《旅游管理专业英语》(第二版) 讲义 Lesson11 Broker and brokerage

GlobalizationGlobalization is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. In specifically economic contexts, it refers almost exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade liberalization or "free trade".Between 1910 and 1950, a series of political and economic upheavals dramatically reduced the volume and importance of international trade flows. In the post-World War II environment, fostered by international economic institutions and rebuilding programs, international trade dramatically expanded. With the 1970s, the effects of this trade became increasingly visible, both in terms of the benefits and the disruptive effects.Meanings of Globalization"Globalization" can mean:•The formation of a global village— closer contact between different parts of the world, with increasing possibilities of personal exchange, mutual understanding and friendship between "world citizens", and creation of a global civilization,•Economic globalization —"free trade" and increasing relations among members of an industry in different parts of the world (globalization of an industry), with a corresponding erosion of National Sovereignty in the economic sphere.•The negative effects of for-profit multinational corporations— the use of substantial and sophisticated legal and financial means to circumvent the bounds of local laws and standards, in order to leverage the labor and services of unequally-developed regions against each other.•The spread of capitalism from developed to developing nations.It shares a number of characteristics with internationalization and is used interchangeably, although some prefer to use globalization to emphasize the erosion of the nation-state or national boundaries.Globalism, if the concept is reduced to its economic aspects, can be said to contrast with economic nationalism and protectionism. It is related to laissez-faire capitalism and neoliberalism.History of globalizationSince the word has both technical and political meanings, different groups will have differing histories of "globalization". In general use within the field of economics and political economy, is, however, a history of increasing trade between nations based on stable institutions that allow individuals and firms in different nations to exchange goods with minimal friction.The term "liberalization" came to mean the combination of laissez-faire economic theory with the removal of barriers to the movement of goods. This led to the increasing specialization of nations in exports, and the pressure to end protective tariffs and other barriers to trade. The period of the gold standard and liberalization of the 19th century is often called "The First Era of Globalization". Based on the Pax Britannica and the exchange of goods in currencies pegged to specie, this era grew along with industrialization. The theoretical basis was Ricardo's work on Comparative advantage and Say's Law of General equilibrium. In essence, it was argued that nations would trade effectively, and that any temporary disruptions in supply or demand would correct themselves automatically. The institution of the gold standard came in steps in major industrialized nations between approximately 1850 and 1880, though exactly when various nations were truly on the gold standard is a matter of a great deal of contentious debate.The "First Era of Globalization" is said to have broken down in stages beginning with the first World War, and then collapsing with the crisis of the gold standard in the late 1920's and early 1930's.Globalization in the era since World War II has been driven by Trade Negotiation Rounds, originally under the auspices of GATT, which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on "free trade". The Uruguay round led to a treaty to create the World Trade Organization or WTO, to mediate trade disputes. Other bilateral trade agreements, including sections of Europe's Maastricht Treaty and the North American Free Trade Agreement have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and barriers to trade.Signs of globalizationGlobalization has become identified with a number of trends, most of which may have developed since World War II. These include greater international movement of commodities, money, information, and people; and the development of technology, organizations, legal systems, and infrastructures to allow this movement. The actual existence of some of these trends are debated.•Increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth in the world economy•Increase in international flow of capital including foreign direct investment•Greater transborder data flow, using such technologies such as the Internet, communication satellites and telephones•Greater international cultural exchange, for example through the export of Hollywood and Bollywood movies.•Some argue that even terrorism has undergone globalization. Terrorists now have attacked places all over the world.•Spreading of multiculturalism and better individual access to cultural diversity, with on the other hand, some reduction in diversity through assimilation, hybridization, Westernization, Americanization or Sinosization of cultures.•Erosion of national sovereignty and national borders through international agreements leading to organizations like the WTO and OPEC•Greater international travel and tourism•Greater immigration, including illegal immigration•Development of global telecommunications infrastructure•Development of a global financial systems•Increase in the share of the world economy controlled by multinational corporations•Increased role of international organizations such as WTO, WIPO, IMF that deal with international transactions•Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e.g. copyright lawsBarriers to international trade have been considerably lowered since World War II through international agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Particular initiatives carried out as a result of GATT and the WTO, for which GATT is the foundation, have included:•Promotion of free tradeo Of goods: reduction or elimination of tariffs; construction of free trade zones with small or no tariffso Of capital: reduction or elimination of capital controlso Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies for local businesses •Intellectual Property Restrictionso Harmonization of intellectual property laws across nations (generally speaking, with more restrictions)o Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (e.g. patents granted by China would be recognized in the US)Anti-globalizationMain article: "Anti-globalization".Various aspects of globalization are seen as harmful by public-interest activists. This movement has no unified name. "Anti-globalization" is the media's preferred term. Activists themselves, for example Noam Chomsky, have said that this name is meaningless as the movement's aim is to globalize justice. Indeed, "the global justice movement" is a common name. Many activists also unite under the slogan "another world is possible", which has given rise to names such as altermondisme in French.There is a wide variety of different kinds of "anti-globalization". In general, critics claim that the results of globalization have not been what was predicted when the attempt to increase free trade began, and that many institutions involved in the system of globalization have not taken the interests of poorer nations and the working class into account.Economic arguments by fair trade theorists claim that unrestricted free trade benefits those with more financial leverage (i.e. the rich) at the expense of the poor.Many "anti-globalization" activists see globalization as the promotion of a corporatist agenda, which is intent on constricting the freedoms of individuals in the name of profit. They also claimthat increasing autonomy and strength of corporate entities increasingly shape the political policy of nation-states.Some "anti-globalization" groups argue that globalization is necessarily imperialistic, is one of the driving reasons behind the Iraq war and that it has forced savings to flow into the United States rather than developing nations.Some argue that globalization imposes credit-based economics, resulting in unsustainable growth of debt and debt crises.The main opposition is to unfettered globalization (neoliberal; laissez-faire capitalism), guided by governments and quasi-governments (such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) that are not held responsible to the populations that they govern and instead respond mostly to the interests of corporations. Many conferences between trade and finance ministers of the core globalizing nations have been met with large, and occasionally violent, protests from opponents of "corporate globalism".The movement is very broad, including church groups, national liberation factions, left-wing parties, environmentalists, peasant unionists, anti-racism groups, libertarian socialists and others. Most are reformist (arguing for a more humane form of capitalism) and a strong minority is revolutionary (arguing for a more humane system than capitalism). Many have decried the lack of unity and direction in the movement, but some such as Noam Chomsky have claimed that this lack of centralization may in fact be a strength.Protests by the global justice movement have now forced high-level international meetings away from the major cities where they used to be held, and off into remote locations where protest is impractical.Pro-globalization (globalism)Supporters of democratic globalization can be labelled pro-globalists. They consider that the first phase of globalization, which was market-oriented, should be completed by a phase of building global political institutions representing the will of World citizens. The difference with other globalists is that they do not define in advance any ideology to orientate this will, which should be left to the free choice of those citizens via a democratic process.Supporters of free trade point out that economic theories such as comparative advantage suggests that free trade leads to a more efficient allocation of resources, with all those involved in the trade benefitting. In general, they claim that this leads to lower prices, more employment and better allocation of resources.Libertarians and other proponents of laissez-faire capitalism say higher degrees of political and economic freedom in the form of democracy and capitalism in the developed world produce higher levels of material wealth. They see globalization as the beneficial spread of democracy and capitalism.Critics argue that the anti-globalization movement uses anecdotal evidence to support their view and that worldwide statistics instead strongly support globalization. One effect being that the percentage of people in developing countries living below $1 (adjusted for inflation) per day have halved in only twenty years [1] (). Life expectancy has almost doubled in the developing world since WWII and is starting to close the gap to the developed world where the improvement has been smaller. Child mortality has decreased in every developing region of the world [2] (). Income inequality for the world as a whole is diminishing [3] ().Many pro-capitalists are also critical of the World Bank and the IMF, arguing that they are corrupt bureaucracies controlled and financed by states, not corporations. Many loans have been given to dictators who never did any reforms, instead leaving the common people to pay the debts later. They thus see too little capitalism, not too much. They also note that some of the resistance to globalization come from special interest groups with conflicting interests like Western world unions.Globalization in questionThere is much academic discussion about whether globalization is a real phenomenon or only a myth. Although the term is widespread, many authors argue that the characteristics of the phenomenon have already been seen at other moments in history. Also, many note that those features that make people believe we are in the process of globalization, including the increase in international trade and the greater role of multinational corporations, are not as deeply established as they may appear. Thus, many authors prefer the use of the term internationalization rather than globalization. To put it simply, the role of the state and the importance of nations are greater in internationalization, while globalization in its complete form eliminates nation states. So, these authors see that the frontiers of countries, in a broad sense, are far from being dissolved, and therefore this radical globalization process is not yet happening, and probably won't happen, considering that in world history, internationalization never turned into globalization —(the European Union and NAFTA are yet to prove their case.)However, the world increasingly shares problems and challenges that do not obey nation state borders, most notably pollution of the natural environment, and as such the movement previously known as the anti-globalisation movement has transmogrified into a movement of movements for globalisation from below; seeking, through experimentation, forms of social organisation that transcend the nation state and representative democracy. So, whereas the original arguments of anti-global critique can be refuted with stories of internationalisation, as above, the emergence of a global movement is indisputable and therefore we can speak of a real process towards a global human society of societies.。

The Glass-Stegall ActTwo separate laws are known as the Glass-Steagall Act. The first, enacted February 271932, by President Herbert Hoover, effectively took the United States off the gold standard and greatly increased the ability of the Federal Reserve to expand the money supply. The second, also known as the "Banking Act of 1933", enacted June 161933, by President Franklin Roosevelt, attempted to make banking safer and less prone to speculation. Both acts were reactions of the government to cope with the economic problems which followed the crash of 1929.The Glass-Steagall Act of 1932 included the following provisions:•Permitted Federal Reserve banks to use government securities as collateral for the issue of Federal Reserve notes•Relaxed the collateral security required by member banks at the discount window•Allowed the government to loan out the nation's gold reservesThe Banking Act of 1933 included the following provisions:•Separated the activities of banks and securities firms (prohibited commercial banks from owning brokerages)•Introduced FDIC insurance•Regulation Q which prohibited paying interest on commercial demand deposits and capped the interest rate on savings depositsOf all the important changes to the banking laws in these acts, perhaps the most significant was the first one mentioned above. Before the first Glass-Steagall Act was passed, Federal Reserve notes (i.e., U.S. dollars) could only be issued by the government if they were backed with gold. This restricted the amount of dollars the government could issue. By allowing collateralization of dollars on government debt, the treasury gained the authority to create dollars in any amount it desired.Note that the Banking Act of 1933 should not be confused with the "Emergency Banking Act" of March 9, 1933, which officially took the United States off the gold standard, barred Americans from possessing gold and gave the president wide latitude to dictate monetary rules and policy.Both bills were sponsored by Democratic Senator Carter Glass of Virginia, a former Secretary of the Treasury, and Democratic Congressman Henry B. Steagall of Alabama, Chairman of the House Committee on Banking and Currency.On November 12, 1999, President Clinton signed into law the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which repealed the Glass-Steagall Act. One impact of this repeal is that certain advisory activities of the banks are now regulated by the Investment Advisor Act of 1940.。

Leverage is related to torque; leverage is a factor by which lever multiplies a force. The useful work done is the energy applied, which is force times distance. Therefore a small force applied over a long distance is the same amount of work as a large force applied over a small distance. The trick is converting the one into the other.The simplest device for creating leverage is the lever. A lever is a stick which rests on a fulcrum () near one end. When you push the long end of the stick down a long ways, the short end moves a small distance up with great force. With this device a man can easily lift several times his own weight.Other common devices that achieve leverage include the wrench, various pulley arrangements, a jack, and hydraulic brakes.For instance, in finance people think of money as "force." Given a relatively small initial amount of force (money), you can use that as collateral for a much larger loan, which gives you a larger amount of money (force) to throw around. Therefore in finance it is common to call debt "leverage."In accounting and finance, the amount of long-term debt that a company has in relation to its equity. The higher the ratio, the greater is the leverage. Leverage is generally measured by a variation of the debt-to-equity ratio, which is calculated as follows: Long-term liabilities/Total stockholders’ equity. A company’s optimal leverage depends on the stability of its earnings. A company with consistently high earnings can be more leveraged than a company with variable earnings, because it will consistently be more likely to make the required interest and principal payments.BusinessA profitable business with good credit and cash flow may be able to borrow at rates well below the rate at which they can earn money in their core business or other projects by utilizing the borrowed capital. Several methods are used to look at what rate of return a corporation can earn money. See return on assets and return on equity. Any time a business can earn more money than what they can borrow at, the corporation will be more profitable over the period of time in which they can do so.FinanceIn finance leverage takes the form of borrowing money and reinvesting it with the hope to earn a greater rate of return than the cost of interest. Leverage allows greater potential return to the investor than otherwise would have been available. The potential for loss is greater because if the investment becomes worthless, not only is that money lost, but the loan still needs to be repaid. A margin account is a common way of utilizing the concept of leverage in investing.Another form of creating leverage using financial instruments is through the use of options. The purchase of a call option on a security gives the buyer the right to purchase the underlying security at a given price in the future. If the price of the underlying security rises, the value of the call option will rise at a rate much greater than the value of the underlying security. However if the rate of the call option falls or does not rise, the call option may be worthless, involving a much greater loss than if the same money had been invested in the underlying instrument.Leverage and riskUtilizing leverage amplifies the potential gain from an investment or project, but also increases the potential loss. This increased risk may be perfectly acceptable or even necessary to reach the goals of the entity or person making the investment. In fact, precisely managing risk utilizing strategies including leverage and securities purchases, is the subject of a discipline known as financial engineering"Slippage"In a rising market, the compounding associated with a leveraged portfolio leads to greater gains; in a declining market, the compounding of a leveraged portfolio may lead to larger losses. However, in a flat market with volatility, the compounding of a leveraged portfolio will cause the portfolio to under perform an identical unleveraged portfolio. Because the percentage increase in a leveraged portfolio is higher by the same ratio as the decrease is higher.ExampleA 100 index going to 110 is a 10% increase. A 110 index going to 100 is a % decrease. In a 200% leveraged index it's a 20% increase, to 120, and a 18.17% (9.09*2) decrease to 98.2.If a target index gains 10% on one day before returning to the original level the next day, a 2.0 beta portfolio will lose 1.8% of its value, and a 1.25 beta portfolio will lose 0.3% of its value.Real worldDuring the 1970s the stock market were "flat". On 31-Dec-79 the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 838.74, on 19-Nov-69 it closed at 839.96 ([1] (/q/hp?s=%5EDJI&a=00&b=15&c=1969&d= 00&e=15&f=1980&g=d)). An unleveraged portfolio of DJIA would have ended with the same price as it began the decade (and would have lost value through inflation). A 200% leveraged portfolio holding the DJIA during that period would have lost all of its value.。

OptionIt is a contract giving the holder the right but not the obligation to trade in a commodity, a share, or a currency on some future date at a pre-agreed price. A “put” option gives the holder the right to sell at a pre-agreed price. This can be used to reduce risk by somebody who has to hold the actual asset and is worried that its price may fall; it can equally be use to speculate on a price fall. A “call” option gives the holder the right to buy at a pre-agreed price. This can be used to reduce risk by people who expect to need the asset in the future and are worried that its price may rise before they buy; it can equally be used to speculate on a price rise. An options market is a market in which options are traded; these exist for many widely traded goods, shares, and currencies. Share options give a right to buy company shares at a future date at a pre-agreed price; they are used by companies as incentives for their executives. An option is contrasted with a futures contract, which carries the obligation as well as the right to trade.In finance, an option is a contract whereby the contract buyer has a right to exercise a feature of the contract (the option) on or before a future date (the exercise date). The 'writer' (seller) has the obligation to honour the specified feature of the contract. Since the option gives the buyer a right and the seller an obligation, the buyer has received something of value. The amount the buyer pays the seller for the option is called the option premium.Most often the term "options" refers to a derivative security, an option which gives the holder of the option the right to purchase or sell a security within a predefined time span in the future, for a predetermined amount. (Specific features of options on securities differ by the type of the underlying instrument involved.) However real options are another common type. A real option may be something as simple as the opportunity to buy or sell a house at a given price at some period in the future. The writer has the obligation to sell the house to the option buyer for the price agreed in the option while the option buyer does not have to purchase the house at all, so again the buyer has received something of value. Real options are an increasingly influential tool in corporate finance.The option contractFor the option purchaser (also called the holder or taker), the option:•offers the right (but imposes no obligation),•to buy (call option) or sell (put option)• a specific quantity (e.g. 100)•of a given financial underlying (e.g. shares)•at an agreed price(exercise or strike price), or calculable value (based on a reference rate)•either before maturity date(American option) or at a fixed maturity date(European option)•for a premium (option price).The counterparty (option writer / seller) has an obligation to fulfill the contract if the option holder exercises the option. In return, the option seller receives the option price or premium. Yeah.Option frameworks•The buyer assumes a long position, and the writer a corresponding short position. (Thus the writer of a call option, is "short a call" and has the obligation to sell to the holder, who is "long of a call option" and who has the right to buy. The writer of a put option is "on the short side of the position", and has the obligation to buy from the taker of the put option, who is "long a put".)•The option style will affect the terms and valuation. Generally the contract will either be American style- which allows exercise before the maturity date - or European style- where exercise is on a fixed maturity date. European contracts are easier to value and therefore to price. The contract can also be on an exotic option.•Buyers and sellers of options do not (usually) interact directly; the options exchange acts as intermediary and quotes the market price of the option. The seller guarantees the exchange that he can fulfill his obligation if the buyer chooses to execute.•The risk for the option holder is limited: he cannot lose more than the premium paid as he can "abandon the option". His potential gain is theoretically unlimited; see strike price.•The maximum loss for the writer of a put option is equal to the strike price. In general, the risk for the writer of a call option is unlimited. However, an option writer who owns the underlying instrument has created a covered position; he can always meet his obligations by using the actual underlying. Where the seller does not own the underlying on which he has written the option, he is called a "naked writer", and has created a "naked position".•Options can be in-the-money, at-the-money or out-of-the-money. The "in-the-money"option has a positive intrinsic value, options in "at-the-money" or "out-of-the-money"have an intrinsic value of zero. Additional to the intrinsic value an option has a time value, which decreases, the closer the option is to its expiry date (also see option time value).Option pricing modelsHistorically the pricing of options was entirely ad hoc. Traders with good intuition about how other traders would price options made money and those without it lost money. Then in 1973 Fischer Black and Myron Scholes published a paper proposing what became known as the Black-Scholes pricing model, and for which Scholes received the 1997 Nobel Prize(Black had died, and was therefore not eligible). The model gave a theoretical value for simple put and call options, given assumptions about the behavior of stock prices. The availability of a good estimate of an option's theoretical price contributed to the explosion of trading in options. Researchers have subsequently generalized Black-Scholes to the Black model, and have developed other methods of option valuation, including Monte Carlo methods and Binomial options models.Option usesOne can combine options and other derivatives in a process known as financial engineering to control the risk in a given transaction. The risk taken on can be anywhere from zero to infinite, depending on the combination of derivative features used.Note, by using options, one party transfers (buys or sells) risk to or from another. When using options for insurance, the option holder reduces the risk he bears by paying the option seller a premium to assume it.Because one can use options to assume risk, one can purchase options to create leverage. The payoff to purchasing an option can be much greater than by purchasing the underlying instrument directly. For example buying an at-the-money call option for 2 monetary units per share for a total of 200 units on a security priced at 20 units, will lead to a 100% return on premium if the option is exercised when the underlying security's price has risen by 2 units, whereas buying the security directly for 20 units per share, would have led to a 10% return. The greater leverage comes at the cost of greater risk of losing 100% of the option premium if the underlying security does not rise in price.Other instruments to manage risk or to assume it include:•Futures•Forwards•Swaps。

Product MixThe combination of various products that a given company offers to the market. Product mixes differ in the number of product lines they contain. If a mix includes a large number of product lines (coffee, desserts, cereals, and so forth), it is called wide or broad. If it contains only a few product lines, it is considered narrow or limited. The width of the product mix is also known as the variety, and the depth of the mix is called the assortment.Product Mix refers to the range of products sold by a firm. For example, a supermarket sells food, but it may also sell clothes, electrical equipment, beauty products, and stationery; an electric appliance manufacturer may sell washing machines, dishwashers, refrigerators, televisions, and videos. A firm may expand its product mix by offering different products for sale; for example, a clothes shop may add underwear to its range. It may extend existing ranges; for example, a car manufacturer may bring out a special edition of an existing car model. It may change existing products; for example, a laundry detergent manufacturer may add more blue flakes to an existing brand and declare it to be new and improved, or a food company may repackage a product.Marketing Mix, factors that help a company or firm sell its products. Four elements are normally distinguished: getting the right product to the market; selling the product at the right price; ensuring that the promotion is right—that is, advertising and marketing for the product; and ensuring that the product is distributed to the most convenient place for customers to buy it.。

PrivatizationPrivatization (sometimes privatisation, denationalization, or, especially in India, disinvestment) is the process of transferring property, from public ownership to private ownership and/or transferring the management of a service or activity from the government to the private sector. The opposite process is nationalization or municipalization.OverviewPrivatization is frequently associated with industrial or service-oriented enterprises, such as mining, manufacturing or power generation, but it can also apply to any asset, such as land, roads, or even rights to water. In recent years, government services such as health, sanitation, and education have been particularly targeted for privatization in many countries.In theory, privatization helps establish a "free market", as well as fostering capitalist competition, which its supporters argue will give the public greater choice at a competitive price. Conversely, socialists view privatization negatively, arguing that entrusting private businesses with control of essential services reduces the public's control over them and leads to excessive cost cutting in order to achieve profit and a resulting poor quality service.In general, nationalization was common during the immediate post-World War 2period, but privatization became a more dominant economic trend (especially within the United States and the United Kingdom) during the 1980s and '90s. This trend of privatization has often been characterized as part of a "global wave" of neoliberal policies, and some observers argue that this was greatly influenced by the policies of Reagan and Thatcher. The term "privatization" was coined in 1948 and is thought to have been popularized by The Economist during the '80s.Arguments for and againstSee also: arguments for and against public ownership and the welfare stateForAdvocates of privatization argue that governments run businesses poorly for the following reasons:•Performance. The government may only be interested in improving a company in cases when the performance of the company becomes politically sensitive.•Improvements. Conversely, the government may put off improvements due to political sensitivity — even in cases of companies that are run well.•Corruption. The company may become prone to corruption; company employees may be selected for political reasons rather than business ones.•Goals. The government may seek to run a company for social goals rather than business ones (this is conversely seen as a negative effect by critics of privatization).•Capital. It is claimed by supporters of privatization, that privately-held companies can more easily raise capital in the financial markets than publicly-owned ones.•Unprofitable companies survive. Governments may "bail out" poorly run businesses with money when, economically, it may be better to let the business fold.•Unprofitable units survive. Parts of a business which persistently lose money are more likely to be shut down in a private business.•Political influence. Nationalized industries can be prone to interference from politicians for political or populist reasons. Such as, for example, making an industry buy supplies from local producers, when that may be more expensive than buying from abroad, forcing an industry to freeze its prices/fares to satisfy the electorate or control inflation, increasing its staffing to reduce unemployment, or moving its operations to marginal constituencies; it is argued that such measures can cause nationalized industries to become uneconomic and uncompetitive.In particular, the Performance, Goals, and Unprofitable companies survive reasons are held to be the most important because money is a scarce resource: if government-run companies are losing money, or if they are not as profitable as possible, this money is unavailable to other, more efficient firms. Thus, the efficient firms will have a harder time finding capital, which makes it difficult for them to raise production and create more employment.The basic argument given for privatization is that governments have few incentives to ensure that the enterprises they own are well run. On the other hand, private owners, it is said, do have such an incentive: they will lose money if businesses are poorly run. The theory holds that, not only will the enterprise's clients see benefits, but as the privatized enterprise becomes more efficient, the whole economy will benefit. Ideally, privatization propels the establishment of social, organizational and legal infrastructures and institutions that are essential for an effective market economy.Another argument for privatization is, that to privatize a company which was non-profitable (or even generated severe losses) when state-owned means taking the burden of financing it off the shoulders and pockets of taxpayers, as well as free some national budget resources which may be subsequently used for something else. Especially, proponents of the laissez-faire capitalism will argue, that it is both unethical and inefficient for the state to force taxpayers to fund the business that can't work for itself. Also, they hold that even if the privatized company happens to be worse off, it is due to the normal market process of penalizing businesses that fail to cope with the market reality or that simply are not preferred by the customers.Many privatization plans are organized as auctions where bidders compete to offer the state the highest price, creating monetary income that can be used by the state.AgainstOpponents of privatization dispute the claims made by proponents of privatization, especially the ones concerning the alleged lack of incentive for governments to ensure that the enterprises they own are well run, on the basis of the idea that governments must answer to the people. It is arguedthat a government which runs nationalized enterprises poorly will lose public support and votes, while a government which runs those enterprises well will gain public support and votes. Thus, democratic governments, under this argument, do have an incentive to maximize efficiency in nationalized companies, due to the pressure of future elections.Furthermore, opponents of privatization argue that it is undesirable to let private entrepreneurs own public institutions for the following reasons:•Profiteering. Private companies do not have any goal other than to maximize profit.•Corruption. Buyers of public property have often, most notably in Russia, used insider positions to enrich themselves - and civil servants in the selling positions - grossly.•No public accountability. The public does not have any control or oversight of private companies.•Cuts in essential services. If a government-owned company providing an essential service (such as water supply) to all citizens is privatized, its new owner(s) could stop providing this service to those who are too poor to pay, or to regions where this service is unprofitable.•Inefficiency. A centralized enterprise is generally more cost effective than multiple smaller ones. Therefore splitting up a public company into smaller private chunks will reduce efficiency.•Natural monopolies. Privatization will not result in true competition if a natural monopoly exists.•Concentration of wealth. Profits from successful enterprises end up in private pockets instead of being available for the common good.•Insecurity. Nationalized industries are usually guaranteed against bankruptcy by the state.They can therefore borrow money at a lower interest rate to reflect the lower risk of loan default to the lender. This does not apply to private industries.•Downsizing. In cases where public services or utilities are privatized, this can create a conflict of interest between profit and maintaining a sufficient service. A private company may be tempted to cut back on maintenance or staff training etc, to maximize profits.•Waste of risk capital. Public services are per definition low-risk ventures that don't need scarce risk capital that is needed better elsewhere.•Not all good things are profitable. A public service may provide public goods that, while important, are of little market value, such as the cultural goods produced by public television and radio.In practical terms, there are many pitfalls to privatization. Privatization has rarely worked out ideally because it is so intertwined with political concerns, especially in post-communist economies or in developing nations where corruption is endemic. Even in nations with advanced market economies like Britain, where privatization has been popular with governments (if not all of the public) since the Thatcher era, problems center on the fact that privatization programs are very politically sensitive, raising many legitimate political debates. Who decides how to set values on state enterprises? Does the state accept cash or for government-provided coupons? Should the state allow the workers or managers of the enterprise to gain control over their own workplace?Should the state allow foreigners to buy privatized enterprises? Which levels of government can privatize which assets and in what quantities?In the short-term, privatization can potentially cause tremendous social upheaval, as privatizations are often always accompanied by large layoffs. If a small firm is privatized in a large economy, the effect may be negligible. If a single large firm or many small firms are privatized at once and upheaval results, particularly if the state mishandles the privatization process, a whole nation's economy may plunge into despair. For example, in the Soviet Union, many state industries were not profitable under the new system, with the cost of inputs exceeding the cost of outputs. After privatization, sixteen percent of the workforce became unemployed in both East Germany and Poland. The social consequences of this process have been staggering, impoverishing millions, but to little social benefit in many post-Communist countries. In the process, Russia has gone from having one of the world's most equal distributions of wealth in the Soviet era to one of the least today. There has been a dearth of large-scale investment to modernize Soviet industries and businesses still trade with each other by means of barter.In speaking about the transformations in the post-communist countries, however, one must take into account the specifics of the communist and socialist regime which ruled those countries for decades. There are no easy answers regarding those issues. Some argue that it was the cumulation of mismanagement and inattention to the market realities that lead to such fatal consequences, given that most of the assets of those companies had not renovated for decades and their technology was outdated. Further, opening of the markets for import of the products which, in many cases, offered higher quality or lower prices, has given the consumers new array of choices to compete with the old national industries.Privatization in the absence of a transparent market system may lead to assets being held by a few very wealthy people, a so-called oligarchy, at the expense of the general population. This may discredit the process of economic reform in the opinion of the public and outside observers. This has occurred notably in Russia, Mexico, and Brazil.Moreover, where free-market economics are rapidly imposed, a country may not have the bureaucratic tools necessary to regulate it. This has been a pertinent problem in Russia and in many South American countries, although some other Eastern European countries, such as Poland and the Czech Republic, fared better in this respect, partly through the support of the European Union. Paradoxically, while Britain has long had a market economy, it also faced this issue after it privatized utilities in the Thatcher era; Britain's utilities regulator was often criticized as being ineffective.Most economists argue that if a privatized company is a natural monopoly, or exists in a market which is prone to serious market failures, consumers may be worse off when the company is in private hands. This seems to have been the case with rail privatization in the UK and in New Zealand; in both countries, public disaffection has led to government intervention. In cases where privatization has been successful, it is because genuine competition has arisen. A good example of this is long-distance telecommunications in Europe, where the former state-owned enterprises losttheir monopolies, competitors entered the market, and tariffs for international calls fell dramatically.British Rail is an example of privatization program that has been deemed a failure and largely abandoned. The track-owning company has been effectively repossessed by the British government, and many of the train-running companies are at risk of having their concession removed on the grounds that they fail to provide adequate services. One of them, Connex, actually had its franchise cut short in June 2003 by the government for what the Strategic Rail Authority called "poor financial management." However, in other cases, particularly in poor countries, privatized enterprises cannot be renationalized so easily. These governments do not have the political will to do it, and there is strong pressure exerted by international lending agencies to maintain the privatization.If the privatization does not fully transfer property rights to the newly private firm, there may be disincentives for the firm to make capital investments. This was a particular problem in the case of the privatized rail track-leasing company in the United Kingdom.Many have argued that the strategy of privatization in Russia differed from those seen in more successful post-communist economies such as Hungary and Poland. The defects of the process in Russia, combined with capital market liberalization and failure to establish institutional infrastructure, have led to incentives for capital flight, contributing to post-communist economic contraction in Russia.Likewise, countries such as Argentina, which embarked upon far-reaching privatization programs, selling off valuable, profitable industries such as energy companies, have seen the rapid impoverishment of their governments. Revenue streams which could previously be directed towards public spending suddenly dried up, resulting in a severe drop in government services.Privatization can also have a ripple effect on local economies. State-owned enterprises are often required by law to patronize national or local suppliers. Privatized companies, in general, do not have that restriction, and hence will shift purchasing elsewhere. Bolivia underwent a rigorous privatization program in the mid 1990s, with disastrous impact on the local economy.The Wall Street Journal has reported that the World Bank, historically a supporter of denationalization in developing countries, has also begun to voice concerns over privatization. It no longer believes that privatization should be recommended in all cases. Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz has written a book on the subject called Globalization and its Discontents. Mexico's President Vicente Fox has come under criticism for his plans to privatize Mexico's electrical power generating industry.Finally, it has been argued that the Chinese economic reform has illustrated that economic reform can take place in the absence of large-scale privatization.The above arguments have centered on whether or not it is practical to apply privatization in the real world, but some reject the profit incentive, the theoretical basis for privatization, itself. Someopponents of privatization argue that because the driving motive of a private company is profit, not public service, the public welfare may be sacrificed to the demands of profitability. There is no definitive answer, but it is very often argued that essential services, such as water, electricity, health, primary education, and so forth, should be left in public hands. This argument, of course, relies on the view on state one holds, regarding what it should or should not be obligated to do. What is seen as desirable by a socialist may not be by a supporter of capitalism, and vice versa.OutcomesAcademic studies show that in competitive industries with well-informed consumers, privatization consistently improves efficiency. Such efficiency gains mean a one-off increase in GDP, but through improved incentives to innovate and reduce costs also tend to raise the rate of economic growth. The type of industries to which this generally applies include manufacturing and retailing. Although typically there are social costs associated with these efficiency gains, these can be dealt with by appropriate government support through redistribution and perhaps retraining.In sectors that are natural monopolies or public services, the results of privatization are much more mixed. In general, if the performance of the existing public sector operation is sufficiently bad, privatization will tend to improve matters. However, much of this may be due to the imposition of related reforms such as improved accounting systems, regulatory systems, and increased financing, rather than privatization itself. Indeed, some studies show that the greatest gains from privatization are achieved in the pre-privatization period as reforms are made to prepare for the transfer to private hands. In economic theory, a private monopoly behaves much the same as a public one.Alternatives to privatizationCorporatizationMain article: corporatizationNew Zealand has experienced the privatization of its telecommunication industry, its railway system and part of its electricity market. The process of privatization was halted in 1999 when the New Zealand Labour Party won the election. Although most of the electricity generation and the electricity transmission system remain state owned, the government has corporatized this sector as well as New Zealand Post, the Airways Corporation and other smaller state-owned enterprises (SOEs).The effect of corporatization has been to convert the state departments into public companies and interpose commercial boards of directors between the shareholding ministers and the management of the enterprises. To some extent, this model has enabled efficiencies to be gained without ownership of strategic organizations being transferred. This has been the policy of the People's Republic of China.Notable privatizationsSee also: List of privatizationsPrivatization programmes have been undertaken in many countries across the world, falling into three major groups. The first is privatization programmes conducted by transition economies in eastern Europe after 1989in the process of instituting a market economy. The second is privatization programmes carried out in developing countries under the influence of international financial institutions such as the World Bank and IMF. The third is privatization programmes carried out by developed country governments, the most comprehensive probably being those of New Zealand and the United Kingdom in the 1980s and 1990s.Anti-privatization campaignsPrivatization proposals in key public service sectors such as water and electricity are in many cases strongly opposed by opposition political parties and civil society groups. Usually campaigns involve demonstrations and political means; sometimes they may become violent (eg Cochabamba Riots of 2000 in Bolivia; Arequipa, Peru, June 2002). Opposition is often strongly supported by trade unions. Opposition is usually strongest to water privatization- as well as Cochabamba (2000), recent examples include Ghana and Uruguay(2004). In the latter case a civil-society-initiated referendum banning water privatization was passed in October 2004.See also。

普通高等教育“十一五”国家级规划教材旅游专业英语规划系列教材Practical Tourism English 旅游实践英语（第2版）下册教师用书吴云编著旅游教育出版社Contents目录下册Unit 11 Meeting & Banquet Service会议与餐饮服务Unit 12 Exhibition Service展览服务Unit 13 Health & Recreation Service休闲康娱服务Unit 14 Shopping Service商场促销Unit 15 Local Tour Guide Service地陪导游服务Unit 16 Travel Destination旅游景区（点）服务Unit 17 Handling Problems & Emergencies处理问题和突发事件Unit 18 Handling Customer Complaints顾客投诉处理Unit 19 Checking Out结帐离店Unit 20 Selling the Travel Market旅游市场营销Unit 11 Meeting & Banquet ServicePreview1. Bistro style2. Classroom style3. U-shape style4. Boardroom style5. Theatre style6. Hollow square styleDialog Ia. Fb. Tc. FDialog II1.The center stage can be hydraulically raised or lowered in tiers.2. A roving microphone will come in handy so that the audience could get the opportunity toraise questions or give the voices.3.Because there is a simultaneous translation system.4.The laptop computer is connected with the rear screen projector over the lectern.Dialog III1) c 2) c 3) c 4) d 5) aDialog IV1)aperitif a drink you have before you eata serving of foodportion (offood)speciality special food which a restaurant offersstarter the first course of a meal2)a. Say that you need tosome customers.b. What do you do to aafter a conference?c. Ask someone aboutvisit to youd. Say that you enjoyedconference?next yearReading I1) Two months.2) bReading II1) B usinesspeople lead very busy lives and often have to attend to some urgent matter. They may not always be able to attend important meetings. Audio conferencing allows business people to conduct meetings in a convenient way.2) dListening ITape script:Types of Banquet ServiceIt is important to decide on the type of service used at a banquet. Each service costs differently from another.The most common form of banquet service is plate service. It is also known as American service. The food is at the kitchen and waiters send the plates to the table from the left to the guest. At the end of the course, the plates are picked up from the right.With Russian service, food is served from platters and waiters work as teams. They place food items on the diner s’ plates. It is also called platter service.Then comes next is French service, also known as cart service. It requires much space between tables for waiters to move around. With this service, a gueridon（餐厅内作上菜服务用的小桌子）is set at the table side and food is prepared on the gueridon.Pre-set service is a faster service that is often or lunches. The first course of soup, salad or appetizer is set on the table before the guests arrive.Buffet service is a display of food items on table stations, so that attendees can select food for their own. This service may combine with other styles. For example, a banquet may begin with a buffet and then a sit-down dinner served plate style; or the first and dessert courses are served by waiter and the main dishes buffet style.Listening IIA.B. Tape script:Sending Faxes at the Business CenterStaff 1: Mr. Smith, how was everything this evening?Guest: The meal was great.Staff 1: Anything else we can do for you?Guest: Excuse me, just one more thing. Can I send a fax from my room?Staff 1: I’m sorry, sir, but no.Guest: Can you tell me where I could find the nearest fax machine?Staff 1: The Business Center is on the first floor. Let me show you the way.Guest: Thank you.(At the Business Center)Staff 1: My colleague will help you with any further matters. Goodbye, Mr.Smith.Guest: Thank you so much.Staff 2: Good afternoon. What can I do for you, sir?Guest: Hello, I need to send some faxes.Staff 2: Would your fax be international or domestic, sir?Guest: Both, actually. I’m afraid I have to send several faxes today to both Europe and here in China. How much for, say, three pages?Staff 2: An international three-page fax would cost about RMB 65 Yuan. A local domestic fax would cost around RMB 20 Yuan for threepages.Guest: OK. One to Paris, one to London, and two to Guangzhou. Here are the fax numbers.Staff 2: Well, let me take care of them. … Oh, they are through.Guest: Thanks. How much do I owe you?Staff 2: That’ll be RMB 175 Yuan. May I know your name and roomnumber?Guest: Tom Smith of Room 1102.Staff 2: Just a minute, please. Yes, please sign the bill, Mr. Smith. Speaking IB.Model Dialog:Staff: Good morning, Mr. Hilton.Planner: Good morning, Mr. Chen. I would just like to check the meal times for the next week seminar.Staff: Well, breakfast buffet will be served in the main dining room from 7 till10 as usual. Do you have special requirements there?Planner: Yes. We do have rather a lot of Americans and Englishmen attending the seminar, so I think it would be a good idea to serve American breakfastand British breakfast, in addition to Chinese breakfast..1Staff: Very good, sir. Lunch is at 12. Do you want to have the buffet lunch on Monday and Tuesday?Planner: No nearly. Can we have the normal waiter service on Tuesday?Staff: OK. And how about the teatime? Would you like coffee to be served in the lecture room?Planner: No, I’d like to have something else for a change. I think Chi nese jasmine tea will be OK.Staff: Yes, I’m sure we can arrange that.Planner: Now to accompany the meal, I think that an Italian or Spanish red wine would be admirable.Staff: Very good sir. And every dinner will be a feast at 6:30 p.m.. Will that do?Planner: That’s great. It will do by all means after a tiring day.Staff: Now let’s come to the dinner table decorations.Planner: I think that it would be appropriate to have the flags of the participating countries on the table and some flowers; perhaps pink carnations wouldbe a neutral color.Staff: Will you be requiring any background music at all?Planner: I think not.Staff: Well, I think that has covered all the points, hasn’t it?Simulated WritingUnit 12 Exhibition Service PreviewA fascia 展台楣板B draping 铺设桌面裙布C inflatable rainbow door 充气拱门D gangway 过道E raw space 光地F pavilion馆(蓬)G two dimension code entry 二维码检入H peninsula booth 半岛型展台I banner 横幅J shell scheme booth 标准闭合展台K booth badge 参展徽章L booth layout 展台位置示意图M floor plan 楼层平面图N island booth 岛型展台1) 69.8 degrees Fahrenheit.2) d3) b4) dDialog II1) The items he rented have not arrived yet, and t he builders are leaving soon.2) b3) d4) cDialog III1) F 2) F 3) T 4) F 5) TDialog IV1) A conference is a meeting where people discuss a particular subject or shared interest. An exhibition is a temporary event at which companies or individuals can show their products.2) ①b ②a ③a ④a ⑤a ⑥c ⑦c ⑧bReading IReading II1) RMB 660 Yuan.2) Storage equipment responsibility rests with the decorator.Tape script:Canceling Exhibit RegistrationStaff: Good morning. Global Exhibition. How may I assist you?Customer: I’ve made a reservation for the Packetech and Foodtech Exhibition six months ago. I’ll not be able to attend it, so I’d like to cancel myregistration.Staff: May I have your name, please?Customer: I’m John Smith with American Packaging MachineryManufacturers Institute China Office.Staff: Let me have a check, please…Yes, you’ve reserved a center booth on the first floor, and thebooth number is G072. Am I correct?Customer: You’re absolutely right.Staff: We won’t accept your cancellation unless you send us a written notice by the end of this month. And then you may receive a 40%refund from us.Customer: Well, that’s better than nothing. When can you mail the refund to me?Staff: Accordin g to the company’s regulation, I’ll mail the cancellation refund to you when the show is over. I hope you understand.Customer: That’s understood. Thank you. Goodbye.Staff: We look forward to your participation in our show next time. Listening IIA.B. Tape scriptPlanning Itinerary for Exhibit TripMr. Lee: Hello, Mr. Liu. I’m not late, am I?Mr. Liu: No. I’m impressed that you are always punctual. Take a seat，please. Tea or coffee?Mr. Lee: Just water, please. Thank you. We are now planning the itineraryfor one exhibition trip abroad. I know you are well experienced inarranging itinerary, so I’d like you to give me some advice.Mr. Liu: My pleasure. I’ll be glad if I could be of any help. What do youhave in mind to ask me?Mr. Lee: Let’s start with ground traffic. What do you suggest as regardsmoving exhibitors to the airport?Mr. Liu: They may reach the airport either on their own, or in rentedlimousines.Mr. Lee: What’s the difference?Mr. Liu: Limousines make group boarding easier if baggage is not a burden.Mr. Lee: I guess we’ll rent limousines. We don’t want to get worried just at boarding time when someone does not turn up.Mr. Liu: Which airline would you like?Mr. Lee: Which airline is the cheapest?Mr. Liu: CAAC. There are three flights every week from Shanghai to Cairo.Mr. Lee: That’ll be fine. Then we have to move people from the airport to the hotels. What do you suggest?Mr. Liu: Are they staying at the same hotel?Mr. Lee: No. They may choose their own favorite hotels from the room list we send them.Mr. Liu: In that case, I think we can turn it over to the hotels. Make sure that the hotels have their airport pick-up desks and limousines.Generally, hotel shuttle buses are free of charge, so we can savemoney for the exhibitors.Mr. Lee: Smart idea. It will be arranged when exhibitors reserve their hotel rooms, will it?Mr. Liu: Indeed. What we actually do is contact some good hotels, collect room rate lists and hand over reservation forms to the exhibitors.Mr. Lee: Well, there must be much coordination work for you.Mr. Liu: We’re at your service, Mr. Lee.Mr. Lee: Thank you very much. I’ll send you a memo of the itinerary later at your e-mail address. I hope to have your final confirmation and lookforward to your booking airline tickets for us.Mr. Liu: I’ll be delighted to do so.Mr. Lee: Thanks again. Goodbye.(Note: Punctual准时的)Speaking(Reference answer omitted)Simulated WritingReference answer:INVITATIONOn the Occasionof its eighth anniversaryThe Board of directors of The Kaikai Grouprequest the pleasure of your presenceat the receptionto be heldon Sunday, September 20at The Jinjinang Hotelat nine o'clock a.m.R. S. V. P.Unit 13 Health & Recreation ServicePreview1. c2. d3. h4. b5. a6. g7. f8. eNotes:a. stationary bicycle. 固定自行车b. sauna. 桑拿浴c. treadmill. 踏车跑步机d. free weights. 重体e. tennis court. 网球场f. golf. 高尔夫球g. karaoke. 卡拉OKh. bowling.保铃球Dialog IThe correct order:1) F 2) L 3) I 4) A 5) B 6) H 7) C 8) E 9) G 10) D 11) J 12) KThe names:A. to hold the grip（握杆）B. the athletic position（站姿）C. wood（球道木杆）D. to hit the ball（击球）E. tee（发球的球座）F. driving range（高尔夫练习场）G. to miss the ball（未击中球）H. swing（挥杆）I. seven iron（七号铁杆）J. green（果岭）K. putting（推球入洞）L. golf club（高尔夫球杆）Dialog II1) F 2) T 3) FDialog III1) They have indoor and open-air swimming pools.2) His wife could not swim very well.Dialog IV1) A haircut, trimming the moustache, shampoo, hair oil and tonic water.2) Adam’s apple, chin.Reading IListening ITape script:At the Night ClubStaff: Good evening. Welcome to our Night Club. Can I help you?Guest: It’s the first time I’ve come to the night club. What can I enjoy here?Staff: We have the performance of dance, singing, and fashion show, including raffle drawing. You can also enjoy yourself in ourKaraoke room.Guest: Sounds wonderful. Can you find me a seat for Karaoke?Staff: Yes, sir. VIP room or regular room?Guest: VIP room, please.Staff: This way, please. …. Here we are.Guest: Thanks.Staff: Here is the song list and wine list. We have songs of all styles.Guest: But I really don’t know which song to begin with.Staff: Take you time. Just write down the songs you wish to sing on the slip. I will send the slip to the DJ who will prepare the song foryou.Guest: Thank you. I’d like some soda water, please.Staff: Here you are. Can I take your song order now?Guest: I can’t decide now.Staff: What about Forever Friendship by Robert Burns. It’s a lovely song.Guest: Yes, I like it.Staff: Very good. Your first song Forever Friendship will begin soon.Enjoy yourself.Guest: Thank you. You are most helpful.Staff: My pleasure.(Note: raffle drawing抽奖活动)Listening IB. Tape script:Reserving a Tennis CourtStaff: Good afternoon. Claude Health Club. How may I help you?Customer: This is Peter Brown. I’d like to know about your tennis courts.Staff: Yes, Mr. Brown. There are three tennis courts near the hotel.Customer: Good. Do I have to reserve now if I need a court?Staff: Are you a guest registered at the hotel?Customer: Excuse me?Staff: Are you staying at our hotel?Customer: Yes, of course. I’m in Room 1102. Is that necessary?Staff: For registered guests, we offer complimentary use of tennis racquets and ball machines.Customer: I see.Staff: So, Mr. Brown, you need a tennis court. For what time, please?Customer: Tomorrow afternoon, about 2:00 p. m.Staff: Fine. Mr. Brown, our bus will pick you up at a quarter to two at the hotel parking lot.Customer: That’s fine. Thank you. Goodbye.Staff: My pleasure Thanks for calling. We look forward to seeing you tomorrow.(Note: tennis racquets网球拍)Speaking(Reference answer omitted)Simulated WritingReference answer:Unit 14 Shopping PromotionDialog I1. Greet customers and introduce the store.Excuse me, sir/ma’am. Can I help you?Do you want to buy something at the duty-free store here?It’s a duty-free store. What can I do for you?2. Positive answer and asking about brands.Yes, of course. We have various brands. Which one do you want?We have a fine selection today. Such as silk scarves, make-up harmony set, fragrance Chanel No. 5.You have different choices, such as toys, chocolate, cartoon books. The chocolate is made in Switzerland.3. Recommend itemsI think French perfume Chanel No. 5 is good for a young girl.The real Chinese silk scarves are very nice as well.So you can choose either one as a nice gift.The chocolate looks good, but I prefer the cartoon books.4. Tell the price in US dollars80 dollars, please.12 US dollars for chocolate and 20 US dollars for the two books.It comes to 32 US dollars.5. Explain exchange rate and the price in RMBOne US dollar equals 6. 2RMB Yuan now.100 dollars for 620 RMB, so 80 dollars would be 496 RMB Yuan.6. Tell the regulationsAll items sold are tax-free.But we don’t accept UnionPay cards, American Express or traveler’s checks. We only take Visa and MasterCard.We set minimum purchase at 30 US dollars and 300 US dollars maximum.7. Ask for passport, signatureCan I have your passport? I need your passport number.Please sign your name here.8. Close a saleHere is your change and your perfume.Here is your receipt and your chocolate.Here is your receipt. Thank you.Thank you and here is your change. Do you want anything else?Dialog II1) small, medium, larger and extra large2)Dialog III1) How about …? What about …?Dialog IV1) The tea counter is upstairs.2)红茶black tea, 清咖啡black coffee, 红塘brown sugar, 红葡萄酒redwine, 青菜greens, 酱油brown soy bean sauceReading I1) c 2) b 3) c 4) aReading II1) For a period of one (1) year after the date of shipment.2) (Omitted)Listening ITape script:Changing Foreign CurrenciesGuest: Could you change some U.S. dollars for me?Staff: Certainly, sir. What kind of currency do you want?Guest: I'd like to convert U.S. dollars into Chinese RMB?Staff: Please tell me how much you want to change.Guest: 500 U.S. dollars, please.Staff: According to today’s exchange rate, 100 U.S. dollars is equal to RMB 819 Yuan.Guest: That’s quite OK.Staff: How would you like it?Guest: I hope you'll give me at least ten 50 Yuan banknotes.Staff: May I see your passport?Guest: Here you are.Staff: Would you kindly sign the exchange form, giving your name and address?Guest: Yes, let me take care of it. …Is it OK?Staff: Yes, here is your money and take the memo with you.Guest: Why do I need to keep this exchange memo?Staff: You may need it when you wish to change your RMB left back into U.S. dollar. You must show the memo at the Bank of China.Guest: Oh, I see. Thank you for your help. Goodbye.Staff: My pleasure. Goodbye, sir.(Note: memo水单)Listening IITape script:Listening IISpecial Local ProductsShanghai is a "shopping paradise"! Shanghai is famous for its clothing and fashions. The local fashion and garment industry has been leading in China for many years. Products are of great quality and come for a good price. However, in up class boutiques, you will not find bargains on high fashions and imports.Shanghai has some traditional art forms and crafts to offer you. It is one of China's most important regions for silk production and export. Silk of various grades are all available, such as satin, damask silk, silk gauze, brocade, crape, velvet, spun silk, and sheer silk. Printed and embroidered silk are also very popular and plentiful. As Chinese silk is famous throughout the world for its elegance and beauty, silk itself is an excellent reason to come to Shanghai. But always bargain when buying silk.Shanghai jade and ivory carvings are famous throughout China. Jade, a beautiful stone, comes in different colors and can be carved in many styles. In Shanghai, popular styles include figurines, birds, beasts, and decorated bottles. In fact, jade bottles are very Chinese and might make an excellent addition to your home's decor.(Notes: boutique：专卖流行衣服的小商店bargain: 讨价还价satin: 缎子damask silk:丝锦缎silk gauze: 丝纱brocade：织锦crape：绉纱velvet天鹅绒spun silk：纺丝sheer silk：纯丝figurine：小雕像jade and ivory carving: 玉雕和象牙雕)Speaking(Reference answer omitted)Simulated WritingReference answer:Unit 15 Local Tour Guide ServicePreviewHuman activities Man-made tourist attractions Physical resourcesMovie TheaterJazz ClubBarPub/NightclubFood Market/Farmer’s Markets CasinoFood StreetsSpa/SaunaFlea Market NeighborhoodsRestaurantBoutique StoresShopsCafe/Coffee ShopWharfsSurf SpotFood Truck Cultural MonumentLiving MuseumsGardensLandmarkZooMountainsRiversTropical GrasslandsRainforestLakes and GlacierBeachNational ParksHistoric and Political SiteUNESCO World HeritageSitesA B CWest Lake in HangzhouArt Gallery Museum Music VenuePerforming Arts VenueRiversNational ParksDGreat Wall of China in Beijing EShanghai Yangshan InternationalContainer WharfsFGiant Buddha in Leshan,SichuanUNESCO World Heritage Sites Landmark WharfsActive PursuitsMountainsUNESCO World Heritage SitesG H IJazz Club Local Traditions Flea MarketNeighborhoodsReligious/SpiritualHistoric and Political SiteDialog Ia. Then you will go to Zhujiajiao—an ancient water town from where you’ll visit the Grand View Garden.b. That is the place that Cao Xueqin described in “The Stories of the Stone.”c. You will be sightseeing Dianshan Lake on the boat where y ou’ll have lunch. Dialog II1) Now let’s step into …Now, can you see …Well, we are now in /at /on …Behind the hall is the residence …Over there are …Dialog III1) with 2) of 3) along 4) Among 5) toDialog IV1) It is indeed an exotic picture. What a sight the Bund is! What a romantic place it was! They are gorgeous and in harmony with each other. The night view on the east bank of the river can be more fantastic. It strikes me as the “Oriental Manhattan.” It makes me think of the fairy place.Reading I1) to 2) to 3) to 4) On 5) on 6) of1) F 2) T 3) F 4) TListening ITape script:Traditional Chinese FestivalsDialog 1:Su Hui: Tomorrow is a traditional Chinese festival, the Dragon Boat Festival. Would you like to go to my home to eat some zongzi(glutinous rice dumplings)?Robert: Great, thank you! Do you have a holiday on the Dragon Boat Festival?Su Hui: No. We have holidays at Spring Festival, International Labor Day and National Day.Robert: Are the holidays long? How many days?Su Hui: Seven days for each of the three festivals. My family traveled to south China during this year’s Spring Festival.Robert: Spring Festival is the biggest festival in China, isn’t it?Su Hui: Yes, it is. It’s as lively as Christmas Day in your country.Robert: What other traditional festivals does China have?Su Hui: There are Lantern Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Qingming Festival and so on.Robert: What special foods do you have at the festivals?Su Hui: We have, for example, jiaozi, yuanxiao and yuebing.Dialog 2:Fangfang: Do you like drinking tea?Fred: I like it very much.Fangfang: Chinese tea may be classified into five categories.Fred: Which five?Fangfang: Green tea, black tea, Wulong tea, scented tea, and compressed tea.Fred: I like drinking tea at teahouses.Fangfang: So do I. We can chat while enjoying Chinese tea culture here.Fred: Tea originated from China. It is the center of attention in Chinese daily life.(Note: scented tea香茶)Tape script:An Opera TourDay1 Home - BeijingDepart from home and arrive in Beijing, the first stop of your wonderful tour in China. It is a unique representation of the past and future of China, a country with 5,000 years’ history. We greet and meet you at the airport and transfer you to the hotel in downtown. In the afternoon, you are at leisure for shopping or additional exploration. You can have a rest and make plenty of preparations for the exciting tour waiting for you. In the evening, attend a welcome banquet featuring Beijing Roast Duck, specially prepared for you! Overnight in Beijing. (L,D)Day2 BeijingAfter breakfast, Visit Tiananmen Square, with a total area of 440,000 square meters, which boasts the largest of its kind in the center of Beijing. Then you will enter the Forbidden City, the home of Chinese Emperors for more than 500 years. It is the place to go if you want to see the most complete and best-preserved collection of ancient buildings and historical treasures in China. After lunch, visit the opera school and view the teachers giving courses there. You can also learn some basic knowledge of Peking Opera, such as the different implements, the facial makeup, distinguished characters, etc. Try wearing the costumes and having the facial makeup for yourself. In the evening, enjoy the Peking Opera performance at Laoshe Tearoom. (B,L,D)Day3 BeijingThe highlight today is an excursion to the Great Wall at "Badaling". As the old Chinese saying tells: "No one is a real man unless he has climbed onto the Great Wall". You can enjoy the dramatic vistas and marvel at the Wall as it climbs and descends steep ridges and narrow valleys. After lunch, visit the opera school and study the singing technique of Peking Opera. In the evening, enjoy the Peking Opera, at Chang’an Theatre. (B,L,D)Day4 BeijingAfter breakfast, visit the Summer Palace, which includes Longevity Hill (Wanshoushan) and a series of palaces, pavilions, terraces and covered walks strung out along the northern shore of Kunming Lake. In order to avoid the intense heat of the summer in Beijing, the imperial court used to leave the Forbidden City and stay in this specially built resort. In the afternoon, go on studying singing at the opera school and the teacher will teach you some famous arias today. Hold a farewell party today and you can give a performance on it to show your study achievements of these days.(B,L,D)Day5 Beijing - HomeSee off at the airport. (B)Speaking(Reference answer omitted)Simulated WritingReference answer:The Summer PalaceGood morning,Ladies and Gentlemen,My name is Sherry Wang from Claude Travel Service. I’m very honored to be your guide. I do hope all of you could like my guiding and enjoy everything on your pleasant day. This morning we are going to visit the Summer Palace.The Summer Palace is located in Haidian District on the northwest suburbs of Beijing, about 20 kilometers away from the center of the city. So it will take us about an hour to get there. Before we arrive at the Summer Palace, I would like to say something about the wonderful imperial garden.The Summer Palace was first built as an imperial garden at the beginning of 12th century in the Jin Dynasty. The construction continued into the Yuan and Ming dynasties.…(Outside the East Palace Gate)Ladies and Gentlemen, now, we are outside the East Palace Gate where to begin our tour today. Please look over there, in front of us is an archway. It is called “Emptiness and Collection of Excellence,” and it is the first scenery of the Summer Palace. The two Chinese characters on the front side of the archway mean emptiness and refer to everything in nature and the scenery. The two characters on the back side mean collection of excellence and refer to the peace of the beautiful scenery just within the garden.…Now, we have arrived at the East Palace Gate. It’s the main entrance to the Summer Palace. On top of the gate there is a plaque with three Chinese characters “The Summer Palace”in Guangxu’s handwriting —Guangxu was one of the emperors of the Qing Dynasty. The gate that we are now entering was used by the emperor, the empress only in the old days.…Ladies and Gentlemen: Our tour is drawing to an end I will show you out through the entrance. I hope you enjoyed today` s tour. Thank you. Good-bye and good luck.Unit 16 Travel DestinationsPreviewcanoeing and boating horse riding bunjee jumpinghiking game viewing bird watchingDialog IStage 1: Introducing the scenic spotDialog II1) Six persons.2) Just keep looking straight ahead.3) About 620 meters.Dialog III1) Mr. San-tisng is located in the northeast of Jiangxi Province.2) That’ll be RMB 100 Yuan.Dialog IV1) One member of his tour group did not turn up as expected. But she had to take care of the rest of the group at the dining hall. So she couldn’t wait for him here. What’s worse, she had lost his telephone number. She was not able to contact him.Reading INoise—peace discomfort—comfort unpleasant—pleasant rough—finenorthern—southern unpopular—popularoutskirt—heart northeast—southwestmost—least deserted—crowdedbusy—leisurelyReading II苏堤春晓The Spring Dawn Roundthe Su Dyke曲院风荷Lotus in Breeze at Quyuan南屏晚钟Night Bell Rolling Along the Southern Bank 断桥残雪Melting Snow Hanging Over the BrokenBridge柳浪闻莺Orioles Singing in theWillows花港观鱼Viewing Fish at Huagang Pond。

TourismTourism can be defined as the act of travel for the purpose of recreation, and the provision of services for this act. A tourist is someone who travels at least fifty miles from home, as defined by the World Tourism Organization (a United Nations body).A more comprehensive definition would be that tourism is a service industry, comprising a number of tangible and intangible components.✧The tangible elements include➢transport systems - air, rail, road, water and now, space;➢hospitality services - accommodation, foods and beverages, tours, souvenirs; and related services such as banking, insurance and safety & security.✧The intangible elements include: rest and relaxation, culture, escape, adventure, new anddifferent experiences.Many sovereignties, along with their respective countries and states, depend heavily upon travel expenditures by foreigners as a source of taxation and income for the enterprises that sell (export) services to these travellers. Consequently the development of tourism is often a strategy employed either by a Non-governmental organization(NGO) or a governmental agency to promote a particular region for the purpose of increasing commerce through exporting goods and services to non-locals.Sometimes Tourism and Travel are used interchangeably. In this context travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey.The term tourism is sometimes used pejoratively, implying a shallow interest in the societies and natural wonders that the tourist visits.Prerequisite factors"Travel", as an economic activity, occurs when the essential parameters come together to make it happen. In this case there are three such parameters:1.Disposable income, i.e. money to spend on non-essentials2.Time in which to do so.3.Infrastructure in the form of accommodation facilities and means of transport.Individually, sufficient health is also a condition, and of course the inclination to travel. Furthermore, in some countries there are legal restrictions on travelling, especially abroad.HistoryWealthy people have always travelled to distant parts of the world to see great buildings or other works of art; to learn new languages; or to taste new cuisine. As long ago as the time of the Roman Republic places such as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich.The terms tourist and tourism were first used as official terms in 1937 by the League of Nations. Tourism was defined as people travelling abroad for periods of over 24 hours.The Grand TourThe word tour gained acceptance in the 18th century, when the Grand Tour of Europe became part of the upbringing of the educated and wealthy British nobleman or cultured gentleman. Grand tours were taken in particular by young people to "complete" their education. They travelled all over Europe, but notably to places of cultural and aesthetic interest, such as Rome, Tuscany and the Alps.The British aristocracy were particularly keen on the Grand Tour, using the occasion to gather art treasures from Europe to add to their collections. The volume of art treasures being moved to Britain in this way was unequalled anywhere else in Europe, and explains the richness of many private and public collections in Britain today. Yet tourism in those days, aimed essentially at the very top of the social ladder and at the well educated, was fundamentally a cultural activity. These first tourists, though undertaking their Grand Tour, were more travellers than tourists.Most major British artists of the eighteenth century did the "Grand Tour", as did their great European contemporaries such as Claude Lorrain. Classical architecture, literature and art have always drawn visitors to Rome, Naples, Florence.The Romantic movement (inspired throughout Europe by the English poets William Blake and Lord Byron, among others), extended this to Gothic countryside, the Alps, fast flowing rivers, mountain gorges, etc.Health tourism & leisure travelIt was not until the 19th century that cultural tourism developed into leisure and health tourism. Some English travellers, after visiting the warm lands of the South of Europe, decided to stay there either for the cold season or for the rest of their lives. Others began to visit places with health-giving mineral waters, in order to relieve a whole variety of diseases from gout to liver disorders and bronchitis.Leisure Travel was a British invention due to sociological factors. Britain was the first European country to industrialize, and the industrial society was the first society to offer time for leisure to a growing number of people. Not initially the working masses, but the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners, the traders, the new middle class.The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. At Nice, one of the first and most well established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the sea front is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; and in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, Hotel Carlton or Hotel Majestic - reflecting the dominance of English customers to whom these resorts catered in the early years.Winter tourismEven winter sports were largely invented by the British leisured classes initially at the Swiss village of Zermatt (Valais) (year?) and St Moritz in 1864.Until the first tourists appeared, the Swiss thought of the long snowy winter as being a time when the best thing to do was to stay indoors and make cuckoo clocks or other small mechanical items.The first packaged winter sports holidays (vacations) followed in 1903, to Adelboden, also in Switzerland.Organized sport was well established in Britain before it reached other countries. The vocabulary of sport bears witness to this: rugby, football, and boxing all originated in Britain, and even Tennis, originally a French sport, was formalized and codified by the British, who hosted the first national championship in the nineteenth century, at Wimbledon. Winter sports were a natural answer for a leisured class looking for amusement during the coldest season.Mass travelMass travel could not really begin to develop until two things occurred.a) improvements in technology allowed the transport of large numbers of people in a shortspace of time to places of leisure interest, andb) greater numbers of people began to enjoy the benefits of leisure time. A major developmentwas the invention of the railways, which brought many of Britain's seaside towns within easy distance of Britain's urban centres.The father of modern mass tourism was Thomas Cook who, on 5 July1841, organized the first package tour in history, by chartering a train to take a group of temperance campaigners from Leicester to a rally in Loughborough, some twenty miles away. Cook immediately saw the potential for business development in the sector, and became the world's first tour operator.He was soon followed by others, with the result that the tourist industry developed rapidly in early Victorian Britain. Initially it was supported by the growing middle classes, who had time off from their work, and who could afford the luxury of travel and possibly even staying for periods of time in boarding houses.However, the Bank Holiday Act 1871 introduced a statutory right for workers to take holidays, even if they were not paid at the time. (As an aside, in the UK there is still no obligation to pay staff who do not work on public holidays.)The combination of short holiday periods, travel facilities and distances meant that the first holiday resorts to develop in Britain were towns on the seaside, situated as close as possible to the growing industrial conurbations.For those in the industrial north, there were Blackpool in Lancashire, and Scarborough in Yorkshire. For those in the Midlands, there were Weston-super-Mare in Somerset and Skegness in Lincolnshire, for those in London there were Southend-on-Sea, Broadstairs, Brighton, Eastbourne, and a whole collection of other places.In travelling to the coast, the population was following in the steps of Royalty. King George III is widely acknowledged as popularising the seaside holiday, due to his regular visits to Weymouth when in poor health.For a century, domestic tourism was the norm, with foreign travel being reserved, as before, for the rich or the culturally curious. A minority of resorts, such as Bath, Harrogate and Matlock, emerged inland. After World War II holiday villages such as Butlins and Pontins emerged, but their popularity waned with the rise of package tours and the increasing comforts to which visitors became accustomed at home. Towards the end of the 20th century the market was revived by the upmarket inland resorts of Dutch company Centre Parcs.Other phenomena that helped develop the travel industry were paid holidays:• 1.5 million manual workers in Britain had paid holidays by 1925•11 million by 1939 (30% of the population in families with paid holidays)Outside BritainSimilar processes occurred in other countries, though at a slower rate, given that nineteenth century Britain was far ahead of any other nation in the world in the process of industrialisation.In the USA, the first great seaside resort, in the European style, was Atlantic City, New Jersey.In Continental Europe, early resorts included Ostend(for the people of Brussels), and Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) and Deauville (Calvados) (for Parisians).International mass tourismIncreasing speed on railways meant that the tourist industry could develop internationally. By 1901, the number of people crossing the English Channel from England to France or Belgium had passed 0.5 million per year.However it was with cheap air travel in combination with the package tour that international mass tourism developed after 1963. For the worker living in greater London, Brindisi today is almost as accessible as Brighton was 100 years ago.Recent developmentsThere have been a few temporary setbacks in tourism, the latest being related to the September 11, 2001 attacks and terrorist threats to tourist destinations such as Bali and European cities. Some of the tourist destinations, including the Costa del Sol, the Baleares and Cancun have lost popularitydue to shifting tastes and perceptions among tourists. In this context, the excessive building and environmental destruction often associated with traditional "sun and beach" tourism may contribute to a destination's saturation and subsequent decline. This appears to be the case with Spain's Costa Brava, a byword for this kind of tourism in the 1960s and 1970s. With only 11% of the Costa Brava now unblemished by low-quality development (Greenpeace Spain's figure), the destination now faces a crisis in its tourist industry. Belated attempts to move towards "quality tourism" are difficult given competition from cheaper, unspoilt holiday destinations on the one hand and the legacy of decades of over-exploitation on the other. In many respects, Tenerife provides a paradigm of the negative impact of mass tourism. Organizations like Greenpeace and ATAN () are particularly critical of development on the island, arguing that Tenerife's current tourism industry is both economically and environmentally unsustainable.Receptive tourism is now growing at a very rapid rate in many developing countries, where it is often the most important economic activity in local GDP.In recent years, second holidays or vacations have become more popular as people's disposable income increases. Typical combinations are a package to the typical mass tourist resort, with a winter skiing holiday or weekend break to a city or national park.On 26 December2004 a tsunami 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake hit Asian countries bordering the Indian Ocean, and also the Maldives. Tens of thousands of lives were lost, and many tourists died. This, together with the vast clean-up operation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism to the area.Special forms of tourismFor the past few decades other forms of tourism, also known as niche tourism, have been becoming more popular, particularly:•Adventure tourism: Tourism involving travel in rugged regions, or adventurous sports such as mountaineering and hiking (tramping).•Agritourism: Farm based tourism, helping to support the local agricultural economy.•Armchair tourism and virtual tourism: not travelling physically, but exploring the world through internet, books, TV, etc.•Cultural tourism: Includes urban tourism, visiting historical or interesting cities, such as London, Paris, Prague, Rome, Cairo, Beijing, Kyoto, and experiencing their cultural heritages. May also consist of specialized cultural experiences, such as art museum tourism where one visits many art museums during the tour, or opera tourism where one sees many operas or concerts during the tour.•Disaster tourism: travelling to a disaster scene not primarily for helping, but because one finds it interesting to see. It can be a problem if it hinders rescue, relief and repair work.•Drug tourism (for use in that country, or, legally often extremely risky, for taking home) •Ecotourism: Sustainable tourism which has minimal impact on the environment, such as safaris (Kenya) and Rainforests (Belize), or national parks.•Educational tourism: May involve travelling to an education institution, a wooded retreat or some other destination in order to take personal-interest classes, such as cooking classes with a famous chef or crafts classes.•Gambling tourism, e.g. to Atlantic City, Las Vegas, Macau or Monte Carlo for the purpose of gambling at the casinos there.•Gay tourism: Tourism marketed to gays who wish to travel to gay-friendly destinations which feature a gay infrastructure (bars, businesses, restaurants, hotels, nightlife, etc.), the opportunity to socialize with other gays, and the feeling that one can relax safely among other gay people.•Heritage tourism: Visiting historical or industrial sites, such as old canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc.•Health tourism: Usually to escape from cities or relieve stress, perhaps for some 'fun in the sun', etc. Often to "health spas".•Hobby tourism: Tourism alone or with groups to participate in hobby interests, to meet others with similar interests, or to experience something pertinent to the hobby. Examples might be garden tours, or square dance cruises.•Medical tourism, e.g.:o for what is illegal in one's own country, e.g. abortion, euthanasia; for instance, euthanasia for non-citizens is provided by Dignitas in Switzerland.o for advanced care that is not available in one's own countryo in the case that there are long waiting lists in one's own countryo for use of free or cheap health care organisations•Perpetual tourism: Wealthy individuals always on holiday, some of them, for tax purposes, to avoid being resident in any country.•Regional tourism Tourism bundle of few country in the region, using one of the country as the transit point. The country of transit point is usually a country with good transport infrastructure. e.g. Singapore is the base for tourism for South East Asia due to its strategic location and good transport infrastructure.•Sex tourism: mostly men from First World countries visiting Third World countries for purpose of engaging in sexual acts, usually with inexpensive local prostitutes. This form of tourism is often cited the principal way that paedophiles can hire child prostitutes.•Sport tourism: Skiing, golf and scuba diving are popular ways to spend a vacation. Also in this category is vacationing at the winter home of one's favorite baseball team, and seeing them play everyday.•Space tourismTrendsThe World Tourism Organization forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4 percent. By 2020 Europe will remain the most popular destination, but its share will drop from 60 percent in 1995 to 46 percent. Long-haul will grow slightly faster than intraregional travel and by 2020 its share will increase from 18 percent in 1995 to 24 percent.✧Space tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, althoughcompared with traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technlogies such as space elevator make space travel cheap.✧Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either onsolar-powered airplanes or large dirigibles. Underwater hotels, such as Hydropolis, slated to open in Dubai in 2006, will be built. On the surface of the ocean tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps floating cities.✧Some futurists expect that movable hotel "pods" will be created that could be temporarilyerected anywhere on the planet, where building a permanent resort would be unacceptable politically, economically or environmentally.See also•Backpacking•Hospitality Services•Hotel•Passport•Pilgrimage•Tourism in literature•Transport•World Tourism Organization•World Tourism Rankings•List of popular tourist regions•List of types of lodging•List of international travel guides and web sites。

Frequent flyer programA Frequent Flyer Program is a service offered by many airlines to reward customer loyalty. Typically, airline customers enrolled in the program accrue points corresponding to the distance flown on that airline. Accrued points (also known as frequent flyer miles) can be redeemed for free air travel and other products or services, as well as allowing passengers to have increased benefits - such as airport lounge access, or priority bookings.With the introduction of airline alliances and code-share flights, frequent flyer programs are often extended to allow benefits to be used across partner airlines.Points accrualThe primary method of obtaining points in a frequent flyer program is to fly with the associated airline. Most systems reward travellers with a specific number of points based on the distance travelled (such as 1 point per mile flown), although systems vary. In Europe, for example, a number of airlines offer a fixed number of points per flight regardless of the distance. The calculation method can become complicated, with additional points given for flying first or business class, and often less points given when flying on discounted tickets.Many programs allow points to be obtained not just through flying, but by staying at participating hotels, or renting a vehicle from a participating company. Other methods include credit cards that offer points for charges made to the card, and systems which allow restaurant diners to earn miles by eating at participating restaurants.Programs differ on the expiry of points - some expire after a fixed time, and others expire if the account is inactive for an extended period (for example, three years.)Customer StatusMany frequent flyer programs identify travellers who fly more than a few times per year by awarding them different status levels, which in turn give a number of benefits that can not otherwise be purchased.Status levels vary from scheme to scheme, but benefits can include:•Access to business and first class lounges with an economy ticket•Access to other airline's lounges•Increased mileage accumulation (such as doubled or trebled)•Reserving an unoccupied adjacent seat•The ability to reserve specific seats, such as exit-row seats with more legroom•Free or discounted upgrades a higher travel class•Priority in waitlisting or flying standby•Preference in not being bumped if a flight is oversoldSome programs even permit élite members to reserve space on sold-out flights, giving members the ability of bumping regular passengers.Customer status is based on the number of miles actually flown with the airline, and points accrued through other methods such as credit cards purchase are not considered. Some airlines will recognise a customer's status with a competing airline, and grant them the same benefits.Some airlines offer accelerated admission to their élite programs through special promotions, such as flying 25,000 miles within one month and attains a top-tier membership normally reserved for passengers flying 100,000 miles per year.BankruptcyIn the wake of the September 11 attacks, some airlines have faced financial difficulties and there is concern frequent flyer's points could be wiped-out in a bankruptcy court proceeding. Historically, some programs have been bought out (such as TWA's acquisition by American Airlines), whilst others have lost all benefits and points with no compensation.See also•Loyalty card•Sales promotionExternal links•FlyerTalk () - an online travel community primarily focused on miles, points, and privileges•Airline Mile Guide ()•Travel4Miles () - a site comparing many Frequent Flyer Programs•WebFlyer () - a nire extensive comparison of FF programs。

GlaxoSmithKlineGlaxoSmithKline (GSK) plc is a pharmaceutical and healthcare company, one of the largest in the world, in fact the second largest pharmaceutical company. In 2002, the company had sales of £31.8 billion and made a profit of £6.5 billion. It employs around 100,000 people worldwide, including over 40,000 in sales and marketing. Its worldwide headquarters is in London, with dual US headquarters in Philadelphia and Research Triangle Park.The company is listed on the London and New York Stock Exchanges. It does most of its business in the United States, but has a presence in almost 70 countries. The company's CEO is Jean-Pierre Garnier (former COO of SmithKline Beecham) and the non-executive chairman is Sir Christopher Gent.GSK was formed in December2000by a merger between Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham, both the product of mergers themselves, as recently as 1995 for Glaxo and Burroughs Wellcome. GSK was actually incorporated in December 1999as part of the lengthy merger process. As a result of the mergers, the company has certain minor businesses which are not strictly within its larger interests.In 2002, pharmaceutical sales accounted for £18 billion of GSK's total sales. Sales are largely based around a small number of successful products, the SSRI Paxil accounted for £2.1 billion in sales alone.Other key products include:•Seretide (a bronchodilator, £1.6 billion)•Augmentin (amoxicillin & clavulinic acid, an antibiotic, £1.2 billion)•Wellbutrin (an anti-depressant, £882 million) and•Avandia (rosiglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, £809 million).The company works hard to protect the patents of its drug formulations and their respective trademarks. It recently went to court to enforce patents on Augmentin (2002) and Paxil (2003), but lost both trials.At their AGM on 19 May2003, GSK shareholders rejected a motion regarding a £22 million pay and benefits package for Jean-Pierre Garnier. This is the first time such a rebellion by shareholders against a major British company has occurred, but is regarded as a possible turning point against other so-called "fat cat" deals within executive pay structures.In June 2004 the company had court proceedings initiated against them on allegations of fraud. The allegation is that the company suppressed research that shows that Paxil/Seroxat is little moreeffective than a placebo and increases suicidal feelings in young people, side effects which have commonly been reported by users for some time.GSK is also the name of a well-known Active Worlds citizen. GSK, short for GameShowKid, is AW's prime game show emulator.DiversityGlaxoSmithKline was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 by Working Mothers magazine.External links•From the official siteo GlaxoSmithKline - Official site ()。

EuroThe euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the currency of twelve of the twenty-five European Union member states. These twelve states, which form the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), are: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. It is the result of the most significant monetary reform in Europe since the Roman Empire. Though the introduction of the euro can be seen simply as a mechanism for perfecting the Single European Market, facilitating free trade between the members of the Eurozone, the euro is also a key part of the European project of political integration.The euro is administered by the European System of Central Banks(ESCB), composed of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Eurozone central banks operating in member states. The ECB (headquartered in Frankfurt am Main, Germany) has sole authority to set monetary policy; the other members of the ESCB participate in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins, and the operation of the Eurozone payment system.CharacteristicsMain articles: Euro coins, Euro banknotesThe euro sign is a stylised letter "E" resembling the letter "C" with a doubled middle bar, following the convention of many other currency signs.(geometry) ()The euro is divided into 100 cents, but the actual name can vary with the country: in Greece, the name leptó, plural leptá is used instead, and in Italy the original word "centesimo", from which "cent" ultimately derived, is used currently. In France, people tend to keep using "centime", the subdivision of their former money (French franc). The form "cent" is officially used in the singular and in the plural (see the relevant section below).All euro coins have a common obverse showing the worth and a national reverse showing an image particular to the country it was issued in; the monarchies have a picture of their reigning monarch, other countries usually have their national symbols. All the different coins can be used in all the participating member states: for example, a euro coin bearing an image of the Spanish king is legal tender not only in Spain, but also in all the other nations where the euro is in use. There are two-euro, one-euro, fifty-cent, twenty-cent, ten-cent, five-cent, two-cent and one-cent coins, though the latter two are not generally used in Finland (but are still legal tender).Euro banknotes have a common design for each denomination on both sides. Notes are issued in the following amounts: €500, €200, €100, €50, €20, €10, and €5. Some higher denominations are not issued in some countries, though again, are legal tender.TransitionThe euro was established by the provisions in the 1992Maastricht Treaty on European Union relating to establishing an economic and monetary union. In order to participate in the new currency, member states had to meet strict criteria such as a budget deficit of less than three per cent of GDP, a debt ratio of less than sixty per cent of GDP, combined with low inflation and interest rates close to the EU average.Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all conversion between the national currencies had to be carried out using the process of triangulation via the euro. The definitive values in euros of these subdivisions (which represent the exchange rate at which the currency entered the euro) are as follows:•13.7603 Austrian schilling (ATS)•40.3399 Belgian franc (BEF)• 2.20371 Dutch guilder (NLG)• 5.94573 Finnish markka (FIM)• 6.55957 French franc (FRF)• 1.95583 German mark (DEM)•0.787564 Irish pound (IEP)•1936.27 Italian lira (ITL)•40.3399 Luxembourg franc (LUF)•200.482 Portuguese escudo (PTE)•166.386 Spanish peseta (ESP)The above rates were determined by the Council of the European Union, based on a recommendation from the European Commission, on the basis of the market rates on 31December, 1998, so that one ECU (European Currency Unit) would equal one euro. (The European Currency Unit was an accounting unit used by the EU, based on the currencies of the member states; it was not a currency in its own right.) These rates were set by Council Regulation 2866/98 (EC), of 31 December1998. They could not be set earlier, because the ECU depended on the closing exchange rate of the non-euro currencies (principally the pound sterling) that day.Greece failed to meet the criteria for joining initially, so it did not join the common currency on 1 January, 1999. It was admitted two years later, on 1 January2001, at the following exchange rate:•340.750 Greek drachma (GRD)The procedure used to fix the irrevocable conversion rate between the drachma and the euro was different, since the euro by then was already two years old. While the conversion rates for the initial eleven currencies were determined only hours before the euro was introduced, the conversion rate for the Greek drachma was fixed several months beforehand, in Council Regulation 1478/2000 (EC), of 19 June2000.The currency was introduced in non-physical form (travellers' cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January, 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the Eurozone) ceased to exist independently in that their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other, effectively making them mere non-decimal subdivisions of the euro; the euro thus became the successor to the older European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new notes and coins were introduced on 1 January2002.The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro generally lasted two months, until 28 February, 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December, 2001, though the exchange period lasted two months. The final date was 28 February2002, by which all national currencies ceased to be legal tender in their respective member states. (Note that some of these dates were earlier than was originally planned.) However, even after the official date, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for several years, and in some states for several decades hence. The earliest coins to become non-convertible were the Portuguese escudos, which ceased to have monetary value after 31 December2002, although banknotes do remain exchangeable until 2022.Alt hough some countries are not printing the €500 and €200 banknotes, all banknotes are legal tender throughout the Eurozone. Finland decided not to mint or circulate one-cent and two-cent coins, except in small numbers for collectors. All cash transactions in Finland ending in one or two cents are rounded down and three or four cents are rounded up. Despite this convention, the one-cent and two-cent coins are still legal tender in Finland.Participation in the Economic and Monetary UnionMain article: EurozoneCountries using the euroAt present the member states officially using the euro are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France (except Pacific territories using the CFP franc), Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Overseas territories of some Eurozone countries, such as French Guiana, Réunion, Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, and Martinique, also use the euro. These countries together are frequently referred to as the "Eurozone", "Euroland" or more rarely as "Eurogroup".Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City previously used currencies that were replaced by the euro, and now mint their own euro coins by virtue of agreements () concluded with EU member states (Italy in the case of San Marino and Vatican City, and France in the case of Monaco), on behalf of the European Community.Andorra, Montenegro, and Kosovo also used currencies that were replaced by the euro (the French franc and Spanish peseta in the case of Andorra, and the German mark in the case of Montenegro and Kosovo). They have now adopted the euro as their de facto currencies, without having entered into any legal arrangements with the EU that explicitly permit them to do so. In October 2004, Andorra began negotiating a monetary agreement with the European Union that would allow the country to issue euro coins as Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City do.Many of the foreign currencies that were pegged to European currencies are now pegged to the euro. For example, the escudo of Cape Verde used to be pegged to the Portuguese escudo, but is now pegged to the euro. Bosnia-Herzogovina uses a convertible mark which was pegged to the Deutsche mark but is now pegged to the Euro. Similarly the CFP franc, CFA franc and Comoros franc, all once pegged to the French franc, are now pegged to the euro. In November 2004, during a meeting in Portugal, the prime minister of Cape Verde considered adopting the Euro as his country's currency, today the currency is commonly accepted in the archipelago.EU-members outside the EurozoneThe ten newest European Union members should eventually use the euro, as EMU membership was part of their accession agreements. Estonia, Lithuania, and Slovenia have already joined Denmark in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, ERM II. The dates these ten states hope to join the EMU vary: 1 January, 2007for Estonia, Slovenia and Lithuania 1 (http://www.lb.lt/news/pg.dll?lng=EN&did=1014)(since they are already part of ERM II); 2007 for Cyprus; 2008 for Latvia, Malta and Slovakia; 2009 for the Czech Republic and Poland; and finally 2010 for Hungary. Estonia finalized the design for the country's coins' reverse side in late 2004. 1 () 2 ()The United Kingdom and Sweden have no plans at present to adopt the euro—however Sweden (unlike the UK and Denmark) does not have a formal opt-out from the monetary union and therefore must (in theory at least) convert to the euro at some point. Notwithstanding this, on the 14 September, 2003, a Swedish referendum was held on the euro, the result of which was arejection of the common currency. The Swedish government has argued that such a line of action is possible since one of the requirements for Eurozone membership is a prior two-year membership of the ERM II. By simply choosing to stay outside the exchange rate mechanism, the Swedish government is provided a formal loophole avoiding the theoretical requirement of adopting the euro. Sweden's major parties continued to believe that it would be in the national interest to join.UK Eurosceptics believe that the single currency is merely a stepping stone to the formation of a unified European superstate. The contrary view is that, since intra-European exports make up 60% of the UK's total, it eases the Single Market by removing currency risk. An interesting parallel can be seen in the 19th century discussions concerning the possibility of the UK joining the Latin Monetary Union[1] (). The UK government has set five economic tests that must be passed before it can recommend that the UK join the euro. It assessed these tests in October 1997 and June 2003, and decided on both occasions that they had not all been passed. Both main political parties in the UK have promised to hold a referendum before joining the Euro, and opinion polls consistently report a majority of the public to be opposed to doing so.Denmark negotiated a number of opt-out clauses from the Maastricht treaty after it had been rejected in a first referendum (namely, Denmark attained an opt-out from joint defence, common currency, judicial cooperation, and European citizenship). The modified treaty was then accepted in another referendum one year after the first one. In 2000, another referendum was held in Denmark regarding the euro; once more, the population decided to stay outside the eurozone for now. However, Danish politicians have suggested that debate on abolishing the four opt-out clauses may be re-opened in late 2005 or early 2006. In addition, Denmark has pegged its krone to the euro (€1 = DKr7.43), something which Sweden has not done.Bulgaria and RomaniaAlthough Bulgaria is not a member state yet (member as of January 12007), the Bulgarian National Bank (BNB) and the Bulgarian government have agreed on the introduction of the euro in mid 2009, when the Bulgarian National Bank is expected to become part of the EMU and will receive the right to issue Bulgarian Euro coins. The early accession to the EMU is due to the extremely tight monetary policy currently in use, which is the result of Bulgaria's agreement with the Monetary Board. In 1999 the Bulgarian currency was re-denominated (1 New Lev = 1000 Old Levs) and the value of the lev was fixed to one German Mark, therefore its value has since been fixed in relation to the euro. Even at this point of time Bulgaria has fulfilled the great majority of the EMU membership critiria.As for Romania (member as of January 12007), it is likely to join the Eurozone in the 2012-2013 period. However, there is no clear strategy of the Romanian government at this point, so the actual date depends on the future development in the Romanian fiscal and monetary policies.Effects of a single currencyHaving a single currency is expected to increase the economic interdependency of and the ease of trade between the EU members that have adopted the euro. This, in theory, should be beneficial for citizens of the euro area, as increases in trade are historically one of the main driving forces of economic growth. Moreover, this would fit with the long-term purpose of a unified market within the European Union.A major benefit is the removal of bank currency transaction charges that previously was a significant cost to both individuals and businesses when changing from one currency to another. Conversely, banks will suffer a significant reduction in profits with the loss of this income.A second effect of the common European currency is that differences in prices—in particular in price levels—will decrease. Differences in prices can trigger arbitrage, e.g. trade between countries, which will equalise prices across the euro area. Often this will also result in increased competition between companies, which should help to contain inflation and which therefore will be beneficial to consumers.Some economists are concerned about the possible dangers of adopting a single currency for a large and diverse area. Because the Eurozone has a single monetary policy (and so a single interest rate), set by the ECB, it cannot be fine-tuned for the economic situation in each individual country. Public investment and fiscal policy in each country is thus the only way in which economic changes can be introduced specific to each region or nation. Eurozone members are experiencing large variations in inflation and unemployment, though not yet great enough to cause significant economic damage.Others point out that the Eurozone is similar in size and population to the United States, which has a single currency and a single monetary policy set by the Federal Reserve. However, the individual states that make up the USA have less regional autonomy and a more homogeneous economy than the nations of the EU. Of particular concern is the notion that the economies of the EU may not all be 'in sync'—each may be at a different stage in the boom and bust cycle, or just be experiencing different inflationary pressures. Labour mobility is also higher in the United States than across the Eurozone.It can also be argued that the single currency works for the USA because the US dollar is a hegemonic currency. Before the euro, eighty per cent of the world's currency reserves were held in US dollars. This gives the US economy a huge subsidy in that reserve dollars are invested in US institutions or foreign institutions under US control. This subsidy helps cushion the effects of a possible strong dollar hurting certain regions of the USA.If the euro were to become either a hegemonic currency replacing the dollar or a co-hegemonic currency equal in reserve status to the dollar, some of the subsidy the USA gains would be transferred to the EU and help balance out some of the problems of the present heterogeneous economic structure still in place.It has been said that the euro would add great liquidity to the financial markets in Europe. Governments and companies can now borrow money in euros instead of their local currency, andthis would allow access to many more sources of funds. Other economists consider that the potential strength of the Eurozone would be in the coherent efforts of a virtual greater super-economy, in which it is now potentially easier to create stronger financial associations, rather than in the mere sum of single liquidities.The euro and oilA final and possibly decisive effect is on the pricing of oil. The Eurozone consumes more imported oil than the United States. This would mean that more euros than US dollars would flow into the OPEC nations, except that oil is priced by those nations in US dollars only. There have been frequent discussions at OPEC about pricing oil in euros, which would have various effects, among them, requiring nations to hold stores of euros to buy oil, rather than the US dollars that they hold now. Venezuela under Hugo Chávez has been a vocal proponent of this scheme, despite selling most of its own oil to the United States. If implemented, this would be a transfer of a 'float' that presently subsidises the United States to subsidise the European Union instead. Another effect would be that the price of oil in the Eurozone would more closely follow the world price. When oil prices skyrocketed to almost 50 US dollars in August2004, the oil price in euros didn't change nearly as much because of the concurrent rise in the exchange rate of the euro to the US dollar (to an exchange rate of EUR 1.00 = USD 1.33 in December 2004). Similarly, should oil prices lower significantly, together with the USD/EUR exchange rate, the oil price in the Eurozone would not fall as much. On the other hand, if the exchange rate and the oil price move in different directions, oil price changes are magnified. Pricing oil in euros would nullify this dependancy of European oil prices on the USD/EUR exchange rate.The deficit structure of the US economy relies heavily on the dollar's hegemonic reserve status as a means of securing US debts and deficits. Without this status, the dollar and the US economy might experience what many Latin American countries experienced during the 1980s. As long as the US dollar was not threatened, the US economy was in no danger of collapse. The individual European currencies offered no threat to the dollar's hegemonic position. In the opinion of some economists the euro may pose a threat to US dollar hegemony, and could under certain circumstances result in a US economic collapse.Euro exchange rateAgainst the US DollarAfter the introduction of the euro, its exchange rate against other currencies, especially the US dollar, declined heavily. At its introduction in 1999, the euro was worth USD $1.18; by late 2000 it had fallen to below $0.85. It then began what at the time was thought to be a recovery; by the beginning of 2001 it had risen to $0.95. It declined again, finally reaching a low of below $0.84 in July 2001. The currency then began to recover against the U.S. dollar. In the wake of U.S. corporate scandals, the two currencies reached parity on 15 July, 2002, and by the end of 2002 the euro had reached $1.04 as it climbed further.On 23 May, 2003, the euro surpassed its initial trading value for the first time as it again hit $1.18, and broke the $1.35 barrier (€0.74 = $1) on 24 December, 2004. On 30 December, 2004 it reached a peak of $1.3668. Some analysts expect the euro to continue to strengthen against the dollar, possibly even to as much as $1.60 by the end of 2005.For information on currencies pegged to euro, see: Currencies related to the euroDriversPart of the euro's strength is thought to be due to more attractive interest rates in Europe than in the United States. The US Federal Reserve has maintained lower rates than the ECB for some years, despite key European economies, notably Germany, growing relatively slowly or not at all. This is attributed in part to the ECB's duty to check inflation across the Eurozone, which in high-performing countries such as Republic of Ireland is above the ECB's target.However, although the interest rate differential forms part of the backdrop, the main reason for the euro's continuing ascent against the dollar is the concern over the huge unsustainable US current account deficits. The market has been awash with concerns about the US twin deficits, which have been a key driver of dollar weakness. The US budget deficit is about $427 billion, or 3.7% of gross domestic product(GDP), while the current account—the broadest trade measure since it adds investment flows—hit a record $166.18bn shortfall in the second quarter of 2004.A key factor is that a number of Asian currencies are rising less against the dollar than the euro is. In the case of China, the renminbi is pegged against the dollar, whilst the Japanese yen is supported by intervention (and the threat of it) by the Bank of Japan. This means much of the pressure from a falling dollar is translated into a rising euro.The euro's climb from its lows began shortly after it was introduced as a cash currency. In the time between 1999and 2002, eurosceptics tried to imply the weak euro was a sign that the euro experiment was doomed to fail. But it can also be said that its weakness in this period was due to low confidence in a currency that did not exist in "real" form. Once the euro became "real" in the sense of existing in the form of cash, the confidence in the euro rose and the increasing perception that it was here to stay helped increase its value. This effect was probably significant in the euro's decline and recovery between 1999 and 2002, but other factors are more significant since then.ConsequencesDespite the euro's rise in value, as well as the value of other major and minor currencies, the US trade deficits continue to rise. Economic theory would suggest that a fall in the dollar and a rise in the euro should lead to an improvement in US exports and a decline in US imports, as the former becomes cheaper and the latter more expensive. However, this depends to some extent on how currency costs are passed down the supply chain. Furthermore, the declining dollar makes foreign investment in the US cheaper (although also reducing the return), so that continuing foreign investment may underpin the dollar to some extent.The role of the dollar as the world's de facto reserve currency helps support both the dollar and the US budget deficit - but it depends on the continued willingness of foreigners to finance both. Central banks and others finance the budget by acquiring newly-issued, dollar-denominated US government bonds, which they need to acquire dollars for. If at some point foreigners become unwilling to accept new bonds at the prevailing interest rate (perhaps because the falling dollar is reducing the bonds' value too much), the dollar will fall even more - or the US will have to raise interest rates, which would reduce economic growth.There is speculation that the strength of the euro relative to the dollar might encourage the use of the euro as an alternative reserve currency; Saddam Hussein's Iraq switched its currency reserves from dollars to euros in 2000. Moves by central banks with major reserve currency holdings such as those of India or China to switch some of their reserves from dollars to euros, or even of OPEC countries to switch the currency they trade in from dollars to euros, will further reinforce the dollar's decline. In 2004, the Bank for International Settlements reported the proportion of bank deposits held in euros rising to 20%, from 12% in 2001, and it is continuously rising. The falling dollar also raises returns for US investors from investing in foreign stocks, encouraging a switch which further depresses the dollar.[2] (/news?tmpl=story&u=/latimests/20041220/ts_latimes/shifttofore ignstockssappingthedollar)The rise in the euro should dampen Eurozone exports, but there is little sign of this happening yet. The main reason is that the currencies of Euroland's major world-wide customers are also seeing their currencies rise relative to the dollar. As the current account deficits continue to rise and the US plans no austerity measures to curb foreign imports and increase exports, the situation may cause the US dollar to lose its position as a hegemonic currency replaced by either the euro or the euro and a basket of currencies.•Current dollar/euro exchange rates (BBC) ()•Current and historical exchange rates against 29 other currencies (European Central Bank) ()•Historical exchange rate from 1971 till now ()Plural formation and grammarMain article: Linguistic issues concerning the euroSeveral linguistic issues have arisen in relation to the spelling of the words euro and cent in the many languages of the member states of the European Union, as well as in relation to grammar and the formation of plurals. Immutable word formations have been encouraged by the European Commission in usage with official EU legislation (originally in order to ensure uniform presentation on the banknotes), but the "unofficial" practice concerning the mutability (or not) of the words differs between the member states.The (misnomer) "euro-cent" is sometimes used in countries (such as USA, Canada, Australia) that also have "cent" as a subcurrency, to distinguish them from the local coin. The term "Eurodollar",which commonly refers to US dollar deposits in European banks, has occasionally been used incorrectly to refer to the Euro by some US sources.The euro signThe international three-letter code (according to ISO standard ISO 4217) for the euro is EUR. A special euro currency sign (€) was also designed. After a public survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to just two, it was then up to the European Commission to choose the final design. The eventual winner had been designed by Arthur Eisenmenger and was inspired by the Greek letter epsilon(ε), as well as being a stylised version of the letter "E".The euro is represented in the Unicode character set with the character name EURO SIGN and the code position U+20AC (decimal 8364) as well as in updated versions of the traditional Latin character sets. Western nations should switch from ISO 8859-1 (Latin 1) to ISO 8859-15 (Latin 9) or Unicode in order to represent this character. ISO 8859-16represents this character also. In HTML"€" can also be used. The HTML masking was only introduced with HTML 4.0; shortly after the introduction of the euro, many browsers were unable to render it.A selection of the euro signs in various fonts: standard, Arial, Times New Roman, Comic Sans, Courier New, Lucida Console, Microsoft Sans Serif, Verdana.The European Commission originally specified the euro sign to have exact proportions, not varying from font to font. By this specification, the euro sign would have effectively been a logo, unlike designable characters such as the letters or other currency signs like the dollar and pound signs. Keeping it to exact measurements would have made it rather broad in comparison to other symbols and digits in most fonts and would sometimes have resulted in layout problems. For these reasons, most type designers have ignored the commission and designed their own variants for each font instead, often based upon the capital letter C in the respective font. The illustration at the top of this article is of the official, invariant euro sign.On many computer keyboards, the euro sign often appears as secondary function to the letter E, which can be reached by the Alt or Alt Gr key (Ctrl+Alt on US PC keyboards). On modern Irish and British keyboards (where that position was already in use for é), the euro sign appears as a secondary function to the digit 4 (digit 2 on Macintosh keyboards). Some mobile phone companies did an interim software update on their special SMS character set, replacing the rarely used symbol for the Japanese yen with the euro sign: modern phones have both currency signs.No "official" recommendation is made with regard to the use of a cent sign, and sums are often expressed as fractions of the euro (for example €0.05 rather than 5¢ or 5c). The small letter c is often used (as it was for the guilder subdivision cent). In Ireland, the small letter c is often seen (for instance on postage stamps) but in shops the cent sign ¢ makes an appearance from time to。

普通高等教育“十一五”国家级规划教材旅游专业英语规划系列教材Practical Tourism English 旅游实践英语（第2版）下册教师用书吴云编著旅游教育出版社Contents目录下册Unit 11 Meeting & Banquet Service会议与餐饮服务Unit 12 Exhibition Service展览服务Unit 13 Health & Recreation Service休闲康娱服务Unit 14 Shopping Service商场促销Unit 15 Local Tour Guide Service地陪导游服务Unit 16 Travel Destination旅游景区（点）服务Unit 17 Handling Problems & Emergencies处理问题和突发事件Unit 18 Handling Customer Complaints顾客投诉处理Unit 19 Checking Out结帐离店Unit 20 Selling the Travel Market旅游市场营销Unit 11 Meeting & Banquet ServicePreview1. Bistro style2. Classroom style3. U-shape style4. Boardroom style5. Theatre style6. Hollow square styleDialog Ia. Fb. Tc. FDialog II1.The center stage can be hydraulically raised or lowered in tiers.2. A roving microphone will come in handy so that the audience could get the opportunity toraise questions or give the voices.3.Because there is a simultaneous translation system.4.The laptop computer is connected with the rear screen projector over the lectern.Dialog III1) c 2) c 3) c 4) d 5) aDialog IV1)aperitif a drink you have before you eata serving of foodportion (offood)speciality special food which a restaurant offersstarter the first course of a meal2)a. Say that you need tosome customers.b. What do you do to aafter a conference?c. Ask someone aboutvisit to youd. Say that you enjoyedconference?next yearReading I1) Two months.2) bReading II1) B usinesspeople lead very busy lives and often have to attend to some urgent matter. They may not always be able to attend important meetings. Audio conferencing allows business people to conduct meetings in a convenient way.2) dListening ITape script:Types of Banquet ServiceIt is important to decide on the type of service used at a banquet. Each service costs differently from another.The most common form of banquet service is plate service. It is also known as American service. The food is at the kitchen and waiters send the plates to the table from the left to the guest. At the end of the course, the plates are picked up from the right.With Russian service, food is served from platters and waiters work as teams. They place food items on the diner s’ plates. It is also called platter service.Then comes next is French service, also known as cart service. It requires much space between tables for waiters to move around. With this service, a gueridon（餐厅内作上菜服务用的小桌子）is set at the table side and food is prepared on the gueridon.Pre-set service is a faster service that is often or lunches. The first course of soup, salad or appetizer is set on the table before the guests arrive.Buffet service is a display of food items on table stations, so that attendees can select food for their own. This service may combine with other styles. For example, a banquet may begin with a buffet and then a sit-down dinner served plate style; or the first and dessert courses are served by waiter and the main dishes buffet style.Listening IIA.B. Tape script:Sending Faxes at the Business CenterStaff 1: Mr. Smith, how was everything this evening?Guest: The meal was great.Staff 1: Anything else we can do for you?Guest: Excuse me, just one more thing. Can I send a fax from my room?Staff 1: I’m sorry, sir, but no.Guest: Can you tell me where I could find the nearest fax machine?Staff 1: The Business Center is on the first floor. Let me show you the way.Guest: Thank you.(At the Business Center)Staff 1: My colleague will help you with any further matters. Goodbye, Mr.Smith.Guest: Thank you so much.Staff 2: Good afternoon. What can I do for you, sir?Guest: Hello, I need to send some faxes.Staff 2: Would your fax be international or domestic, sir?Guest: Both, actually. I’m afraid I have to send several faxes today to both Europe and here in China. How much for, say, three pages?Staff 2: An international three-page fax would cost about RMB 65 Yuan. A local domestic fax would cost around RMB 20 Yuan for threepages.Guest: OK. One to Paris, one to London, and two to Guangzhou. Here are the fax numbers.Staff 2: Well, let me take care of them. … Oh, they are through.Guest: Thanks. How much do I owe you?Staff 2: That’ll be RMB 175 Yuan. May I know your name and roomnumber?Guest: Tom Smith of Room 1102.Staff 2: Just a minute, please. Yes, please sign the bill, Mr. Smith. Speaking IB.Model Dialog:Staff: Good morning, Mr. Hilton.Planner: Good morning, Mr. Chen. I would just like to check the meal times for the next week seminar.Staff: Well, breakfast buffet will be served in the main dining room from 7 till10 as usual. Do you have special requirements there?Planner: Yes. We do have rather a lot of Americans and Englishmen attending the seminar, so I think it would be a good idea to serve American breakfastand British breakfast, in addition to Chinese breakfast..1Staff: Very good, sir. Lunch is at 12. Do you want to have the buffet lunch on Monday and Tuesday?Planner: No nearly. Can we have the normal waiter service on Tuesday?Staff: OK. And how about the teatime? Would you like coffee to be served in the lecture room?Planner: No, I’d like to have something else for a change. I think Chi nese jasmine tea will be OK.Staff: Yes, I’m sure we can arrange that.Planner: Now to accompany the meal, I think that an Italian or Spanish red wine would be admirable.Staff: Very good sir. And every dinner will be a feast at 6:30 p.m.. Will that do?Planner: That’s great. It will do by all means after a tiring day.Staff: Now let’s come to the dinner table decorations.Planner: I think that it would be appropriate to have the flags of the participating countries on the table and some flowers; perhaps pink carnations wouldbe a neutral color.Staff: Will you be requiring any background music at all?Planner: I think not.Staff: Well, I think that has covered all the points, hasn’t it?Simulated WritingUnit 12 Exhibition Service PreviewA fascia 展台楣板B draping 铺设桌面裙布C inflatable rainbow door 充气拱门D gangway 过道E raw space 光地F pavilion馆(蓬)G two dimension code entry 二维码检入H peninsula booth 半岛型展台I banner 横幅J shell scheme booth 标准闭合展台K booth badge 参展徽章L booth layout 展台位置示意图M floor plan 楼层平面图N island booth 岛型展台1) 69.8 degrees Fahrenheit.2) d3) b4) dDialog II1) The items he rented have not arrived yet, and t he builders are leaving soon.2) b3) d4) cDialog III1) F 2) F 3) T 4) F 5) TDialog IV1) A conference is a meeting where people discuss a particular subject or shared interest. An exhibition is a temporary event at which companies or individuals can show their products.2) ①b ②a ③a ④a ⑤a ⑥c ⑦c ⑧bReading IReading II1) RMB 660 Yuan.2) Storage equipment responsibility rests with the decorator.Tape script:Canceling Exhibit RegistrationStaff: Good morning. Global Exhibition. How may I assist you?Customer: I’ve made a reservation for the Packetech and Foodtech Exhibition six months ago. I’ll not be able to attend it, so I’d like to cancel myregistration.Staff: May I have your name, please?Customer: I’m John Smith with American Packaging MachineryManufacturers Institute China Office.Staff: Let me have a check, please…Yes, you’ve reserved a center booth on the first floor, and thebooth number is G072. Am I correct?Customer: You’re absolutely right.Staff: We won’t accept your cancellation unless you send us a written notice by the end of this month. And then you may receive a 40%refund from us.Customer: Well, that’s better than nothing. When can you mail the refund to me?Staff: Accordin g to the company’s regulation, I’ll mail the cancellation refund to you when the show is over. I hope you understand.Customer: That’s understood. Thank you. Goodbye.Staff: We look forward to your participation in our show next time. Listening IIA.B. Tape scriptPlanning Itinerary for Exhibit TripMr. Lee: Hello, Mr. Liu. I’m not late, am I?Mr. Liu: No. I’m impressed that you are always punctual. Take a seat，please. Tea or coffee?Mr. Lee: Just water, please. Thank you. We are now planning the itineraryfor one exhibition trip abroad. I know you are well experienced inarranging itinerary, so I’d like you to give me some advice.Mr. Liu: My pleasure. I’ll be glad if I could be of any help. What do youhave in mind to ask me?Mr. Lee: Let’s start with ground traffic. What do you suggest as regardsmoving exhibitors to the airport?Mr. Liu: They may reach the airport either on their own, or in rentedlimousines.Mr. Lee: What’s the difference?Mr. Liu: Limousines make group boarding easier if baggage is not a burden.Mr. Lee: I guess we’ll rent limousines. We don’t want to get worried just at boarding time when someone does not turn up.Mr. Liu: Which airline would you like?Mr. Lee: Which airline is the cheapest?Mr. Liu: CAAC. There are three flights every week from Shanghai to Cairo.Mr. Lee: That’ll be fine. Then we have to move people from the airport to the hotels. What do you suggest?Mr. Liu: Are they staying at the same hotel?Mr. Lee: No. They may choose their own favorite hotels from the room list we send them.Mr. Liu: In that case, I think we can turn it over to the hotels. Make sure that the hotels have their airport pick-up desks and limousines.Generally, hotel shuttle buses are free of charge, so we can savemoney for the exhibitors.Mr. Lee: Smart idea. It will be arranged when exhibitors reserve their hotel rooms, will it?Mr. Liu: Indeed. What we actually do is contact some good hotels, collect room rate lists and hand over reservation forms to the exhibitors.Mr. Lee: Well, there must be much coordination work for you.Mr. Liu: We’re at your service, Mr. Lee.Mr. Lee: Thank you very much. I’ll send you a memo of the itinerary later at your e-mail address. I hope to have your final confirmation and lookforward to your booking airline tickets for us.Mr. Liu: I’ll be delighted to do so.Mr. Lee: Thanks again. Goodbye.(Note: Punctual准时的)Speaking(Reference answer omitted)Simulated WritingReference answer:INVITATIONOn the Occasionof its eighth anniversaryThe Board of directors of The Kaikai Grouprequest the pleasure of your presenceat the receptionto be heldon Sunday, September 20at The Jinjinang Hotelat nine o'clock a.m.R. S. V. P.Unit 13 Health & Recreation ServicePreview1. c2. d3. h4. b5. a6. g7. f8. eNotes:a. stationary bicycle. 固定自行车b. sauna. 桑拿浴c. treadmill. 踏车跑步机d. free weights. 重体e. tennis court. 网球场f. golf. 高尔夫球g. karaoke. 卡拉OKh. bowling.保铃球Dialog IThe correct order:1) F 2) L 3) I 4) A 5) B 6) H 7) C 8) E 9) G 10) D 11) J 12) KThe names:A. to hold the grip（握杆）B. the athletic position（站姿）C. wood（球道木杆）D. to hit the ball（击球）E. tee（发球的球座）F. driving range（高尔夫练习场）G. to miss the ball（未击中球）H. swing（挥杆）I. seven iron（七号铁杆）J. green（果岭）K. putting（推球入洞）L. golf club（高尔夫球杆）Dialog II1) F 2) T 3) FDialog III1) They have indoor and open-air swimming pools.2) His wife could not swim very well.Dialog IV1) A haircut, trimming the moustache, shampoo, hair oil and tonic water.2) Adam’s apple, chin.Reading IListening ITape script:At the Night ClubStaff: Good evening. Welcome to our Night Club. Can I help you?Guest: It’s the first time I’ve come to the night club. What can I enjoy here?Staff: We have the performance of dance, singing, and fashion show, including raffle drawing. You can also enjoy yourself in ourKaraoke room.Guest: Sounds wonderful. Can you find me a seat for Karaoke?Staff: Yes, sir. VIP room or regular room?Guest: VIP room, please.Staff: This way, please. …. Here we are.Guest: Thanks.Staff: Here is the song list and wine list. We have songs of all styles.Guest: But I really don’t know which song to begin with.Staff: Take you time. Just write down the songs you wish to sing on the slip. I will send the slip to the DJ who will prepare the song foryou.Guest: Thank you. I’d like some soda water, please.Staff: Here you are. Can I take your song order now?Guest: I can’t decide now.Staff: What about Forever Friendship by Robert Burns. It’s a lovely song.Guest: Yes, I like it.Staff: Very good. Your first song Forever Friendship will begin soon.Enjoy yourself.Guest: Thank you. You are most helpful.Staff: My pleasure.(Note: raffle drawing抽奖活动)Listening IB. Tape script:Reserving a Tennis CourtStaff: Good afternoon. Claude Health Club. How may I help you?Customer: This is Peter Brown. I’d like to know about your tennis courts.Staff: Yes, Mr. Brown. There are three tennis courts near the hotel.Customer: Good. Do I have to reserve now if I need a court?Staff: Are you a guest registered at the hotel?Customer: Excuse me?Staff: Are you staying at our hotel?Customer: Yes, of course. I’m in Room 1102. Is that necessary?Staff: For registered guests, we offer complimentary use of tennis racquets and ball machines.Customer: I see.Staff: So, Mr. Brown, you need a tennis court. For what time, please?Customer: Tomorrow afternoon, about 2:00 p. m.Staff: Fine. Mr. Brown, our bus will pick you up at a quarter to two at the hotel parking lot.Customer: That’s fine. Thank you. Goodbye.Staff: My pleasure Thanks for calling. We look forward to seeing you tomorrow.(Note: tennis racquets网球拍)Speaking(Reference answer omitted)Simulated WritingReference answer:Unit 14 Shopping PromotionDialog I1. Greet customers and introduce the store.Excuse me, sir/ma’am. Can I help you?Do you want to buy something at the duty-free store here?It’s a duty-free store. What can I do for you?2. Positive answer and asking about brands.Yes, of course. We have various brands. Which one do you want?We have a fine selection today. Such as silk scarves, make-up harmony set, fragrance Chanel No. 5.You have different choices, such as toys, chocolate, cartoon books. The chocolate is made in Switzerland.3. Recommend itemsI think French perfume Chanel No. 5 is good for a young girl.The real Chinese silk scarves are very nice as well.So you can choose either one as a nice gift.The chocolate looks good, but I prefer the cartoon books.4. Tell the price in US dollars80 dollars, please.12 US dollars for chocolate and 20 US dollars for the two books.It comes to 32 US dollars.5. Explain exchange rate and the price in RMBOne US dollar equals 6. 2RMB Yuan now.100 dollars for 620 RMB, so 80 dollars would be 496 RMB Yuan.6. Tell the regulationsAll items sold are tax-free.But we don’t accept UnionPay cards, American Express or traveler’s checks. We only take Visa and MasterCard.We set minimum purchase at 30 US dollars and 300 US dollars maximum.7. Ask for passport, signatureCan I have your passport? I need your passport number.Please sign your name here.8. Close a saleHere is your change and your perfume.Here is your receipt and your chocolate.Here is your receipt. Thank you.Thank you and here is your change. Do you want anything else?Dialog II1) small, medium, larger and extra large2)Dialog III1) How about …? What about …?Dialog IV1) The tea counter is upstairs.2)红茶black tea, 清咖啡black coffee, 红塘brown sugar, 红葡萄酒redwine, 青菜greens, 酱油brown soy bean sauceReading I1) c 2) b 3) c 4) aReading II1) For a period of one (1) year after the date of shipment.2) (Omitted)Listening ITape script:Changing Foreign CurrenciesGuest: Could you change some U.S. dollars for me?Staff: Certainly, sir. What kind of currency do you want?Guest: I'd like to convert U.S. dollars into Chinese RMB?Staff: Please tell me how much you want to change.Guest: 500 U.S. dollars, please.Staff: According to today’s exchange rate, 100 U.S. dollars is equal to RMB 819 Yuan.Guest: That’s quite OK.Staff: How would you like it?Guest: I hope you'll give me at least ten 50 Yuan banknotes.Staff: May I see your passport?Guest: Here you are.Staff: Would you kindly sign the exchange form, giving your name and address?Guest: Yes, let me take care of it. …Is it OK?Staff: Yes, here is your money and take the memo with you.Guest: Why do I need to keep this exchange memo?Staff: You may need it when you wish to change your RMB left back into U.S. dollar. You must show the memo at the Bank of China.Guest: Oh, I see. Thank you for your help. Goodbye.Staff: My pleasure. Goodbye, sir.(Note: memo水单)Listening IITape script:Listening IISpecial Local ProductsShanghai is a "shopping paradise"! Shanghai is famous for its clothing and fashions. The local fashion and garment industry has been leading in China for many years. Products are of great quality and come for a good price. However, in up class boutiques, you will not find bargains on high fashions and imports.Shanghai has some traditional art forms and crafts to offer you. It is one of China's most important regions for silk production and export. Silk of various grades are all available, such as satin, damask silk, silk gauze, brocade, crape, velvet, spun silk, and sheer silk. Printed and embroidered silk are also very popular and plentiful. As Chinese silk is famous throughout the world for its elegance and beauty, silk itself is an excellent reason to come to Shanghai. But always bargain when buying silk.Shanghai jade and ivory carvings are famous throughout China. Jade, a beautiful stone, comes in different colors and can be carved in many styles. In Shanghai, popular styles include figurines, birds, beasts, and decorated bottles. In fact, jade bottles are very Chinese and might make an excellent addition to your home's decor.(Notes: boutique：专卖流行衣服的小商店bargain: 讨价还价satin: 缎子damask silk:丝锦缎silk gauze: 丝纱brocade：织锦crape：绉纱velvet天鹅绒spun silk：纺丝sheer silk：纯丝figurine：小雕像jade and ivory carving: 玉雕和象牙雕)Speaking(Reference answer omitted)Simulated WritingReference answer:Unit 15 Local Tour Guide ServicePreviewHuman activities Man-made tourist attractions Physical resourcesMovie TheaterJazz ClubBarPub/NightclubFood Market/Farmer’s Markets CasinoFood StreetsSpa/SaunaFlea Market NeighborhoodsRestaurantBoutique StoresShopsCafe/Coffee ShopWharfsSurf SpotFood Truck Cultural MonumentLiving MuseumsGardensLandmarkZooMountainsRiversTropical GrasslandsRainforestLakes and GlacierBeachNational ParksHistoric and Political SiteUNESCO World HeritageSitesA B CWest Lake in HangzhouArt Gallery Museum Music VenuePerforming Arts VenueRiversNational ParksDGreat Wall of China in Beijing EShanghai Yangshan InternationalContainer WharfsFGiant Buddha in Leshan,SichuanUNESCO World Heritage Sites Landmark WharfsActive PursuitsMountainsUNESCO World Heritage SitesG H IJazz Club Local Traditions Flea MarketNeighborhoodsReligious/SpiritualHistoric and Political SiteDialog Ia. Then you will go to Zhujiajiao—an ancient water town from where you’ll visit the Grand View Garden.b. That is the place that Cao Xueqin described in “The Stories of the Stone.”c. You will be sightseeing Dianshan Lake on the boat where y ou’ll have lunch. Dialog II1) Now let’s step into …Now, can you see …Well, we are now in /at /on …Behind the hall is the residence …Over there are …Dialog III1) with 2) of 3) along 4) Among 5) toDialog IV1) It is indeed an exotic picture. What a sight the Bund is! What a romantic place it was! They are gorgeous and in harmony with each other. The night view on the east bank of the river can be more fantastic. It strikes me as the “Oriental Manhattan.” It makes me think of the fairy place.Reading I1) to 2) to 3) to 4) On 5) on 6) of1) F 2) T 3) F 4) TListening ITape script:Traditional Chinese FestivalsDialog 1:Su Hui: Tomorrow is a traditional Chinese festival, the Dragon Boat Festival. Would you like to go to my home to eat some zongzi(glutinous rice dumplings)?Robert: Great, thank you! Do you have a holiday on the Dragon Boat Festival?Su Hui: No. We have holidays at Spring Festival, International Labor Day and National Day.Robert: Are the holidays long? How many days?Su Hui: Seven days for each of the three festivals. My family traveled to south China during this year’s Spring Festival.Robert: Spring Festival is the biggest festival in China, isn’t it?Su Hui: Yes, it is. It’s as lively as Christmas Day in your country.Robert: What other traditional festivals does China have?Su Hui: There are Lantern Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Qingming Festival and so on.Robert: What special foods do you have at the festivals?Su Hui: We have, for example, jiaozi, yuanxiao and yuebing.Dialog 2:Fangfang: Do you like drinking tea?Fred: I like it very much.Fangfang: Chinese tea may be classified into five categories.Fred: Which five?Fangfang: Green tea, black tea, Wulong tea, scented tea, and compressed tea.Fred: I like drinking tea at teahouses.Fangfang: So do I. We can chat while enjoying Chinese tea culture here.Fred: Tea originated from China. It is the center of attention in Chinese daily life.(Note: scented tea香茶)Tape script:An Opera TourDay1 Home - BeijingDepart from home and arrive in Beijing, the first stop of your wonderful tour in China. It is a unique representation of the past and future of China, a country with 5,000 years’ history. We greet and meet you at the airport and transfer you to the hotel in downtown. In the afternoon, you are at leisure for shopping or additional exploration. You can have a rest and make plenty of preparations for the exciting tour waiting for you. In the evening, attend a welcome banquet featuring Beijing Roast Duck, specially prepared for you! Overnight in Beijing. (L,D)Day2 BeijingAfter breakfast, Visit Tiananmen Square, with a total area of 440,000 square meters, which boasts the largest of its kind in the center of Beijing. Then you will enter the Forbidden City, the home of Chinese Emperors for more than 500 years. It is the place to go if you want to see the most complete and best-preserved collection of ancient buildings and historical treasures in China. After lunch, visit the opera school and view the teachers giving courses there. You can also learn some basic knowledge of Peking Opera, such as the different implements, the facial makeup, distinguished characters, etc. Try wearing the costumes and having the facial makeup for yourself. In the evening, enjoy the Peking Opera performance at Laoshe Tearoom. (B,L,D)Day3 BeijingThe highlight today is an excursion to the Great Wall at "Badaling". As the old Chinese saying tells: "No one is a real man unless he has climbed onto the Great Wall". You can enjoy the dramatic vistas and marvel at the Wall as it climbs and descends steep ridges and narrow valleys. After lunch, visit the opera school and study the singing technique of Peking Opera. In the evening, enjoy the Peking Opera, at Chang’an Theatre. (B,L,D)Day4 BeijingAfter breakfast, visit the Summer Palace, which includes Longevity Hill (Wanshoushan) and a series of palaces, pavilions, terraces and covered walks strung out along the northern shore of Kunming Lake. In order to avoid the intense heat of the summer in Beijing, the imperial court used to leave the Forbidden City and stay in this specially built resort. In the afternoon, go on studying singing at the opera school and the teacher will teach you some famous arias today. Hold a farewell party today and you can give a performance on it to show your study achievements of these days.(B,L,D)Day5 Beijing - HomeSee off at the airport. (B)Speaking(Reference answer omitted)Simulated WritingReference answer:The Summer PalaceGood morning,Ladies and Gentlemen,My name is Sherry Wang from Claude Travel Service. I’m very honored to be your guide. I do hope all of you could like my guiding and enjoy everything on your pleasant day. This morning we are going to visit the Summer Palace.The Summer Palace is located in Haidian District on the northwest suburbs of Beijing, about 20 kilometers away from the center of the city. So it will take us about an hour to get there. Before we arrive at the Summer Palace, I would like to say something about the wonderful imperial garden.The Summer Palace was first built as an imperial garden at the beginning of 12th century in the Jin Dynasty. The construction continued into the Yuan and Ming dynasties.…(Outside the East Palace Gate)Ladies and Gentlemen, now, we are outside the East Palace Gate where to begin our tour today. Please look over there, in front of us is an archway. It is called “Emptiness and Collection of Excellence,” and it is the first scenery of the Summer Palace. The two Chinese characters on the front side of the archway mean emptiness and refer to everything in nature and the scenery. The two characters on the back side mean collection of excellence and refer to the peace of the beautiful scenery just within the garden.…Now, we have arrived at the East Palace Gate. It’s the main entrance to the Summer Palace. On top of the gate there is a plaque with three Chinese characters “The Summer Palace”in Guangxu’s handwriting —Guangxu was one of the emperors of the Qing Dynasty. The gate that we are now entering was used by the emperor, the empress only in the old days.…Ladies and Gentlemen: Our tour is drawing to an end I will show you out through the entrance. I hope you enjoyed today` s tour. Thank you. Good-bye and good luck.Unit 16 Travel DestinationsPreviewcanoeing and boating horse riding bunjee jumpinghiking game viewing bird watchingDialog IStage 1: Introducing the scenic spotDialog II1) Six persons.2) Just keep looking straight ahead.3) About 620 meters.Dialog III1) Mr. San-tisng is located in the northeast of Jiangxi Province.2) That’ll be RMB 100 Yuan.Dialog IV1) One member of his tour group did not turn up as expected. But she had to take care of the rest of the group at the dining hall. So she couldn’t wait for him here. What’s worse, she had lost his telephone number. She was not able to contact him.Reading INoise—peace discomfort—comfort unpleasant—pleasant rough—finenorthern—southern unpopular—popularoutskirt—heart northeast—southwestmost—least deserted—crowdedbusy—leisurelyReading II苏堤春晓The Spring Dawn Roundthe Su Dyke曲院风荷Lotus in Breeze at Quyuan南屏晚钟Night Bell Rolling Along the Southern Bank 断桥残雪Melting Snow Hanging Over the BrokenBridge柳浪闻莺Orioles Singing in theWillows花港观鱼Viewing Fish at Huagang Pond。