东南大学研究生一年级学术英语教科书答案chapter6-8

Unit 6 Same Sex Marriage in the United StatesVocabularyI. Word Distinctions1. allege; charge两个词均有‘指控’的意思：allege: 在没有证据或得到证据之前指控(To assert without or before proof): 课文中Baehr and her attorney sought their objectives ... by alleging exclusively violations of state law，所以州政府以failure to state a claim（未能提出充足的证据) 申请州法院将其起诉驳回。

charge: 掌握证据后正式起诉（make a formal accusation)。

选择以上适当的词填空：1）The former mayor will appear before the local court today ____ with taking bribes.2）His classmates ____ that he was cheating in the exam, but they failed to produce any solid proof.3）She’s been arrested after being____ with murdering her husband.4）The ____ murderer was proved innocent.charges alleged charged alleged2. affirms; confirm两个词均指‘确认’affirm: to state something as true;confirm: to make an arrangement or meeting certain, often by telephone or writing选择以上适当的词填空：1）Six people have ____ that they will be attending and ten haven’t replied yet.2）The suspect ____ that he had been at home all evening.3）I’ve accepted the job over the phone, but I haven’t____ in writing yet.4）She ____ her intention to apply for the post.5）Flights should be ____ 48 hours before departure.confirmed affirmed confirmed affirmed confirmedII. Decide the meanings of the following words by matching each word in Column A with the word or expression in Column B that is similar in meaning.TranslationI．Put the following Chinese expressions into English.1) 有争议的问题provocative issues2) 社会和宗教传统societal and religious conventions3) 异族通婚interracial marriage4) 法律援助legal aid5) 家庭伴侣关系法domestic partnership laws6) 异性婚姻heterosexual marriage7) 违反法律violations of laws8) 单方婚姻无效singular marriage voidII．Put the following Chinesse sentences into English with the words or phrases in the brackets.1) 所有的战士都知道他们的秘密任务需要冒一定的风险。

Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the city's size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_ urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City was characterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the city's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in the United States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenidentified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies haveenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichprovides relevant and timely information to roadmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedenvironmental quality and energy efficiency andimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andcommunities served only by aircraft have the highestfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbouron Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they arein Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentemployees living in remote communities receive anisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importanteducation is to the idea of America as a just, equitable,and productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theinstitutions: in government, in business and in theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_urban jungle depicted in such movies as MartinScorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnited States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be noincrease,and possibly a decrease,in road accidentfatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenidentified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies haveenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichprovides relevant and timely information to roadmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedenvironmental quality and energy efficiency andimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Government employees living in remote communities receive an isolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government, in business and in the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge. Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_urban jungle depicted in such movies as MartinScorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnited States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be noincrease,and possibly a decrease,in road accidentfatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenidentified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies haveenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichprovides relevant and timely information to roadmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedenvironmental quality and energy efficiency andimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andcommunities served only by aircraft have the highestfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbouron Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they arein Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentemployees living in remote communities receive anisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importanteducation is to the idea of America as a just, equitable,and productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theinstitutions: in government, in business and in theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_urban jungle depicted in such movies as MartinScorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in the United States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technology improvements to assist in road management has been identified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the collection of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic productivity. Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Government employees living in remote communities receive an isolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government, in business and in the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge.。

大学英语综合教程第一册Unit6课后练习答案Unit 6Part II Text AText Organization1. Eugene Linden wants to tell the reader that animals do have, at least, some limited intelligence, and the personal experiences of those who are in close contact with animals are more convincing evidence than that any experiments can provide.2.Subheadings Main Ideas Let's Make a Deal Some animals are intelligent enough to know how to bargain with people. Tale of a Whale Animals like whales can assess a situation and act accordingly. Primate Shell Game Animals sometimes can be tricky.I. 1.1) maintaining 2) intelligent 3) go (very) far 4) has expanded 5) make a deal6) In the interest(s) of 7) wiped out 8) surrounding 9) convince 10) figure out11) encountered 12) has cooperated 13) assessed 14)（had）switched 15) envy2. 1) There used to be a long / long-running controversy over whether the book should be published or not.2) Kate felt relieved after her first meeting with Tom had gone smoothly.3) Something suddenly went wrong with my computer whenI was in the middle of writing the essay.4) It's a miracle that she survived the air crash when it brought about 109 deaths.5) She is determined not to give in until they give her a pay rise.3. 1) It is obvious that Sherman never thought Melati was so intelligent that she would deceive her.2) Scientists have undertaken various kinds of original research projects to explore animal intelligence, but they still can't reach an agreement on whether it exists or not.3) Lots of evidence convinced us/them/me/him/her that the lost ancient tunnel must have run right underneath the city, extending to the seashore.II. Confusable Words1. firstly2. first, first3. At first4. First/Firstly5. first6. First7. at first8. firstIII. UsagePhrases1. animal intelligence2. zoo keeper3. eye contact4. money supply5. killer whale6. baby whale7. family member8. sea turtleIn the phrase, the attributive noun indicates:whosewherethrough whatof whatwhat kindhow oldof whatwhat kind/ whereStructure1. 1) Scott arrived at the South Pole on January 18th, only to find that someone had got there beforehim.2) They spent a lot of time negotiating for a pay increase, only to get fired.3) I got to the theater only to find that I had left the ticket at home.4) I went to this St. Valentine's party to have some fun only to discover that everyone there was my mother's age.2. 1) Why pay so much for such a coat? You could have it at half of the price in the supermarketnear our house.2) The central heating system seems to have gone wrong. Why not call the repairman to check it?3) Why argue with him any more? He's made up his mind not to undertake this task.4) "I called and left a message for him several times but he never called back." "Why not try his mobile phone, then? "Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A) 1.emergency 2. evidence 3. original 4. sizing up5. negotiates6. reveal7. intelligent8. make a deal9. dominant 10. in their interest(s)11. deceiving 12. controversy 13. judgment 14. explore(B)1. or2. How3. from4. However5. behavior6. when7. doesn't8. example9. But 10. attention11. Another 12. that 13. a 14. every 15. associate16. when 17. food 18. LearningII. TranslationWhen I was young I developed a keen interest in animals. So I often visited the zoo in my home town. There what attracted me most was a couple of tigers, especially the male. They were kept in a huge iron cage at first, but later was released from it and put in a place called Tiger Hill. The hill was separated from the visitorsby a very wide and deep ditch. What's more, it was also surrounded by a high iron fence along the ditch.Twenty years later, I revisited the zoo and was relieved to find the Tiger Hill was still there but greatly extended. Moving around now were six tigers, old and young, instead of two!Part III Text BComprehension Checkl. b 2. d 3.d 4. b 5. c 6. aLanguage Practice1. purchase2. took to3. display4. rejected5. shed light on6. magnificent7. typical8. Nevertheless9. alarmed 10. exhibited/displayed11. pulled himself together 12. indicate13. cautious 14. observing15. accompany。

研究⽣英语核⼼教材—综合教程（下册）课后练习答案unit6,8,9Unit 6 Same Sex Marriage in the United StatesVocabularyI. Word Distinctions1. allege; charge两个词均有‘指控’的意思：allege: 在没有证据或得到证据之前指控(To assert without or before proof): 课⽂中Baehr and her attorney sought their objectives ... by alleging exclusively violations of state law，所以州政府以failure to state a claim（未能提出充⾜的证据) 申请州法院将其起诉驳回。

charge: 掌握证据后正式起诉（make a formal accusation)。

选择以上适当的词填空：1）The former mayor will appear before the local court today ____ with taking bribes.2）His classmates ____ that he was cheating in the exam, but they failed to produce any solid proof.3）She’s been arrested after being____ with murdering her husband.4）The ____ murderer was proved innocent.charges alleged charged alleged2. affirms; confirm两个词均指‘确认’affirm: to state something as true;confirm: to make an arrangement or meeting certain, often by telephone or writing选择以上适当的词填空：1）Six people have ____ that they will be attending and ten haven’t replied yet.2）The suspect ____ that he had been at home all evening.3）I’ve accepted the job over the phone, but I haven’t____ in writing yet.4）She ____ her intention to apply for the post.5）Flights should be ____ 48 hours before departure.confirmed affirmed confirmed affirmed confirmedII. Decide the meanings of the following words by matching each word in Column A with the word or expression in Column B that is similar in meaning.TranslationI．Put the following Chinese expressions into English.1) 有争议的问题provocative issues2) 社会和宗教传统societal and religious conventions3) 异族通婚interracial marriage4) 法律援助legal aid5) 家庭伴侣关系法domestic partnership laws6) 异性婚姻heterosexual marriage7) 违反法律violations of laws8) 单⽅婚姻⽆效singular marriage voidII．Put the following Chinesse sentences into English with the words or phrases in the brackets.1) 所有的战⼠都知道他们的秘密任务需要冒⼀定的风险。

Unit 6 Making an Oral PresentationI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit, you will learn how to:1.prepare yourself for an oral presentationanize the content of an oral presentatione oral presentation language4.deliver your oral presentatione appropriate visual aids6.deal with questions7.participate in discussionII. Teaching Procedures1 Preparing your oral presentation2 Organizing the contentTask 11 Describe the outline of the talk2 Introduce the topic3 Indicate the shift from one idea to another4 Give closing remarks5 Summarize the talkTask 2Answers may vary.Task 31 Yes, he wanted to draw the audience attention immediately.2 To introduce his topic and raise the awareness about the seriousness of global warming.3 Yes, the story really created the effect he wanted to have on the audience.4 To echo the idea presented in the beginning part of the talk that global warming is a serious issue.5 He was really concerned about global warming and tried to create a good effect on the audience.Task 4According to a recent survey, two-thirds of the world’s polar bears will be extinct by the mid-century. We heard “save the whales” in the 1990s, we are hearing “save the polar bear” now, we will hear soon “save the human beings”. For the next 10 minutes or so I’m going to look at some of the serious effects of global warming. Basically I’ve divided my presentation into 3 parts. In the first part I’ll talk about the melting glaciers and the way that these are c ontributing to rising sea levels. Then in the second part I’ll look at climate change and give you some examples of how this is having a serious impact on wild animals’ behavior and habitat. And in the final part I’ll focus on the retreating snowlines and consider how these are causing the death of certain species of trees.3 Using proper languageTask 11 Questions about personal sleep habits. There are two functions for asking the questions: i) a topic-related question may help lead audience to this talk; ii) it is more attractive and interesting for audience.2 There are three major points the lecturer will cover in his lecture: i) the problem of sleep deprivation; ii) the causes; and iii) the effects. The lecturer introduces the main points of his lecturer in the very beginning so that the audience can follow it easily.3 Let’s start with the problem of sleep deprivation.First, what are the causes of sleep deprivation?Now I’ m going to move on to the effects of sleep deprivation.Another consequence of sleep deprivation is car accidents.4 To make his lecture more concrete and understandable.5 How many of you would say that… that you don’t go to sleep when you should because of the TV or the Internet?So now, what are the effects of sleep deprivation? The most common effect is, of course, sleepiness during the day. Let me ask you…When do you feel sleepy?The rhetorical questions may involve the audience into his lecture.6 Let’s, well, yeah, now, so, you, as you can see. The colloquial expressions may narrow the distance between the lecturer and audience.7 The style is more informative and colloquial. The language is easy. For example, the structure and the vocabulary are simple. Many transitional words are used to guide the audience. For example, personal experiences and stories are preferred to make the talk more interesting. Repetition is often employed to make his lecture more understandable.Task 2Answers may vary.4 Delivering your presentationTask 11 Yes, he varied his voice and his speed when he wanted to place the emphasis on what he was saying. He did this when he said the following sentences: “Now, here’s hard question, if the (I)don’t know”, “So, our call to action… your gig”, “I can’t wait to see what… hope that”.2 Yes, he made full use of his hands and his facial expression to achieve the maximal effects. He did this when he said the following sentences: “Well, I’ll tell you… the Internet”, “if the trajectory… what are we gonna do”, “So, our call to action… big thing”, “You could join… gas reductions”, “use your personal… in going green” and so on.3 He paused for the audience to think of the answer. He spoke word by word to emphasize the terrible result if the question is not appropriate replied.4 The lecturer wanted to place emphasis on the idea conveyed.5 To add weight to the sentence.Task 2Answers may vary.5 Using visual aidsTask 11 By using the slide in which the statistics of U.S. emissions are shown.2 He wrote the suggestions on the slides, each slide for one suggestion.3 The lecturer of Lecture 11 uses more pictures while Gore uses more words. They both put key words or key points on the slides and use bold typeface and a reasonable size so that the audience can see the words clearly.4 Gore uses key words or key points on the slides while the lecturer of Lecture 11 mainly uses pictures to help audience memorize. Both are efficient.5 The lecturer of Lecture 11 uses small cards held in his hand while Gore simply uses slides as a prompt for his lecture.6 Gore asked the audience to raise hands to answer the question “how many people here serve on the board of directors of a corporation?” while the lecturer of Lecture 11 uses “we” and “you” to narrow the distance between the audience and him. He also uses a lot of gestures and facial expression to achieve effects.Task 2Answers may vary.6 Dealing with Q and A7 Raising questions in class and in the lectureTaskAnswers may vary.8 Participating in discussionsTask1 Express a point of view2 Explain a reason3 Give evidence for an argument4 Acknowledge a person’s idea5 Offer a reason for disagreement6 Give your own argument。

Unit 1Keys for 1.3.1, 1.3.2Developing an Academic Voice:Most inexperienced writers use only the voices within their experience. When there is narrow experience, there may be the use of inappropriate voice. Writers may resort to their casual voice, which is inappropriate for academic writing. Developing an appropriate voice in academic writing establishes authority and respect for the writer. An academic voice can be developed through understanding categories of voice, recognizing your writing voice, and learning voice changing strategies.Categories of Voice:-Formal voice is an informative voice used in analysis and critique.-Consultative voice is reserved for opinion, reaction, position, and persuasion papers. -Casual voice allows you to share personal knowledge and experience. This style is not appropriate for an academic paper unless expressly allowed by your professor (as in a personal narrative).Strategies for Changing your Voice:- Eliminate casual fillersEliminate words that are associated with casual style and are generally found in conversation. You can ensure you are using an academic voice by avoiding colloquial speech patterns in your writing.Example: “You know,” “well,” “now”- PersonCheck for the appropriate person for each style of paper. First and second person pronouns are sometimes applicable to the consultative voice, but not the formal. Be sure you are consistent with your usage throughout the paper.- Wordiness and Word ChoiceExpress ideas clearly and concisely by removing extraneous words that only provide confusion. Also, remove ambiguous words such as “very” or “great” and select words that provide specific definition.Keys for 2.1.1Key for 2.2A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses and can also indicate the relationship between the elements it connects. In only one single sentence we often find that it contains one or more ideas which may be equal or unequal in importance. When the ideas are equal, they are called coordinate ideas. These sentences may be joined into a compound sentence that shows the relationship between the two ideas. When this is done in such a way that the equality of the ideas is maintained, we call the clauses in the new sentence coordinate clauses.Keys for 3.11.Science magazine2.advertisement3.Hemingway’s short story: cat in the rain4. a research paper5. a newspaperKeys for 3.2Key for 3.3There appear to be two principal reasons for the growing traffic congestion. Firstly, public transportation has become increasingly expensive in relation to the falling cost of driving. In addition, car ownership is more convenient than using public transportation, together these factors result in higher vehicle density.。

Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the city's size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City was characterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the city's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technology improvements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improved improved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge. Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbourin Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbourin Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbourin Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.。

Unit 41.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1. Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage1.3.2. Understand more about Method Section of this research. What do you know about the questionnaire used in the survey?thencomplete the following table:2.2.1 The following sentences describe a process of making paper. Use sequential wordsand rewrite them into a cohesive paragraph.Firstly, the logs are placed in the shredder. Then they are cut into small chips which are mixed with water and acid. After that, they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned. It is also chemically bleached to whiten it. Later, it is passed through rollers to flatten it. Then sheets of wet paper are produced. finally, the water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined until the finished paper is produced.2.2.2 Read the following sentences. They are all taken from method sections from different research articles. In each case, determine which information element is represented.1. subjects,2. material,3. procedure,4.overview,5. statistical treatment,6. procedureand material, 7. sampling, 8. research location3.1 Completing sentencesComplete the following paragraph by translating Chinese into English.1) The questionnaire was administered2) completed the questionnaire3) Background information about these participants is presented in Table 24) The mean age of the participants was approximately 29 years old5) the years of working experience was six on the average3.2: 1c, 2 e, 3 d, 4 f , 5g, 6 b, 7 I, 8 a , 9h3.3 Rewriting sentences(1) Table 2 shows the number of students per level and their Ll language backgroundsrepresented.(2) Two questionnaires administered respectively to the personnel officers andbusiness employees show a similar result in terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.(3) The scores of the two raters were averaged and entered for statistical analysis.(4) The model used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2009 Testpackage, originally developed by the Morrison Research Institute.(5) Gray (1998) studied the effectiveness of the new schedule, using scores on theStanford Achievement Test as the measure.(6) After the teacher explained the directions, the students began to write.( place modifiers so that they clearly modify what you intend them to modify ) (7) Students achieved better results, although the schedule was in effect only 1 year.(Put the main idea in the main clause )(8) After putting the assignment on the board, the teacher found by checking theroll that three students were absent. (Too many and s )(9) Because many school administrators seem interested in making only simple andinexpensive changes, they have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions.( avoid inserting long modifiers between the subject and the verb )(10) Many people are reluctant to install solar energy systems because of the largecapital investment required. ( avoid using subordinate clauses that modify other subordinate clauses )3.4 Turning notes into a passageA taste test was conducted to determine student’s preferences and attitudes toward sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened beverages. Ten people, five male and five female students, from Science English class 1 were chosen at random to participate in the test. The materials used were thirty straws, two cups, one blindfold, and two containers of Kool-Aid, a popular drink in the United States. One container held four cups of orange Kool-Aid sweetened with one half cup of sugar. The other container held four cups of orange Kool-aid sweetened with 9 packets of Nutrasweet brand artificial sweetener.The steps included in the test were as follows. Ten volunteer students were chosen, five male students and five female students. They were placed into two lines, one for males and the other for females. Alternately, men and women completed the taste test. To complete the test a blindfold was first fastened over the eyes of the tester so that he/she could not see. Then the two cups were filled with beverage, one with artificially-sweetened Kool-Aid and the other with sugar-sweetened Kool-Aid. The tester was then asked three questions from a survey and the answers were tabulated. Next, using a straw, the tester took a sip from each cup. Then the final two questions on the survey were asked and the answers tabulated. Finally, the remaining drink was thrown away, and the next tester came forward to repeat the process.。

学术综合英语参考答案6Part I: Vocabulary and Grammar (Section A)1. The correct answer is "innovative," which means introducing new ideas or methods.2. "Catalyst" is the right choice here, referring to something that causes a change or action to happen.3. The word "diverse" is appropriate as it means showing a great deal of variety; very different.4. "Consequence" fits the context, meaning a result or effect of an action or condition.5. The term "feasible" is correct, indicating that something is possible to do or achieve.6. "Credible" is the word needed, meaning trusted and believed to be true or accurate.7. The correct word is "prevalent," which means existing or spreading widely in a particular place or time.8. "Eradicate" is the right answer, meaning to completely destroy or get rid of something.9. "Interact" is the term to use, meaning to communicate or cooperate with others; to act together.10. "Discrepancy" is the word needed, indicating a lack of agreement or consistency between beliefs and actions or between makings and facts.Part II: ClozeIn this section, you are required to fill in the blanks withthe appropriate words or phrases from the given options. Here are the correct answers:11. enhance - To make something greater in quality, value, or extent.12. manifestations - Clear signs or indications of something.13. articulate - To express something clearly and effectively.14. conducive - Helping to make something happen or be successful.15. intrinsic - Belonging naturally; essential to something.16. scrutiny - Careful examination or inspection.17. perpetuate - To keep something going continuously.18. substantiate - To provide proof or evidence for a claim.19. alleviate - To make something less severe or painful.20. paradigm - A typical example or pattern of something; a model.Part III: Reading Comprehension21. According to the passage, the correct answer is that the author believes the importance of education is to empower individuals.22. The passage suggests that the primary reason for the decline in traditional education is the rapid development of technology.23. The author argues that the future of education will be shaped by personalized learning experiences.24. In the context of the passage, the term "collaborative learning" refers to students working together to achieve common goals.25. The author concludes that the key to successful educationin the future is adaptability and innovation.Part IV: Translation26. 教育的目的不仅仅是传授知识，更重要的是激发学生的创造力和批判性思维。

Unit Six1.3.11. We observed a stronger positive association for rectal than colon cancer.2. We found a positive association between red meat intake specifically and cancers of the esophagus and liver, and a borderline significant positive association for laryngeal cancer.3. Unexpectedly, we found an inverse association between red meat intake and endometrial cancer.1.3.21. Provide a brief synopsis of key findings, with particular emphasis on how the findings add to the body of pertinent knowledge.2. Summarize the result in relation to each research objective or hypothesis3. Relate findings back to the literature or the results reported by other researchers4. Discuss possible mechanisms and explanations for the findings. Compare study results with relevant findings from other published work. Briefly state literature search sources and methods. Use tables and figures to help summarize previous work when possible.5. Discuss the limitations of the present study and any methods used to minimize or compensate for those limitations, or mention any crucial future research directions.6. Conclude with a brief section that summarizes in a straightforward and circumspect manner the clinical implications of the work.2.12Like, like, Although, similarity, similar, most, most, But, equal2.2.12.3In our study, zinc supplementation did not result in a significant reduction in overall mortality in children aged 1–48 months in a population with high malaria transmission. However, there was a suggestion that the effect varied by age, with no effect on mortality in infants, and a marginally significant 18% reduction of mortality in children 12–48 months of age (p=0·045). This effect was mainly a consequence of fewer deaths from malaria and other infections. Any effect on mortality in this trial was in addition to a possible effect of vitamin A supplementation3.2Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. For example, the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles, whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles. Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline.3.3The following is taken from a discussion section of a research paper.DiscussionA thorough analysis of both …worst‟ and …best‟ rankings shows that the onsite containment technique leads to the best LCA result in the light of the taken hypotheses. Unlike other treatment techniques, onsite containment requires not only few materials (geosynthetics only) but alsosmall-scale excavation works. Actually the more a technique includes heavy technical operations involving materials and equipment, the worst is the result of LCA. This is the case for bio-leaching and offsite landfilling, which include, on the one hand, setting up the bio-leaching device, the treatment of leachates with lime, disposal of waste and cleaning of the site, and on the other hand, removal of soil and the transportation of huge quantities of materials over large distances.As mentioned above, besides the LCA, it is necessary to take into account the ability of techniques to substitute for each other as well as the environmental burdens which may be associated with them. Viewed in this light, it is worth noticing that bio-leaching and offsite landfilling provide complete remediation of the site, contrary to other treatment techniques. Bio-leaching consists of a real onsite decontamination of the polluted soil, which enables bequeathing of a clean site to coming generations. Nevertheless, in addition to a bad LCA result, this emergent technique is still poorly known and its efficiency is not quite proven for large-scale applications as yet. As regards offsite landfilling, if the site is left usable without any risk, the huge quantities of non-stabilized waste, which have to be disposed of in landfill, may disturb the organization of local waste management. This point emphasises the bad result of LCA.In return, if the favorable LCA result of onsite containment is due to light treatment operations, this very thing brings environmental issues up into the long-term. Indeed, only setting-up of awater-resistance device entails onsite storage of huge quantities of non-stabilized soil meaning that the initial problem is actually postponed, but not solved.As regards liming, which gives intermediate LCA results, an embankment of stabilized soil plays an important part in site rehabilitation. Indeed, in the absence of embankment, liming offers no chance of reuse for the whole site, whereas the site becomes partly reusable when an embankment of limed soil is achieved. However, stabilization provided by the liming technique is not reliable in the long term and it cannot be assured that the site will be safe for coming generations.To conclude, with the view to treating the site contaminated by sulfur in the short-term, the LCA has been a useful tool in determining the most environmentally friendly technique: onsite containment has been revealed to offer the best resource productivity.On the basis of these interesting results, it would be useful to take into account a wider range of environmental flows in order to get a more exhaustive inventory. And furthermore, a more conventional LCA format could be achieved by using impact categories (global warming,acidif ication…) as inputs in the multi-criteria analysis, instead of environmental flows.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Unit 72.1 Summerizing(Key: This text describes the experience of a Taiwanese man who has lived in Canada for several years. He considers Canadian women better off than Taiwanese. However, he notes some Canadian women feel nostalgic about the days when they received special courtesies. For example, formerly men opened doors for women or paid for their meals. At this time, most Canadians endeavor to treat men and women equally. Women today therefore are expected to cover the cost of their own meals. ) 2.2 Paraphrasing(Key for reference: Aries claims that beginning in the 1400s the way we viewed the family and the actual reality of the family changed. However, the change was so slow and subtle that people at that time did not see it. But the event itself, the growing importance of school, was quite striking. Prior to that time children were educated from the age of seven by being placed out or apprenticed to other families. Once schools were no longer limited to religious study, they replaced apprenticeship as society‟s means of educating the young and initiating them into society.)3.1 Key: EFABDC3.21) The present study is designed to determine what in San Francisco attracts visitors more,…2) The purpose of this investigation is to explore whether employees as well as managers have tobe equally trained for working in…3) This study set out to tackle the rate of juvenile delinquency in 1994 in U. S. A.4) The aim of this study is to determine whether education plays a role in….5) The project undertaken is to evaluate the marketing strategies currently applied by….6) The current study aims to determine whether children sent to daycare or preschool start….7) This project is aimed to explore how the discovery of … may change the way we treat….Unit 8 Writing Abstracts1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Commonly used verbs in abstracts; tenses in abstracts2.2 More verbs and sentences patterns2.2 Verb tenses in abstractsRead the abstract above again and check the tenses in the abstract.3Writing Practice3.1 Abstract writing practice3.1.1A review of groundwater remediation in use today shows that new techniques are required that solve the problems of pump and treat, containment and in-situ treatment.3.1.2The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail3.1.3The modeling involved an analysis of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls and gate, varying the permeability, and varying the number of gates.3.1.4An important factor in designing the walls is the residence time of the water in the gate or the contact time of the contaminant with the reactive media.3.1.5The results of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are presented such that they can be used as an aid to the design of permeable treatment walls.3.23.3Writing keywords4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstract 4.2 Outline an abstract4.3 According to the above table, draft an abstract and key words for the sample paper. Abstract:“Megacities” are defined as urban areas with more than ten million inhabi tants. By 2015 it is estimated that Asia (where much of the worldwide process of urbanization is taking place) may contain as many as 60 Megacities housing more than 600 million people in total. This number will dramatically increase over the next decades with more than 2 billion people living in Megacities by the end of this century. Low carbon performance is a fundamental aspect of the sustainable planning of a new urban development. Sustainable master planning has four components, namely operating energy use, embodied energy associated with buildings, energy supply infrastructures, another infrastructures such as transport, waste, water, sewage, etc. These aspects need to be understood to inform the concept design at its earliest stage, especially if designing to cater for the needs of global megacities where ramifications of poorly integrated planning could result in prof;ound andlong-lasting impacts on carbon and energy intensity. This paper describes how these aspects of low carbon planning and design can be assessed using urban scale modeling, namely the Energy and Environmental Prediction model (EEP-Urban),at a whole city and building plot level.Key words: Urban planning, High density, Urbanization, Energy modeling, Low carbon。

Unit 101.1 Pre-reading tasksWhat should you consider about the journal you are going to submit the paper to?个人收集整理勿做商业用途Factors to be considered: Impact factor(IF), manuscript processing time, journal mission and columns, citation, etc.个人收集整理勿做商业用途What should you do to your paper before submission?个人收集整理勿做商业用途Studying the publication format of the target journal, and revising the paper format according to the "Guide For Authors".个人收集整理勿做商业用途What should be included in your submission e-Mail?A cover letter, enclosure of the paper, etc.How can we sound polite when we write the submission cover letter and reply to the decision letter? 个人收集整理勿做商业用途Use polite expression1.3.11.Paper title2. author,3.affiliation,4.research focus,5.interest declaration,6.correspondence 个人收集整理勿做商业用途1.3.2Main idea: major revisionThe author should1.make point- to- point revision according to the reviewers' comment.个人收集整理勿做商业用途2.Check spelling and format in the main body and the references个人收集整理勿做商业用途3.Highlight the change in "track change "mode.4.Upload and resubmit the paper2.21. We are really sorry for the inappropriate language use. We have asked an English expert consultant to proof read the paper.个人收集整理勿做商业用途2.We are very sorry for our incorrect reference to published literature, and checked instructions for authors for the required journal format. 个人收集整理勿做商业用途3.We have made correction according to the r eviewer’s comments on the use of +/- to express variation, and changed it to mean (SD). 个人收集整理勿做商业用途3.2 Response to revision letterDear Dr/ Prof. James Joyce,On behalf of my co-authors, we thank you very much for giving us an opportunity to revise our manuscript, we appreciate editor and reviewers very much for their positive and constructive comments and suggestions on our manuscript entitled“Hydroxyapatite/Tetracalcium Phosphate/Polyacrylic Acid Cement: Chemical-Physical Properties and Cytotoxicity”. (ID: IEJ-12-00123).We have studied reviewer’s comments carefully and have made revision which marke d in red in the paper. We have tried our best to revise our manuscript according to the comments. Attached please find the revised version, which we would like to submit for your kind consideration.We would like to express our great appreciation to you and reviewers for comments on our paper. Looking forward to hearing from you.Thank you and best regards.Yours sincerely,Ling HuchongCorresponding author:Name: Qiao FengE-mail: 个人收集整理勿做商业用途The attached letter:Dear D r/ Prof. James Joyce,Thank you fo r your letter and for the reviewers’ comments concerning our manuscript entitled “Paper Title” (ID: 文章稿号). Those comments are all valuable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guiding significance to our researches. We have studied comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with approval. Revised portion are marked in red in the paper. The main corrections in the paper and the responds to the reviewer’s comments are as flowing:Responds to the r eviewer’s comments:Reviewer #1:The comments can be summarized as follows:个人收集整理勿做商业用途1.It would be helpful if the title would reflect that this report is on a root end fillingmaterial.个人收集整理勿做商业用途2.The entire manuscript needs to be edited for proper use of the English language andsyntax. 个人收集整理勿做商业用途3.This reviewer does not understand the connection between Earl and Ibbetson’s study andthe reference made to Bodrumlu. Please clarify.个人收集整理勿做商业用途4.Check instructions for authors for the required journal format for referring to thepublished literature. And the figures have no numbers.个人收集整理勿做商业用途Detailed Responses:1.It would be helpful if the title would reflect that this report is on a root end filling material.个人收集整理勿做商业用途Response: We have changed t he title “Hydroxyapatite/Tetracalcium Phosphate/Polyacrylic Acid Cement: Chemical-Physical Properties and Cytotoxicity” to “A Novel Root-End Filling Material B ased on Hydroxyapatite/Tetracalcium Phosphate/Polyacrylic Acid Cement”.个人收集整理勿做商业用途2.The entire manuscript needs to be edited for proper use of the English language and syntax.个人收集整理勿做商业用途Response: According to the reviewer’s suggestion, we have made all corrections and all of the relevant changes have been marked in red in our revised manuscript. We have changed the description “To overcome these disadvantages, a new material, hydroxyapatite/tetracalcium phosphate/polyacrylic acid cement (HA/TTCP/PAA), with optimum properties…” to “In this study, we intend to develop a novel material, hydroxyapatite/tetracalciumphosphate/polyacrylic acid cement (HA/TTCP/PAA), with optimum or improved properties…” in third paragraph, p. 2. We have changed the description “TheHA/TTCP/PAA paste was mixed….and the mixed with distilled water…” to “TheHA/TTCP/PAA pas te was formed by mixing its powder with distilled water…” in second paragraph, p. 3. We have changed the description “The paste of HA/TTCP/PAA, GIC and GPC were placed into a plastic plate…” to “The paste of HA/TTCP/PAA, GIC and GPC were placed into a plas tic plate (10 mm diameter × 1 mm)” in second paragraph, p. 4. We have changed the description “Compressive strength was calculated from the mean value of five samples of each group.” to “Compressive strength was calculated from the mean value of five samp les of each group.” in third paragraph, p. 4. We have changed the description “TheHA/TTCP/PAA, GIC and GPC pastes were manually shaped separately into an 8 mm diameter ball within 1 min….” to “At standard liquid/powder ratios each material (0.5 g powder) was mixed and immediately, but within 1 min, manipulated into a ball…” in fifth paragraph, p. 4 . We have changed the description “The materials were set in the molds for 24 h at 37°C in 100% humidity.” to “Test materials were mixed according to their liqu id/powder ratios and immediately placed into a circular mold (5 mm diameter × 2 mm). All the specimens were allowed to set for 24 h at 37℃ in 100% humidity.” in second paragraph, p. 5. 个人收集整理勿做商业用途3.This reviewer does not understand the connection betwe en Earl and Ibbetson’s study and the reference made to Bodrumlu. 个人收集整理勿做商业用途Responses:We are very sorry for not being able to clarify the connection between Earl and Ibbetson’s study and the reference made to Bodrumlu in previous manuscript. Actually, we cited the Earl and Ibbetson’s study from the reference made to Bodrumlu, but the original reference from Earl and Ibbetson was reported in British Dental Journal in 1986.个人收集整理勿做商业用途4.The authors should check instructions for authors for the required journal format for referring to the published literature. And the figures have no numbers.个人收集整理勿做商业用途Responses: According to the reviewer’s requirement, we have made all relevant changes according to instructions for authors.个人收集整理勿做商业用途Reviewer #2:The comments can be summarized as follows:个人收集整理勿做商业用途1.p. 5, ll. 22: It is unclear how the washout test was quantified. Please describe morethoroughly. 个人收集整理勿做商业用途2.p. 5, ll. 11: How do the authors know that the Et2O treatment didn't affect the biologicalproperites of the the materials? It seems it would have been better. 个人收集整理勿做商业用途3.p. 5, MTT assay. The 5 mg/mL concentration exposed to L929 for 4 h can be cytotoxicby itself. How did the authors control for this potential problem? 个人收集整理勿做商业用途4.First paragraph, p. 8 (setting). This paragraph seems speculative and askance of theexperimental data for the most part. Please rewrite to relate more specifically to the XRD and IR data. 个人收集整理勿做商业用途Detailed Responses:1.p. 5, ll. 22: It is unclear how the washout test was quantified. Please describe more thoroughly. 个人收集整理勿做商业用途Response: We have changed the description “The HA/TTCP/PAA, GIC and GPC pastes were manually shaped separately into an 8 mm diameter ball within 1 min, and then they were…” to “ At sta ndard liquid/powder ratios each material (0.5 g powder) was mixed and immediately, but within 1 min, manipulated into a ball. And then they were…” in p. 5, ll. 22.个人收集整理勿做商业用途作者对论文评审员的评审意见均作了点对点的回应。

Unit 1英译汉：15Outlines are essential to effective speeches.By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。

通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的想法是关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，通常准备演讲你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。

In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub--points using a consistent pattern. The speaking outline sho uld consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible在准备提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点。

Unit 31.2.1 List different opinions on poverty and environmental degradation2.1.1 Check the reviewing section of sample Introduction and complete the following table.2.2.2 Read three extracts on the issue of poverty and crime. Use the verbs above to cite opinions on poverty and crime.A study by Williams (2005) reports that percentage of poor Americans who are living in extreme poverty has reached a 32-year high. This finding is supported by Holmes (2006) who further states that there are more and more at the link between unemployment, poverty and crime. And the unmistakable characteristic of poverty and crime is that they’re both geographically concentrated in the same areas.This opinion is theoretically explained from an economic perspective of crime that people weigh the consequences of committing crime. They resort to crime only if the cost or consequences are outweighed by the potential benefits to be gained.( Garland, 2008) Although both these studies focus on the close relation between poverty and crime, they have ignored … according to Leach and Mearns (1995).3.1 Using referencesInformation prominent citationAmong the six areas regarding the poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day, sub-Saharan AfricaAuthor prominent citationThe World Bank (2012) states that South Asia ranks the second in the chart regarding poverty ratio at $1.25 a day among six areas in the world.Weak author prominent citationAs a report from the World Bank (2012) indicated, the top two areas of poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day were sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, with a population of almost 50 percent and 37 percent respectively.3.2 Relating literature to your researchWhat questions does this literature review answer?(Key: This literature offers a summary of previous research, so it simply tells the reader what was discovered in previous research.)What questions doesn't it answer?(Key: It doesn't evaluate the research it summarizes, nor does it show the relationships between the different theories, views and approaches it describes.)Which method has the writer used to organize the literature review?(Key: The writer has organized this literature review around the researchers, and has presented it chronologically (arranging the work by when it was published). Notice that by organizing it around the researchers (the summaries are listed after the names of the people who did the research) and not around the research (e.g. around key concepts) the writer emphasizes the people and not their work.)Is it a good literature review? Why?(Key: We don't believe that it is a good literature review. It only gives a summary of previous research but it does not use the literature to explain more about the writer's own research problem. Also, it is not critical: after we read it we still do not know which theories or findings are important, which are inconclusive, what the shortcomings are, etc.The main problem with this literature review is that it does not show how previous research relates to the writer's own research problem, or the relationship between different research already carried out. Given the organization the writer has used, this literature review could not be effective literature review because there is little scope for showing relationships, drawing comparisons, or making evaluations.)3.3 Avoiding plagiarismThe last sentence in Version 2T sounds like the idea of the writer of the paragraph, but we know from Version 1 that it was originally the idea of Russell and Fillery (1996). Because there is nogrammatical link between the two sentences, the reference in the first sentence does not apply to the second sentence. Note in Version 1 that the authors used both a grammatical link (they) and a tense marker (past tense was not adaptable) to indicate that the idea came from the cited work.。

Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —and completely justified —request”：the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient whilecompleting documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:• Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re-emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:» Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union» TB in urban centers like New York City» Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination. ·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. '• The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:» She read articles on websites such as PubMed.» She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.» She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types — dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.» She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration ·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness ·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:» Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient»Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:»Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group» Tendency to produce comparable groups» Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:» Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole»A poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissue»Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroups• Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:» Control group comparisons possible»Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlledlaboratory setting.»Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：» Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs donot use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.»Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups• Cohort studiesAdvantages:»Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome» Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure» Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:» Larger, longer, and more expensive» Prone to certain types of bias» Not practical for rare outcomes• Case-control studiesAdvantages:» The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and outcome» Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：» Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in nature» Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome• “N=1” trialsAdvantages» Easy to manage» InexpensiveLimitations：» Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population» Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、• Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:» The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)» The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：» Continuous stress» Pain» Hardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:» Energy and vitality» A certain zip in gait» A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:» Half-truth» Fearful fictions» Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:» Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions» Building our wellness toolbox slowly» Picturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:» Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change» Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit» Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotions1、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are caredin hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatment choices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, andfacility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor 4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:» Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy» Notable departures from standard practice being called “experimental” with the terms “experimenta l”and “research” carelessly defined2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms . ·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them ·Application:» A process rather than signing a written form» Adequate information as the premise» A well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: » At the individual level: fairness» At the social level: distinction between classes。

学术综合英语课后答案1-8单元U1Text A(1) Contrary to what they predicted,the disease broke out and killed thousands of people.与他们的预测相反，病情爆发并且夺去了数千人的生命。

(2) Without receiving her reply as scheduled he regarded it as implicit acceptance.没有如期收到她的回复，他认为她已经默认了。

(3) He repeated his assertion that he was not guilty in front of the jury in court.法庭之上，他在陪审团面前重申了他无罪的声明。

(4) Using the Internet,he was able to look up information ona terrible disease torturing his wife.他可以运用互联网查找一种折磨他妻子的可怕疾病的信息。

(5) The young man adapted well to the city life and his new environment.这个年轻人非常适应城市生活和新环境。

(6) There is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere to sustain plant life.月球大气中没有足够的氧气来维持植物的生命。

7) What you prepare for your speech,be sure to cite unbiased qualified sources.当你在准备演讲时，一定要引用不偏不倚并且得到允许的信息源。

(8) In the course of children’s language acquisition,adults should pay attention to grammar. 在儿童学习语言的过程中，大人们应该注意语法。

研究生英语(一年级下)课后习题及答案2Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, thecity's size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticatedand 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_ urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the city's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. Withthe city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in the United States in the last two decades. Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level ofrisk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in thecenter of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there wouldbe a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safetyimprovements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed. Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the applicationof computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has been identified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the collection of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidanceproject(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the nameITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion ,improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic productivity. Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least 20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Government employeesliving in remote communities receive an isolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living. unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government,in business and in the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there isa morally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, thecity's size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticatedand 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_ urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the city's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. Withthe city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in the United States in the last two decades. Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level ofrisk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in thecenter of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there wouldbe a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed. Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the applicationof computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has been identified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the collection of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidanceproject(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the nameITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reducedcongestion ,improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic productivity. Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least 20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Government employeesliving in remote communities receive an isolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living. unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government,in business and in the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there isa morally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, thecity's size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticatedand 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_ urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the city's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. Withthe city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in the United States in the last two decades. Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level ofrisk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in thecenter of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there wouldbe a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed. Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the applicationof computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has been identified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the collection of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidanceproject(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the nameITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion ,improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic productivity. Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least 20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Government employeesliving in remote communities receive an isolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living. unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government, in business and in the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the city's size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_ urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the city's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in the United States in the last two decades. Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level ofrisk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in thecenter of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there wouldbe a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed. Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the applicationof computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has been identified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the collection of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidanceproject(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the nameITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion ,improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic productivity. Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least 20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Government employeesliving in remote communities receive an isolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living. unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government,in business and in the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there isa morally urgent challenge.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。