TPO参考答案

1. If you could have any job or career you wanted. Which would you choose and why? Give specific details to explain your response.If I could have any job I wanted, I would choose to be a writer. There are a couple of reasons why I want to be writer. Firstly, being a writer doesn’t need to go to office or a place full of many other people. Writers usually stay at a quiet place and write articles or books. I enjoy being alone, thinking alone and writing things alone. Every time I am alone, I write stories. Secondly, I love the art of telling stories. Writing stories not only pleases myself but may entertain other people, the readers, as well. I especially like the scene in which people laugh and think when they are reading my stories.2. Some people who unexpectedly received a large amount of money spend it on practical things, while others spend it for pleasure only. Which do you think is better and why?I think spending it on practical things is better. Spending large amount of money for pleasure only is nota wise way to handle money. It’ll only make people want to spend more because human desire is insatiable. If you buy a big house, there will be a bigger house. If you buy a large company, there will be a larger company. So wiser people should spend the money on practical things such as setting up a fund for charity, helping those who are in urgent need of food and sanitation, building schools for kids who live in the rural areas and so on. Even opening a bookstore is better than just spending the money only for pleasure.3. The man expresses his opinion about the student's suggestions that are made in the letter. State the man's opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.The writer suggests that health center hire more doctors so that each patient receives quality treatment and that health center open on weekends in order to treat people who get sick over the weekend. The man in the conversation doesn’t think the two suggestions will do much good. As for the first suggestion, the man says the health center is tiny. It suffers lack of space. Unless it builds more treat room or offices, problems can’t besolved. About the second suggestion, the man says most students aren’t here on weekend. There are just not a lot of people here. Most of them are in town. Plus, students leave more often on weekend. All these mean that there is not much demand for treatment on weekends.4. Using the example from the lecture, explain what social loafing is and how it affects people's behavior.Social loafing happens when individuals in a group perform less well than they do on their own, which leads to less personal efficiency. The professor uses a study to illustrate this phenomenon. In the study, people were asked to peel potatoes, to peel as many potatoes as possible at a given amount of time. Some chose to work alone and were told that the number of potatoes each peeled will be record. Others chose to work in a group and they were told that only the total number of potatoes peeled would be recorded. So it was impossible to tell how many one person had done. Then the researchers compared the average number of potatoes peeled alone and that peeled together. They found out that people who worked as a group peeled significantly fewer potatoes thanthose who worked alone.5. The students discuss two possible solutions to the man's problem. Briefly summarize the problem. Then state which of the solutions you prefer and explain why.None of the bookstores in the campus area has the book the man wants and it’ll take about two weeks to have the book in stock. But the class will be discussing the book next Tuesday. The first solution is to buy the book on the Internet and use Russia order delivery. But it’ll cost twice as much money as it takes to buy one in a bookstore. The second solution is to share the woman’s copy until he can get a book from a bookstore. He can read part of the book one day and then the woman can read part of the book another day. But the man worries that he won’t get the book back to her in time. I prefer the second solution. Just like the woman says, as long as the two students keep careful, they won’t delay each other. Furthermore, they only have to share the book for two weeks, since bookstores will have the book in two weeks.6. Using points and examples from the talk, explain internal and external locus of control.The professor uses two interviewees as examples to explain internal and external locus of control. In the first example, the girl who has internal locus of control believes her success and preparation are her responsibilities. So she worked hard ahead of time. If she succeed, she will think its because of her hard work. If she fails, she will be disappointed and try to figure out how she can improve for the next time. Another example is a man who has external locus of control. He thinks interviewers have more influence on his interview, which means his success depends on luck. So he didn’t work hard to prepare for the interview. He is more likely to take risks, interviewing jobs that he is not qualified for. If he gets it, he thinks it’s because interviewers are having a good day. If he doesn’t get it, he will blame the interviewers and won’t try to figure out how he might have done better.。

1. Students often want to get better grades in their classes. Explain what students should do in order to improve their performance in a class.I think there are a couple of ways to help students get better grades. First of all, students need to pay attention to the teachers in class. Because teachers have experience and they can always make some hard-to-understand concepts and ideas easy for students. If students listen carefully and take notes, they will feel easy about exams. Second of all, doing homework is pretty important. It is a very good way to consolidate what has learned in the class. It offers exercises that can help students prepare for upcoming exams.2. Some people do not enjoy shopping and shop only when they have a specific purchase to make. Others like to go shopping for pleasure whether or not they have something to buy. Which do you prefer and why?I think I belong to the first group of people. I just don’t like doing things without an aim. It’s a waste of time and money going shopping when I don’t even know what I need. I think I’m a pragmatic person. I only go shopping when I want something. Like, if I want a computer, I’ll go to adigital shop. Otherwise, I would never go there. Also, I just don’t get pleasure from purchasing since I always have to pay. And when I’ve bought something, I don’t feel like owning it. It’s doomed to be consumed or used up. Things will come and go.3. The woman expresses her opinion about the university's plan. Briefly summarize the plan. Then state her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.The university decides to hold two ceremonies because the number of students is increasing, hence making the ceremony too long and because the hall is too small to hold so many students. The woman doesn’t agree with this proposal. As for the first reason, the woman thinks the real reason why the ceremony is too long is that there are too many speeches. Students, professors and administrators all make speeches. Reducing some of the speeches will shorten the ceremony so there is no need to hold two ceremonies. As for the second reason, the woman thinks the hall is big enough to hold all the students. Problem is that right now, each student gets to invite too many guests. So the university can just reduce the number of guests each person can invite. Still, there is no need to hold two ceremonies.4. Using the example of the telephone, explain the concept of cultural lag.Cultural lag is a period of transition when people adjust to new technologies. In the lecture, the professor uses telephone to illustrate this concept. When telephone was invented, only businesses used it because they realized that telephone could benefit them and help them. The general public thought calling someone on the phone was rude because it missed the personal regard. And some people just didn’t like talking to people without seeing their face. However, after a period of time, the cultural lag, the public started to accept telephone. Almost every home had one. Everyone began to use telephone. Friends would call each other to chat. And people didn’t consider calling someone rude as long as they follow certain rules of politeness.5. Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which of the two solutions from the conversation you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.The man has a problem getting to the campus. His apartment is far fromcampus. Previously, his roommate Jim gave him rides everyday. But now Jim is moving out and the man himself can’t afford a car. The woman offers two possible solutions. The first one is to take the public bus. But there is not direct line to the campus. The man will have to change buses and it’s a little waste of time. The second one is to live on campus. But the man says he will miss the old apartment. I recommend the man the second solution. Since he has a history project to do. And living alone on campus gives him a good environment and also saves him a lot of time from traveling. I think the missing of the old apartment will go away after he get used to living on campus.6. Using points and example from the lecture, explain two ways weathering occurs.The professor talks about two ways weathering occurs. The first way is by water. When it rains, the water can fall into the cracks of rocks. At night, when temperature drops, the water will freeze. And when water freezes, it expands so that it will push the both sides of the cracks. Gradually, pieces of rocks will break off. The second way is by plants. Plant seeds can take roots in cracks and crevices of rocks since there is enough dirt and water. When roots grow and extend downward to findwater, they enlarge and widen the cracks and crevices and so the rocks will break down.。

1. Imagine your life ten years in the future. Talk about one way you think your life will be different in ten years than it is now. Use details to explain your answer.I imagine my life ten years in the future to be free. My life will be different in one way from now that I don’t have to be tied to a job. I can travel around the world, go anywhere, see different things, meet different people, broaden my horizon and thus feel the world. I don’t have to confine myself to just one place. I can go to France, South Africa, South America and Islands in the Pacific. In addition, I can be a freelancer, live on my royalties.I will have plenty of time to write novels and read all the masterpieces. This is what I imagine my life will be in ten years.2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is important to learn about other cultures.Use details and examples to explain your opinion.I totally agree with this statement because we can learn different perspectives from other cultures. It’s important to know different perspectives to be reflective. For example, I wentto the US in my sophomore year and found out that many students in the US don’t use their parents’ money. They usually work in the summer to earn tuition fees and living expenses. However, most of my classmates including me use parents’ money without even thinking about it. We believe that it’s our parents’ obligation to pay for the college and give us allowances. I reflected on this issue and thought I should take on the responsibilities myself. Then I took a government loan to pay for the tuition fees and also got some part-time jobs. Therefore, I changed my perspective because I learned a new one from another culture.3. The man expresses his opinion about the change described in the article. BreiflyThe university choir decides to enter off-campus Singing Competitors in order to better its performance and help the music program grow. The man in the conversation likes this plan. Firstly, he thinks this change will motivate the singers in the choir. Since other schools’ choirs are very good, the university choir has to work harder to compete against them. So the university choir may practice more often than did it before and thus better theperformance. Secondly, he says if the choir goes to those off-campus events, there will be many students listening to them and if the students feel good, they may choose to come to the university and join the program. Therefore, the music program will grow.4. Using the example of the pronghorn and lion, explain the concept of a relict behavior.Relict behavior no longer serves its original purpose because of changed conditions. It might be useful to the animal when habitat was different. Pronghorn lives on open grassy plains. It is superfast, actually the fastest animal in the western hemisphere. Whenever its predators appear, it’s off in a flash. The reason why it runs so fast is that long time along, the grassy plain was different. Lions used to live there and chased pronghorns. Lions were much faster than bobcat, so pronghorn’s speed was critical to its survival. But now lions are extinct. They are no longer the predators. Because of this condition change, pronghorn’s speed doesn’t serve its original purpose and thus becomes a relict behavior.5. Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.The man wrote his paper last night but he forgot to take it with him. There are two possible solutions. The first one is to drive back to his place and bring the paper back. Since he lives off-campus, if he hurries, he can only come back before the class is over. Still he’ll miss part of the class. The second solution is to talk to the professor and ask her if it’s okay to send the paper later by email. But the professor always starts class on time, the man will only have chance to ask her when the class is over. I would recommend the man to take the fist solution. Since the professor is strict with late-submissions and he doesn’t know whether she’ll allow him to submit the paper later by email, it’s better to drive home and bring the paper back even if he’ll miss part of the class.6. Using points and examples from the lecture, explain how the characteristics of target customers influence marketing strategyfor products.The professor talks about two characteristics of target customers that can influence company’s marketing strategy. The first characteristic is age. If a company makes toy cars, its target customers are kids. It should advertise on Television during the time kids watch television. This makes sure that the advertisement reaches the kids so the company can get people in that age group to buy toy cars. The second characteristic is geographical location where the target customers live. If a company wants to sell boats, its target customers must live near ocean and lakes since only people live near water need boats. So the company will advertise in cities and towns that are near ocean and lakes in order to reach its target customers and therefore to sell more boats。

1.Blood salary is the book which attracted me so much. The first reason is that itreflects the history from a cruel but true angle. So, I can survey the whole history without any political influence. Second, the theory of the book impacts the basic social structure of ancient china, and through that, I can learn more for my career now. so, no other words can describe the book better but fantastic.2.I think television is absolute positive to the society. For the first reason, watchingTV is the main path for the citizens to receive the outdoor information, or we’ll even not develop any more. In addition, I think television the most powerful entertainment to amuse a family at the night time, so I can’t imagine the important role played by TV.Tpo21.The place which is the most meaningful to me is my grandmother’s. It’s becauseof the beautiful garden created by my grandmother, after work, I can turn to the lovely garden for the peaceful. t hen the most attractive thing is my grandmother’s smile and chatter. I nearly rely on the conversations between us to comfort me when I am annoyed. So, for me, there’s nowhere better than my grandmother’s home.2.From my point of view, we college students just have to stick on only one subjectfor our career. That’s because people can hardly develop more than one skill perfectly when our time and energy is limited. What’s more, when we choose one subject which we are interested in, that will be more efficient to our work. So, that’s definitely right to focus on one subject.Tpo31.I think a good parent should be knowledgeable and objective. A father of mothercan set up a great figure when they are capable to educate their children with endless knowledge. Then if the children are expected to be justicial, the parent should learn to solve the problems objectively with children.2.From my perspective, working in a group should be more efficient. There are tworeasons for this. First, if we work in a group, we can have our various ideas exchanged, so the work can be done perfectly. Furthermore, when several guys share one single work in certain time, everybody will get more space to handle his own job. So we have to learn to share the work with others.Tpo41.The thing I miss most when I’m away from my home is the food cooked by mymother. It’s not because it’s more tasty or delicious than others. I miss it all for the feeling when I am eating, which cannot be copied. That feeling contains my mum’s love and care. So wherever I have a meal I’ll never forget the meal made by my mum. That’s the most precious meal for me.2.I think classroom teaching cannot be replaced by any form. We can see itclearly from two points. First, students need to communicate many details with the professor. only in the classroom can make face to face communication comes true. Then, we cannot create the motivation to learn the knowledge online. But the classroom has the best atmosphere for study.1.The place I enjoyed spending my time to in my childhood should be the farmland not far from my home. In many people’s eyes, a farm land maybe just a dull place without any entertainment facilities. but for me, there are too many wonderful memories on that land, such as catching insects or even wild animals; camping with my friends. In a word, I really expect to have a chance to come back to my farm land, and have fun like a child.2.I think that kind of saying is not reliable. No matter which subject, they havethe importance of them is equal, math and science can make our mind more logical, and lead people to judge a situation correctly. but our society is not only make up by formulas and logical things, we need to learn art and literature to smooth any complicated relationships and emotions.Tpo61.There’s a photo in my memory. In the photo, a little girl about 8 or 9 is looking atthe camera screen, with tears hanging on her face. And the background is the ruins in the big earthquake. It touches my heart just because I even can feel the helpless flew from her eyes. The tears, dirty face, and the ruins show the big contrast between mine and the victims’situation.2.For me, I think struggle for one single career is better. There are two reasons forthat, first if we focus on one certain career, by assembling most of our time and energy to our work, we can develop our career more efficiently. what’s more, as we know, doing one job will be more easy for us to achieve the goals, and with enough time, we can move to a higher level in our career.Tpo7 if my friend want me to introduce some places to travle, l will absolutely take yunnan procince into consideration. for the first reason, the sight there is outstanding, and my friend will be conpuered by the beauty of yunnan. second, i think forgin friends are always fund of the mystery of china. after all, yunnan will never dispoint any turists.Just the same as the tpo4 question2Tpo 8 i can hardly forget how did one of my english teacher mrs yang help me to take back the confidence of learning english. there was a time that i failed my english exam, and i was really annoyed with that for a long time. it' mrs yang who show me potential of myself and persuaded me to start with vocabulary. after that, i made it. until now l haven't got an appropriate way to repay.i prefer to challenge something new. because we can learn more if we put ourselves into the situation of unknown. and in addition, it will be more fun to touch fresh thing, and in that process, more passion will produced which is the most improtant thing in our career. so, i like to risk myself in the new environment.Tpo9 there's one thing happened recently, i've recived a new job of teaching toefl in new orientle, and it's really meaningful to me. that's because new orientle is a training school with authority in teaching toefl. what's more, it's the perfect place for me to improve my teaching skill, and collact the precious experience. joining new orientle really encouriged me a lot.for me, i think friends must be influting me more. it's because when we are grown up, our circumstence is almost full filled with various of sociel relationships, and we can deal with the confusion with our frinds. second, friends can give us more help when we are in truble. after all, friends can not be ignored by any of the young people.tpo10 once i have bought a very expensive bicykle, at that time time i feel so proud of it. but now, for me it's just a shame. because i didn't need it practically, i just wanted to possess the same thing what others had. it's the vanity , which forced me to buy it. what's more, my family was not so rich, so gave a big stress to them. so, whenever mentioned it, i will regret it from heart.i don't aggree to force the children to learn something that maybe they don't love. we can't be sure whether the children can have fun with a forgine languge. if we do so, children who are not intrersted in it may lost confidence in study. second, we can't garantee that every child is appropriate to learn a second languge. so, this kind of policy doesn't make sense.tpo11 no need to repeat.I absolutely prefer to get control of the sorts of TV programs before the children watching it. the reason is quite easy, there're many programs of violence and adults only. and these things are all too much early for the children to touch, and once they have, they'll certainly keep them all in mind, because this kind of stuff is so impressive for a child. so, i insist to keep the children in a healthy TV environment.Tpo12 in our country, riding a electric bycicle should be the most efficient to go to the work place or school. there're several reasons, first, from the angle of environmet protection. it will be more clean, and it can save amont of resourse such as gas. second, in the most of chinese cities, the traffic is just like a jam, and using an electric bicycle, can save much time. relatively speaking, electric bicycle is the best choise.i have different point of view with the saying as it's essential to teach music. first of all, some of the children are not sensetive at music, we can't make learning an instrument as a burden to children. second, learning an instrument need to spend lots of time to practice, and that will take time of school study. so we'd better respect the children' choice.Tpo1Question3The reading passage is letter that oppose to build the sculpture on campus because that can cause a big financial problem, the college financial condition is poor, it will led to increase the price of housing. And it will also take too much space on campus, which can be devoted to students’ use.In the listening passage, the woman disagree with the letter. She says the money for the sculpture is offered by a donor instead of the college, so the financial problem is not exist.Question4In the lecture, the professor offers us one example to illustrate the meaning of groupthink. In the reading passage, groupthink is supposes to be members of a group just conform their to the group consensus no matter the decisions made by the group is irrational or not.In the listening passage, the professor talks about his experience, in his design group, more than half of the member agreed changing the outlook, but when a senior manager showed the opposite opinion, most of the members changed their decisions. But the final decision cost a lot of money.Tpo2Question3The reading passage is a plan of the college, which decided to eliminate the bus service, that’s because of people seldom take advantage of the bus, and money saved from that will be devoted to add more parking lots for students use. meanwhile the route of the bus is also be changed.In the listening passage, a man and a woman is discussing the plan, the man think it’s awful to eliminate the bus service, because few people taking the bus is caused by the irrational bus route, and adding more parking lots can just lead to more cars appear, and campus traffic and noises can’t be avoid.Question4From the reading passage, audience effect is defined briefly, that when you take activities under oth er people’s watching, you will account in you behavior.In the listening passage, the professor gives an example for us to understand audience effect. There are two parts of a experiment. Some people are divided into two groups to tie their shoes, one is told that they are observed by someone, another is not. Obviously, the group aware of being watching tie their shoes faster. Another part of experiment is to let the two groups of people type under the same two conditions. And people are watched type more faster and make mistakes frequently.Tpo3Quetion3The reading part is about a decision of the college to eliminate the hot breakfast instead of cold breakfast, the college believe cold breakfast is more healthy. And it also can save money for the students’ meal plan.The woman in the listening passage thinks the decision ridiculous, she doesn’t think the breakfast more healthy when it is cold because the weather is cold in the morning, so having hot meals should be more comfortable. And since students have to go off campus to get what they want to eat, and that’s even means a bigger cost of money. Question4The reading passage tells a when people get a contradiction between their real activity and their beliefs, cognitive dissonance can be caused at the same time.The professor in the listening passage takes himself for example to explain the cognitive dissonance. When he first went to high school, he didn’t do well in chemistry because he addicted to playing video games, but knowing that good future depends on brilliant study in school, he was really conflict. But since he knew he justwant to be a sociologist in the future, he comforted himself much better.Tpo4Question3the man in the listening passage shows his disagreement to the colleges decision, he think adding the evening classes cannot solve the problem, because students almost have full evening schedules in the evening for example they have families jobs clubs, so they don’t have time to go for the classes. What’s more, it’s also brings the financial problems as they need to hire more people to work at the building gate till evening. And the man suggest buying more computer because the price of the computer now is low and there are plenty of space for the new computer in the apartment classroom.Question4The professor gives two true stories as an example to explain the relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication. In the first story, the professor welcomes his uncle Pee with a saying “uncle Pee, what a surprise !” and some movements like a little boy, and the result is his behaviors makes uncle Pee really feels well. Another story is about building a bird house with her daughter, when he hurt himself he screams normally, but he says “I’m ok” with a trembling voice and keeping shaking his p ainful hands, and this time, his activities doesn’t make her daughter believe in his words.Tpo5Question3The reading passage tells us the college is going to make every last week of semester the Campus Dining Club, that means the culinary art students will bring their works in the dining hall. And also some more fee is needed for the food ingredients.The man in the conversation supports the movement. Because he think it’s a brilliant chance for the culinary art students to practice in the dining hall, for serve the customers in the dining hall can feel much more pressure than serve their classmates in the classroom. What’s more, the wonderful meals are much cheaper than the food off campus.Question4The professor in the listening passage talks about the advertising strategy of target marketing. He use a cell phone ads for example, when the young people are watching the TV shows, the ads should be played with pop music or some fashion elements, they have to show how interesting the cell phone is. But if the potential customers are business men, the ads has to show the efficiency of the cell phone, and let the audiences know the product can help to their business.Tpo6Question3The woman in the conversation totally disagree with the student who write the letter, because Tim is her friend, and she knows that Tim is not a typical student, he always has party till the deep night, that’s the reason he feel sleepy and boring in the ne xt day’s history seminars. And also, the true situation is that the students thinks the seminar is interesting, they exchange their points and everybody is involved in theseminar.Question4In the listening material, the professor defines the meanings of explicit memory and implicit memory. The explicit memory means the memory of certain things, people, or event. And the implicit memory refers to some memory isn’t conscious of, take a car ads for example, after a driver passes a big car ads board with a na me “panther” on the bottom, if you ask him to think an animal’s name starts with letter P, normally, he should give most possible answer “pig”, but with the influence of the ads word “panther”, he will answer “panther”.Tpo7Question3The reading passage shows a plan by a college to eliminate the sculpture course, the reason is less students interested in the course, and also the professor is about to retire. In the conversation between the woman and the man, the woman is dissatisfied with the plan, and she states her opinion from two aspects. First, the small number of the students is not caused by boring content, it’s just because the required courses are so much that they don’t have time to attend the sculpture course. Second, the college can’t solve the problem of teacher by hire a part-time job teacher or a secondary field teacher.Question4From the listening material, the professor gives a lecture about behavior modification. There’s an example about a little child, when he goes to school firstly, he will do anything unexpected in a classroom because he doesn’t know the rule there, but normally, the punishment from teacher, for example, just stay in the classroom when others play outside at the break time. After that, he will learn to avoid to repeat the behaviors like before. On the other hand, if some activities earned rewards from the teacher, they will repeat the same thing because he enjoys the pleasure.Tpo8Question3There are two students talking about the decision of add classical music during the mealtime. The man thinks it isn’t rational to do the decision for two reasons. First, it will disrupt the students who want a peaceful atmosphere to prepare for exams or do their assignment. Second, most of the young people don’t like the classical mus ic, they’d rather play rock music with an mp3 to block the classical music from their ear. Question4This is a lecture about coloration for some insects to protect them from the predators. The professor two insects for example. The first one is call peanut bug, his tool to rescue itself is his back wings, it has a bright special color, when they are attached, they open their back wings to frighten the predators and win the chance to get away. Another insect is called morpho butterfly. Parts of the butterfly’s wings are shiny. So when a bird is hunting them, the shiny wings can confuse the bird and take a chance to escape.Tpo9Question3In the listening passage, the two students are talking about the program for students to work in a local corporation for a semester to collect experience. But the woman doesn’t like it. She gives two points to contradict. First, the positions offered by the companies are always meaningless, such as typing or something doesn’t related to the work with leadership and organizational skills. Second, there are not only one colleges sending their students to the corporations for working, so, it’s very hard for the corporations provide so much positions for all the students.Question4In the listening passage, the professor is talking about how to use the establish shot in the beginning of a scene to build a basic background for a whole story. For example, the professor describes a scene of old fashion car which looks like in the 1940s, the streetlamps with weak light, and all the city seems glooming. So that’s just the atmosphere the director want to create. That means proper use of establishing shot can bring the audience directly to the story of a movie.Tpo10Question3In the conversation between the man and the woman, we can know that the woman doesn’t support the letter’s idea. She gives two reasons. First, a big number cannot suppose to be a good condition for an exhibition, because too much people walking around will block the viewer’s eyesight. What’s more, the sunlight through the glass is not good enough for the artwork, because if it’s sunny, the light maybe too much bright. And it will be too dark in a windy weather. The best light condition depends on a better control of the light as in a museum.Question4The professor in the listening passage explains the entertainment merchandising with his and his daughter’s experiences. When he was a child, there is a action character which attracts him and his friend deeply, as he admires the hero so much, he kept on watching the show all the time. Until one day he found the hero appeared in a store and bought it. Then is something similar happened on his 7-year-old daughter. She always played dolls with other little girls who are also the doll fans. And recently, she is crazy about a TV show, the reason the doll she has is playing an important role in the show.Tpo11Question3In the conversation, the woman expresses the negative attitudes to the plan. First, she realized that the construction will ended in two years, it’s no doubt that students’ study and normal rest will be disturbed. so more students will move off campus to avoid the noises. And after the construction, things still can’t be better, because it’s will be more expensive to live in. so, students maybe rather move out and find an apartment with less money than live in the dorm.Question4The professor in the listening passage gives a lecture about outsider art. In his lecture, he takes an artiest Henry Garger for example. He lives alone in a tiny apartment in Chicago. His works are full of his own style, that means you can’t find any commontechniques like other normal artists. And this kind of artists’ works are more strange, such as the details are crowded o n the drawing and it’s size can be nine feet long.Tpo12Question3The woman in the listening passage supports the plan for two reasons. First, when the broadcasting range is enlarged, people in town can receive the programs too. So more programs will be n eeded, at the same time, it’s a good chance to make the experience to make radio programs, and that’s helpful when they graduate. Then, after enhance the radio station, commercial opportunities will come to the college, that means there will be more money for the scholarship and facilities.Question4In the listening passage, the professor use an experiment to prove subliminally perceived can influence people’s thoughts and attitude. two groups of people are asked to watch TV. At the first time, two different pictures are shown to them, on one of them, a boy throws a birthday cake on the floor angrily. On the other, the same boy holding the birthday cake happily. At the second time, the same boy and birthday cake appear on the TV. But this time the boy seems peaceful there without any emotion. But when the two groups of people are asked to describe the second picture, the result is different, the first group think the emotion of the boy is negative. The second group describes the boy positively.Tpo1Question5From the listening passage, the woman is telling a problem that she lost the chance to rent a van from the rental agency. So, she is wondering how to drive the elementary school students to the zoo. The man talking with her gives his advices. First, she can borrow the cars from her friends on campus. Or if it hard for her to find a car or a volunteer to drive for her. She can also take the bus to the zoo, because there’s a bus line passed the zooQuestion6The listening passage is about a professor’s lecture. In her lecture, she describes a research of baby’s mathematical ability. Researchers prove babies have the ability when they are 5 months old with a experiment. In the experiment, someone put a doll on the table in front of the baby. Then put the screen down to block the doll. And then, put another doll behind screen, and the process has all shown to the baby, but the research takes one of the dolls away secretly. After that, they rise the screen. When the baby finds there is only one doll on the table, the eye recorder camera shows that they are surprised.Tpo2Question5In the listening material, the student is facing a problem that she wants to join the spring trip with the professor, but the thing is she has promised to help another professor to set up the museum exhibition. The professor suggests her to find someone to replace her for the work, or she can finish the museum work before Wednesday. I think the second solution is more suitable, because she must keep thepromise to the professor. and the time is obviously enough for her to finishing setting up the exhibition.Question6From the passage, the professor gives a speech about the meaning of money. We can divide the money into narrow definition and broad definition. In the narrow definition, money is the paper bill or anything the law admits. For example, when you are taking a taxi in the U.S, the driver must accept the paper bill or coins as money, nut if you give them vegetables for a ride, they have reasons to refuse. The second is broad definition, in this definition, people can exchange whatever they need to others. For example, the taxi driver can give a farmer a ride for some vegetables.Tpo3Question5In the conversation between the woman and the man, the woman is facing a prob lem that she wants to attend a rewarding ceremony but the biology exam is at the same time. There are two solutions provided by the man. First is to do a five-page work instead of doing the exam, the second is to find someone to receive the reward for her. For me, the second choice is better.. because an exam is definitely more important than a ceremony. She can’t cancel the exam for the reward, and the ceremony is just a form for prize-winner, since she has win the prize, she should be satisfied now. Question6In the listening passage, a professor talks about two different strategies of advertisement. One of them is repetition. That can make a untrue or meaningless message acceptable for the consumers, take a car ads for example, there is a car traveling around and keeping picking people up with saying plenty room for friends, plenty room for family…another strategy is find someone famous to join the ads, people always think famous people are worthy to trust, for example, when famous race car driver says I like ride car fast after he drives the product, people will believe the car is really fast, even if it’s not.Tpo4Question5According to the listening passage, the man is running into a problem on campus, and the woman have suggested two methods to solve it. He has left his class schedule in his dormitory so he can’t find his classroom. And this is his first day for class, so he doesn’t want to make a bad impression To his professor. The woman offers two ways to deal with it, at first, she suggests to find the classroom any other place because the place they are standing is a computer center, but having notice the man is going to have a …. Introduction class, she suggests the man to check the three lecture halls one by one in the three floors. I prefer the second suggestion, because the right classroom is definitely in the building they standing, and it’s not a big case for the man to check the three lecture halls.Questio6In the listening passage, a professor is giving a lecture about art creation. In her lecture, to express meaning or emotions, various elements---color, texture, shape andline--- combined can be used. For example, when an artist is making a work, different color combined together to express particular senses or a certain mood, take the red color for example, it expresses a strong feeling of joy or anger, but on the other hand blue color makes a sense of cool. Another visual element is texture----the surface quality of a work. One of the textures can be touched by fingers another one is expressed on the paintings, and that texture just can be visual, for example artist makes roughness for strong emotion and less emotional with smoothness. When some strong colors and brush….. are put together, that convey a wilder emotion. That means the work’s massage can be conveyed by the combination of elements.Tpo5Question5In the listening passage, the woman has got a problem. And a man is talking about solutions with her. The woman’s problem is her arm is wrest, but there is a test concert next week which need her to join in. and she doesn’t want to let her teammates down. There are two solutions comes out in the conversation, the first one is just expect the recovery of her arm before the concert, the second is find someone like Jim to replace her for the concert. Relatively speaking, I think the second solution is more feasible. Because if just wait for the recovery, she won’t be able to practice, and that will obviously influent her behaviors in the concert. And I don’t think doing more efforts to make Jim guaranty the attending of concert is big problem.Queston6In the listening material, the professor shows the reasons why people do the certain activities in the lecture. All of our motivations come from two elements. one is extrinsic effect, like pay and money. Another is intrinsic effect, that means we are motivated to do something internally. But if put both of force into cooperation, being intrinsic can be more lasting. For example, when a child stops receiving money for his work around a house, then there will be less motivation for him to do the activity, because he can be pleasure from doing the work, but if intrinsic strength push people forward, that can be different, just like the professor, she keeps on going to gym because she’s aware it’s good for her health and she is really enjoy the thing.Tpo 6Question5From the listening material, the woman has a problem with her group, that they can’t complete their studying well. And the professor gives two solutions for her. One is just changing the time they meet every week, second is find someone to a leader to arrange the members. For me, the second solution is more considerable. The group members will be more patient and responsible if a leader asking them to do a work, but changing the time can’t change people’s negative attitude to study.Question6The listening passage is about a lecture class of a professor, and the professor talks about two kinds of students attentions in a class. One of them is active attention, that means the attention is voluntary, you have to do efforts to attract the listener’s。

1. Students often like to study with others in a group. What do you think are the benefits of group study? Explain your reasons.There are several benefits. First of all, in a group, if you have any problems, you can always find group members to help. Since everyone has different strong subject, if you have trouble with math, you can find a member to help you, if you have difficulty with physics, you can also find another member to help you. Secondly, studying in a group offers chances for discussion. People view things differently. In discussions, you can learn different perspectives. And this can help broaden your horizon.2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should receive money for doing household tasks such as cleaning. Use specific examples and details to support your opinion.I agree with this statement. If children do household tasks, they can receive money. With the incentive, they will probably do the tasks more actively. This can help children develop some basic living skills. They’ll learn how to do the laundry, how to wash dishes, how to clean up the room or even how to cook. More importantly, this can help children understand a lesson: no pains, no gains. Parents can stop giving childrenallowance unconditionally. Rather children should earn their allowances through their own labor. Children may even develop a sense of economy.3. The man expresses his opinion about the proposal described in the letter. Briefly summarize the proposal then state his opinion about the proposal and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.The writer of the letter proposes that the university should run a free bus service between the campus and the airport during break times, because there is currently no public transportation in the line. Also, the university can use the regular buses on campus to do this service. The man in the conversation thinks this is a great idea. Firstly, he says that right now, it’s very expensive to get to the airport, since students always have to take taxi if they don’t have friends to give them a ride. It usually costs about 30 or 40 dollars. This is a big money for students. Also, he says that at the break times, there are fewer students on campus. So not many students need the bus service on campus. They don’t go to library as often.4. Explain how the example from the professor’s lecture illustrates the choice-supportive bias.Choice-supportive bias is a phenomenon that after making a choice, people tend to remember the advantages only and forget the disadvantages of the choice. The professor uses his own life experience to illustrate this. Years ago, his friend and he went to see a house. The house had a perfect location. It was near his friend’s working place. But it was a little small. His friend wanted a bigger house. Still his friend bought the house. After a few years, when the professor and his friend talked about the decision of buying this house, his friend said it was very comfortable living in this house, coz it’s close to the working place. But his friend kind of forgot that house was small and thought the house was big enough.5. Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which of the two solutions from the conversation you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.The woman is stressed out because she has to finish 3 research papers before the end of the semester and she also has to work in an office. Her problem is that there is not enough time. There are two possible solutions. The first is that she can reduce the working hours in the office. The second is that she can get an extension on history paper. But few pointswill be taken. If I were the girl, I would choose the second solution. Working in an office is not just a part-time job; it may also become an opportunity after graduation. Since the history professor has already granted extension, she can take it. I think losing a few points is nothing compared to a future career.6. Using the examples of starthistle and Kit fox, describe two ways roads can affect the environment.The professor talks about two ways roads harmfully affect the environment. The first way is by transporting plants to new areas. The transported plants will compete with native plants for natural resources. For example, there is a kind of weed, starthistle that gets transported by tires. In the new environment, it competes with native plants for water. This makes it harder for native plants to survive. The second way is by dividing the animal habits into smaller areas. Animals in smaller areas won’t have enough food to support themselves. For example, Kit fox eats mice and squirrels. These small animals spread over large tracts of land. Now the fox’s habitat has been divided by high ways. It’s very hard for the fox to find enough food. So the number of the fox decreases.。

TPO 24Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex's leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. Rex.Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron - a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.As much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn't necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacteria lived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.All right. What about the iron-filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probably have a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen in animal remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn't come from the T.rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone.In the reading passage, it talks about the fossils related to animal tissues, however, the professor holds different ideas.To begin with, in the reading material, we learn that the lots of tiny branching channels are found inside of the leg bone fossil. The reading material argues that soft tissue is expected to be found in the channels. However, the professor thinks that the channels are more likely to be left by bacteria. In addition, in the reading passage, it talks about that spheres are found in inner bone and red blood cells can be remained. And in the reading passage, it gives evidence that the sphere have red centers. However the professor indicates that there is no evidence show that creature at that time had red cells and the red centers should be something else.As a final point, in the reading passage, it talks about that collagen is found on the leg bone. Collagen is actually a biochemical material, which is expected to be an association with bone tissue.However, the professor says that collagen is not likely to live as long as 7 million year. It may be some recent material. For instant, it may be from the hand skin of the researchers.In conclusion the professor does not agree with the reading passage.TPO 25In 1938 an archaeologist in Iraq acquired a set of clay jars that had been excavated two years earlier by villagers constructing a railroad line. The vessel was about 2,200 years old. Each clay jay contained a copper cylinder surrounding an iron rod. The archaeologist proposed that vessel were ancient electric batteries and even demonstrated that they can produce a small electric current when filled with some liquids. However, it is not likely that the vessels were actually used as electric batteries in ancient times.First of all, if the vessels were used as batteries, they would probably have been attached to some electricity conductors such as metal wires. But there is no evidence that any metal wires were located near the vessels. All that has been excavated are the vessels themselves.Second, the copper cylinders inside the jars look exactly like copper cylinders discovered in the ruins of Seleucia, an ancient city located nearby. We know that the copper cylinders from Seleucia were used for holding scrolls of sacred texts, not for generating electricity. Since the cylinders found with the jars have the same shape, it is very likely they were used for holding scrolls as well. That no scrolls were found inside the jars can be explained by the fact that the scrolls simply disintegrated over the centuries.Finally, what could ancient people have done with the electricity that the vessels were supposed to have generated? They had no devices that replied on electricity. As batteries, the vessels would have been completely useless to them.Your reading says that these vessels were not used as batteries in ancient times, but the arguments used in the reading are not convincing. The battery explanation could very well be correct.First, about the absence of wires or other conductors, Remember, vessels were discovered by local people, not archaeologists. These people might have found other material located near the jars. But since they were not trained archaeologists, they may not have recognized the importance of that material. So materials serving as wires or conductors might have been overlooked as uninteresting or even thrown away. We’ll never know.Second, it is true that the copper cylinders in the vessels are similar to cylinders used to hold scrolls, but that does not really prove anything. It’s possible that the copper cylinders were originally designed to preserve scrolls. And that some ancient inventor later discovered that if you use them together with iron rods and some liquid in a clay vessel, they will produce electricity. That’s how the first ancient battery could have been born. In other words, the copper cylinders could have been originally used for one purpose, but then adapted for another purpose.Finally, there’s the question of the possible uses of the battery in the ancient world. Well, the battery could produce a mild shock or tingling sensation when someone touched it. This could very well have been interpreted as evidence of some invisible power. You can easily see how people could convince others that they had magical powers through the use of the battery. Also, the battery could have been used for healing. Modern medicine uses mild electric current to stimulate muscles and relieve aches and pains. Ancient doctors may have used the batteries for the same purpose.In the reading material, the author states that the vessels found in Iraq in 1938 were not actually used as electric batteries in ancient times. However in the listening material, the professor refutes that the argument is unconvincing as it was used as batteries.First, according to the reading passage, the author suggests that if they were used as batteries, they would have been attached to some electricity conductors. However in the listening, the professor claims that we should remember that the discovery was made by local people along with some other materials. As they were not trained as archaeologist, they could not recognize the importance of some certain excavations.Perhaps they were overlook as something uninterested and then thrown away. Second, the author in the reading material mentions that the vessels were likely used for holding scrolls. Unfortunately the professor argues that it could not prove anything. It is possible that the vessels may be originally designed to scrolls. However ancient inventor then discovered that if the vessels were used with iron rod and some liquid, it could generate the electricity. So the copper cylinders may be originally used for one purpose but adapted for another purpose.Finally, the author of the reading passage asserts that the vessels would have been completely useless to ancient people as they had no devices that replied on electricity. In the contrary in obviously contradicts with the listening passage in which the professor contends that the battery could generate some mild shock and this also interprets evidence of some invisible power that how people convince others they had the magic power. Also it could be used for healing. In modern society doctors would use batteries to stimulate muscles and release pains. In ancient times people could also do that.In conclusion, according to the listening material, the argument that the vessels could not be used as batteries is unwarranted.TPO 26The zebra mussel, a freshwater shellfish native to Eastern Europe, has long been spreading out from its original habitats and has now reached parts of North America. There are reasons to believe that this invasion cannot be stopped and that it poses a serious threat to freshwater fish populations in all of North America.First, the history of the zebra mussel's spread suggests that the invasion might be unstoppable. It is a prime example of an invasion made possible by human transportation. From the zebra mussel’s original habitats in Eastern Europe, ships helped spread it out along new canals built to connect Europe’s waterways. The mussel can attach itself to a ship’ s bottom or can survive in the water—called "ballast water"—that the ship needs to take on to properly balance its cargo. By the early nineteenth century, the mussel had spread to the whole of Europe. It was later carried to the east coast of North America in the ballast water of ships traveling from Europe. The way ships have spread the zebra mussel in the past strongly suggests that the species will soon colonize all of North America.Moreover, once zebra mussels are carried to a new habitat, they can dominate it. They are a hardy species that does well under a variety of conditions, and they have a high rate of reproduction. Most important, however, zebra mussels often have no predators in their new habitats, and species without natural predators are likely to dominate their habitats.Finally, zebra mussels are likely to cause a decline in the overall fish population in habitats where they become dominant. The mussels are plankton eaters, which means that they compete for food with many freshwater fish species.Contrary to what you just read, there are ways to control the zebra mussel's spread. What's more, it is not so clear that the mussel is a serious threat to fish populations.True, the spread of zebra mussels couldn't be controlled in the past, but that's because people didn't have enough knowledge. In fact, there are effective ways to stop ships from carrying the mussels to new locations. Here's an example. The way zebra mussels usually travel across the ocean is that a ship takes on some fresh "ballast water" in Europe and then empties that water into American waterways when it arrives. Full of zebra mussels, but the ship can be required to empty out the freshwater and refill with ocean water while still out in the ocean. Salt water will kill the mussels.Second, it's true that zebra mussels often don't have predators in their new habitats, but that's only in the beginning. What's been happening in Europe is that local aquatic birds sooner or later notice there's a new food source around and change their habits to exploit it. They switch from whatever they were eating before to eating zebra mussels. And birds can eat a lot of mussels. So zebra mussels aren't so likely to dominate their new habitats after all.Finally, even in habitats where zebra mussels become dominant, is the overall fish population likely to decrease. It's true that zebra mussels may have a negative impact on fish that eat plankton. But on other fish, they can have a positive impact. For example, the mussels generate nutrients that are eaten by fish that feed near the bottom of the lake or river. So bottom-feeding fish populations may increase, even if plankton-eating fish population decrease.Contrary to what is argued in the passage, the lecture illustrates how zebra mussels are not likely to become a serious threat to freshwater fish populations in North America.First and foremost, new knowledge of the zebra mussel has shed light on new ways to prevent their invasion, even though people in the past have not been able to stop the spread of zebra mussels effectively. For instance, although a large amount of zebra mussels spread to North America by staying in the ballast water of a ship, people can now get rid of them before the ship gets to the shore – if the ballast water is emptied halfway of the journey and refreshed with sea water, the zebra mussels can be exterminated as soon as they get exposed to salt water.Furthermore, zebra mussels are not likely to dominate a new habitat for a long period of time. The lecture agrees that zebra mussels may have no predators and reproduce rapidly in the beginning, but it would not be long before predators notice this new source of food and therefore prevent its domination.Finally, zebra mussels would not cause the decline of overall fish population. While zebra mussels would most likely cause the decline of plankton eaters, as the passage suggests, they would also provide nutrients for bottom-feeding fish and eventually cause the population of those fish to increase.TPO 33Carved stone balls are a curious type of artifact found at a number of |locations in Scotland. They date from the late Neolithic period, around 4,000 years ago. They are round in shape; they were carved from several types of stone; most are about 70 mm in diameter; and many are ornamented to some degree. Archaeologists do not agree about their purpose and meaning, but there are several theories.One theory is that the carved stone balls were weapons used in hunting or fighting. Some of the stone balls have been found with holes in them, and many have grooves on the surface. It is possible that a cord was strung through the holes or laid in the grooves around the ball. Holding the stone balls at the end of the cord would have allowed a person to swing it around or throw it.A second theory is that the carved stone balls were used as part of a primitive system of weights and measures. The fact that they are so nearly uniform in size -at 70 mm in diameter-suggests that the balls were interchangeable and represented some standard unit of measure. They could have been used as standard weights to measure quantities of grain or other food, or anything that needed to be measured by weight on a balance or scale for the purpose of trade.A third theory is that the carved stone balls served a social purpose as opposed to a practical or utilitarian one. This view is supported by the fact that many stone balls have elaborate designs. The elaborate carving suggests that the stones may have marked the important social status of their owners.None of the three theories presented in the reading passage are very convincing.First, the stone balls as hunting weapons, common Neolithic weapons such as arrowheads and hand axes generally show signs of wear, so we should expect that if the stone balls had been used as weapons for hunting of fighting, they too would show signs of that use. Many of the stone balls would be cracked or have pieces broken off. However, the surfaces of the balls are generally well preserved, showing little or no wear or damage.Second, the carved stone balls maybe remarkably uniform in size, but their masses vary too considerably to have been used as uniform weights. This is because the stone balls were made of different types of stone including sandstone, green stone and quartzite. Each type of stone has a different density. Some types of stone are heavier than others just as a handful of feathers weighs less than a handful of rocks. Two balls of the same size are different weights depending on the type of stone they are made of. Therefore, the balls could not have been used as a primitive weighing system.Third, it's unlikely that the main purpose of the balls was as some kind of social marker.A couple of facts are inconsistent with this theory. For one thing, while some of the balls are carved with intricate patterns, many others have markings that are extremely simple, too simple to make the balls look like status symbols. Furthermore, we know that in Neolithic Britain, when someone died, particularly a high-ranking person, they were usually buried with their possessions. However, none of the carved stone balls have been actually found in tombs or graves. That makes it unlikely that the balls were personal possessions that marked a person's status within the community.The author in the reading passage explores three major functions of the carved stone balls. However, in the lecture, the professor respectively contradicts all his assertions by using three specific points as supports.First, even though the reading passage suggests that the stone balls were weapons because of the holes and grooves on their surface, the professor argues that the stone balls didn’t show signs of use, which means they are neither cracked nor broken and thus cannot be used as weapons.Second, despite the statement in the reading passage that the stone balls were used as primitive weighing system due to their uniform size, the professor contends that their masses vary too considerably from each other. Therefore, the balls could not function as weighing system.Third, the author asserts that the stone balls served a social purpose owing to their elaborate designs while the professor proves that this claim is indefensible by pointing out that the balls were carved with not only intricate patterns but also simple ones, besides, none of the balls were found in the ancient tombs or graves. Consequently, it’s impossible that the balls were social markers.TPO 34A huge marine mammal known as Steller’s sea cow once lived in the waters around Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by Georg W. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first European to see one. In 1768 the animal became extinct. The reasons for the extinction are not clear. Here are three theories about the main cause of the extinction.First, the sea cows may have been overhunted by groups of native Siberian people. If this theory is correct, then the sea cow population would have originally been quite large, but hundreds of years off too much hunting by the native people diminished the number of sea cows. Sea cows were a good source of food in a harsh environment, so overhunting by native people could have been the main cause of extinction.Second, the sea cow population may have become extinct because of ecosystems disturbances that caused a decline in their main source of food, kelp (a type of sea plant). Kelp populations respond negatively to a number of ecological changes. It is possible that ecological changes near Bering island some time before 1768 caused a decrease of the kelp that the sea cows depend on.Third, the main cause of extinction of the sea cows could have been European fur traders who came to the island after 1741. It is recorded that the fur traders caught the last sea cow in 1768. It thus seems reasonable to believe that hunting by European fur traders, who possessed weapons that allowed them to quickly kill a large number of the animals, was the main cause of the sea cow’s extinction.Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.On virtually every team, some members got almost a “free ride”… they didn’t contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well … the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it wont surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.Another finding was that some projects just didn’t move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said “that will never work” about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was “highly creative.” And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.The writer and the professor all talk about the possible reasons for the extinction of sea cows. While the passage raises three theories about the main cause of the extinction, the lecture has differing views.According to the author, sea cows may have been over hunted by groups of native Siberian people, which could have been the main cause of the extinction. Not as the author puts it, the professor argues that over hunting for food could not be the main cause. He mentions that the sea cow was such a massive creature that could feed a small village for a month, and the population of native Siberian people was not very large. So, it was unlikely the native people hunted too much sea cow, the population of which would have originally been quite large.In the passage, it is said that a decline in their main source of food,caused by ecosystems' disturbance, may be the second explanation. On the contrary, the lecture suggests that no real evidence indicated the sea cows had little kelp to eat. The ecosystems' disturbances really happened before 1768, but it caused other part of marine creatures decreased, not sea cows' main source of food, kelp.At the points out the main cause could have been European fur traders, who were recorded catching sea cows. Quite the opposite, the speaker claims that it was not the real reason. Since the population was already small before Eropeanfur traders came to the island, there could have been something else decline a large number of the sea cows. And that is what the professor thinks the real reason of the extinction.。

题目1. Talk about a time when a friend or family member helped you in the past. Describe how the person helped you. Then explain why this was important to you.答案When I was in the third summer vacation in the college, I found a job in downtown. I lived on campus at that time but the campus is very far away from downtown so I got to find a place to live nearby. There was one friend who studied in another college located near downtown. He called me to live with him in his dorm since all his roommates were gone. He introduced me to his campus and told me where to eat, where to buy necessities and where to work out. I didn’t have to pay anything for this housing service. Also, living in his dorm saved me a lot of time. I shorten the travel time from 2 hours to 20 minutes.题目2. Some people enjoy taking risks and trying new things Others are not adventurous: they are cautious and prefer to avoid danger. Which behavior do you think is better? Explain why.答案I prefer to take risks and try new things. I think taking risks is a way to improve oneself, a way to broaden one’s horizon. For example, if Columbia hadn’t taken risks, he wouldn’t have found the New World. If he hadn’t found the New World, his horizon wouldn’t have been broaden so wouldn’t other people’s horizonat that time. Also, trying new things is one of the best ways to learn. Take myself as an example, I didn’t like reading novels until my junior year in the college so novel was a kind of new thing to me at that time. But I tried to read some novels in my junior year, and gradually I became interested in reading novels. Later on, I even started to write my own novels. If I hadn’t tried to read novels, I wouldn’t have known how to write my own novels. 题目3. The man expresses his opinion of the university‘s plan. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.答案The university’s planning to broadcast classical music during mealtimes in cafeterias in order that students can relax and communicate more with each other. The man in the conversation thinks it’s a bad plan. First of all, he says that most of the students aren’t looking for relaxing in lunch time. They’d rather study there especially when they have exams coming up or when they have many assignments undone. The music will be distracting so the student’s won’t be able to concentrate. Secondly, most students don’t like classical music. If the cafeterias play classical music, students will be more likely to put on their personal music devices to block out the classical stuff.题目 4. Using the examples of the peanut bug and the morpho butterfly, explain the concept of revealing coloration.答案Revealing coloration is a defensive strategy used by animals to protect themselves from predators. The professor uses two examples to explain this concept. The first example is peanut bug. The peanut bug’s back wings are usually closed and have bright colorful spots on them. When peanut is attacked, it suddenly opens its back wings to show its bright colors that surprise its predators. So it reveals the usually hidden bright color in back wings to startle its predators. Then the peanut bug can escape. The second example is morphobutterfly. Parts of Morpho Butterfly’s wings are very shiny. When the butterfly is resting, the wings are hidden. When the butterfly is attacked by birds, it flaps the wings to reflect flashes of light that can make it hard for birds to catch the butterfly. In other words, it reveals the bright color of its wings to confuse its predators. So the Morpho Butterfly can get away.题目5. Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.答案The man has to take two courses to fulfill the requirement but these two courses are scheduled at the same time. In the conversation, they talked about two possible solutions. The first solution is to do independent study in the Shakespeare course. He read texts, finish assignments on his own and have discussions with the professor. But he’s afraid that he won’t be motivated. The second solution is to take the Shakespeare course in another university. But it takes him one hour to drive back and forth the universities. I would recommend he to take the Shakespeare course in the other university. Since he won’t be motivated if he studies independently，this is a good way to motivate him. Although this will cost him some time and money, he will finish the course. 题目6. Using the points and examples from the lecture, explain the two pricing strategies described by the professor.答案 The professor talks about two approaches to make initial price of products. One approach is to set the initial price high followed by a lower price later, because companies want to build a high quality image for new products and products with high price are believed to have high quality. Companies can make profits from customers who are willing to pay high price to experience high quality products, especially those innovative high-tech productssuch as video recorders, video cameras and even cell-phones. Another approach is to set the initial price low to undercut competitors. For example, if a new computer company wants to gain market share, it sells computer in an affordable price. So the company can appeal to customers who wouldn’t be interested to buy computers and those who want to change brand. The company can make profits through selling accessories to its customers。

托福阅读tpo答案托福阅读tpo答案第一篇托福阅读tpo答案第二篇托福阅读tpo答案第五篇托福阅读tpo答案第六篇The word “particular〞in the passage is closest in meaning to○Natural○Final○Specific○ComplexAccording to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?○They occur at the end of a○They last longer than any other type of○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not○They remain stable for at least 500 years at aParagraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose theAccording to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the ○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’s propertiesParagraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather of According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?○Pioneer communities○Climax communities○Single-crop farmlands○Successional plant communitiesParagraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated,The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability〞Stability can be defined as simply lack of In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a This kind of stability is also called In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always○Ecologists often confuse the word “stability〞with the word “〞○The exact meaning of the word “stability〞is debated by○There are many different answers to ecologicalAccording to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?○They are more resilient than pioneer○They can be considered both the most and the least stable○They are stable because they recover quickly after major○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least overParagraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack ofchange is not always associated with maximum At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s )Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?○They become less stable as they○They support many species when they reach○They are found in temperate○They have reduced diversity during mid-successionalThe word “guarantee〞in the passage is closest in meaning to○Increase○Ensure○Favor○ComplicateIn paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “(A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle)〞?○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations ○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystemsParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as itsThe word “pales〞in the passage is closest in meaning to○Increases proportionally○Differs○Loses significance○Is commonParagraph 7：Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness〞of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food webof the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety ofword “adjacent〞in the passage is closest in meaning to○Foreign○Stable○Fluid○NeighboringParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as itsat the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to theIn fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events andWhere would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to theAn introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change overAnswer choices○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability〞make it difficult to identify the most stable○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by。

1. Talk about a popular actor, musician, or artist whose work you do not admire. Explain why you do not like this person’s work. Use specific details and reasons in your response.One popular actor I don’t admire is the old Jackie Chen. He has made no improvement in his acting career. All his new films are the same as the old ones. He always plays a just policeman, to save a beautiful girl, to beat the bad guys and to teach us to love our country. There is actually nothing wrong with this. Problem is the plot is all the same. You can guess the ending of the film from the very beginning. Even if the actions are good, the plot is just so predictable and boring.2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Parents should be in the process of helping their children to choose a university.Use specific reasons and details in your response.I think parents should help their children choose a university because they have more experience. They may have graduated from certain universities or colleges. However, children’s life is confined in the area of high school or home. Parents can give advice about what the university is likeand what is it like to live alone in a big city and what is it like to live alone in a country side. In addition, they can help find information about colleges, coz there are so many out there. Children may not have enough time to do all the research.3. The woman expresses her opinion about the university’s plan. Briefly summarize the plan. Then state her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.The university decides to switch from traditional-bound textbooks to electronic devices. They think this can help save student’s money. They also think the device will be an effective study aid. However, the woman in the conversation doesn’t like the idea. First of all, she thinks this is not gonna save money because students will need more than one device. If the device breaks down, they have to buy a new one. If the device comes with new features, they will also want to have the new one. Secondly, she thinks the screen is too small to handle. The keypad and buttons are small. It’s actually pretty hard to do highlighting, underlighting or even selecting. So it’s not an effective study aid.4. Explain how the example from the lecture illustrates the concept ofswarm intelligence.Swarm intelligence is a group behavior that does more complex things than does the individual behavior. The professor uses ants as an example. In the example, the ants are moving on the tree branch to find food. When they reach the end of the branch, they find out that the food is on another branch. And there is a space between the two branches. Then, an ant will go and uses its legs to hold on the end of the branch and stretches its body forward into the space. Then, another ant will hold on the end of the first ant and also stretches its body into the space. Then one after another, other ants do the same thing to form a bridge to connect the two branches. So the rest of the ants can cross the space to reach the food source.5. Briefly summarize the problem the professors are discussing. Then state which of the two solutions from the conversation you would recommend. Explain the reasons for you recommendation.The female professor is having a scheduling conflict. Her poetry class is at the exact same with her cousin’s retirement party. There are two possible solutions. The first one is to let the male professor help teach the poetry class. But the male professor hasn’t taught poetry for years. Thesecond solution is to teach the class and cover the review session herself. But she’ll be late for the retirement party. If I were the female professor, I would choose the second solution. Teaching is the responsibility of teachers while having a party is just a personal life activity. Responsibility should always come first. Plus, students are going to have an exam next week. The review session must be very important for them. The male professor cannot help cover the review session.6. Using the examples from the lecture, explain two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand.The professor talks about a couple of advanced technologies Roman cities used to expand. The first technology is an advancing building material called concrete. Concrete can harden under water. Romans use this concrete to build strong bridges across wide rivers. This bridge can also transport heavy materials. So Roman cities can grow on both sides of the river. The other technology is called aqueduct. Aqueduct is a water channel that can move water from water source to the city. The flow is very steady. And tremendous water can be transported to great distances. So the Roman cities can expand without locating near rivers.。

1. Which of the following jobs or careers do you think would be most rewarding?•University professor•Environmental scientist•Newspaper journalistChoose one career and explain why you think it would be most rewarding. Use details and examples to support your answer.I think being a newspaper journalist is the most rewarding. First of all, I want to say the rewarding here is not measured by money but by the experience and influence one can get. Being a journalist offers opportunities to meet a variety of people. You may need to interview government officials, wealthy businessmen or people who are least well off in the society. So you can learn many different perspectives. Also, journalists need to write articles. People will read those articles. If the articles are widespread enough, they can be very influential.2. Some people like to study in public places where there are other people around. Others prefer to study in places where there are few or no people around. Which kind of place do you prefer? Explain why.I prefer to study in places where there are few people around. I am not a person who likes discussion. I’d rather choose to think independently. So I always like to choose a quiet place and sit down on a bench to delve into my mind. If I am with a lot of people, some of them may be chatting, or playing games or watching videos. Most of people won’t keep quiet. Sometimes, they may move around or come in and out the room. It’s a lot disturbing studying with many people around and I’ll be constantly interrupted.3. The woman expresses her opinion about the proposal in the letter. Briefly summarize the proposal. Then state her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.The writer proposes to remove the old bicycles from Campus Racks because those bicycles have no owners and removing them can create room for other people’s bicycles. The woman in the conversation thinks it’s a great idea. She thinks the first reason is a safe assumption because most of the bicycles there are rusty and missing parts. She suggests that university give notice before removing those bicycles. She also thinks that removing those bicycles can help free up space. Right now, there is no room for other bicycles and university doesn’t allow tying bikes to the signpost so she always has to park her bicycle in another building andthen walks to the dining hall. This is pretty inconvenient.4. Explain how the example from the professor's lecture illustrates the practice of scatter hoarding.Scatter hoarding is a phenomenon that hoarders store and hide food in different places. The professor uses a kind of squirrel to illustrate this phenomenon. The squirrel loves to eat nuts. Nuts are plentiful in the autumn but scarce in the winter. So the squirrels spend a lot of time finding nuts in the autumn and store them so that they can get through winter. First of all, they will prepare the nuts so the nuts can preserve. Then, they will dig holes to store those nuts. They are not putting all the nuts in just one big hole but scatter them in many different holes. In this way, if other animals find their nuts in one place, they will still have nuts in many other places. Therefore, the squirrel is a typical scatter hoarder.5. Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing, Then state which of the two solutions from the conversation you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.The woman is having a problem. Her flight was delayed so she didn’t get enough sleep. But she is going to make a presentation in an hour. She ispretty worried about this. There are two possible solutions. The first one is to explain to the professor, see if it is okay to put off the presentation. The second one is to have a cup of coffee and make the presentation. I recommend the woman choose the second solution. First of all, she says that she has a lot of things coming up so if she postpones this presentation, her whole schedule will be thrown off. Secondly, she actually did some preparation and there is one hour left for her to review the notes. It’s better just to stick to the plan even if it’s a little hard right now.6. Using points and examples from the lecture, explain two ways a company can diversify.The professor talks about two ways a company can diversify. The first way is to use the existing technology to develop a new product. For example, a company that makes television can produce computer monitors because making these two products needs similar technologies. So the company uses its existing resources to make monitor so as to reach new customers. Another way is by appealing to its existing customers. Customers have other needs. The company can fulfill their needs with different products. For example a company that sells skis can make ski jackets. Because customers with skis do winter sports, they definitely need to wear ski jackets. And they are more likely to buy the ski jacketswith the familiar company’s name.。