Basic_Qualities_of_the_21st_Century_Talents学术综合英语Unit 5
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Unit 8 绝妙的工具辛西娅·格雷巴如果没有望远镜,伽利略会有什么发现?如果没有杠杆,阿基米德能有什么成就?拥有合适的工具至关重要。
有时候,它们会在意想不到的领域被发现。
有时候,它们则就在你的眼皮底下。
1.你是否有过需要从高架子上取东西的经历?如果没有梯子,你或许会使用一把椅子。
当然(正如母亲曾告诉过你的)椅子是用来坐的,但是其平坦而高起的座位也很适合站在上面,这样你就够得着书架了。
2.科学家们有时候面临同样的问题,在回答或解决问题时没有合适的工具。
有时候,他们发明新的工具;有时候,他们则对已有的工具进行改造,以适应新的用途。
3.为了证明闪电其实就是电流,本·富兰克林在风筝上拴了一把钥匙,然后放飞到暴风雨中。
他的实验工具是由一个玩具和他家前门的一把钥匙制成的。
但是他从另一个角度看到:风筝可以把一根线带到暴风雨中,钥匙则是小小的导电体,上面还有一个洞,可以很方便地拴到风筝上。
一件新工具就这样诞生了!4.看一看其他领域的科学家如何使用他们绝妙的工具给人启示,一个问题可以从新的角度去看待。
展现历史5.在西班牙境内的罗马古城伊埃索遗址工作的考古学家在靠近城墙的底层发现了一个由黏土制成的酒坛(称为“双耳细颈椭圆土罐”)。
他们认为,建造这座城市的罗马人很可能也把葡萄酒从罗马带了过来。
6.只要科学家们能发现酒坛的年代,也就能推算出这座城市的历史。
当时的酿酒人往往会在酒坛上刻上酿酒当年的罗马执政官的名字。
同时,我们也掌握着每一对罗马执政官执政时间的可靠记录。
7.在这只酒坛的颈部有几个模糊不清的颜料印记,科学家们只辨认出了第一个名字的首字母Q.FAB,于是他们想到了“昆特斯·费比斯”这个名字,但是有两位在不同年代统治罗马的执政官都叫这个名字,因此,科学家需要找到与Q.FAB共同统治的另一位执行官的名字来确定这座城市的年代。
由于时代久远,再加上日晒雨淋,颜料已经剥落,第二个名字完全消失了。
How to Achieve a Successful Career in the21st CenturyIn the rapidly evolving and highly competitive 21st century, success in a career demands more than just academic qualifications or technical skills. It requires a blend of adaptability, resilience, continuous learning, and strategic planning. Here are some key strategies to help you achieve a successful career in this century.1. **Embrace Change and Adaptability**The 21st century is an era of constant change, with new technologies, industries, and job roles emerging every day. To succeed, you must be willing to embrace change and adapt to new situations and environments. This involves being flexible with your career goals, willing to pivot when necessary, and continuously updating your skill set to match the demands of the market.2. **Lifelong Learning**In the age of information, knowledge and skills become outdated quickly. To stay relevant and competitive, you must commit to lifelong learning. This could includeattending workshops, conferences, and courses to stay updated with the latest trends and developments in your field. You could also consider pursuing further education or certifications to enhance your credentials.3. **Develop Soft Skills**In addition to technical skills, soft skills such as communication, teamwork, leadership, and critical thinking are increasingly becoming essential for career success. These skills are transferable across different industries and job roles, making them invaluable assets for your career.4. **Network and Collaborate**In the interconnected world of the 21st century, networking and collaboration are crucial for career growth. Building relationships with peers, mentors, and industry experts can open up new opportunities, provide valuable insights, and help you learn from others' experiences.5. **Take Risks and Embrace Failures**Success often comes with risks, and the ability to take calculated risks and learn from failures is a hallmark ofsuccessful careers. Don't be afraid to step out of your comfort zone, pursue opportunities that align with your passions and goals, and learn from any setbacks you encounter.6. **Maintain Work-Life Balance**In the fast-paced world of the 21st century, it's easy to get caught up in the never-ending pursuit of success. However, maintaining a healthy work-life balance is crucial for your long-term happiness and success. Make sure to take time for yourself, prioritize your well-being, and pursue hobbies and interests outside of work.In conclusion, achieving a successful career in the21st century requires a combination of adaptability, continuous learning, soft skills development, networking, risk-taking, and work-life balance. By committing to these strategies and staying focused on your goals, you can navigate the challenges of the modern world and build a fulfilling and successful career.**如何在21世纪有个成功的职业**在21世纪这个快速演变和高度竞争的时代,职业成功不仅仅依赖于学术资格或技术技能,还需要具备适应性、韧性、持续学习和战略规划的能力。
21世纪的伟大发明英语作文英文回答:The 21st century has witnessed a surge of groundbreaking innovations that have transformed our livesin countless ways. From the ubiquitous smartphone to the groundbreaking advancements in artificial intelligence, these inventions have revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and interact with the world around us.One of the most transformative technologies of the 21st century is the smartphone. Introduced in the early 2000s, smartphones have become an indispensable tool for billionsof people around the globe. These devices combine the functionality of a mobile phone with the capabilities of a personal computer, enabling us to stay connected, access information, and complete a wide range of tasks on the go.Another major innovation of the 21st century is therapid development of artificial intelligence (AI). AIrefers to the ability of machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. AI-powered systems are transforming industries as diverse as healthcare, finance, and manufacturing, by automating complex tasks, improving efficiency, and providing personalized experiences.In the field of transportation, the 21st century has brought forth a wave of new technologies that are making it easier, faster, and more sustainable to get around.Electric vehicles, for example, are becoming increasingly popular as they offer a greener alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. Driverless cars, still in their early stages of development, promise to revolutionize the way we commute by eliminating the need for human drivers.Healthcare has also benefited greatly from the innovations of the 21st century. Advances in medical imaging, such as MRI and CT scans, have made it possible to diagnose and treat diseases with greater precision. Telemedicine, which allows patients to consult with doctorsremotely, is expanding access to healthcare services in underserved areas.The 21st century has also witnessed significant advancements in the field of renewable energy. Solar and wind power, once considered niche technologies, are now becoming mainstream sources of electricity. These renewable energy sources are playing a crucial role in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change.In addition to these major technological breakthroughs, the 21st century has also seen a proliferation of smaller innovations that are making a big impact on our lives. These include everything from 3D printing to voice-activated assistants, from smart home devices to wearable fitness trackers.As we move forward in the 21st century, we can expect to see even more extraordinary inventions that will continue to shape our world. From hyperloop transportation systems to quantum computing, the future holds endless possibilities for innovation and progress.中文回答:21世纪见证了一系列突破性的创新,它们以无数种方式改变了我们的生活。
六级范文:21世纪合格人才必备七大技能21世纪是知识经济占统治地位的信息化时代。
因此,社会对人才也提出了不同于以往的要求。
不难发现,更多的"复合型人才"才符合社会发展的需要。
Seven Essential Skills for Qualified Personnel in 21st centuryTechnical and technological skills will be more important. There will be a growing need for people who can understand and fix systems - from computer systems to product distribution systems to plumbing systems.Visionary skills will be in demand. The ability to gather and absorb a wide range of input, then use that knowledge, understanding, and perspective to guide organization into future, will be vital.Numbers and measurement will be important, of course, but smoothing the flow from month to month, from quarter to quarter will be essential for highly profitablelong-term performance. Practically every company will have to move away from today's obsession with looking ahead only as far as the next financial reporting period①.Ability to organize will definitely be important in the corporation of the future. Everywhere there will be a need to organize something: resources, workflow, marketing mix, financial opportunities, and much more, all will demand high levels of organization and reorganization.Persuasive skills will be used in many ways by the corporation of the future. The most effective individuals will be those who know how to present information and ideas so that others can understand and support a particular position. Good salesmanship will be essential in many more interactions than we consider today, especially inside the organization.Communication skills - careful listening, clear writing, close reading, plain speaking, and accurate description will be invaluable. In tomorrow's fast-paced business environment there will be precious little time to correct any misunderstandings. Communications breakdown may well become a fatal corporate disease.Ability to learn will be above everything else in importance - empowering people to grow in effectiveness and help their companies achieve desired objectives. Some of this skill is innate, but many people enhance their ability to learn - and to relate different aspects of learning - through collegeand university courses. We believe the liberal arts education experience will prove to be the most valuable type of education for tomorrow's leaders.The top employees of the coming century will be flexible, creative and motivated toward making a positive difference in the world. They will seek balance, growth and fulfillment in both their work and home environments. The corporation of the future must respond to these needs and desires; otherwise they will find themselves hampered by a lack of qualified people to accomplish the organization's work. [395 words]行文点评本文的行文思路十分明快。
第28卷第4期数学教育学报Vol.28,No.4收稿日期:2019–07–03基金项目:全国教育科学“十三五”规划2018年度国家青年立项课题——教育神经科学视域下学生问题解决能力发展研究(CHA180266);2018年国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目(留金发〔2018〕3101号)作者简介:孙彬博(1989—),男,甘肃平凉人,博士生,主要从事数学教育测量与评价研究.郭衎为本文通讯作者.PISA2021数学素养测评框架中的“21世纪技能”孙彬博1,郭衎1,邵珍红2(1.北京师范大学数学科学学院,北京100875;2.北京景山学校,北京100006)摘要:2021年国际学生评估项目(PISA )将再次以“数学素养”为主测评领域,经济合作与发展组织(OECD )于2019年5月公布了新版测评框架.新框架最大变化之一是支撑数学素养的关键能力“消失”,并首次提出8项“21世纪技能”.选取2000年以来具有代表性的PISA 数学素养测评框架,采用内容分析法,从内涵、构成和测评3个维度系统认识数学素养中关键能力的演变,理解PISA2021数学素养测评框架提出的“21世纪技能”,为中国以发展学生核心素养为目标的义务教育数学课程改革提供启示.关键词:21世纪技能;关键能力;数学素养;测评框架;国际学生评估项目(PISA )中图分类号:G40–059.3文献标识码:A 文章编号:1004–9894(2019)04–0012–05引用格式:孙彬博,郭衎,邵珍红.PISA2021数学素养测评框架中的“21世纪技能”[J].数学教育学报,2019,28(4):12 16.1引言当前,为贯彻落实国家“立德树人”的根本任务,中国正在以发展学生核心素养为目标推进基础教育课程改革.围绕学生数学核心素养建构课程目标体系成为新一轮普通高中数学课程标准修订的主要特色[1].数学核心素养是具有数学基本特征的思维品质、关键能力及情感、态度与价值观的综合体现[2].关键能力是学生通过数学学习获得的、面向未来、支撑数学素养发展的必备能力,是将数学核心素养落地实践的抓手[3].2019年1月国家教育部启动了新一轮义务教育数学课程标准修订工作,对于义务教育数学课程核心素养目标体系建构及其关键能力认识,成为学界亟待解决的重要问题.经济合作与发展组织(OECD )开展的国际学生评估项目(PISA )旨在评估项目参与国家和地区15岁学生完成义务教育时,在多大程度上获得全面参与社会所需要的问题解决能力和终身学习能力[4].其前瞻性评价理念与设计、先进的测评技术与方法、严谨的测评流程与工具、建设性评价结果与建议,为教育政策制定提供参考,被国际社会大多数国家和地区认可并参与,成为国际上最具影响力的学生评价项目[5].PISA 数学素养测评框架(以下简称“数学框架”)中数学素养及其关键能力也为建构中国数学课程核心素养目标体系及其关键能力提供了值得借鉴的视角[6].2000年至今,PISA 数学素养测评已经开展了7次(每3年评估一次).其中,2003年和2012年均以数学素养为主测评领域.2019年5月,OECD 公布了2021年PISA 数学框架,届时将再次以数学素养为主测评领域.纵观历次数学素养测评,每当数学素养作为主测评领域时,其测评框架便会表现出较大变化.较为突出的体现就是关键能力认识的“与时俱进”,尤其是PISA2021数学框架将关键能力“升级”为21世纪技能1.因此,为系统认识历次PISA 数学框架中关键能力的演变,理解2021年PISA 数学框架中首次提出的“21世纪技能”,采用内容分析法,在重点解析PISA2000[7]、PISA2003[8]、PISA2012[9]和PISA2021[10]数学框架基础上,分别从内涵、构成、测评3个维度纵向梳理PISA2000—2012关键能力的演变,探讨解析PISA2021数学框架中的“21世纪技能”,为中国以核心素养为目标、关键能力为抓手,凝练课程目标,为深化义务教育数学课程改革提供借鉴与参考.2PISA2000—2012数学框架中关键能力演变PISA 数学素养测评中,关键能力如何建构数学素养?关键能力内涵及其要素如何界定?关键能力在数学素养测评中扮演了什么角色?2000年,PISA 首次进行了数学素养测评,虽然当时不以数学素养为主测评领域,但奠定了以关键能力诠释数学素养的理论框架.历年PISA 数学框架表明,PISA 对关键能力的认识及建构不断“更新”.进一步从内涵、构成和测评3个维度梳理关键能力演变历程并总结其发展特点.2.1PISA2000—2012数学框架中关键能力内涵PISA2000将关键能力(mathematical competencies )与核心概念(mathematical big ideas )视为构成数学素养的主要部分.关键能力是多种具有数学学科特征的概括性、非层级认知技能及其表现“集合”,如问题解决、推理论证和数学建模等,是学校教育可以培养和发展的系列重要能力.PISA2003不再区分构成数学素养的主次部分,而是整合关键能力、问题情境和数学内容3部分建构数学素养.进一步明确关键能力将数学与现实世界联系起来,是为解决问题所必须激活的能力及其表现体系,即强调问题解决过程中121世纪技能(21st century skills ),又称21世纪能力(21st century competencies )或21世纪核心胜任力(core/key competencies ),是21世纪学生适应未来学习、生活和工作所应具备的一系列能力及其表现.文中统一以“21世纪技能”进行表述.第4期孙彬博,等:PISA2021数学素养测评框架中的“21世纪技能”13所调用的认知因素及其行为表现.PISA2012不再使用关键能力直接建构数学素养,以“表达、使用、阐述(评估)”描述问题解决活动过程并反映数学素养表现,将关键能力(fundamental mathematical capabilities)沉淀为基础层面支持上述3项活动过程的能力体系.这有助于解构数学问题解决活动过程,解读学生内在数学素养的外显实践行为.虽然PISA2000—2012数学框架中关键能力的界定逐渐变化,与数学素养的关系由上位性直接建构转变为下位性基础能力,聚焦问题解决过程.但是,以关键能力表征数学素养“能力本质”没有改变.关键能力作为学校数学课程培养并获得具有数学学科特征的系列技能及其行为表现,是以学生为中心,描摹学生运用数学解决现实问题过程中所激活的认知特征与行为状态[11].2.2PISA2000—2012数学框架中关键能力构成PISA2000—2003数学框架均强调8项能力要素,内涵一致.区别仅在于PISA2003将“数学思维技能”“数学论证技能”等能力要素表述进行了调整(见表1).2012年,PISA数学专家组(MEG)根据10年来测试题开发及学生解决问题时关键能力及其表现,在PISA2003能力要素体系基础上将其整合为7项,删除“数学思维”,整合“推理”与“论证”,修改“建模”为“数学化”能力.同时,基于数学问题解决过程进一步发展其能力要素表述.如PISA2003将“建模”能力解释为:“将要建模的领域或情境结构化;将‘现实’转变为数学结构;依据‘现实’解释数学模型;利用数学模型开展工作;验证模型;对模型及其结果进行反思、分析与批判;交流模型及其结果(包括结果的局限性);监测和控制建模过程.”进一步,PISA2012将“数学化”能力解释为:“数学素养涉及将现实世界中界定的问题转变为严格的数学形式(包括结构化、概念化、做出假设和/或形成模型),或解释、评估与原始问题相关的数学结果或数学模型.‘数学化’用以描述所涉及的基本数学活动.”虽然PISA2012对关键能力构成做了调整,内容表述、构成体系等均存在变化,但由于PISA2000—2012关键能力构成均建立在Mogens Niss等人关于“数学能力花”研究工作基础上,故表现出了较好的继承性.表1PISA2000—2012数学框架中关键能力构成演变序号PISA2000PISA2003PISA20121数学思维技能思维和推理/2数学论证技能论证推理与论证3建模技能建模数学化4问题提出和解决技能问题提出和解决解决问题的多样化策略5陈述技能陈述陈述6符号、形式、技术性技能使用符号、形式、技术性语言和操作使用符号、形式、技术性语言和操作7交流技能交流交流8辅助与工具技能辅助与工具使用使用数学工具2.3PISA2000—2012数学框架中关键能力测评关键能力是学生迎接现实问题挑战时所调用的认知因素与行为状态,在问题解决过程中,学生通常需要激活并调用诸多(或全部)能力要素.因此,PISA2000指出,开发的测试题并不单独评估每一项能力要素,而是在能力要素操作性定义基础上,参考测试题难度建构3类“能力集”,从而实现对关键能力的评估,并以关键能力为基本元素描摹数学素养水平.在每个能力集中,上述8项能力要素在解决现实问题时均承担一定的功能角色.能力集之间表现出认知技能由简单到复杂的层级性.现实问题越难,需要激活并调用的能力层级越高.同时,由于关键能力直接建构数学素养,能力集成为数学素养报告的子维度之一.PISA2003继承PISA2000能力集设计,仅调整其表述为“再现”“联系”“反思”.由于PISA2012中关键能力作为基础性能力不直接建构数学素养,所以关键能力(能力集)不再作为数学素养报告的子维度之一.但是,PISA2012数学框架给出学生解决现实问题时所经历的表达、使用、阐述(评估)数学活动过程与关键能力的关系,如“表达”过程中“数学化”能力体现为“识别现实世界问题中潜在的数学变量和结构并做出假设,便于他们能够被使用”,并阐明7项能力要素在测试题难度中所扮演的角色,作为测试题开发和描摹数学素养水平的依据.纵观PISA2000—2012数学素养测评,虽然关键能力在数学素养测评报告中“从台前走到幕后”,但关键能力建构并反映数学素养实质没有变化,即“数学能力花”模型为捕捉个体数学行为表现提供了工具和方法[12].关键能力支持测评工具开发,关联测试题难度,作为基本元素描摹数学素养精熟度水平,为评估与促进学生数学素养提供参考.3PISA2021数学框架中的“21世纪技能”在最新发布的PISA2021数学框架中,最大的变化之一是删去了原PISA2012中7项“支撑数学问题解决过程的基础性数学能力”.首次提出与数学学科相关的8项“21世纪技能”.表面上,似乎是关键能力在PISA数学素养测评中的缺失,但实际上,“21世纪技能”在数学学科中整合,并不代表PISA偏离了其数学素养的“能力本质”.随着国际教育界对“21世纪技能”研究的兴起与深入,将该类跨学科高阶思维能力培养与学科教育目标“整合发展”逐渐成为一种趋势.21世纪的学生需要什么样的知识、能力和情感态度价值观以应对未来生活的挑战?21世纪的学校教育如何变革才能有效发展学生这些知识、能力和情感态度价值观?为了与时俱进探讨“培养什么人,如何培养人”这一教育基本问题,许多政府机构、学术团体、研究者尝试沿着这个问题探索并从不同视角总结了“21世纪技能”框架[13 14].当前,已有不少国家将“21世纪技能”融入国家课程或国家教育体系,有的是将21世纪的知识、技能、情感态度蕴含在国家的教育目标或课程说明中,更多的是将21世纪技能嵌入学校课程的各个科目中,如数学、科学、人文、艺术、信息技术等.在同样的背景下,OECD于2015年发起了“教育2030:教育和技能的未来”项目,目的在于支持大约25个项目成员国对上述两个问题的解答.项目分两个阶段进行,第一阶段(截止2018年)开发共同的2030学习框架并进行国际课程比较.第二阶段(2019年以后)开始探索将2030学习框架有效转化为教学、评价和教学系统的设计[15].数学作为基础教育重要学科之一,也是项目关注的焦点.在这一跨学科学习框架的基础上,凝练数学学科2030学习框架成为统整课14数学教育学报第28卷程目标、实施整合发展的必然.3.1PISA2021数学框架中“21世纪技能”内涵与构成“21世纪技能”既有跨学科通用型技能,也有学科相关的特定性技能.这些学科相关的特定性技能本身与学科关键能力存在共性与交集.因此,PISA2021数学框架中的“21世纪技能”与数学关键能力息息相关,依然凸显“能力及其表现”的本质内涵.PISA2021数学专家组遴选出的8项“21世纪技能”分别为:批判性思维、创新、研究和探究、自我导向、主动和坚毅、信息使用、系统思维、交流和反思.批判性思维(critical thinking)被称为21世纪获得个人成功的最重要的认知特质之一[16].为了通过学校教育获得应对现实生活挑战的能力,学生必须学会批判性思考和推理.批判性思维的定义经历了从简单到复杂的演变过程,作为一种高阶认知技能,包括运用归纳和演绎推理,进行正确的分析、推断和评估[17].可以从寻找真理、开放思想、分析能力、系统化能力、批判性思维的自信心、求知欲和认知成熟度7个维度进行测评[18].创造力(creativity)作为一种复杂现象,研究者采用多重视角对创造力进行研究.前任美国心理协会(American Psychological Association,APA)主席、美国塔夫茨大学文理学院院长Sternberg教授指出,创造力涉及旨在产生相对新颖且具有吸引力的想法或产品的思维;拥有特定学科(如学科知识)和跨学科领域要素;在某种程度上是可测量的;也是可以发展和培养的;在实践中,创造并不能像理想中认为的那样应该得到很高的回报[19].所以,创造力是具有原创性和社会价值的劳动产出表现[20],体现创新思维过程,表征个体新思想、新方法[21].可以从发散思维、创造性人格、创新潜力等维度进行测评[22].研究和探索(research and inquiry)体现科学探究过程,反映探索发现的本质内涵,是学习者积极、主动学习的内在要求.研究和探索是系统地对资料和来源进行调查和研究,以明确事实并得出新结论.探索要求学生通过提出自己的问题、寻求答案和探究复杂问题来积极学习[23].问题导向和问题引领[24]、激发好奇心等成为促进学生研究或探究的有效策略.自我导向、主动和坚毅(self-direction initiative and persistence).自我导向作为“了解并控制自己的学习”状态[25],是学生对自己学习现象的认识和理解.主动是学生获得的一种信念,即学生可以通过学习对自己的学习及未来产生影响,包括有目标感,计划和采取行动实现目标,对反馈及建议进行反思并对行动负责.这种能力是通过发展有关目标设定、监控进展、应对挫折、反思和评估的知识、技能、态度和价值观而获得的.坚毅反映出学习者在面对内外干扰时,能够始终如一地从事具有挑战性的任务,而不是失去注意力或变得急躁[26].信息使用(information use)是一种在日常生活环境中随处可见的现象.澳大利亚昆士兰科技大学Hughes指出,信息使用具有广泛的含义,包括用户行为、链接(信息源)、检索信息、信息能力、使用信息、信息素养、信息需求、情境等[27].具体来说,信息使用是使用信息以满足个人需求的行为,包括为需要解决的问题精准和创造性地使用信息,以及对具有广泛多样来源信息过程的管理[28].系统思维(systems thinking)体现整体性分析方法,与传统分析形成对比.传统分析通过将系统拆解为各个元素以研究系统,而系统思维侧重于系统组成部分间相互关联的方式以及系统在更大系统中如何随着时间的推移而工作.因此,系统思维作为一系列分析技能的集合,以提高识别和理解系统的能力,预测行为并对系统进行修改以产生预期效果[29].交流(communication)是通过使用相互理解的符号及规则将意义从一个实体或群体传达到另一个实体或群体的行为,体现出个体与个体(团体)信息互换的过程.个体能够恰当使用符号、语言表达个体的思想,与他人互动,这种互动形式包括对话、文字表达等.良好的沟通与交流需要学生能够具有接受不同意见的意识,能够聆听不同的建议,并做出恰当的回应[30].反思(reflection)对于21世纪学习者来说是非常必要.学生需要时间思考他们学到了什么,并将其与已有知识、经验结合起来,使其意义更持久保持在头脑中.学生的反思能力体现在决定、选择和行动之前采取批判性立场,个人能够将之前的经验与学习联系起来.3.2PISA2021数学框架对“21世纪技能”的考察虽然PISA2021首次将“21世纪技能”整合在数学框架中,但并没有使用遴选的8项“21世纪技能”直接建构数学素养.其数学素养模型在继承PISA2012模型的基础上,进一步强调数学推理(mathematical reasoning),即通过数学推理驱动下的“表达、使用、阐述(评估)”反映数学素养问题解决过程,成为测评报告的维度之一.作为对关键能力的继承,PISA2021数学框架对PISA2012“数学问题解决活动过程与关键能力关系”“7项能力要素与测试题难度关系”进行了重构,形成数学推理与问题解决活动过程中一系列所预期的学生行动(expected student actions),以描述测试题对学生作答反应的具体要求.如数学推理中要求学生“做出简单总结”,问题解决中“表达”维度提出“在一个模型中识别关键变量”等.遴选出的8项“21世纪技能”与问题情境(个人、社会、职业和科学)、知识内容等维度影响测试题目开发不同,PISA 项目组并不会刻意开发测试题以涵盖并强调这些21世纪技能.相反,根据PISA2021数学框架理念与数学素养定义,所遴选的8项“21世纪技能”会在题目中自然而然有所体现.3.3PISA2000—2012关键能力与PISA2021“21世纪技能”关系从关键能力的上位概念“数学素养”来看,一方面,遴选出的8项“21世纪技能”支持数学素养的发展;另一方面,数学素养的发展也促进“21世纪技能”的培养.两者相互依赖共同发展,如数学推理与批判性思维均在学生成长中扮演了重要角色,为发展学生在未来现实生活中能够正确推理与论证提供保障.从关键能力层面来说,遴选出的“21世纪技能”与数学关键能力均凸显“能力”本质,是数学教育能够发展的、个体通过数学学习能够获得的关键性数学能力,存在能力要素的交第4期孙彬博,等:PISA2021数学素养测评框架中的“21世纪技能”15叉点,均指向应然的学科育人目标,凸显时代育人价值.但两者的不同点在于提出的角度不同,数学关键能力的提出源于学科视角,是自下而上的数学育人价值的直接体现.而21世纪技能的提出,缘起于更广泛的跨学科视角,是自上而下的宏观育人目标的学科实现.4总结与启示考虑到社会发展以及科技进步对人才要求的不断变化,PISA2021数学框架表现出与时俱进的特色.其中,21世纪技能的提出并不代表数学关键能力真正的消失,这是立足时代发展,在宏观层面对育人理念与评价思路上的一次调整,结合这一演变过程中所表现出的稳定特征,为中国义务教育数学课程改革提供3点启示.4.1立足21世纪公民教育以“关键能力”为抓手聚焦数学核心素养“整合”发展与时俱进探讨21世纪义务教育阶段数学课程应该发展学生什么样的核心素养,如何发展这些核心素养,成为摆在教育工作者面前亟待解决的重要议题.以前,PISA数学框架中的关键能力是具有数学学科特点的能力目标体系,强调学生应用数学知识以解决具有现实情境问题时所激活的认知技能,并以此作为测试题开发、分析及描摹数学素养水平的基本要素.由于21世纪社会发展、科技进步对人才需求转变,这对当代学生提出了许多新的要求.国际社会通过对“发展什么人,如何发展人”这一教育基本问题的再思考,以及对“21世纪技能”育人价值的逐渐重视,立足21世纪公民教育,构建统一的育人目标框架成为教育发展的趋势.在统一的育人目标框架基础上进行学科整合与渗透,构建跨学科能力目标与学科能力目标的一致性成为“整合”发展重要体现.将21世纪技能与数学关键能力的关联与整合,进一步在宏观育人框架下厘清数学学科育人价值与目标,这为21世纪的学生通过学校教育获得迎接未来生活挑战的“21世纪技能”,同时发展数学素养提供了思路、内容、方法和途径.4.2立足数学核心素养“关键能力及其表现”属性厘清复杂多维多层的结构模型分析PISA关键能力演变与“21世纪技能”的提出可以发现,“能力及其表现”是支撑数学素养的本质属性.不论是PISA2012及以前版本数学框架中关键能力的提出,或是PISA2021数学框架中的“21世纪技能”,描摹数学素养的能力本质没变,两者均凸显了随着时代发展个体在面对现实问题挑战时所应具备的什么样的能力、所能表现出什么样的行为状态的厘定.具体来说,这一系列技能“集合”是个人在解决现实情境问题时所要激活的技能及其表现出的状态.同时,关键的意义在于所遴选的要素是对能力发展以至于个人成长起到了决定性影响作用,必不可少.关键能力的要素调整、删减与“21世纪技能”的遴选,“多维多层”是体现数学能力综合性与复杂性的常态结构.尽管PISA关键能力在数学素养中的定位、概念表述、要素结构在与时俱进地更新,以及PISA2021遴选8项与数学学科强相关的“21世纪技能”,不论关键能力如何演变以及“21世纪技能”如何遴选,PISA始终承认构建数学素养的关键能力的综合复杂性,在遴选能力要素以及构建数学素养时的多维多层结构没有变化.多维表现在数学能力的多样性,多层表现在不同能力水平的学生有不同的行为表现.4.3关注学生“个体”凸显社会“现实及未来”强调“数学特征”价值取向从数学关键能力的演变开始直至新版框架中“21世纪技能”的提出,关注学生“个体”、凸显社会“现实及未来”、强调“数学特征”是提出数学关键能力与“21世纪技能”的价值追求.首先,历次PISA数学框架中关键能力价值诉求之一便是以学生为中心,关注每个学生,强调学生在多大程度上掌握了应对现实以及未来生活挑战的能力.其次,关注现实,面向未来,是PISA关键能力的另一价值追求,即学生通过数学学习之后,能够在未来充分利用数学思考自己的生活、计划自己的未来、推理和解决自己生活中的一系列重要问题.最后,数学区别于其它学科的重要特征在于抽象性、严谨性和应用的广泛性.数学能力及其表现也是在数学内容习得基础上的思维反映与行为表现.作为重要学习领域,数学成为帮助学生应对现实问题与挑战的有利工具.这一理念与价值追求同样为中国义务教育数学课程中关键能力的遴选与建构提供了价值取向维度的参考.5结束语PISA数学素养测评已经历18个年头,2021年即将再次迎来数学素养作为主测评领域.通过对历次PISA数学框架中关键能力和PISA2021数学框架中首次提出的“21世纪技能”的梳理与解读,进一步明确了OECD在整合育人目标、能力认识以及实施测评的最新理念和方法.“21世纪技能”的学科整合为中国义务教育数学课程实施以核心素养为目标、关键能力为抓手的改革提供一种新的认识、一种新的理念和一种新的方法.[参考文献][1]黄翔,吕世虎,王尚志,等.高中数学课程目标的新发展[J].数学教育学报,2018,27(1):27-30.[2]中华人民共和国教育部.普通高中数学课程标准(2017年版)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2018:4.[3]曹一鸣,王振平.基于学生数学关键能力发展的教学改进研究[J].教育科学研究,2018(3):61-65.[4]胡典顺,雷沛瑶,刘婷.数学核心素养的测评:基于PISA测评框架与试题设计的视角[J].教育测量与评价,2018(10):40-46,64.[5]高凤萍.PISA数学素养测试对中国基础数学教育的启示[J].数学教育学报,2015,24(5):63-66.[6]王烨晖,张岳,杨涛,等.义务教育数学相关因素监测工具研发的探索与思考[J].数学教育学报,2018,27(5):8-12,16.[7]OECD.Measuring student knowledge and skills:A new framework for assessment[R].Paris:OECD Publishing,1999:。
21世纪伟大的发明英语作文21st Century Technological Advancements: Shaping the Future of Human Progress.The advent of the 21st century has ushered in an era of unprecedented technological advancements, forever transforming the human experience. From artificial intelligence to quantum computing, the boundless frontiersof scientific innovation have brought forth a plethora of groundbreaking inventions that continue to redefine society and shape the future of human progress.Artificial Intelligence: The Digital Revolution.Artificial intelligence (AI) stands as one of the most transformative inventions of the digital age. By harnessing the power of computing systems to simulate human cognitive abilities, AI algorithms have revolutionized industries ranging from healthcare to finance. AI-driven systems now assist in disease diagnosis, optimize investment portfolios,and power self-driving cars, ushering in a new era of productivity and efficiency.The Rise of the Quantum Computer.Quantum computing represents another technological breakthrough with the potential to reshape scientific discovery. Unlike classical computers, which operate on the principles of binary logic, quantum computers leverage the peculiar properties of quantum mechanics to perform complex computations at unprecedented speeds. This transformative technology holds promise for revolutionizing fields such as cryptography, pharmaceutical development, and materials science.Biotechnology: Unlocking the Secrets of Life.The convergence of biology and technology has givenrise to biotechnology, a rapidly expanding field that has far-reaching implications for human health and well-being. From gene editing techniques like CRISPR/Cas9 to personalized medicine, biotechnology offers unprecedentedopportunities to prevent and treat diseases, enhance human performance, and extend lifespans.Renewable Energy: A Sustainable Future.Recognizing the pressing need to address climate change, the 21st century has witnessed a surge in the developmentof renewable energy technologies. Solar and wind power systems, once considered niche technologies, have now become mainstream energy sources, providing clean and sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.Space Exploration: Pushing the Boundaries of Human Curiosity.Humanity's fascination with the cosmos has driven remarkable advancements in space exploration. Reusable rockets, private space companies, and the International Space Station have made space travel more accessible, enabling scientific research, satellite deployment, and the potential for interplanetary colonization.3D Printing: Revolutionizing Manufacturing.3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has revolutionized the production of physical objects. By depositing layers of material to create complex shapes, 3D printers offer unprecedented design freedom, cost savings, and reduced waste. This technology has found applications in industries as diverse as manufacturing, medicine, and architecture.Blockchain Technology: Decentralized and Secure Transactions.Blockchain technology, the underlying principle behind cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, has introduced a new paradigm for secure and transparent transactions. By creating a decentralized, immutable ledger, blockchain eliminates the need for intermediaries, reduces fraud, and offers enhanced privacy.The Internet of Things (IoT): Connecting the Physical and Digital.The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of interconnected devices that collect and exchange data over the internet. From smart homes to connected cities, IoT devices encompass a wide range of applications, empowering individuals and organizations to optimize energy consumption, improve healthcare outcomes, and enhance urban planning.Wearable Technology: Enhancing Human Abilities.Wearable technology devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers have become increasingly popular in recent years. These devices monitor various aspects of personal health, provide real-time notifications, and offer convenience and connectivity on the go.Virtual and Augmented Reality: Immersive Experiences.Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies have transformed the way we interact with digital content. VR headsets create immersive virtualenvironments, while AR overlays digital information onto the real world. These technologies have found applications in gaming, education, and training, blurring the lines between the physical and virtual worlds.Conclusion.The 21st century has witnessed an explosion of technological advancements that continue to reshape our world in profound ways. From the transformative power of artificial intelligence to the boundless possibilities of quantum computing, these inventions have the potential to improve human lives, solve pressing global challenges, and propel humanity into a future of unprecedented opportunities. As technology continues to evolve at an exponential pace, it is imperative that we embrace innovation responsibly and harness its power to create a better and more equitable world for all.。
Unit 1谁是伟大的?迈克尔?赖恩阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦小时候在学校里的成绩很糟糕,老师们都认为他迟钝。
拿破仑?波拿巴年轻时只是法国陆军中几百名炮兵中尉中的一几乎没有受过正规教育的乔治?华盛顿,十几岁时不是受训当兵而是受训做土地测量员。
尽管他们的起步平淡无奇,但是每个人后来都为自己在历史上赢得了一席之地。
是什么使得他们变得伟大呢?是他们生来就具备一些特殊的东西?还是他们的伟大与时机掌握、献身精神和也许是一种坚定的个性更为有关?几十年来,科学家们一直在问这样的问题。
在过去几年里,他们已经发现了证据,这些证据有助于解释为什么有些人出类拔萃,而另外的人——也许同样很有才华——却被甩在了后面。
他们的发现可能对我们所有的人都有启示。
谁是伟大的?伟人的定义取决于如何衡量成功。
但标准还是有一些的。
“对人类文明作出永久性贡献的人是伟大的,”基思?西蒙顿院长说。
他是加州大学戴维斯分校的一名心理学教授,1994年出版的《伟大:谁创造历史,以及为什么》一书的作者。
但他又提醒说:“有时侯伟人并没有被载入史册。
许多女性取得了巨大成就,或者颇具影响力,但却没有得到承认。
”在这本书的写作中,西蒙顿把有关伟大人物的历史知识和遗传学、精神病学及社会科学领域的最新发现融合在了一起。
他所聚焦的伟人包括获得过诺贝尔奖、领导过伟大的国家或赢得过战争、谱写过流芳百世的交响乐或在科学、哲学、政治学或艺术上引起过革命性巨变的男性和女性。
虽然他没有一个公式来解释某些人怎样或为什么出类拔萃(其中涉及的因素太多了),但他却提出了一些共同的特点。
一种“永不屈服”的态度。
西蒙顿说,如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话,那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。
“人们往往认为他们天生具有一些超常非凡的东西,”他解释道。
“但研究结果表明,有的伟人并没有惊人的智力。
有的只是程度上的差异而已。
伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神的基础之上的。
”他举出二战时期的英国首相温斯顿?丘吉尔作为一个永不放弃的冒险者的典范。
介绍一项21世纪发明英语作文英文回答:The 21st century has witnessed a surge of technological advancements that have profoundly reshaped our world. From the advent of the internet and smartphones to the development of artificial intelligence and genetic engineering, the pace of innovation has been astonishing. Among the myriad of 21st century inventions, one that stands out for its profound impact on various spheres of life is the electric car.Electric cars, powered by electricity stored in rechargeable batteries, have emerged as a transformative technology in the transportation sector. They offer numerous advantages over conventional gasoline-powered vehicles, including reduced environmental impact, lower operating costs, and enhanced driving experience.One of the most significant benefits of electric carsis their reduced environmental impact. Unlike gasoline-powered vehicles, electric cars produce zero tailpipe emissions, contributing to cleaner air and a healthier environment. This is particularly important in urban areas where air pollution poses a major health concern. Additionally, electric cars do not require fossil fuels, reducing our dependence on non-renewable energy sources.Electric cars also offer significant cost savings compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. The cost of electricity per mile is typically much lower than the cost of gasoline, resulting in lower fuel costs for electric car owners. Moreover, electric cars require less maintenance than gasoline-powered vehicles, as they do not have complex internal combustion engines or transmissions. This further contributes to the overall cost savings associated with electric car ownership.In addition to environmental and cost benefits,electric cars also provide an enhanced driving experience. Electric motors offer instant torque, resulting in smooth and responsive acceleration. Electric cars are alsogenerally quieter than gasoline-powered vehicles, creating a more pleasant driving environment. Furthermore, electric cars often feature advanced technological features such as regenerative braking, which helps extend the vehicle's range by capturing energy that would otherwise be lost during braking.The adoption of electric cars has been driven by a combination of factors, including government incentives, advancements in battery technology, and growing environmental consciousness among consumers. Governments worldwide have implemented various policies and incentives to promote electric car ownership, such as tax credits, rebates, and dedicated charging infrastructure. Additionally, advancements in battery technology have led to longer ranges and faster charging times, making electric cars more practical for everyday use.The impact of electric cars has extended beyond the transportation sector, influencing industries such as energy, manufacturing, and technology. The growing demand for electric cars has stimulated investment in renewableenergy sources, such as solar and wind power, to meet the increased electricity demand. Additionally, the development of electric car technology has led to advancements in battery storage and power electronics, which have applications in various other industries.In conclusion, the electric car is a transformative21st century invention that has had a profound impact on various spheres of life. Its environmental, cost, and performance advantages have made it an increasingly popular choice for consumers worldwide. As technology continues to advance, we can expect further improvements in electric car range, charging times, and overall performance, further solidifying their role in shaping the future of transportation.中文回答:21世纪见证了技术进步的浪潮,它深刻地改变了我们的世界。
【导语】新概念英语⽂章短⼩精悍,语句幽默诙谐,语法全⾯系统。
适合各个阶层的⼈群学习参考。
相信有了新概念英语,你也可以成为“⼤神”级别的⼈物!还在等什么?快来加⼊学习吧!⼩编与您⼀起学习进步! True nobility is exempt from fear.——Byron 真正⾼尚的⼈是⽆所畏惧的。
拜伦(品德篇) The higher the objective is , the more precious the ideal is ?---Cervantes ⽬标愈离,志向就愈可贵。
塞万提斯(理想篇) Trouble is only opportunity in work clothes.---H J. Kaiser 困难只是穿上⼯作服的机遇。
凯泽(逆境篇) All great truths begin as blasphemies.--Geroge Bernard Shaw 许多伟⼤的真理开始的时候都被认为是亵渎⾏为。
萧伯纳(真理篇) Patriotism is the key element of developing a country ?--Chen Duxiu 爱国⼼为⽴国之要素。
陈独秀(祖国篇) The basic spirit of science is forming insights.--Liang Qichao 科学根本精神,全在养成观察⼒。
梁启超(科技篇) The most promising successor is not the talented, but those who are good at seizing every opportunity to explore.--Socrates 最有希望的成功者,并不是才⼲出众的⼈,⽽是那些最善于利⽤每⼀时机去发掘开拓的⼈。
苏格拉底(奋⽃篇) We should put the career in the first place in life and should not give it up until the last minute.--Wu Yuzhang ⼈⽣在世,事业为重,⼀息尚存,绝不松劲。