数字集成电路(电路系统与设计)第3章习题
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习题参考解答第1章基本知识1.什么是数字信号?什么是模拟信号?(注:所有蓝色标题最后均去掉!)答案:数字信号:指信号的变化在时间上和数值上都是断续的,或者说是离散的,这类信号有时又称为离散信号。
例如,在数字系统中的脉冲信号、开关状态等。
模拟信号:指在时间上和数值上均作连续变化的信号。
例如,温度、交流电压等信号。
2.数字系统中为什么要采用二进制?答案:二进制具有运算简单、物理实现容易、存储和传送方便、可靠等优点。
3.机器数中引入反码和补码的主要目的是什么?答案:将减法运算转化为加法运算,统一加、减运算,使运算更方便。
4.BCD码与二进制数的区别是什么?答案:二进制数是一种具有独立进位制的数,而BCD码是用二进制编码表示的十进制数。
5.采用余3码进行加法运算时,应如何对运算结果进行修正?为什么?答案:两个余3码表示的十进制数相加时,对运算结果修正的方法是:如果有进位,则结果加3;如果无进位,则结果减3。
为了解决四位二进制运算高位产生的进位与一位十进制运算产生的进位之间的差值。
6.奇偶检验码有哪些优点和不足?答案:奇偶检验码的优点是编码简单,相应的编码电路和检测电路也简单。
缺点是只有检错能力,没有纠错能力,其次只能发现单错,不能发现双错。
7.按二进制运算法则计算下列各式。
答案:(1)110001 (2)110.11 (3)10000111 (4)1018.将下列二进制数转换成十进制数、八进制数和十六进制数。
答案:(1)(117)10 ,(165)8 ,(75)16(2)(0.8281)10 ,(0.65)8 ,(0.D4)16(3)(23.25)10 ,(27.2)8 ,(17. 4)169.将下列十进制数转换成二进制数、八进制数和十六进制数(精确到二进制小数点后4位)。
答案:(1)(1000001)2 ,(101)8 ,(41)16(2)(0.0100)2 ,(0.20)8 ,(0.40)16(3)(100001.0101)2 ,(41.24)8 ,(21.50)1610.写出下列各数的原码、反码和补码。
《数字电路与逻辑设计》作业教材:《数字电子技术基础》(高等教育出版社,第2版,2012年第7次印刷)第一章:自测题:一、1、小规模集成电路,中规模集成电路,大规模集成电路,超大规模集成电路5、各位权系数之和,1799、,,;,,二、1、×8、√10、×三、1、A4、B练习题:1.3、解:(1) 十六进制转二进制: 4 5 C0100 0101 1100二进制转八进制:010 001 011 1002 13 4十六进制转十进制:(45C)16=4*162+5*161+12*160=(1116)10所以:(45C)16=(10001011100)2=(2134)8=(1116)10(2) 十六进制转二进制: 6 D E . C 80110 1101 1110 . 1100 1000 二进制转八进制:011 011 011 110 . 110 010 0003 3 3 6 . 6 2十六进制转十进制:(6DE.C8)16=6*162+13*161+14*160+13*16-1+8*16-2=(1758.78125)10 所以:(6DE.C8)16=(0. 11001000)2=(3336.62)8=(1758.78125)10(3) 十六进制转二进制:8 F E . F D1000 1111 1110. 1111 1101二进制转八进制:100 011 111 110 . 111 111 0104 3 7 6 . 7 7 2十六进制转十进制:(8FE.FD)16=8*162+15*161+14*160+15*16-1+13*16-2=(2302.98828125)10 所以:(8FE.FD)16=(1.11111101)2=(437 6.772)8=(2302.98828125)10(4) 十六进制转二进制:7 9 E . F D0111 1001 1110 . 1111 1101二进制转八进制:011 110 011 110 . 111 111 0103 6 3 6 . 7 7 2十六进制转十进制:(79E.FD)16=7*162+9*161+14*160+15*16-1+13*16-2=(1950. )10 所以:(8FE.FD)16=0.11111101)2=(3636.772)8=(1950.98828125)101.5、解:(74)10 =(0111 0100)8421BCD=(1010 0111)余3BCD(45.36)10 =(0100 0101.0011 0110)8421BCD=(0111 1000.0110 1001 )余3BCD(136.45)10 =(0001 0011 0110.0100 0101)8421BCD=(0100 0110 1001.0111 1000 )余3BCD (374.51)10 =(0011 0111 0100.0101 0001)8421BCD=(0110 1010 0111.1000 0100)余3BCD1.8、解(1)(+35)=(0 100011)原= (0 100011)补(2)(+56 )=(0 111000)原= (0 111000)补(3)(-26)=(1 11010)原= (1 11101)补(4)(-67)=(1 1000011)原= (1 1000110)补。
第三章场效应晶体管及其电路分析题1.3.1绝缘栅场效应管漏极特性曲线如图题1.3.1(a)~(d)所示。
(1)说明图(a)~(d)曲线对应何种类型的场效应管。
(2)根据图中曲线粗略地估计:开启电压V T、夹断电压V P和饱和漏极电流I DSS或I DO 的数值。
图题1.3.1解:图(a):增强型N沟道MOS管,V GS(th)≈3V,I DO≈3mA;图(b):增强型P沟道MOS管,V GS(th)≈-2V,I DO≈2mA;图(c):耗尽型型P沟道MOS管,V GS(off)≈2V,I DSS≈2mA;图(d):耗尽型型N沟道MOS管,V GS(off)≈-3V,I DSS≈3mA。
题1.3.2 场效应管漏极特性曲线同图题1.3.1(a)~(d)所示。
分别画出各种管子对应的转移特性曲线i D=f(v GS)。
解:在漏极特性上某一V DS下作一直线,该直线与每条输出特性的交点决定了V GS和I D的大小,逐点作出,连接成曲线,就是管子的转移特性了,分别如图1.3.2所示。
图1.3.2题1.3.3 图题1.3.3所示为场效应管的转移特性曲线。
试问:图题1.3.3(1)I DSS 、V P 值为多大? (2)根据给定曲线,估算当i D =1.5mA 和i D =3.9mA 时,g m 约为多少? (3) 根据g m 的定义:GS Dm dv di g ,计算v GS = -1V 和v GS = -3V 时相对应的g m 值。
解: (1) I DSS =5.5mA ,V GS(off)=-5V ;(2) I D =1.5mA 时,g m ≈0.88ms ,I D =3.9mA 时,g m ≈1.76ms ;(3) v GS =-1V 时,g m ≈0.88ms ,v GS =-3V 时,g m ≈1.76ms 。
题1.3.4 由晶体管特性图示仪测得场效应管T 1和T 2各具有图题1.3.4的(a )和(b )所示的输出 特性曲线,试判断它们的类型,并粗略地估计V P 或V T 值,以及v DS =5V 时的I DSS 或 I DO 值。
思考题:题3.1.1 组合逻辑电路在结构上不存在输出到输入的 ,因此 状态不影响 状态。
答:反馈回路、输出、输入。
题3.1.2 组合逻辑电路分析是根据给定的逻辑电路图,而确定 。
组合逻辑电路设计是根据给定组合电路的文字描述,设计最简单或者最合理的 。
答:逻辑功能、逻辑电路。
题3.2.1 一组合电路输入信号的变化顺序有以下三种情况,当 时,将可能出现竞争冒险。
(A )00→01→11→10 (B )00→01→10→11 (C )00→10→11→01 答:B题3.2.2 清除竞争冒险的常用方法有(1)电路输出端加 ;(2)输入加 ;(3)增加 。
答:电容,选通脉冲,冗余项。
题3.2.3 门电路的延时时间是产生组合逻辑电路竞争与冒险的唯一原因。
( ) 答:×题3.2.4 根据毛刺产生的方向,组合逻辑的冒险可分为 冒险和 冒险。
答:1型、0型。
题3.2.5 传统的判别方法可采用 和 法来判断组合电路是否存在冒险。
答:代数法、卡诺图。
题3.3.1 进程行为之间执行顺序为 ,进程行为内部执行顺序为 。
答:同时、依次。
题3.3.2 行为描述的基本单元是 ,结构描述的基本单元是 。
答:进程、调用元件语句。
题3.3.3 结构体中的每条VHDL 语句的执行顺序与排列顺序 。
答:无关题3.4.1串行加法器进位信号采用 传递,而并行加法器的进位信号采用 传递。
(A )超前,逐位 (B )逐位,超前 (C )逐位,逐位 (D )超前,超前 答:B题3.4.2 一个有使能端的译码器作数据分配器时,将数据输入端信号连接在 。
答:使能端题 3.4.3 优先编码器输入为70I I -(0I 优先级别最高),输出为2F 、1F 、0F (2F 为高位)。
当使能输入00,651====I I I S 时,输出012F F F 应为 。
答:110题3.4.4 用4位二进制比较器7485实现20位二进制数并行比较,需要 片。
CHAPTER 3P3.1. The general approach for the first two parameters is to figure out which variables shouldremain constant, so that when you have two currents, you can divide them, and every variable but the ones you want to calculate remain. In this case, since the long-channel transistor is in saturation for all values of V GS and V DS , only one equation needs to be considered:()()2112DS N OX GS T DS W I C V V V Lμλ=-+ For the last two parameters, now that you have enough values, you can just choose oneset of numbers to compute their final values.a. The threshold voltage, V T0, can be found by choosing two sets of numbers with the same V DS ’s but with different V GS ’s. In this case, the first two values in the table can be used.()()()()()()211122222201022001121121.2 1.210000.82800.8DS N OX GS T DS DS N OX GS T DS T DS T DS T T W I C V V V L W I C V V V LV I V I V V μλμλ=-+=-+-⎛⎫-===⎪--⎝⎭ 00.35V T V ∴=b. The channel modulation parameter, λ, can be found by choosing two sets of numberswith the same V GS ’s but with different V DS ’s. In this case, the second and third values in the table can be used.()()221 1.225010.8247DS DS I I λλ+==+ -10.04V λ∴=c. The electron mobility, µn , can now be calculated by looking at any of the first three sets of numbers, but first, let’s calculate C OX .631062-31m 10μm22?.210μm1m 10 0.0351 1.610/2.210OX OX t C F cm--=⨯⨯===⨯Now calculate the mobility by using the first set of numbers.()()()()()()()()()()()()22111021262101111 1.21 1.222210002cm 348V-s 1.610(4.75)1.20.3510.04 1.21DS N OX GS T DS N OX T DS N OX GS T DS W W I C V V V C V L LA I W C V V V L μλμλμμλ-=-+=-+===⨯-+-+d. The body effect coefficient gamma, γ, can be calculated by using the last set of numbers since it is the only one that has a V SB greater than 0V.()()()()244124414411221 1.20.468VDS N OX GS T DS DS GS T N OX DS GS T T GS W I C V V V LI V V W C V LV V V V μλμλ=-+-=+-==-==12000.6VT T T T V V V V γγγ=+-====P3.2. The key to this question is to identify the transistor’s region of operation so that gatecapacitance may be assigned appropriately, and the primary capacitor that will dischargedat a rate of V It C ∂∂= by the current source may be identified. Then, because the nodes arechanging, the next region of operation must be identified. This process continues until the transistor reaches steady state behavior. Region 1:Since 0V GS V = the transistor is in the cutoff region. The gate capacitance is allocated to GB C . Since no current will flow through the transistor, all current will come from the source capacitor and the drain node remains unchanged.68-151010V V 6.67100.6671510s nsSB V I I t C C -∆⨯====⨯=∆⨯ The source capacitor will discharge until 1.1V GS T V V == when the transistor enters thesaturation region. This would require that the source node would be at 3.3 1.1 2.2V S G GS V V V =-=-=.()15961510 3.3 2.2 1.6510s 1.65ns 1010C t V I ---⨯∆=∆=-=⨯=⨯ Region 2:The transistor turns on and is in saturation. The current is provided from the capacitor atthe drain node, while the source node remains fairly constant. The capacitance at the drain node is the same as the source node so the rate of change is given by:68-151010V V 6.67100.6671510s nsSB V I I t C C -∆⨯====⨯=∆⨯ Since the transistor is now in the saturation region, GS V can be computed based on thecurrent flowing through the device.()22 1.1 1.37V 3.3 1.37 1.93VGS T GST S G GS kW I V V LV V V V V =-==+==-=-=This is where the source node settles. This means that most of the current is discharged through the transistor until the drain voltage reaches a value that puts the transistor at the edge of saturation.3.3 1.1 2.2VDS GS TD G T V V V V V V =-=-=-=If we assume that all the current comes from the transistor, and the source node remains fixed, the drain node will then discharge at a rate equal to that of the source node in the first region. Region 3:The transistor is now in the linear region the gate capacitance is distributed equally to both GS C and GD C . and both capacitors will discharge at approximately the same rate.-151510V0.28621510510nsV I A t C μ-∆===∆⨯⨯+⨯The graph is shown below.00.511.522.533.5024681012Time (ns)V o l t a g e (V )P3.3. The gate and drain are connected together so that DS GS V V = which will cause thetransistor to remain in saturation. This is a dc measurement so capacitances are not required. Connect the bulk to ground and run SPICE. P3.4. Run SPICE. P3.5. Run SPICE. P3.6. Run SPICE. P3.7. Run SPICE.P3.8. First, let’s look at the various parameters and identify how they affect V T .∙ L – Shorter lengths result in a lower threshold voltage due to DIBL. ∙ W – Narrow width can increase the threshold voltage.∙ V SB – Larger source-bulk voltages (in magnitude) result in a higher threshold voltage. ∙ V DS –Larger drain-source voltages (in magnitude) result in a lower threshold voltage due to DIBL. The transistor with the lowest threshold voltage has the shortest channel, larger width, smallest source-bulk voltage and largest drain-source voltage. This would be the first transistor listed.The transistor with the highest threshold voltage has the longest channel, smallest width,largest source-bulk voltage and smallest drain-source voltage. This would be the last transistor listed. P3.9. Run SPICE.P3.10. Run SPICE. The mobility degradation at high temperatures reduces I on and the increasemobile carriers at high temperatures increase I off . P3.11. The issues that prompted the switch from Al to Cu are resistance and electromigration.Copper wires have lower resistances and are less susceptible to electromigration problems. Copper on the other hand, reacts with the oxygen in SiO 2 and requires cladding around the wires to prevent this reaction.For low-k dielectrics, the target value future technologies is 2.High-k dielectrics are being developed as the gate-insulator material of MOSFET’s. This is because the current insulator material, SiO 2, can not be scaled any longer due to tunneling effects.P3.12. Self-aligned poly gates are fabricated by depositing oxide and poly before the source anddrain regions are implanted. Self-aligned silicides (salicides) are deposited on top of the source and drain regions using the spacers on the sides of the poly gate. P3.13. To compute the length, simply use the wire resistance equation and solve for L .LR TWRTWL ρρ==First convert the units of ρ to terms of μm. Aluminum:2.7μΩρ=cm 6Ω10μΩ⨯610μm100cm ⨯()()()0.027Ωμm1000.812963μm 2.96mm0.027RTWL ρ=====Copper:1.7μΩρ=cm 6Ω10μΩ⨯610μm100cm ⨯()()()0.017Ωμm1000.814706μm 4.71mm0.017RTWL ρ=====P3.14. Generally, the capacitance equation in terms of permittivity constants and spacing is:k C WL tε=a. 4k = ()()()()230048.8510 3.541100SiO k k C WL TL t S S Sεε-====b. 2k = ()()()()30028.8510 1.771100k k C WL TL t S SSεε-====The plots are shown below.Capacitance vs. Spacing01234567800.511.522.533.544.555.5Spacing (um)C a p a c i t a n c e (f F)。
第3章[题3.1] 分析图P3.1电路的逻辑功能,写出Y 1、、Y 2的逻辑函数式,列出真值表,指出电路完成什么逻辑功能。
[解]BCAC AB Y BCAC AB C B A ABC Y ++=+++++=21)(B 、C 为加数、被加数和低位的进位,Y 1为“和”,Y 2为“进位”。
[题3.2] 图P3.2是对十进制数9求补的集成电路CC14561的逻辑图,写出当COMP=1、Z=0、和COMP=0、Z=0时,Y 1~Y 4的逻辑式,列出真值表。
[解](1)COMP=1、Z=0时,TG 1、TG 3、TG 5导通,TG 2、TG 4、TG 6关断。
3232211 , ,A A Y A Y A Y ⊕===, 4324A A A Y ++=(2)COMP=0、Z=0时,Y 1=A 1, Y 2=A 2, Y 3=A 3, Y 4=A 4。
COMP =0、Z=0的真值表从略。
[题3.3] 用与非门设计四变量的多数表决电路。
当输入变量A 、B 、C 、D 有3个或3个以上为1时输出为1,输入为其他状态时输出为0。
[解] 题3.3的真值表如表A3.3所示,逻辑图如图A3.3所示。
ABCD D ABC D C AB CD B A BCD A Y ++++= BCD ACD ABC ABC +++=B C D A C D A B D A B C ⋅⋅⋅=[题3.4] 有一水箱由大、小两台泵M L 和M S 供水,如图P3.4所示。
水箱中设置了3个水位检测元件A 、B 、C 。
水面低于检测元件时,检测元件给出高电平;水面高于检测元件时,检测元件给出低电平。
现要求当水位超过C 点时水泵停止工作;水位低于C 点而高于B 点时M S 单独工作;水位低于B 点而高于A 点时M L 单独工作;水位低于A 点时M L 和M S 同时工作。
试用门电路设计一个控制两台水泵的逻辑电路,要求电路尽量简单。
[解] 题3.4的真值表如表A3.4所示。