[2015自考复习]江西自考外语教学法课文翻译

(完整版)《英语教学法》unit_1_language_and_learning Unit 1: Language and LearningIntroduction to English Language Teaching MethodologyEnglish language teaching methodology is a vital aspect of language education. It plays a crucial role in enabling learners to develop proficiency in a second language. In this unit, we will explore the various approaches, methods, and techniques used in English language teaching. Understanding these methods is essential for language teachers to effectively plan and deliver instruction to their students.1. The role of language in teaching and learningLanguage is not solely a means of communication; it is also a tool for learning. It allows individuals to acquire knowledge, express ideas, and interact with others. In the context of language teaching, a comprehensive understanding of language is important. Teachers must consider the four language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing, along with grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. By incorporating these elements, teachers can promote language acquisition and development in their students.2. The communicative approachThe communicative approach is widely acknowledged as an effective language teaching method. It focuses on real-life communication and the purposeful use of language. In this approach, learners engage in meaningful tasks that require them to use English to express themselves authentically.The communicative approach encourages learners to develop their fluency and accuracy by providing opportunities for interaction and authentic communication.3. The lexical approachThe lexical approach emphasizes the importance of teaching vocabulary and collocations in language learning. It recognizes that grammar and vocabulary are interconnected and that learners must acquire both to communicate effectively. Teachers following the lexical approach prioritize teaching high-frequency and useful vocabulary, as well as the collocations and phrases associated with them. By developing a strong lexical repertoire, learners can enhance their language proficiency and understanding.4. Task-based language teachingTask-based language teaching (TBLT) is a learner-centered approach that focuses on the completion of meaningful tasks. In TBLT, learners are presented with a task that requires the use of language to accomplish a specific goal. These tasks can be simulations of real-life situations or problem-solving activities. By engaging in these tasks, learners develop their language skills while also achieving the task objective. TBLT promotes both language acquisition and the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills.5. Technology-enhanced language teachingTechnology has revolutionized language teaching and learning. It provides teachers and learners with access to an array of digital resources and tools. Technology-enhanced language teaching encompasses the use ofeducational software, online platforms, multimedia materials, and interactive activities. It enhances learner engagement and provides opportunities for independent learning. Integration of technology in language teaching opens up new possibilities for personalized and adaptive instruction.ConclusionEnglish language teaching methods continually evolve to meet the needs of diverse learners. It is essential for language teachers to keep abreast of current approaches and techniques to maximize instructional effectiveness. The approaches discussed in this unit, including the communicative approach, lexical approach, task-based language teaching, and technology-enhanced language teaching, provide teachers with valuable frameworks to deliver comprehensive and engaging language instruction. By applying these methods, language teachers can foster language learning and promote language proficiency development in their students.(Word count: 585)。

1Rock music began in America in the late 1950’s . It was not only a new musical form , but a forum for the American youth to express their ideas of the world and life .In this forum , the stars sang out the attitudes of the youth towards civil rights , warand peace ,the disaffection of their society , and a range of emotions between love andhate . Allin all , in this forum , the American youth redefined the beliefs and feelingsof their society . The typical representatives of the early rock music were ElvisPresley , singer and poet Bob Dylan , the Bealtles , the rolling Stones and so on . Theywere the culture heroes whom the young people worshipped .2The American young people i n 1960’s were a generation of rebellion . They foundthat the affluent American society was filled with poverty , injustice and gypocrisy .They didn’t trust the adult world that didn’t belong to them and refused to take their beliefs and values . Many young people took active part in the struggle whichprotested against poverty , racial discrimination and Vietnam War . Some youngpeople even tried to overthrow this world by armed revolution. Many other youngtook passive ways to show their disaffections . They took drugs , refused to take any responsibilities and lived a parasitic way of life . Or they escaped to the frontiers andlived a primitive way of life .3Mathilda had been ill for three days . Her mother had given her some medicine,but it didn’t do any good . So they had to ask the doctor to come . There had been anumber of cases of diphtheria in Mathilda’s school and two of them had been dead . When the doctor arrived at Olson’s home , he wanted to examine Mthilda’s throat first . But no matter how he coaxed ,,She wouldn’t open her mouth . So the doctor hadto get the tongue depressor into her mouth . But Mathilda reduced it to splinters . Inorder to protect Mathilda herself and other children , the doctor had to make surewhether she had diphtheria or not , so that he could treat her in time . Letting Mathilda‘s father hold her wrists he tried his best to open her mouth and found she really haddiphtheria. This story made us can think such a question that something in life canonly depend on self willingness . Under some circumstances , certain force seemsnecessary .4The need for laws on euthanasia can’t be dodged for much longer . Euthanasia is a taboo inmost countries . In these countries doctors can only practise it secretly . But it is openly practicedin some countries , such as Holland . Right now more and more countries are going over thearguments about legalizing euthanasia .When a patient suffers from illness for a long time and there is no hope of curing it , why dowe let him polong the throes ?Why can’t we practise euthanasia to stop the throes ?But if we legalize euthanasia , there will be a danger Someone may use it for killing . All inall , euthanasia is question we can’t dodge .5The American women made great c o ntributions to the nation’s development , butthey received different forms of prejudices because of their sex . In politics , they didall the tedious details that made the differene between victory and defeat on electionday and seldom had the chance to reach a better position , while the men reaped therewards . In economy , most women did the lower-paying and dead –end jobs andthey were paid less than the men for the same job . Many American people didn’t admit it was prejudice against women . They said it was only a different division oflabour in society . Even many women were content with their roles as second-classcitizens . So the author said it was a long painful struggle for the women to get realequality .6When I knew Magpie got a scholarship of a California University and could go tothe Fine Arts School to study , I was very pleased for him . I knew he wanted tobecome a poet all the time. I also knew he had a good talent . It was a very goodchance for him . So I went back to Crow Creek to tell him about the good news andlet him fill out some papers . But I didn’t find him at his home . His wife said they had not been together for a while and only heard he was in Chamberlain . Then I went forSalina and asked her to help me find Magpie . Salina said Magpie had changed a lotsince he was taken into prison . She thought he was not interested in going to theuniversity of white people . But I said Magpie had a right to know this news and makethe decision whether to go or not by himself . She agreed and took me to his goodfriend , Elgie . But when I could really see Magpie at last , he had been shot by thepolice .7Miss Brill was an English who lived in a coastal city in France . She was old andpoor . She would go to the park on every Sunday afternoon . She always sat on thesame bench , listening people around her talk , or watching other people’s lives i front of her . She suddenly had a feeling on that Sunday afternoon . She felt the lifewas like a play and she was one part of the community . She had a part in theperformance . At this time , the feeling of loneliness began to escape her .But just at this time she heard a couple of young people talk about her withcontempt . Even the young man asked her to leave in a low voice . The short feelingof happiness disappeared . she went home with a broken heart .8Man created language . It was man’s way of communicating with his fellow man . Thedifference between oral and written language was that oral language could take the human voice toinfuse it with the shades of deeper meaning . Flowers was nearly singing when she read A Tale ofTwo Cities . It sounded beautiful . Her reading made me realize the wonder of language. Mrs.Flowers gave me novels and poems . I learned value of life from these books and realized howbeautiful the language of literature works was .Man created language . It was man’s way of communicating with his fellow man . Thedifference between oral and written language was that oral language could take the human voice toinfuse it with the shades of deeper meaning . Flowers was nearly singing when she read A Tale ofTwo Cities . It sounded beautiful . Her reading made me realize the wonder of language. Mrs.Flowers gave me novels and poems . I learned value of life from these books and realized howbeautiful the language of literature works was .9television People have a short attention span . So in order to capture the viewer’s attention , must provide constant stimulation through variety , novelty , action and movement . The result ofdoing so is that news is too brief and results in inefficient communication . Many news programsm achine –gunning w ith scraps “and figh t coherence of mind.The appeal to the shortare like “　attention span will decivilize as well. To avoid complexity means to give up thinking . The“ functionally illiterates “ among adult Americans are continually increasing . They even do not know how to answer the want ad. Or understand the instructions on a medicine bottle . At leasttelevision should be responsible for part of it .10One night , two German military officers were murdered by Frenchmen . The nextday , a German officer declared to thirty French prisoners , “ My order is that one manin every ten shall be selected and shot tomorrow . That is to say , three of you thirtypeople will die tomorrow . We are indifferent as to which three . You can choose for yourselves .”The prisoners had a heated discussion about who should die. Someone said the old people should go first . This was the way of nature . Some people said the unmarriedshould go first because they had no responsibilities . At last , all consented to drawinglots to decide which three went to die . A rich lawyer unfortunately got the deathdraw . He said , “ I ‘ll give a hundred thousand francs to anyone who will die for me . “11Some people will fall asleep as soon as their heads touch the pillows . Some people cansleep although they have been lying in bed several hours . The more he wants to go to sleep , themore wakeful he is . I belong to the latter . When I write an essay , I feel an overpowering desirefor sleep . But when I go to bed , I can do anything but sleep . I can compose grand symphonies ,paint magnificent pictures and write good essays . The artificial ways of inducing sleep are legion ,but they are of no avail . When I can’t go to sleep at night , I imagine a dialogue with a friend till I either laugh or fall asleep . I find this is a good way to go to sleep .12As a very small child , I made up my mind to become a writer in future . When Ibecome a writer , what I have most wanted to do is to make political writing into awork of art . The opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is wrong .Writing is exposing lies , protecting truth and also an aesthetic experience . AnimalFarm was the book in which I tried to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose intoone whole . Writing should serve the society and the public . This is the principle Imust follow . I f a writer lacks political purpose , he will only write some purplepassages , even some humbug .13The first thing Russell thinks is the most ordinary function of work , namely the relief oftedium. He thinks even the dullest work is less painful than idleness to most people . Then hetalks about how the work can provide the people with opportunities for their ambitions. Man, as amember of the society , hopes that he can procure more and more social achievements . He pointsout that most women are so unfortunate that they can not work outside their homes . They are deprived of this chance .It seems that different kinds of work give people satisfaction to different degrees . Russellstudies the concerning two chief elements , that is the exercise of skill and construction .When heanalyzes the latter , Russell finds an opportunity to express his profound hatred to the war andsocial violence .14John F. Kerry was a discharged veteran from Vietnam War and took part in the investigation held in Detroit in December in 1970 . He thought the purpose for theveterans to attend the investigation was not only to confess their war crimes in orderto purge their souls . It was not the individual but the American government thatshould have been responsible for the war crimes . He hoped to arouse the sense of responsibility of American people by this text . He criticized that the mass of peoplein America lit erally didn’t give a damn and pointed out that the policy of theAmerican government was hypocritical. He revealed the veterans’ miserable conditions after they came back : racial discrimination ,drug taking , unemployment ,no good medical care , etc. In the end he told the readers that members of Vietnam Veterans Against the War would march on Washington to the Capitol . Their most important demand was that the government set a date for withdrawl of troops from Vietnam, otherwise , they would camp and sta y there and won’t move .15The author first pointed out that American and European women expended a largesum of money on cosmetics in order to make them look younger and more beautiful .women who were notUnlike the people of 19th century , they didn’t think that onlyvirtuous could use cosmetics . But the author worried that women only paid attentionto their appearances and ignored the necessity to overcome the ugliness of theirhearts . He thought the people would be really beautiful only when the human beings had an opportunity to live harmoniously . But the author did not think the objective could be realized .16The three interviewers hid the truth of the firm to McDeere and only told him that the firm mainly did tax work . The clients of the firm were all big corporations , banks and wealthy people . Although the firm was not large in size and only consisted of forty –one lawyers , the salaries an all other benefits of the members were incredibly high . For the first year , McDeere could receive a base salary of eighty thousand dollars , plus bonuses , a low –interest mortgage and a luxurious car . If he worked hard , he would become a partner in ten years . If he put in ten more years , he could be a millionaire .All these were very appealing to Mcdeere . He agreed to accept this job without hesitation . But he could not imagine that he mistakenly went into a lawyer firm which was controlled by a black organization and specialized in illegal activities .1It’s not easy to work in a big comp a ny . There is strict hierarchy in the company , and if you hope to be successful and get promotion , you have to obey directions and disciplines in additionto bear heavy pressure of work and work hard . Every day you are under rigid supervision and livein panic . If what you do is a job which will not provide you any chance to get promotion and forsome reasons you have no way to find another job , you will be bored with it and feel dull . Youwill be in despair , lose ambition and working motivation , and finally become a mediocre .2Eveline agreed to marry Frank –an Irish sailor who lived in Buenos Ayres . They got to know each other when Frank just came back Dublin to spend his holidays . They would go to Buenos Ayres by boat that night . The boat was going to leave in a few hours , but she was still in doubtwhether it was wise or not to go to such a distant country with Frank . Although she didn’amiliar with ,job in the store , and her father didn’t treat her well , it was the only life that she was fafter all . Besides , Eveline had promised to her mother that she would keep the home together aslong as she could before her mother died . But the vision of the miserable life of her mother madeher feel horrible . She would live a happy life with Frank .But she changed her mind before boarding the boat . The boat left with Frank . Everybodydreamed of happy life , but one must have courage to realize his dream .3Television has much more advantages than newspapers . When watching TV, we use our eyes aswell as ears ; we can see the words and picture on the screen , and listen to the language and musicas well . TV news broadcasting is quicker than that of newspapers . But television lives oncommercial advertising to an even greater extent than newspapers . Profits drive television to caterto the lowest instinct of man . There are violence and sex in entertainment programmes ofAmerican television . Very often , television coverage of news is superficial and inadequate .There are a lot of problems in American newspapers too . the most prominent problem is thatnewspapers distort fact , and attack the countries ,people and the social systems which Americansdo not like .4The life circle includes birth , being old , and death . Death is an unavoidable end for everybody .Aging is the neglected period of human life circle . Death happens within a few seconds whileaging is a long period which means illness , poverty , and loneliness advertisements and travelfolders show relaxed , happy , well-dressed older people enjoying recreation,travel and theirgrandchildren . But all these can not be enjoyed by the poor elder . They have to struggle tosurvive in old age . Many old people struggle to exist in an inhospitable world . There are moreand more old people in the world now , and the government of every country is beginning to payattention to the problems of old people .5Mrs . Wright was a town girl before she married John Wright and lived in his farm . She used to bea lively girl who liked singing . But during the thirty years living together with Wright , she totallychanged . Wright was miserly and never paid attention to his wife’s needs . There was no joy in their house , and even the neighbours were reluctant to call at their house . One winter morning ,Mr. Hale , their neighbour , found that Wright was strangled on his bed .Mrs Wright said that shedidn’t know who killed her husband . Her behaviour was very queer . She didn’t call the police but just sat in the rocker rocking back and forth in the kitchen . The policemen arrested her . Nextmorning , county sheriff and county attorney took Hale back to the farm to investigate who hadkilled Wright .6The county sheriff and county attorney couldn’t find out any sign of anyone having come from theoutside , and they were sure that Wright had been killed by his wife . In order to make juriesbelieve the story , they had to find out Mrs . Wright’s motive for killing her husband , but they failed . While they were busy investigating ,the two women sitting in the kitchen found a deadcanary which was wrapped up in a piece of silk lying in a box . The canary had been wrung todeath . The two women could imagine what kind of life Mrs . Wright had spent while living withWright in this house . They didn’t want the box containing the dead canary to be seen by sheriffand county attorney . In order to protect Mrs . Wright , they hid the box .7Ace was in a plight . He lost the job and was afraid to see his wife .Evey had to work as asaleswoman because Ace could not earn enough money to support the family . She was alwaysvery tired after working a whole day . She always had no time to cook dinner . now he wassacked , so he was worried that Evey would be ma d . Ace ‘s mother took care of their daughterBonnie for them . Evey always took Bonnie back , but Ace went to take Bonnie that day . Acemother was glad that Ace lost the job , for she thought Ace should have a better job . Evey was notvery angry with Ace this time , but did Ace get rid of the plight ?8Why are so many people overweight in the United States ? Most people may say that there are tworeasons . One is that American food is tasty ; the other is that they take few exercises . But theauthor doesn’t think this way . He proposes such a hypothesis that people eat in order to satisfy thesense of taste . When food has the flavor of library paste , people need to eat more so as to satisfycauses the blandness of American food which is the realS cience “　the frustrated taste buds . “　reason why obesity has become a national curse . We should not be very serious about the authorstrange opinion which is merely a way that the author used to satirize the American food .9I was born , grew up and finished high school in Watts , so I have deep feelings to Watts . Idecided to make a career in Watts because it was supposed to be impossible . At that time , manyyoung blacks left Watts in droves . They thought they could make a career only outside the ghetto .I also left Watts and went to study in Oxford University and Yale University . The riots in ghetto in1960s showed the ever increasing militancy of the blacks . The riots were the most significanthistory . Themassive action taken by Northern Negroes . It was a watershed in the ghetto’sdeepest impact of the riots was on the people of Watts . I will never escape from the ghetto . I havestaked my all on its future . Watts is my home .10Customers have different values about products and services . Some customers demand low priceswith the least inconvenience . Some customers don’t care much about the prices , but they demand that the products should represent the hottest style and technology on the market . Other customersdemand that products and services should meet their specific needs . Thus , if a company hopes tobecome the market leader and keep its edge , it must focus on one dimension and create abreakthrough to reach new heights of performance according to its own situation . It can winthrough cost or with great products or through customer intimacy .11Human beings have four major desires ; acquisitiveness , rivalry , vanity and love of power .Acquisitiveness is the wish to possess as much as possible of goods . Satiety is a dream which willalways elude you . Acquisitiveness is the mainspring of the capitalist system , but rivalry is amuch stronger motive than acquisitiveness . Vanity is a motive of immense potency . It is scarcelypossible to exggerate the influence of vanity throughout the range of human life . But love ofpower is a motive which overweighs vanity . love of power is insatiable . Love of power is by farthe strongest motive in the lives of important men . love of power is greatly increased by theexperience of power .12Jerry ----Marian’s son -----had to join the army and was sent to Vietnam to fight a losing battleshortly after he spent twenty –year –old birthday . Later , he was captured in one battle and wassent to a prison –compound . Young Jerry couldn’t stand such a heavy blow and broke down . thehandsome young man changed into another person . He was expressionless with a dull look in hiseyes . His face muscles were jerking . He looked like an idiot . Marian’s heart broke when sh her idiot son in the newsreel . What made her relieved was the fact that her son was still alive andshe would wait for her son patiently .13Huxley states in the article that most people are snobs about something . He says that some peopleeven feel that they are important just because of having certain diseases . But so far I have nevermet any disease –snobs . In china , during the Culture Revolution , the snobbery of family and thesnobbery of ignorance and stupidity were most popular . Twenty years later , modernity –snobberyis making headway today . our media encourage modernity –snobbery desperately . TVadvertisements urge people to buy new goods . In addition , they make you feel that you areshameful if you don’t have the most fashionable goods . For u p-to-dateness means that you arewealthy , and wealth is a symbol of strong capability . Only a man knowing his own mind canresist the flood of propaganda .14work ,Arthur likes to go fishing along the canal on Sunday mornings . After six days’ tiring labor he wants to leave the factory , leave the city as soon as possible to go to the tranquil countrysideand sit by the canal , fishing . He thinks it is a best way to relax himself and a best way to forgetall the troubles . The factory is dirty stinking and ugly and people do not want to stay there for onemore minute . The countryside has a picturesque view : fresh air , enchanting spring scene , greengrass and trees , fragrant earth . The factory is hell while the countryside is heaven .15Most people believe that American education is of the highest quality in the world , but the authorhas his unique opinion . He thinks that there are serious problems in American education . The lowquality of American education can not be faulted on the low teaching level . Teachers are workinghard , but the problem is that they are teaching so rigidly that they work rigidly from the approvedrigidly programmed primers . They are afraid of losing the job . They can’t cultivate rare geniu this way . Another serious problem in american education is that children are not taught how torespect and inherit cultural heritage of human beings . What the author states here is the situationof primary education . Are the secondary education and higher education in the same situation .?16Jerry was tired of swimming and sunbathing . He wanted to swim down to the bottom of the sea tosee what it was like there and play with other boys . But he felt he should not leave his widowedmother alone . His mother was also considerate of him . she hoped Jerry to stay on the safe beachwith her care at his side . But she was afraid that her son felt that she tried to keep him close andshe was possessive . Her son was eleven years old . She should give him freedom , and let him gowherever he likes to go . He could take care of himself without her . When Jerry swam far , hekept looking back to see whether his mother was still on the beach .。

自考本科00015英语（二）教材中英文对照（7-11课）第7课第7课Text AYour Inner VoiceMy day started just like all the other days for the past 15 years where I get up, make some coffee, shower, get dressed and leave for the train station at precisely 7:35 A.M. to arrive at work by 8:30. While on the train I would always choose a seat away from the crowd so I can read the newspaper in peace and quiet. At work I am always being bombarded with questions（质问）from coworkers, suppliers, telephone and then those dreaded meetings, so the last thing I need is some stranger to sit beside me and make small talk.你内心的声音我的一天又开始了，就像过去15年中的每一天一样，起床，煮咖啡，沐浴，穿衣服，在7点35分准时赶到火车站搭乘火车以便在8点30分之前到达工作地点。

在火车上，我总是选择远离人群的座位以便我能平静地读报纸。

工作中，我要无休止地应对同事、供应商提出的各种问题，电话总是响个不停，还有那些令人恐惧的会议，所以我最不想做的事就是和坐在身边的陌生人闲聊。

I don't know why but for some reason when I got on the train today it was unusually full, something I don't recall ever happening in the past. With hesitation I sat down in the only seat available beside a middle-aged man that had his head down and seemed to be lost in his thoughts. I was glad that he didn't notice when I sat next to him as he just continued to look down towards the floor.那天我搭乘火车时，不知道出于什么原因火车上异常拥挤，这是过去不曾发生过的。

自考英语写作教材译文The translation of self-study English writing materials is an important task that requires careful attention to detail and nuance. It is essential to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while also ensuring that the translated version is clear, coherent, and engaging for the target audience.One of the key challenges in translating self-study English writing materials is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the language. English is a rich and complex language with many idiomatic expressions, cultural references, and stylistic conventions that may not have direct equivalents in other languages. As a result, the translator must carefully consider the context and intended meaning of the original text in order to produce an accurate and effective translation.In addition to linguistic challenges, the translator must also consider the cultural and educational context ofthe target audience. Self-study English writing materials are often designed for learners who are not native speakers of English, and may therefore require additional explanation or clarification of certain concepts or linguistic structures. The translator must be sensitive to the needs and abilities of the target audience, and strive to produce a translation that is accessible and relevant to their educational background and language proficiency.Furthermore, the translator must also be mindful of the pedagogical goals of the original text. Self-study English writing materials are typically designed to help learners develop their writing skills, expand their vocabulary, and improve their overall proficiency in English. As such, the translator must ensure that the translated version effectively supports these goals, providing clear explanations, relevant examples, and practical exercises that will help the learners to achieve their language learning objectives.In conclusion, the translation of self-study English writing materials is a complex and challenging task thatrequires careful attention to linguistic, cultural, and pedagogical considerations. The translator must strive to produce a translation that is accurate, engaging, and relevant to the needs of the target audience, while also respecting the nuances and subtleties of the original text. By approaching the task with sensitivity, creativity, and expertise, the translator can help to ensure that the translated version effectively supports the language learning goals of the learners.。

自考英语(二)课文翻译Unit One What Is a Decision ?何为决策 ?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。

作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。

作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。

Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。

《大学英语自学教程》（上）课后练习例句汉译英（汉英对照）1 研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面有共同之处。

Research shows that the successful language learners are similar in many ways.2 语言学习是一种主动的学习，学习者应该利用一切机会运用语言。

Language learning is an active learning; learners should take every chance to use the language.3 学习语言应该主动地独立地有目的的学。

We should learn language independently, actively and purposefully.4 学语言不同于学数学。

Learning language is different from learning maths.5 老师经常将成功的语言学习经验传授给我们。

Teachers often offer successful experience of language learning to us.6 他们发现要掌握一门外语是困难的。

They found that it is difficult to learn a foreign language.7 这项研究表明成功人士在许多方面是相似的。

This research shows that the successful people are similar in many ways.8 成功的语言学习者不只依赖书本或教师。

Successful language learners don’t only depend on th e book or the teacher.9 我们愿意帮助我们的朋友。

We are willing to help our friends. ♫10 我们应该独立地积极地并且有目的地学习新东西。

A Course in English Language TeachingUnit 1 Language and LearningViews on language语言观Structural view结构主义as a linguistic systemfunctional view功能主义as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things,base on communicative functionsInteractional view交互性as a communicative toolViews on language learning and learning in general1)Process-oriented theories过程指向论concerned with how the mind processes new information, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.2)Condition-oriented theories 强调条件理论emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, what kind of input learners receive, and the learning atmosphere.Behaviourist theory 行为主义理论=audio-lingual method听说教学法A stimulus-response theory of psychologyYou can train an animal to do anything(within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, andreinforcement.Cognitive theory 认知主义理论communicate approach 交际法Constructivist theory 结构主义理论Learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experience and what he/she already knows.Socio-constructivist theory 社会结构主义理论Emphasises interacion and engagement with the target language in a social contextA good language teacherEthic devotion,professional qualities and personal styles品德节操，职业素质和个性特征Learning, practice, and reflectionUnit 2 Communicative Principles and ActivitiesCLT=Communicative Language Teaching 交际语言教学法TBLT=Task-based Language Teaching 任务型教学法PPP=the Presentation, Practice and Production呈现，操练，展出Communicative competenceEntails knowing not only the language code or the form of language, but also what to say to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situationFive main components of communicative competenceLinguistic competence 语言能力Pragmatic competence 语用能力Discourse competence语篇能力Strategic competence策略能力Fluency 语言顺畅CLTGoal :to develop students' communicative competence, which includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.Principles :Communicative principleTask principleMeaningfulness principleMain features:(1)Functional communicative activities: 功能互动活动Identifying picturesDiscovering identical pairsDiscovering sequences or locationsDiscovering missing informationDiscovering missing featuresDiscovering "secrets"Communicating patterns and picturesCommunicative modelsDiscovering differencesFollowing directionsReconstructing story-sequencesPooling information to solve a problem(2)Social interaction activities: 社会交往活动Role-playing through cued dialoguesRole-playing through cues and informationRole-playing through situation and goalsRole-playing through debate or discussionLarge-scale simulation activities 模仿Improvisation 即兴创作Notes:No specific activities almost about listening and speakingSix criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities are: Communicative purpose: information gapCommunicative desire: real needContent, not form: messageVariety of languageNo teacher intervention 干涉No materials controlTBLTDefinition:Refers to an approach based on the use of task as the core unit of instruction in languageTBLT:pre-task, task cycle, language focusDefinition of a task:A task is a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others, freely or for some reward.Four components of a task:A purpose: focus on content,not formA context: information gapA process:problem solving reasoning , inquiring, conceptualising and communicatingA product: no communicational resultsExercises, exercise-tasks and tasks:Focus on individual language items→purposeful&contextualised communicationExercise →exercise-task →taskHow to design tasks:Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilitiesBrainstorm possible tasksEvaluate the listChoose the language itemsPreparing materialsPPP modelAt the presentation stage:The teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures in whatever ways appropriateAt the the practice stage:The lesson moves from controlled practice to guided practice and exploitation of the texts when necessaryAt the production stage:The students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practised to perform communication tasks.Notes:Grammar-Translation Method: 语法翻译法reading and writingThe Audio-Lingual Method: 听说教学法speaking and listening; dialogues and drills 对话和操练Unit 3 the National English Curriculum 课程标准It was in the 1993 syllables that the word communication was used in the objectives of teaching for the first time.The Six Design principles for the National English Curriculum for Nine-year Compulsory Education:1.Aim for educating all students, and emphasise quality-orientededucation 面向全体学生，注重素质教育2.Promote learner-centredness, and respect individual differences 突出学生主体，尊重个体差异3.Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability 整体设计目标，体现灵活开放4.Pay close attention to the learning pro-cess, and advocate experiential learning and participation 强调学习过程，倡导体验参与5.Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence 注重过程评价，强调能力发展6.Optimize learning resources, and maximise opportunities for learning and using the language 开发课程资源，拓展学用渠道Framework of objectives in the new National English Curriculum ： 课程总目标Overall language ability:Learning 学习策略Affect 情感态度Cultural 文化意识Language 语言知识Language skills 语言技能 Learning : Cognitive; Self management; Communication; ResourcingAffect: International; Perspective; Patriotism; Confidence; MotivationCultural: Knowledge; understanding; AwarenessLanguage: Phonetics; Grammar; V ocabulary; Functions; Topics Language skills: Listening; Speaking; Reading; WritingThe design of the new National English CurriculumLevel 1: Grade 3-4Level 2: Grade 5-6; basic requirements for 6th gradersGraduate from primary schoolLevel 3: Grade 7/ Junior 1Level 4: Grade 8/ Junior 2Level 5: Grade 9/ Junior 3Graduate from junior high schoolAbove is during Compulsory EducationLevel 6&Level 7: required of every senior high school students2 tracks of elective course:Track 1: level 8& level 9Track 2: from the beginning of senior 1Elective courses: Specialized skill courses; ESP courses应用类; Cultural and literary studies courses 欣赏类etc.Unit 4 Lesson PlanningA lesson plan:教案A framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decision about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve.Benefits from lesson planning：1) A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.2) It also helps the teacher to distinguish the various stages of a lesson and to see the relationship between them so that the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3) The teacher can also think about how the students can be fully engaged in the lesson.4) when planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed.5). Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative value of different activities and how much time should be spent on them.6) The teacher soon learn to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7) Plans are also an aid to continuing improvement.8) After the lesson, the teacher can add an evaluation to the plan, identifying those parts which went well and those which were less successful.Principles for good lesson planning:Aim; Variety; Flexibility; Learnability; Linkage目标性；多样性；灵活性；可学性；连接性Two levels of lesson planning: macro planning and micro planning宏观备课和微观备课Macro planning: planning over a longer period of timeMicro planning: planning for a specific unit or a lessonThere is no clear cut between these two types of planning. Micro planing should be based on macro planning, and macro planing is apt to be modified as lesson go on.Macro planning involves the following:Knowing about the professionKnowing about the institutionKnowing about the learnersKnowing about the curriculum/ syllabus教学大纲Knowing about the textbookKnowing about the objectivesComponents of a lesson plan:1.Background information背景资料2.Teaching aims: 教学目标Language objectives; Ability objectives; Moral objectivesnguage contents and skills语言的内容和技巧Stages and procedures:Greetings; A warm-up; PPP model/ TBLT model; Summary; Homework/ Assignment4.Teaching aids 教学手段5.End of lesson summary 总结6.Optional activities and assignments7.After lesson reflection:Feelings about the lesson; students’ performances; unexpected incidents; surprise thingsUnit 5 Classroom ManagementThe role of the teacher:Before the class: PlannerDuring the class:1 Controller,2 Assessor评估者,3 Organizer ,4 Prompter敦促者,5 Participant参与者,6 Resource-providerAfter the class: EvaluatorTeacher’ s new roles:Facilitators促进者; guides; researchersThe most common students groupings:Whole class workPair workGroup workIndividual studyHarmer’ s suggestions on measures for indisciplined acts and badly behaving Students:1)Act immediately2) Stop the class3)Rearrange the seats4)Change the activity5)Talk to Ss after class6)Use the institution制度In order not to hurt the Students, Ur’ s advice on problems in class:1)Deal with it quietly2)Don’ t take things personally 对事不对人3)Do not use threatsUnit 6 Teaching PronunciationThe goals of teaching pronunciation:目的Consistency连贯性: To be smooth naturalIntelligibility可理解性:To be understandable to the listeners Communicative efficiency交际效率性: To help convey the speakers’meaningWays of practicing sounds and their definitions:1.Focusing on a sound 单音练习:(sounds difficult to learn)2.Perception practice 知觉/领会性练习:( identify /distinguish different sounds):Which order; Same or different; Odd one out; Completion3.Production practice 生成性练习: (develop Students’ ability to produce sounds):Listen and repeat; Fill in the blanks; Make up sentences; Use meaningfulcontext; Use pictures; Use tongue twistersThree ways to show the stress of words, phrases and sentences:Use gesturesUse the voiceUse the blackboardTwo ways to make intonation:rising/falling arrows; draw linesUnit 7 Teaching GrammarThree ways of grammar presentation: 演示法Deductive method 演绎法It relies on reasoning, analysing and comparingInductive method 归纳法The teacher provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.Guided discovery method 引导发现法It is similar to the inductive method but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.Ur’ s six factors contribute to successful grammar practice:1) Pre-learning.2) V olume and repetition(容量/重复).3) Success-orientation成功性联系.4) Heterogeneity多样性.5) Teacher assistance.6) Interest.Two categories 类别of grammar practice:Mechanical practice 机械性练习It involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.In Substitution drills 替换练习In Transformation drills 转移变形练习Meaningful/ communicative practice 有意义/ 交际性练习It focuses on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students ‘keep an eye on’ the way newly learned structures are used in the process.Using prompts for meaningful practice 提示1)Using picture prompts.2) Using mime 哑剧or gestures as prompts.3) Using information sheet 信息表as prompts.4) Using key phrases or key words关键短语/ 单词as prompts.5) Using chained phrases for story telling.6) Using created situations.Unit 8 Teaching VocabularyKnowing a word involves what:Pronunciation and stressSpelling and grammatical propertiesMeaningHow and when to use it to express the intended meaningDenotative meaning 指示意义Connotative meaning 内涵意义Collocations 搭配Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms 近义词，反义词，下位词Receptive and productive vocabulary接受性和产出性词汇Ways of presenting vocabulary: 呈现词汇的方法1.Try to provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible, using pictures, photos, video clips, mime or gestures to show meaning.2.Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning. Then ask students to tell the meaning first before it is offered by the teacher.e synonyms or antonyms to explain meaningse lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meanings5.Translate and exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaninge word formation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge what is already known7.Teach vocabulary in chunks.8.Think about the context in real life where the word might be used.9.Think about providing different context for introducing new words10.Prepare for possible misunderstanding or confusion that students may haveWays of consolidating vocabulary 巩固词汇的方法1) Labeling标注词汇2) Spot the differences3) Describe and draw4) Play a game5)using the Internet resources for more ideas6) Use word series 单词系列7) Word bingo9) word association 自此联想10) find synonyms and antonyms11) categories12) Using word net-work 网状图Developing vocabulary learning strategies:1) Review regularly2) Guess meaning from context3) Organize vocabulary effectively4) Use learned vocabularyUnit 9 Teaching ListeningThe characteristics of listening in real life (adapted from Ur, 1996:106-7):1) Spontaneity 自发性2) Context 环境3) Visual clues 视觉线索4) Listener’ s response 回应5) Speaker’ s adjustment调节Principles and models for teaching listening:1)Focus on process2) Combine listening and speaking3) Focus on comprehending meaning4) Grade difficulty level appropriatelyThree teaching stages1.Pre-listening activities: 听前活动1) Predicting 预测2) Setting the scene设置现场3) Listening for the gist 听力要点4) Listening for specific information 细节理解2.While-listening activities1) No specific responses2) Listen and tick 标记3) Listen and sequence 顺序4) Listen and act5) Listen and draw6) Listen and fill填写7) Listen and take notes3.Post-listening activities听后活动1) Multiple-choice questions 多项选择2) Answering questions3) Note-taking and gap-filling填空Dictogloss(1)Preparation(2) Dictation 听写(3) Reconstruction.(4) Analysis and correction.Unit 10 Teaching SpeakingPrinciples for teaching speaking1.Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices2.Contextualising practice3.Personalising practice4.Building up confidence5.Maximising meaningful interactions6.Helping students develop speaking strategies7.Making the best use of classroom learning environment to providesufficient language input and practice for the students Designing speaking tasks:1) Maximum foreign talk 尽可能用外语交谈2) Even participation 平等参与3) High motivation 高积极性4)Right language level 语言水平相对应Types of speaking tasks:1.pre-communicative activities交际前活动Structural activitiesQuasi-communication activitiesmunicative activitiesFunctional communication activitiesSocial interaction activities 人际互动Some Speaking activitiesControlled activitiesSemi-controlled activitiesCommunicative activitiesInformation-gap activitiesDialogues and role-play对话和角色扮演Activities using picturesProblem-solving activitiesUnit 10 Teaching ReadingTwo types of reading practice in classrooms:Reading aloud&Silent readingThe ways of Reading effectively:1.Have a clear purpose in reading2.Read silently3.Read phrase by phrase4.Concentrate on the important bits, skim the rest, and skip the insignificant partse different speeds and strategies for different reading tasks6.Perceive the information in the target language rather than mentally translate7.Guess the meaning of new words from the context, or ignore them8.Have and use background information to help understand the text Principles and models for teaching reading:Bottom-up model:teaching new vocabulary and structures firstTop-down model: introducing background knowledge first Interactive model:visual informationThree stages:Pre-reading:Predicting, setting the scene, skimming浏览, and scanning寻读Predicting based on the title, vocabulary,the T/ F questionWhile-readingReading comprehension questions 阅读理解Understanding references 理解引用Making inferences: reading between the lines Post-readingDiscussion questionReproducing the text 复述故事Role playGap-fillingDiscussionRetelling 复述WritingUnit12 Teaching Writing The main procedures of process writing : Creating a motivation to writeBrainstormingMapping 绘图FreewritingOutlining 列提纲Drafting 起草Editing 编辑：peer-editing; self-editing Revising 修改Proofreading 校正Conferencing 与老师讨论Motivating students to write:1.Make the topic of writing as close as possible to students’ life2.Leave students enough room for creativity and imagination3.Prepare students well before writing4.Encourage collaborative group writing as well as individual writing5.Provide opportunities for students to share their writing6.Provide constructive ans positive feedback7.Treat students’ errors strategically8.Give students a sense of achievement from time to time以下是附加文档，不需要的朋友下载后删除，谢谢班主任工作总结专题8篇第一篇:班主任工作总结小学班主任特别是一年级的班主任，是一个复合性角色。

汉语言自考本科英语（二）教材中英文对照（1-6课）第1课Text A Critical ReadingCritical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.批判性地阅读批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。

批判性阅读是积极阅读。

它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。

成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。

Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than (=from) yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. Ineither case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.考虑写作背景。

第三章口语法和情景法背景（background）：这种方法起源于英国教学法专家在20-30年代的研究。

在开始阶段，一些杰出的教学法专家发展了了语言教学中原则性理论到方法的基础。

在这个活动中的两个领导人物是Harold Palmer和A.S.Horby，他们是20世纪英国语言教学中最杰出的代表。

他们两个就像Otto Jespersen 和Daniel Jones一样熟悉语言学家的研究以及直接法（Direct Method）。

他们尝试发展一种比曾在英语教学口语理论的直接法中证实的更加科学的基础。

结果是一种原则和步骤的系统研究，这种步骤适用于语言课程内容的选择和组织。

词汇管理（Vocabulary control）受到注意的设计方法的第一个方面的一种是词汇的角色。

在20-30年代一些大规模的外语词汇研究机构开始着手研究。

这项研究的动力来自于两个方面。

第一，在像Palmer这样的语言教学专家中存在着普遍的共识，即词汇是外语学习中最重要的一个方面。

第二个影响就是在一些国家中作为外语教学目的的越来越注重的阅读技巧。

这是Coleman报告的推荐，也是另一个英国语言教学专家Michael West的独立结论，Michael West考察了20年代在印第安的英语的作用。

词汇被看做是一个词汇阅读的必要部分。

这引起了词汇管理原则的发展，词汇管理在接下来的几十年里对英语的教学产生了主要的实际的影响。

频率计算指出大约2000个单词经常使用于写作，而且这些单词的含义在外语阅读中也占了很大一部分。

Harold Palmer，Michael West和其他的专家制作了一本称为《词汇选择的临时报告》的指南，这本指南用于将英语作为外语讲解时需要的词汇，这本指南以频率和其他的一些标准为基础。

这本书在1953年被West修订并出版，名为《普通服务英语单词列表》，这本书成为了教学材料发展中的标准参考。

这些对于向选择语言课程词汇内容引入了科学和合理的基础的成果代表了在语言教学的大纲设计的建立原则的第一次尝试。