杜昶旭阅读课讲义

阅读课讲义主讲：杜昶旭——花花（Fleur）根据老杜录音整理✧怎样的考试和怎样的我们…….托福考试的本质探求——对”Test of English as a Foreign Language”的再认知⏹托福到底有多难？◆习惯的说法：高考－>六级－>考研－>托福－>SA T－>GRE－>GMA T－>LSA T◆用合理的方式进行难度的评价⏹从“OF”到“IN”◆Test OF English：“对”英语的测试●TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language)●IEL TS (International English Language Testing System)●TOEIC (Test Of English for International Communication)●CET-4 (College English Test-Band 4)●CET-6 (College English Test-Band 6)●PETS (Public English T est System)◆Test IN English：“用”英语的测试●GRE (Graduate Record Examination)●GMA T (Graduate Management Admission Test)●SA T (Scholastic Assessment Test)●LSA T (Law School Admission Test)●NCEE (National College Entrance Examination)●NGEE (National Graduate Entrance Examination)⏹托福作为语言考试的本质◆测试考生对英语的综合应用能力——包括听、说、读、写的独立能力和综合能力；◆测试考生在实际的学习、生活过程中的语言应用能力——所有测试内容均与实际结合；◆考生的英语水平与分数具有直接相关性——零基础测试假设；◆包含且仅包含语言使用过程中的所有因素——词汇、句子、语篇、语境、交流方式。

托福考试的本质探求——从形式特征到内容特征⏹托福阅读的形式特征●文章数量：３或５篇这样安排是为了为了匹配时间，７０％的考生希望遇到５６●考试时间：每篇文章２０分钟●文章长度：７００字左右●题目数量１２－１４篇●每题原始分数：最后一题２－４分，其他题目１分●分值范围：标准分０－３０分（分数对应规则参照《新托福官方指南》１２５页）我们的实际情况：我们的听说读写都一样差，我们认为自己阅读能力强——幻觉。

３９或者５６都一样，而且，其中只有３或者６个段子是算分的。

（５篇中有两篇并不算分，但是我们都不知道是哪两篇）●计时方式：由系统自动进行倒计时；●常用按钮：Next, Back, Review, Return, Continue●单词划线解释：对考生友好还是浪费时间？（韦氏11版）从PBT 到IBT 的阅读习惯变化 ● 垂直阅读和水平阅读的差异 ⏹ 视线与思维同步的问题 ● 纸张和屏幕的差异⏹ 对比度差异所带来的视觉疲劳感 ⏹ 是否可以做标记带来的记忆效果差异⏹ 托福阅读的内容特征Campus lifeAcademic issue 阅读只考学术文章。

科普文章和TOFEL 的专业词汇比例一般都在３－４％左右，GRE 在１２％左右 大百科全书：大英百科，微软百科，wiki 百科◆ 词汇● 习惯性认知的误区：提高词汇量就等于提高了阅读能力。

● 托福的词汇考查方式 词汇认知：认识or 不认识 一词多义，熟词僻意 词汇推断◆ 语法● 习惯性认知的误区，语法不好，英语同样能学好； ● 语法的重要性，语法之于语言正如法律之如社会； ● 托福阅读如何进行语法考查？⏹ 输出能力（口语和写作）中的语法考查检查是否主动犯错。

⏹ 输入能力（阅读和听力）中的语法考查 通过语法设置障碍解释成绩：在ETS 保留的时间是２年，在学校申请日期截止日之前考完即可。

科普阅读建议：大百科全书（大英和微软百科，还有w i ki 百科 ） Discovery ，国家地理，ＴＴＣ，等主题和重要信息◆主题●习惯性认知的错误，主题能用一两句话（尤其是各段首句）简单概括。

●托福阅读文章的新特点：标题。

●托福文章的主题类型特征Single-focus 一个主题，多个方面Multi-focus 多个主题，多个方面◆托福文章主题的考察方式to make a summary：6选3，多句话概括the topic of a paragraph◆重要信息●细节信息⏹习惯性认知的错误：细节是具体的描述性内容，是零散无关的⏹细节作为重要信息所包含的内容general statement 局部范围内的概括更重要some related details(1) 主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪---- TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN?●细节信息的考察方式认知：文中有还是没有辨析：信息ture or false推断信息⏹习惯性认知的错误：推断信息和细节信息等同⏹区分事实信息（Statement）和推断信息（Inference）——需要逻辑支撑⏹内容推断和态度推断（why how）⏹推断信息的推理逻辑◆信息优先级●习惯性认知的误区：在英语阅读中，我们从来不关心信息优先级。

●关注信息优先级的方法：⏹兴趣驱动（Interest-driven）⏹知识驱动（Knowledge-driven）：TOFEL最多⏹逻辑驱动（Logic-driven）：GRE,SA T多◆关系与结构●习惯性认知的误区：英语阅读中我们过多地关注了信息本身，却忽略了信息之间的关系——关联信息被离散化。

信息结构与思维框架（Mental Framework ） M.F .organizationM.F . ideas(Major/Minor) priorityrelationshipessential/ non essential树形结构，后续文章要比前面有进步。

B.G.1st organism expend energy~ budgetB.G.2ndGenetic packageS ➪M.G.RDifference:=growth and reproduction3rd (T opic):=energy: R>G:R<G×oppopp invade new areasDisplaced by comp6th opp short-livedPopulation affected by bad weather 7th comp opp e.g. oak tree期待predicting: how to?第一段先解释budget进行类比段落与段落之间有关联，后续段落会有进步。

期待：budge->allocate第三段由difference开始展开。

duchangxu@本文使用了比较分类，对比等方法１．The word squander in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) extend (B) transform (C)activate (D)waste2. The word none in the passage refers to(A) food (B)plant of animal (C)energy (D)big body3. In paragraph 1, the author explains the concept of energy expenditure by(A) identifying types of organisms that became extinct(B) comparing the scientific concept to a familiar human experience(C) arguing that most organisms conserve rather than expend energy(D) describing the processes of growth, reproduction, and metabolism用budget来比喻４．According to the passage, the classification of organisms as “opportunists” or “competitors” is determined by(A) how the genetic information of an organism is store and maintained(B) the way in which the organism invests its energy resources(C) whether the climate to which the organism lives is mild or extreme(D) the variety of natural resources the organism consumes in its environment5. The word dispersal in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) development (B)growth (C)distribution (D)protection6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) Because their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer preserve, dandelions areclassified as opportunists.(B) Dandelions are called opportunists because they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and thecreation of gaps in the forest canopy.(C) The term “opportunists” applies to plants whose seeds fall in places where they compete with seed ofother plants.(D) The term “opportunists” applies to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes.7. The word massive in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) huge (B)ancient (C)common (D)successful8. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contribution to the longevity of oak tree EXCEPT(A) the capacity to create shade(B) leaves containing tannin(C) the ability to withstand mild droughts and fires(D) the large number of acorns the tree produces9. According to the passage, oak trees are considered competitors because(A) they grow in areas free of opportunities(B) they spend more energy on their leaves, trunks and roots than on their acorns(C) their population tends to increase or decrease irregular cycles(D) unlike other organisms, they do not need much water or sunlight10. In paragraph 7, the author suggests that most species of organisms(A) are primarily opportunists(B) are primarily competitors(C) begin as opportunists and evolved into competitors(D) have some characteristics of opportunists and some of competitors11. Look at the four square (▪) that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage where would be the sentence best.Such episodic event will cause a population of dandelions, for example, to vary widely.Click on a square (▪) add the sentence to the passage12. Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of organisms to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points.多使用已经做完的题目的信息来判断，第六和第八题对此题解题很有帮助。