve as brokers who link patients with necessary supportive resources andservices after leaving the medical facility.(7) Help patients make financial arrangements to pay hospital and other medical bills.(8) Provide health education aimed at establishing a healthful lifestyle and preventing illness.2. Public Health Departments and other health care contexts(1) Preventing diseases(2) Prolonging life(3) Promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort3. Managed care settingsTraditional healthy insurance (fee-for-service basis)Assessment to determine whether patients are eligible for benefits and which are most appropriate.Macro Practice in Health care: seeking empowermentAdvocating for health coverage and health care legislation, policies and resourcesHealth Care policy and problems in the macro environmentThe escalating cost of health care1. The rapid acceleration of technological advances has increased the types of services, drugs, and testing available.2. The population is aging.Unequal access to health careNational health insurance vs. contribution-based health insuranceProblems in managed careCapitationCost and health-care outcomeCultural competenceAPI cultural:Filial pietyCollective versus individual decision makingEmphasis on Harmony versus conflictNonverbal communicationsFatalismShame at asking for helpInternational perspectives: AIDS-A Global CrisisAIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndromeHIV: human immunodeficiency virusEmpowerment for people living with AIDS victims vs. People living with AIDS Social work roles and empowerment for people living with AIDS Counseling;Educator;Crisis intervention;Empowerment and reconnection (support system);Family counseling;。

Understanding is a crucial aspect of human interaction and communication.It is the process of interpreting and comprehending the meaning of information,ideas,or messages conveyed by others.Enhancing understanding is essential for fostering better relationships,promoting effective communication,and resolving conflicts.Here are some ways to improve understanding in various contexts:1.Active Listening:Active listening involves fully concentrating on the speaker, understanding their message,and responding thoughtfully.It requires setting aside ones own thoughts and judgments to focus on the speakers perspective.2.Empathy:Empathy is the ability to put oneself in another persons shoes and understand their feelings and emotions.It helps in creating a deeper connection and promotes a better understanding of their point of view.3.Clarification:If something is unclear,its important to ask for clarification.This can involve asking questions,requesting examples,or seeking further explanation to ensure that the information is fully understood.4.Nonverbal Cues:Paying attention to nonverbal cues such as body language,facial expressions,and tone of voice can provide additional context and help in understanding the complete message being conveyed.5.Cultural Awareness:Being aware of cultural differences can help in understanding the nuances of communication.Different cultures may have unique ways of expressing ideas and emotions,and understanding these can prevent misunderstandings.6.Patience:Sometimes,understanding takes time.Being patient and allowing the other person to express themselves fully can lead to a better grasp of their message.7.Openmindedness:Keeping an open mind and being willing to consider different perspectives can enhance understanding.It involves being receptive to new ideas and being willing to change ones own viewpoint if necessary.cation and Knowledge:Expanding ones knowledge and understanding of various subjects can help in comprehending complex ideas and concepts.Continuous learning is key to improving understanding.9.Effective Communication Skills:Developing effective communication skills,such as articulating thoughts clearly and concisely,can help in ensuring that ones own messages are understood by others.10.Reflective Practice:Reflecting on past interactions can help identify areas for improvement in understanding.It involves analyzing what worked well and what didnt, and learning from those experiences.e of Analogies and Metaphors:Sometimes,complex ideas can be better understood through the use of analogies or metaphors that relate to familiar concepts.12.Feedback:Providing and receiving feedback can help in understanding how well ones message is being received and interpreted by others.By incorporating these practices,individuals can enhance their understanding of others and improve their overall communication abilities.This not only leads to more harmonious relationships but also contributes to a more inclusive and understanding society.。

Nonverbal CommunicationAuthors: Jeanne Segal, Ph.D., Melinda Smith, M.A., and Jaelline Jaffe, Ph.D. IMPROVING YOUR NONVERBAL SKILLS AND READING BODY LANGUAGEGood communication is the foundation of successful relationships, both personally and professionally. But we communicate with much more than words. In fact, research shows that the majority of the messages we send are nonverbal. Nonverbal communication, or body language, includes our facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, posture, and even the tone of our voice.The ability to understand and use nonverbal communication is a powerful tool that will help you connect with others, express what you really mean, navigate challenging situations, and build better relationships at home and work.What is nonverbal communication and body language?Nonverbal communication, or body language, is a vital form of communication—a natural, unconscious language that broadcasts our true feelings and intentions in any given moment, and clues us in to the feelings and intentions of those around us. When we interact with others, we continuously give and receive wordless signals. All of our nonverbal behaviors—the gestures we make, the way we sit, how fast or how loud we talk, how close we stand, how much eye contact we make—send strong messages. These messages don’t stop when you stop speaking either. Even when you’re silent, you’re still communicating nonverbally.Oftentimes, what we say and what we communicate through body language are two totally different things. When faced with these mixed signals, the listener has to choose whether to believe your verbal or nonverbal message, and, in most cases, they’re going to choose nonverbal.Why nonverbal communication mattersThe way you listen, look, move, and react tells the other person whether or not you care, if you’re being truthful, and how well you’re listening. When your nonverbal signals match up with the words you’re saying, they increase trust, clarity, and rapport. When they don’t, they generate tension, mistrust, and confusion.If you want to communicate better in all areas of your life, it’s important to become more sensitive to body language and other nonverbal cues, so you can be more in tune with the thoughts and feelings of others. You also need to be aware of the signals you’re sending off, so you can be sure that the messages you’re sending are what you really want to communicate.Types of nonverbal communication and body languageThere are many different types of nonverbal communication. Together, the following nonverbal signals and cues communicate your interest and investment in others.Facial expressionsThe human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.Body movements and postureConsider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand up, or hold their head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements.GesturesGestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when we’re arguing or speaking animatedly—expressing ourselves with gestures often without thinking. However, the meaning of gestures can be very different across cultures and regions, so it’s import ant to be careful to avoid misinterpretation.Eye contactSince the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person’s response.TouchWe communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the messages given by the following: a firm handshake, a timid tap on the shoulder, a warm bear hug, a reassuring pat on the back, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling grip on your arm.SpaceHave you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person was standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for physical space, although that need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship. You can use physical space to communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy, aggression, dominance, or affection.VoiceIt’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When we speak, other people “read” ourvoices in addition to listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh” and “uh-huh.” Think about how tone of voice, for example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.How nonverbal communication can go wrongIt takes more than words to create satisfying, strong relationships. Nonverbal communication has a huge impact on the quality of your personal and professional relationships. What you communicate through your body language and nonverbal signals affects how others see you, how well they like and respect you, and whether or not they trust you.Unfortunately, many people send confusing or negative nonverbal signals without even knowing it. When this happens, both connection and trust are damaged. Nonverbal communication and body language in relationshipsTed, Arlene, and Jack are all articulate speakers who say one thing while communicating something else nonverbally, with disastrous results in their relationships:Jack gets along with his colleagues at work, but not with those who matter most to him. If you were to ask them why, they would say that Jack is “too intense.” Rather than look at you, he devours you with his eyes. And if he takes your hand, he lunges to get it and then squeezes so hard it hurts. Jack is a caring guy but has a terrible time being in sync with people. This awkwardness limits his ability to advance at work. He just isn’t seen as being good with others.Arlene is attractive and has no problem meeting eligible men. Keeping them is the problem! Arlene is funny and interesting, but even though she constantly laughs and smiles, she radiates tension. Arlene’s shoulders and eyebrows are noticeably raised, her voice is shrill, and her body is stiff. Being around Arlene makes many people feel uncomfortable. Arlene has a lot going for her that is undercut by the discomfort she evokes in others.Ted thought he had found the perfect match when he met Sharon, but Sharon isn’t so sure. Ted is very eligible. He is good looking, hard working, and a smooth talker. The trouble is that Ted seems to talk more to himself than to Sharon. When Sharon has something to say, Ted is ready with a reply before she finishes her thought. This makes Sharon feel ignored, and she has started to date other men. Ted loses out at work for the same reason. His inability to listen to others makes him unpopular with many of the people he most admires.These smart, well-intentioned people struggle in their attempt to connect with others. None of them are aware of the nonverbal messages they communicate.If you want to communicate effectively, avoid misunderstandings, and enjoy solid, trusting relationships both socially and professionally, it’s important to understand how to use and interpret nonverbal signals.Setting the stage for effective nonverbal communicationNonverbal communication is a rapidly flowing back-and-forth process. Successful nonverbal communication depends on your ability to manage stress, recognize your own emotions, and understand the signals you’re sendin g and receiving.This requires your full concentration and attention. If you are planning what you’re going to say next, daydreaming, or thinking about something else, you are almost certain to miss nonverbal cues and other subtleties in the conversation. You need to stay focused on the moment-to-moment experience in order to fully understand what’s going on.To improve nonverbal communication, learn to manage stressLearning how to manage stress in the heat of the moment is one of the most important things you can do to improve your nonverbal communication. Stress compromises your ability to communicate. When you’re stressed out, you’re more likely to misread other people, send off confusing or off-putting nonverbal signals, and lapse into unhealthy knee-jerk patterns of behavior. Furthermore, emotions are contagious. Your upset is very likely to trigger upset in others, making a bad situation worse.If you’re feeling overwhelmed by stress, it’s best to take a time out. Take a moment to calm down before you jump back into the conversation. Once you’ve regained your emotional equilibrium, you’ll be better equipped to deal with the situation in a positive way.How emotional awareness strengthens nonverbal communicationIn order to send accurate nonverbal cues, you need to be aware of your emotions and how they influence you. You also need to be able to recognize the emotions of others and the true feelings behind the cues they are sending. This is where emotional awareness comes in.Emotional awareness enables you to:▪Accurately read other people, including the emotions they’re feeling and the unspoken messages they’re sending.▪Create trust in relationships by sending nonverbal signals that match up with your words.▪Respond in ways that show others that you understand, notice, and care.▪Know if the relationship is meeting your emotional needs, giving you the option to either repair the relationship or move on.。

自考本科英语考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is NOT a fruit?A. AppleB. OrangeC. TomatoD. Carrot答案：D2. The phrase "break the ice" means to:A. Melt the ice with heatB. Start a fire on the iceC. Begin a conversation in a friendly wayD. Literally break the ice into pieces答案：C3. In English grammar, the past simple tense is used to describe:A. Habits in the pastB. Completed actions at a specific time in the pastC. Future actionsD. General truths答案：B4. The word "serendipity" is most closely associated with theconcept of:A. PlanningB. IntentionC. Luck in finding something good unexpectedlyD. Hard work答案：C5. "The glass is half full" is an expression that suggests a:A. Pessimistic outlookB. Optimistic outlookC. Neutral observationD. Disregard for details答案：B6. Which of the following is NOT a method of communication?A. EmailB. Body languageC. TelepathyD. Phone call答案：C7. The correct spelling of the word meaning "to make something better" is:A. EnhanceB. EnchanceC. EnhenceD. Enhans答案：A8. In the sentence "She is one of the students who __________ to the museum," the correct relative pronoun to fill in the blank is:A. goesB. goC. wentD. are going答案：B9. "To beg the question" is an informal way to say:A. To ask a clarifying questionB. To raise a point that assumes the point to be provedC. To plead for somethingD. To start a debate答案：B10. The phrase "a piece of the action" refers to:A. A share in the profits or activitiesB. A single action to takeC. A piece of artworkD. A part of a movie scene答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The __________ (opposite of advance) of the meeting has been announced.答案：cancellation12. She is an __________ (person who writes books) and has published several bestsellers.答案：author13. The __________ (process of learning) a new language can be challenging.答案：acquisition14. The __________ (person who conducts experiments) is expected to record all findings accurately.答案：scientist15. The __________ (ability to continue despite difficulty) is a trait admired in leaders.答案：resilience16. The __________ (group of people who perform music) will give a concert tonight.答案：orchestra17. The __________ (person who makes speeches) at the conference was very inspiring.答案：speaker18. The __________ (act of breaking a law) carries a penalty in this jurisdiction.答案：violation19. The __________ (person who treats diseases) confirmed thepatient's diagnosis.答案：doctor20. The __________ (first part of a book) often provides an overview of the content.答案：introduction三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）[文章省略，提供问题和答案]21. What is the main idea of the passage?答案：The passage discusses the importance of effective communication in the workplace.22. According to the author, what is a key factor in successful negotiations?答案：Active listening is a key factor in successful negotiations.23. What does the term "non-verbal cues" refer to in the context of the passage?答案: "Non-verbal cues" refer to the unspoken signals, such as body language, that contribute to communication.24. Why are first impressions important in a professional setting?答案：First impressions are important because they can significantly influence how others perceive and interact with an individual.25. What is the author's suggestion for improvingcommunication skills?答案：The author suggests seeking feedback and practicing communication in various settings to improve these skills.四、完形填空（每题2分，共20分）[文章省略，提供问题和答案]26. The company was facing a major。

Understanding is a crucial element in communication.It allows individuals to interpret and respond to messages effectively,fostering a deeper connection between people.Here are some key points to consider when discussing the role of understanding in communication:1.Clarity of Message:The sender must ensure that the message is clear and concise.This helps in reducing misunderstandings and promotes effective communication.2.Active Listening:Listening is not just about hearing the words its about understanding the intent behind them.Active listening involves paying full attention to the speaker, providing feedback,and clarifying when necessary.3.Empathy:Putting oneself in another persons shoes helps in understanding their perspective.Empathy allows for a more compassionate and effective communication.4.Cultural Sensitivity:Understanding cultural differences is vital in communication, especially in a globalized world.Being aware of and sensitive to these differences can prevent miscommunication and offense.5.NonVerbal Cues:Body language,facial expressions,and tone of voice are all part of the communication process.Understanding these nonverbal cues can provide additional context to the message being communicated.6.Patience:Sometimes,understanding takes time.Being patient and allowing the other person to express themselves fully can lead to a better understanding of their message.7.OpenMindedness:Being open to different ideas and perspectives can enhance understanding.It encourages a more inclusive and respectful communication environment.8.Repetition and Paraphrasing:Repeating or paraphrasing what has been said can help ensure that the message has been understood correctly.It also gives the speaker an opportunity to clarify any ambiguities.e of Examples and Analogies:Explaining complex ideas through examples or analogies can make them more accessible and easier to understand.10.Feedback:Providing and seeking feedback is essential for understanding.It helps to confirm that the message has been received and understood as intended.11.Adaptability:Being able to adapt ones communication style to suit the audience or situation can greatly improve understanding.12.Technology:In the digital age,understanding how to use communication tools effectively is also important.This includes understanding the nuances of written communication in emails,texts,and social media.In conclusion,understanding is the bridge that connects people in communication.It requires a combination of clear expression,active listening,empathy,cultural awareness, and patience.By developing these skills,individuals can enhance their ability to communicate effectively and build stronger relationships.。